. THE LI^PARY BRIGHA ' . AC- L ,\ i VERSITY * mOVO. UTAH ^y-\ *^ KORAN, COMMONI^CALLED THE ALCORAN OF MOHAMMED: TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL ARABlT. WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES, TAKEN FROM THE MOST APPROVED COMMENTATORS. TO WHICH IS PREFIXED, A PRELIMINARY DISCOURSE. BY GEORGE SALE Nulla falsa doctrina est, quae non aliquid veri permisceat. Augustin, QucBsUEvang. 1. ii. c. 40. A NEW EDITION, IN WHICH THE SURATS, OR VERSES, ARE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, MARKED. IN TWO VOLUMES^ VOL. 1 LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, REES, & CO.; R. SCHOLEY ; BALDWIN & CRADOCK ; J. BOOKER; HAMILTON, ADAMS, & CO.; WHITTAKER & CO.; J. DUNCAN; W. MASON; E. HODGSON; J. WICKSTEED ; J. MAYNARD; AND W. H. ALLEN & CO. 1836. LONDON: GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE. AL KORAN. CHAPTER I, INTITLED, THE PREFACE, OR INTRODUCTION ; REVEALED AT MECCA. ^In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Praise be to God, the Lord of all creatures ; ^ the most merciful, ^ the king of the day of judgment. ^ Thee do we worship, and of thee do we beg assistance. ^ Direct us in the right j^a^in^^aj^^ 1 The Preface, &c.] In Arabic al Fa- tihat. This chapter is a prayer, and held in great veneration by the Mohammed- ans, who give it several other honourable titles ; as, the chapter of prayer, of praise, of thanksgiving, of treasure, &c. They esteem it as the quintessence of the whole Koran, and often repeat it in their devo- tions, both public and private, as the Christians do the Lord's Prayer *. 2 Lord of all creatures.^ The original words are. Rabbi ^Idlamina, which lite- rally signify Lord of the worlds ; but ala- mina, in this and other places of the Ko- ran, properly means the three species of rational creatures, Men, Genii, and An- gels. Father Marracci has endeavoured to prove from this passage, that Moham- med believed a plurality of worlds, which he calls the error of the Manichees, &c. ^: but this imputation the learned Reland has shown to be entirely groundless ^, 6 Direct us in the right way, &c.] This last sentence contains a petition that God would lead the supplicants into the true religion, by which is meant the Moham- medan, in the Koran often called The right way ; in this place more particu- larly defined to be. The way of those to whom God hath been gracious, that is, of the prophets and faithful who preceded Mohammed ; under which appellations are also comprehended the Jews and Christians, such as they were in the times of their primitive purity, before they had deviated from their respective institutions ; not the way of the modern Jews, whose signal calamities are marks of the just anger of God against them for their ob- stinacy and disobedience ; nor of the Christians of this age, who have departed from the true doctrine of Jesus, and are bewildered in a labyrinth of error *. This is the common exposition of the ^ V. JBobovium de precib. Mohammed, p. 3. & seq. ^ j^ prodromo ad refut. Alcorani, part. iv. p. 76. & in Notis ad Ale. cap. I. ^ De religion. Mohammed, p. 262. * Jallalo'ddiny Al Beidawi, &c. •VOL. I. B 3 ALKORAN. [chap. hast been gracious ; not of those against whom thou art inQgiised, nor of those who go astrajr--*'''^'^^'^ passage ; though al Zamakhshari, and hast been gracious, against whom thou art some others, by a different application of not incensed, and who have not erred, the negatives, refers the whole to the true Which translation the original will very believers ; and then the sense will run well bear, thus : The way of those to whom thou CHAPTER II. INTITLED, THE COW ; REVEALED PARTLY AT MECCA, AND PARTLY AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God, ^ A. L. M. ^ There is no doubt in this book ; it is a direction to the pious, ^ who believe in the mysteries of faith, who observe the appointed times of prayer, and dis- , tribute alms out of what we have bestowed on them: I ^and who believe in that revelation, which hath been . sent down unto thee, and that which hath been sent down unto the prophets before thee, and have firm assur- ance in the life to. come : ^ these are directed by their Lord, and they shall prosper. ^ As jpr the unbelievers, it will be equal to them whether thou admonish them, or do not admonish them ;^ they will n^FTeTieve: ^ God hath sealed up their hearts and Ihieir hearing; a dimness Title.'] This title was occasioned by phets^; though they acknowledge none the story of the red heifer, mentioned p. of those which preceded the Koran to be 12. now extant, except the Pentateuch of 1 A. L. M.~\ As to the meaning of Moses, the Psalms of David, and the Gos- these letters, see the Preliminary Dis- pel of Jesus ; which yet they say were course, Sect. 3. even before Mohammed's time altered 3 Mysteries.] The Arabic word is and corrupted by the Jews and Christians ; gheibf which properly signifies a thing and therefore will not allow our present that is absentf at a great distance, or invi- copies to be genuine. sible, such as the resurrection, paradise, — The life to come.] The original word and hell. And this is agreeable to the al-dkherat properly signifies the latter part language of scripture, which defines of any thitigy and, by way of excellence, faith to be the evidence of things not the next life, the latter or future state seen^. after death; and is opposed to al-donva, 4 The prophets before thee.] The Mo- this world ; and aloula, the former , or pre- hammedans believe that God gave writ- sent life. The Hebrew word ahharith, ten revelations not only to Moses, Jesus, from the same root, is used by Moses in and Mohammed, but to several other pro- this sense, and is translated latter end^. 1 Heb. xi. 1. See also Kom. xxiv. 25. 2 Corinth, iv. 18. & v. 7. 2 y. Reland. de relig. Moham. p. 34. & Dissert, de !Samaritanis, p. 34. &c. ^ Num. xxiv. 20. Deut. viii.l6. THE LIBRARY brigiia:: y.uag lniversity =, — -^ PRQVO ri^*^^__ ^J II.] AL KORAN, 3 covereth their sight, and they shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^ There are some who say, We believe in God, and the last day; but are not really believers : Hhey seek to deceive God, and those who do believe, but they deceive themselves only, and are not sensible thereof. ^^ There is an infirmity in their hearts, and God hath in- creased that infirmity ; and they shall suffer a most painful punishment, because they have disbelieved. ^^ When one saith unto them. Act not corruptly in the earth ; they reply. Verily we are men of integrity. ^^ Are • not they themselves corrupt doers ? but they are not sen- sible thereof. ^^ And when one saith unto them. Believe p ye as others believe; they answer. Shall we believe as >E fools believe ? Are not they themselves fools ? but they r^ know it not. ^* When they meet those who believe, ^ they say. We do believe : but when they retire privately to their devils, they say. We really hold with you, and only mock at those people. ^^ God shall mock at them, and continue them in their impiety ; they shall wander in confusion. ^^ These are the men who have purchased error at the price of true direction: but their traffic hath not been gainful, neither have they been rightly directed. ^^ They are like unto one who kindleth a fire, and when it hath enlightened all around him ; God taketh away their light, and leaveth them in darkness, they shall not 10 Mohammed here, and elsewhere fre- bestows this name on the Jewish rabbins quently, imitates the truly inspired writ- and Christian priests ; though he seems ers, in making God, by operation on the chiefly to mean the former, against whom minds of reprobates, to prevent their con- he had by much the greater spleen, version. This fatality or predestination, 17 In this passage Mohammed com- as believed by the Mohammedans, hath pares those who believed not on him, to a been sufficiently treated of in the Preli- man who wants to kindle a fire, but as minary Discourse. soon as it burns up, and the flames give a 11 Act not corruptly.^ Literally cor- light, shuts his eyes, lest he should see. rupt not in the earth, by which some expo- As if he had said : You, O Arabians, have sitors understand the sowing of false doc- long desired a prophet of your own na- trine,^ and corrupting people's principles. tion, and now I am sent unto you, and — Men of integrity. ~\ According to the have plainly proved my mission by the explication in the preceding note, this excellence of my doctrine and revelation, word must be translated reformers, who you resist conviction, and refuse to believe promote true piety by their doctrine and in me ; therefore shall God leave you in ^ example.. your ignorance. 13 Others.'] The first companions and — Around him.'] The sense seems to followers of Mohammed ^ be here imperfect, and may be completed, 14 Devils,] The prophet, making use by adding the words, he turns from it, of the liberty zealots of all religions have shuts his eyes, or the like. by prescription, of giving ill language, — Their light.] This is of the unbe- ^ Jallalo'ddin, B 2 4 AL KORAN. [chap. see ; ^^ they are deaf, dumb, and blind, therefore will they not repent. ^^ Or like a stormy cloud from heaven, fraught with darkness, thunder, and lightning, they put their fingers in their ears, because of the noise of the thunder, for fear of death ; God encompasseth the in- fidels : ^^ the lightning wanteth but little of taking away their sight : so often as it enlighteneth them, they walk therein, but when darkness cometh on them, they stand still ; and if God so pleased, he would certainly deprive them of their hearing and their sight, for God is almighty. ^^ O men of Mecca, serve your Lord who hath created you, and those who have been before you : perad venture ye will fear him ; ^^ who hath spread the earth as a bed for you, and the heaven as a covering, and hath caused water to descend from heaven, and thereby produced fruits for your sustenance. Set not up there- fore any equals unto God, against your own knowledge. -^^ If ye be in doubt concerning that revelation which we have sent down unto our servant, produce a chapter like unto it, and call upon your witnesses, besides God, if ye say truth. ^* But if ye do it not, nor shall ever be able to do it ; justly fear the fire whose fuel is men and stones, prepared for the unbelievers. ^^But bear good tidings r,/Unio_jJiose.^^ho^^^^b^^ do goo3°^orks, that they ^'^ shall have gardens watered by rivers; so often as they ^^> eat of the fruit thereof for sustenance they shall say. This c^ is^what we have formerly eaten of; and they shall be C supplied with several sorts of fruit having a mutual resem- H blance to one another. There shall they enjoy wives sub- lievers, to whom the word their, being willing to hear truths so disagreeable : in the plural, seems to refer ; though it when the promises are read to them, they is not unusual for Mohammed, in affecta- attend with pleasure ; but when any thing tion of the prophetic style, suddenly to mysterious or difficult of belief occurs, change the number, against all rules of they stand stock still, and will not submit grammar. to be directed. 19 Here he compares the unbelieving 23 Your witnesses besides God.] i. e. Arabs to people caught in a violent storm. Your false gods and idols. To perceive the beauty of this compari- 25 Sorts of fruit. ~\ Some Commenta- son, it must be observed, that the Moham- tors ^ approve of this sense, supposing medan doctors say, this tempest is a type the fruits of paradise, though of various or image of the Koran itself : the thunder tastes, are alike in colour and outward signifying the threats therein contained ; appearance : but others 2 think the mean- the lightning, the promises; and the dark- ingto be, that the inhabitants of that place ness, the mysteries. The terror of the will find there fruits of the same, or the like, threats makes them stop their ears, un- kinds as they used to eat while on earth. * Jallalo'ddin. 2 ^/ ^amakhsharu II.] AL KORAN. 5 ject to no impurity, and there shall they continue for ever. ^^ Moreover God will not be ashamed to propound in a parable a gnat, or even a more despicable thing : for they who believe will know it to be the truth from their Lord ; but the unbelievers will say, What meaneth God by this parable ? he will thereby mislead many, and will direct" many thereby ; but he will not mislead any thereby, except the transgressors, ^^ who make void the covenant of God after the establishing thereof, and cut in sunder that which God hath commanded to be joined, and act corruptly in the earth; they shall perish. ^^ How is it that ye believe not in God ? Since ye were dead, and he gave you life ; he will hereafter cause you to die, and will again restore you to life ; then shall ye return unto him. -^ It is he who hath created for you whatso- ever is on earth, and then set his mind to the creation of heaven, and formed it into seven heavens ; he knoweth all things. ^^ When thy Lord said unto the angels, I am going to place a substitute on earth ; they said, Wilt thou place there one who will do evil therein, and shed blood ? but we celebrate thy praise, and sanctify thee. God an- 26 Despicable thing.'] This was revealed mand ; whereupon he sent Azrail on the to take off an objection made to the Koran same errand, who executed his commis- by the infidels, for condescending to speak sion without remorse ; for which reason of such insignificant insects, as the spider, God appointed that angel to separate the the pismire, the bee ^, &c. souls from the bodies, being therefore 28 Ye were dead, and he gave you life, called the angel of death. The earth he &c.] i. e. Ye were dead while in the loins had taken was carried into Arabia, to a of your fathers, and he gave you life in place between Mecca and Tayef, where your mother's womb ; and after death ye being first kneaded by the angels, it was shall be again raised at the resurrection 2. afterwards fashioned by God himself into 30 Angels.] Concerning the creation of a human form, and left to dry * for the Adam, here intimated, the Mohammedans space of forty days, or, as others say, as have several peculiar traditions. They many years; the angels in the mean time say the Angels, Gabriel, Michael, and Is- often visiting it, and Eblis (then one of | rafil, were sent by God, one after another, the angels who are nearest to God's pre- [ to fetch for that purpose seven handfuls of sence, afterwards the devil) among the earth from different depths, and of differ- rest ; but he, not contented with looking ent colours (whence some account for the on it, kicked it with his foot till it rung ; various complexion of mankind 3); but and knowing God designed that creature the earth being apprehensive of the con- to be his superior, took a secret resolution sequence, and desiring them to represent never to acknowledge him as such. After her fear to God, that the creature he de- this, God animated the figure of clay, signed to form would rebel against him, and indued it with an intelligent soul, and and draw down his curse upon her, they when he had placed him in paradise, returned without performing God's com- formed Eve out of his left side ^ ^ Yahya. 2 JallaWddin, ^ Al Termedi, from a tradition of Ahu Musa at Ashari, * Koran, c. 55. ^ Khond amir. Jallalo'ddin, Comment, in Koran, &c. V. D'Herbeht, Biblioth. Orient, p. 55. fv. 6 A L KORAN. [chap. swered, Verily I know that which ye know not ; ^^ and he taught Adam the names of all things, and then pro- posed them to the angels, and said, Declare unto me the names of these things if ye say truth. ^^ They answered, T> Praise be unto thee, we have no knowledge but what "^^ thou teachest us, for thou art knowing and wise. ^^ God V said, O Adam, tell them their names. And, when he had I told them their names, God said, Did I not tell you that .r* I know the secrets of heaven and earth, and know that ., which ye discover, and that which ye conceal? ^^And -^when we said unto the angels. Worship Adam ; they all worshipped him except Eblis, who refused, and was puffed up with pride, and became of the number of un- believers. ^^ And we said, O Adam, dwell thou and thy wife in the garden, and eat of the fruit thereof plentifully wherever ye will ; but approach not this tree, lest ye be- come of the number of the transgressors. ^^ But Satan caused them to forfeit paradise, and turned them out of the state of happiness wherein they had been ; whereupon 33 Ye conceal.'] This story Mohammed to create man after his own image, and to borrowed from the Jewish traditions, dignify human nature by Christ's assum- which say, that the angels having spoken ing it, some of them thinking their glory of man with some contempt, when God to be eclipsed thereby, envied man's hap- consulted them about his creation, God piness, and so revolted. made answer, that the man was wiser than 35 Garden.] Mohammed, as appears they ; and to convince them of it, he by what presently follows, does not place brought all kinds of animals to them ; and this garden or paradise on earth, but in asked them their names ; which they not the seventh heaven ^, being able to tell, he put the same ques- — Tree.] Concerning this tree, or the tion to the man, who named them one forbidden fruit, the Mohammedans, as after another ; and being asked his own well as the Christians, have various opi- name, and God's name, he answered very nions. Some say it was an ear of wheat ; justly, and gave God the name of Jeho- some will have it to have been a fig-tree, VAH 1. The angels' adoring of Adam is and others a vine ^. The story of the fall also mentioned in the Talmud -. is told, with some further circumstances, 34 Worship.] The original word signi- in the beginning of the ^i\\ chapter. fies properly to prostrate one's self, till the 36 Satan caused them to forfeit para- forehead touches the ground ; which is dise.] They have a tradition that the the humblest posture of adoration, and devil offering to get into paradise to tempt strictly due to God only ; but it is some- Adam, was not admitted by the guard : times, as in this place, used to express that whereupon he begged of the animals, one civil worship or homage, which may be after another, to carry him in, that he paid to creatures ^, might speak to Adam and his wife ; but — Unbelievers.] This occasion of the they all refused him, except the serpent, devil's fall has some affinity with an opi- who took him between two of his teeth, nion which has been pretty much enter- and so introduced him. They add, that tained among Christians *, viz., that the the serpent was then of a beautiful form, angels being informed of God's intention and not in the shape he now bears ''. ^ V. Rivin. Serpent, seduct. p. 56. ^ ji^ Moses Haddarshan, in Bereshit rabbah. ^ Jallalo'ddin. * frencBus, Lad. Greg. Nyssen. &c. •'' Vid. Marracc. in Ale. p. 24. ^ V. Marracc. in Ale. p. 22. ' Marracc. \n Aic. p, 22. II.] AL KORAN. 7 we said, Get ye down, the one of you an enemy unto the other ; and there shall be a dwelling-place for you on earth, and a provision for a season. ^^ And Adam learned words of prayer from his Lord, and God turned unto him, for he is easy to be reconciled, and merciful. ^^ We said, Get ye all down from hence ; hereafter shall there come unto you a direction from me, and whoever shall follow my direction, on them shall no fear come, neither shall they be grieved ; ^^ but they, who shall be unbelievers, and accuse our signs of falsehood, they shall be the com- panions of hell-fire, therein shall they remain for ever. '^^ O children of Israel, remember my favour wherewith I have favoured you ; and perform your covenant with me, and I will perform my covenant with you ; and revere me: '^^ and believe in the revelation which I have sent down, confirming that which is with you, and be not the first who believe not therein, neither exchange my signs for a small price ; and fear rne. ^^ Clothe not the truth 36 Get ye down.~\ The Mohammedans on two others in the plain, about two mus- say, that when they were cast down from ket shots asunder ^, paradise, Adam fell on the isle of Ceylon, 38 A direction from me,'] God here or Serendib, and Eve near Joddah (the promises Adam that his will should be re- port of Mecca) in Arabia ; and that after vealed to him and his posterity ; which a separation of 200 years, Adam was, on promise the Mohammedans believe was his repentance, conducted by the angel fulfilled at several times by the ministry Gabriel to a mountain near Mecca, where of several prophets, from Adam himself, he found and knew his wife, the mount- who was the first, to Mohammed, who was ain being thence named Arafat^ i. e. the the last. The number of books revealed separation ; and that he afterwards retired unto Adam they say was ten ^. with her to Ceylon, where they continued 39 SignsJ] This word has various sig- to propagate their species ^ nifications in the Koran ; sometimes, as in It may not be improper here to mention this passage, it signifies divine revelation, another tradition, concerning the gigantic or scripture in general ; sometimes the stature of our first parents. Their prophet, verses of the Koran in particular ; and at they say, affirmed Adam to have been as other times visible miracles. But the tall as a high palm-tree 2 ; but this would sense is easily distinguished by the con- be too much, in proportion, if that were text. really the print of his foot, which is pre- 40 O children of Israel] The Jews tended to be such, on the top of a mount- are here called upon to receive the Ko- ain in the isle of Ceylon, thence named ran, as verifying and confirming the Pen- Pico de Adam, and by the Arab writers tateuch, particularly with respect to the Rahun, being somewhat above two spans unity of God, and the mission of Moham- long3; though others say it is seventy med ^. And they are exhorted not to cubits long, and that when Adam set one conceal the passages of their law, which foot here, he had the other in the sea * ; bear witness to those truths, nor to cor- and too little, if Eve were of so enormous rupt them by publishing false copies of the a size, as is said, that when her head lay Pentateuch, for which the writers were but on one hill near Mecca, her knees rested poorly paid ^. ^ D'Herhelot, Bibl. Orient, p. 55. 2 Yahya, ^ Moncony's Voyage, Part I. p. 372, &c. See Knox's Account of Ceylon. * Anciennes relations des Indes, &c. p. 3. ^ Monconyy ubi^sup. ^ y^ Hottinger, Hist. Orient, p. 11. Reland. de relig. Mohammed, p. 21, ^ Yalnja. ^ Jallaloddin, 8 AL KORAN. [chap. with vanity, neither conceal the truth against your own knowledge ; ^^ observe the stated times of prayer, and pay your legal alms, and bow down yourselves with those who bow down. ^* Will ye command men to do justice, and forget your own souls ? yet ye read the book of the law : do ye not therefore understand ? ^^ Ask help with ' perseverance and prayer : this indeed is grievous, unless to the humble, ^® who seriously think they shall meet their Lord, and that to him they shall return. ^'^ O chil- dren of Israel, remember my favour w^herewith I have favoured you, and that I have preferred you above all nations ; *^ dread the day wherein one soul shall not make satisfaction for another soul, neither shall any intercession be accepted from them, nor shall any compensation be received, neither shall they be helped. ^^ Remember when we delivered you from the people of Pharaoh, who grievously oppressed you ; they slew your male children, and let your females live : therein was a great trial from your Lord. ^^ And when we divided the sea for you, and delivered you, and drowned Pharaoh's people while ye looked on. ^^And when we treated with Moses forty nights ; then ye took the calf for your God, and did evil ; ^^yet afterwards we forgave you, that peradventure ye might give thanks. ^^ And when we gave Moses the book of the law, and the distinction between good and evil, that peradventure ye might be directed. ^*And when Moses said unto his people, O my people, verily ye have injured your own souls, by your taking the calf for 50 Looked on,'] See the story of Moses keep them together till the return of Mo- and Pharaoh more particularly related, ses ; al Sameri, understanding the found- chap, vii. & XX. &c. er's art, put them all together into a fur- 51 The calf,'] The person who cast this nace, to melt them down into one mass, calf, the Mohammedans say, was (not which came out in the form of a calf 3. Aaron, but) al Sameri, one of the princi- The Israelites, accustomed to the i^gypt- pal men among the children of Israel, ian idolatry, paying a religious worship some of whose descendants, it is pretend- to this image, al Sameri went farther, and ed, still inhabit an island of that name in took some dust from the footsteps of the the Arabian gulf ^ It was made of the horse of the angel Gabriel, who marched rings 2 and bracelets of gold, silver, and at the head of the people, and threw it other materials, which the Israelites had into the mouth of the calf, which imme- borrowed of the Egyptians ; for Aaron, diately began to low, and became ani- who commanded in his brother's absence, mated * ; for such was the virtue of that having ordered al Sameri to collect those dust ^ One writer says that all the ornaments from the people, who carried Israelites adored this calf, except only on a wicked commerce with them, and to 12,000 ^. * Geogr. Nubiens. p. 45. ^ Koran, c. 7. ^ See Exod. xxxii. 24. * ^ Koran, c. 7- 5 Jallalo'ddin, Vid. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient, p. 650. « AbiClfeda, II.] AL KORAN. 9 your God ; therefore be turned unto your Creator, and slay those among you who have been guilty of that crime; this will be better for you in the sight of your Creator : and thereupon he turned unto you, for he is easy to be reconciled and merciful. ^^ And when ye said, O Moses, we will not believe thee, until we see God manifestly ; therefore a punishment came upon you, while ye looked on; ^Hhen we raised you to life after ye had been dead, that peradventure ye might give thanks. ^^ And we caused clouds to overshadow you, and manna and quails to descend upon you, saying, Eat of the good things which we have given you for food : and they injured not us, but injured their own souls. ^^ And when we said, Enter into this city, and eat of the provisions thereof plentifully as ye will ; and enter the gate worshipping, and say. For- giveness ! we will pardon you your sins, and give increase unto the well-doers. ^^ But the ungodly changed the ex- pression into another, different from what had been spoken unto them ; and we sent down upon the ungodly indignation from heaven, because they had transgressed. ^^ And when Moses asked drink for his people, we said, Strike the rock with thy rod ; and there gushed thereout 54 And slay the guilty.'] In this parti- camp in the desert ^, The Arabs call cular the narration agrees with that of these birds Salwd, which is plainly the Moses, who ordered the Levites to slay same with the Hebrew Salwinif and say every man his brother ^ : but the scrip- they have no bones, but are eaten ture says, there fell of the people that day whole ^. about 3,000 (the Vulgate says 23,000) 58 This city,] Some commentators men ^ ; whereas the commentators of the suppose it to be Jericho ; others, Jerusa- Koran make the number of the slain to lem. amount to 70,000 ; and add, that God — Forgiveness.] The Arabic word is sent a dark cloud, which hindered them Hittaton, which some take to signify that from seeing one another, lest the sight profession of the unity of God, so fre- should move those who executed the sen- quently used by the Mohammedans, La tence to compassion 3. ildha ilia *llahOf There is no god but 56 Dead.] The persons here meant, God. are said to have been seventy men who 59 Changed the expression into another.] were made choice of by Moses, and heard According to Jallalo'ddin, instead of Hit- the voice of God talking with him. But, taton^ they cried Hahhat fi shairatj i. e. a not being satisfied with that, they de- grain in an ear of barley ; and in ridicule manded to see God ; whereupon they of the divine command to enter the city in were all struck dead by lightning, and, on a humble posture, they indecently crept in Moses's intercession, restored to life '*. upon their breech. 57 Quails.] The eastern writers say, — Indignation from heaven.] A pesti- these quails were of a peculiar kind, to lence which carried off nearly 70,000 of be found no where but in Yaman, from them ^. whence they were brought by a south 60 The rock.] The commentators say wind in great numbers to the Israelites* this was a stone which Moses brought * Exod. xxxii. 26, 27- * Ibid. 28. ^ Jallalo'ddin, &c. * Ismael Ebnali. » Seg Psalm Ixxviii. 26. « V. D'Herhcloty Bibl. Orient, p. 477- ^ Jallalo'ddin, 10 AL KORAN, [chap. twelve fountains, according to the number of the tribes, and all men knew their respective drinking-place. Eat and drink of the bounty of God, and commit not evil in the earth, acting unjustly. ^^ And when ye said, O Moses, we will by no means be satisfied with one kind of food ; pray unto thy Lord therefore for us, that he would produce for us of that which the earth bringeth forth, herbs, and cucumbers, and garlic, and lentils, and onions ; Moses answered. Will ye exchange that which is better for that which is worse ? Get ye down into Egypt, for there shall ye find what ye desire : and they were smitten with vileness and misery, and drew on themselves indignation from God. This they suffered, because they believed not in the signs of God, and killed the prophets unjustly ; this, because they rebelled and 5 transgressed. ^^ Surely those who believe, and those who Judaize, and Christians, and Sabians, whoever believeth in God, and the last day, and doth that which is right, from mount Sinai, and the same that fled away with his garments w^hich he laid upon it one day while he washed : they add, that Moses ran after the stone naked, till he found himself, ere he was aware, in the midst of the people, who, on this acci- dent, were convinced of the falsehood of a report, which had been raised of their prophet, that he was bursten,or, as others write, an hermaphrodite ^ They describe it to be a square piece of white marble, shaped like a man's head ; wherein they differ not much from the accounts of European travellers, who say this rock stands among several lesser ones, about 100 paces from mount Horeb, and appears to have been loosened from the neighbouring mountains, having no cohe- rence with the others ; that it is a huge mass of red granite, almost round on one side, and flat on the other; 12 feet high, and as many thick, but broader than it is high, and about 50 feet in circumfe- rence 2. 60 Twelve fountains.'] Marracci thinks this circumstance looks like a Rabbinical fiction, or else that Mohammed confounds the water of the rock at Horeb with the twelve wells at Elim ^ ; for he says, several who have been on the spot, affirm there are but three orifices whence the water issued *. But it is to be presumed, that Mohammed had better means of informa- tion in this respect, than to fall into such a mistake ; for the rock stands within the borders of Arabia, and some of his coun- trymen must needs have seen it, if he himself did not, as it is most probable he did. And, in effect, he seems to be in the right. For one, who went into those parts in the end of the 15th century, tells us expressly, that the water issued from twelve places of the rock, according to the number of the tribes of Israel: egressae sunt aquae largissimse in duodecim locis petrse, juxta, numerum duodecim tribuum Israel ^. A late curious traveller ^ observes that there are 24 holes in the stone, which may be easily counted ; that is to say, twelve on the flat side, and as many on the opposite round side, every one being a foot deep, and an inch wide ; and he adds, that the holes on one side do not commu- nicate with those on the other ; which a less accurate spectator not perceiving (for they are placed horizontally, within two feet of the top of the rock) might conclude they pierce quite through the stone, and so reckon them to be but twelve. 61 Onions.'] See Numb. xi. 5, &c. 62 Jews, Christians, and Sabians, who- ever believeth, &c.] From these words, 1 Jallalo' ddiny Yahya. ^ Breydenbach, Itinerar. charta m. p. 1. Sicard, dans les Memoires des Missions, torn. 7- p. 14. ^ Exod. xv. 27. Numb, xxxiii. .9. * Marracc, Prodr. part. iv. p. 80. ^ Breydenbach, ubi sup. ^ Sicard, ubi sup. II.] AL KORAN. 11 they shall have their reward with their Lord, there shall come no fear on them, neither shall they be grieved. ^^ Call to mind also when we accepted your covenant, and lifted up the mountain of Sinai over you, saying, Receive the law which we have given you, with a reso- lution to keep it, and remember that which is contained therein, that ye may beware. ^* After this ye again turned back, so that, if it had not been for God's indul- gence and mercy towards you, ye had certainly been destroyed. ^^ Moreover, ye know what befel those of your nation who transgressed on the sabbath-day ; We said unto them, Be ye changed into apes, driven away which are repeated in the 5th chapter, several writers ^ have wrongly concluded, that the Mohammedans hold it to be the doctrine of their prophet, that every man may be saved in his own religion, provided he be sincere, and lead a good life. It is true, some of their doctors do agree this to be the purport of the words ^; but then they say the latitude hereby granted was soon revoked, for that this passage is abro- gated by several others in the Koran, which expressly declare, that none can be saved who is not of the Mohammedan faith ; and particularly by those words of the 3d chap- ter. Whoever followeth any other religion than Islam (i. e. Mohammedan), it shall not be accepted of him, and at the last day he shall be of those who perish ^. However, others are of opinion that this passage is not abrogated, but interpret it differently ; taking the meaning of it to be, that no man, whether he be a Jew, a Christian, or a Sabian, shall be excluded from salvation, provided he quit his erro- neous religion, and become a Moslem, which they say is intended by the follow- ing words, Whoever believeth in God and the last day, and doth that which is right. And this interpretation is approved by Mr. Reland, who thinks the words here import no more than those of the apostle. In every nation he that feareth God, and worketh righteousness is accepted with him * ; from which it must not be inferred, that the religion of nature, or any other, is sufficient to save, without faith in Christ ^. 6*3 When we lifted up mount Sinai over ?/ow.] The Mohammedan tradition is, that the Israelites refusing to receive the law of Moses, God tore up the mountain by the roots, and shook it over their heads, to terrify them into compliance ^. 65 Those who transgressed on the sab- bath-day, &c.] The story to which this passage refers, is as follows. In the days of David some Israelites dwelt at Ailah, or Elath, on the Red sea, where on the night of the sabbath the fish used to come in great numbers to the shore, and stay there all the sabbath, to tempt them ; but the night following they returned into the sea again. At length, some of the inhabitants, neglecting God's command, catched fish on the sabbath, and dressed and ate them ; and afterwards cut canals from the sea, for the fish to enter, with sluices, which they shut on the sabbath, to prevent their return to the sea. The other part of the inhabitants, who strictly observed the sab- bath, used both persuasion and force to stop this impiety, but to no purpose, the offenders growing only more and more ob- stinate ; whereupon David cursed the sab- bath-breakers, and God transformed them into apes. It is said, that one going to see a friend of his that was among them, found him in the shape of an ape, moving his eyes about wildly ; and, asking him whether he was not such a one ? the ape made a sign with his head, that it was he : whereupon the friend said to him, Did not I advise you to desist? at which the ape wept. They add, that these unhappy people remained three days in this condi- tion, and were afterwards destroyed by a wind which swept them all into the sea '^, ^ Selden. de Jure nat. & gentium sec. Hebr. I. c. 12. Angel, a S, Joseph. Gazo- phylac. Persic, p. 365. Nic. Cusanus in Cribratione Alcorani, 1. 3. c. 2, &c. ^ ^qq Chardin's Voyages, Vol. ii, p. 326. 331. ^ Abu'lkasem Hebatallah de abrpgrante et abrogato. ^ Acts x. 35. ^ V. Reland. de rel. Moham. p, 128, &c. ^ Jallalo'ddin* 7 Ahunfcda. 12 AL KORAN. [chap. from the society of men. ^® And we made them an example unto those who were contemporary with them, and unto those who came after them, and a warning to the pious. ^^ And when Moses said unto his people, Verily God commandeth you to sacrifice a cow ; ^^ they answered, Dost thou make a jest of us ? Moses said, God forbid that I should be one of the foolish. ^^ They said, Pray for us unto thy Lord, that he would show us what cow it is. Moses answered. He saith, She is nei- ther an old cow, nor a young heifer, but of a middle age, between both ; do ye therefore that which ye are com- manded. They said. Pray for us unto thy Lord, that he would show us what colour she is of Moses an- swered. He saith. She is a red cow, intensely red, her colour rejoiceth the beholders. ^^ They said. Pray for us unto thy Lord, that he would further show us what cow it is, for several cows with us are like one another, and we, if God please, will be directed. ^^ Moses answered. He saith. She is a cow not broken to plough the earth, or water the field, a sound one, there is no blemish in 67 God commandeth you to sacrifice a coWf &c.] The occasion of this sacrifice is thus related. A certain man at bis death left his son, then a child, a cow- calf, wlrich wandered in the desert till he came to age ; at which time his mother told him the heifer was his, and bid him fetch her, and sell her for three pieces of gold. When the young man came to the market with his heifer, an angel in the shape of a man accosted him, and bid him six pieces of gold for her ; but he would not take the money, till he had asked his mother's consent ; which when he had obtained, he returned to the market-place, and met the angel, who now offered him twice as much for the heifer, provided he would say nothing of it to his mother ; but the young man refusing, went and acquainted her with the additional offer. The woman, perceiving it was an angel, bid her son go back, and ask him what must be done with the heifer ; whereupon the angel told the young man, that in a little time the children of Israel would buy that heifer of him at any price. And soon after it happened that an Israelite, named Hammiel, was killed by a relation of his, who, to prevent discovery, convey- ed the body to a place considerably dis- tant from that where the fact was com- mitted. The friends of the slain man ac- cused some other persons of the murder before Moses ; but they denying the fact, and there being no evidence to convict them, God commanded a cow, of such and such particular marks, to be killed : but there being no other which answered the description, except the orphan's heifer, they were obliged to buy her for as much gold as her hide would hold ; according to some, for her full weight in gold, and, as others say, for ten times as much. This heifer they sacrificed ; and the dead body being, by divine direction, struck with a part of it, revived, and, standing up, named the person who had killed him ; after which it immediately fell down dead again ^. The whole story seems to be borrowed from the red heifer, which was ordered by the Jewish law to be burnt, and the ashes kept for purifying those who happened to touch a dead corpse ^ ; — and from the heifer directed to be slain, for the expiation of uncertain murder. See Deut. xxii. 1 — 9. 69 A red cowJ] The epithet in the original is yellow ; but this word we do not use in speaking of the colour of cattle. Abu'lfeda. ^ Numb. xix. II.] AL KORAN. 13 her. They said, Now hast thou brought the truth. Then they sacrificed her ; yet they wanted but little of leaving it undone. ^"^ And when ye slew a man, and contended among yourselves concerning him, God brought forth to light that which he concealed. ^^ For we said, Strike the dead body with part of the sacrificed cow : so God raised the dead to life, and showeth you his signs, that perad venture ye may understand. ''^ Then were your hearts hardened after this, even as stones, or exceeding them in hardness : for from some stones have rivers bursted forth, others have been rent in sunder, and water hath issued from them, and others have fallen down for fear of God. But God is not regardless of that which ye do. ^^ Do ye therefore desire that the Jews should be- lieve you ? yet a part of them heard the word of God, and then perverted it, after they had understood it, against their own conscience. ^^ And when they meet the true believers, they say. We believe : but when they are pri- vately assembled together, they say, Will ye acquaint them with what God hath revealed unto you, that they may dis- pute with you concerning it in the presence of your Lord? Do ye not therefore understand ? ^^ Do not they know that God knoweth that which they conceal as well as that which they publish ? ^^ But there are illiterate men among them, who know not the book of the law, but only lying stories, although they think otherwise. ^^ And woe unto them who transcribe corruptly the book of the law with their hands, and then say, This is from God ; that they may sell it for a small price. Therefore woe unto them because of that which their hands have written ; and woe unto them for that which they have gained. ^^ They say, The fire of hell shall not touch us, but for a certain number of days. Answer, Have ye received any 71 Yet they wanted but little of leaving for a certain number of days.'] — That is, it undone.] Because of the exorbitant says Jallalo'ddin, forty; being the num- price which they were obliged to pay for her of days that their forefathers wor- the heifer. shipped the golden calf; after which they 73 With part of the cow.] i. e. Her gave out that their punishment should tongue, or the end of her tail 1. cease. It is a received opinion among 79 Of the law.] Mohammed again ac- the Jews at present, that no person, be he cuses the Jews of corrupting their scrip- ever so wicked, or of whatever sect, shall ture. remain in hell above eleven months, or at 80 The fire of hell shall not touch us, hut most a year ; except Dathan and Abiram, * Jallalo'ddin. 14 AL KORAN. [chap. promise from God to that purpose ? for God will not act contrary to his promise : or do ye speak concerning God that which ye know not ? ^^ Verily whoso doeth evil, and is encompassed by his iniquity, they shall be the com- panions of hell-fire, they shall remain therein for ever : ^^ but they who believe and do good works, they shall be the companions of paradise, they shall continue therein for ever. ^^ Remember, also, when we accepted the cove- nant of the children of Israel, saying. Ye shall not wor- ship any other except God, and ye shall show kindness to your parents and kindred, and to orphans, and to the poor, and speak that which is good unto men, and be constant at prayer, and give alms. Afterwards ye turned back, except a few of you, and retired afar off. ^* And when we accepted your covenant, saying. Ye shall not shed your brother's blood, nor dispossess one another of your habitations ; then ye confirmed it, and were wit- nesses thereto. ^^ Afterwards ye were they who slew one another, and turned several of your brethren out of their houses, mutually assisting each other against them with injustice and enmity; but if they come captives unto you, ye redeem them : yet it is equally unlawful for you to dispossess them. Do ye therefore believe in part i ^ of the book of the law, and reject other part thereof? But whoso among you doth this, shall have no oihefi^' reward than shame in this life, and on the day of resur- rection they shall be sent to a most grievous punishment ; for God is not regardless of that which ye do. ^^ These are they who have purchased this present life at the price of that which is to come; wherefore their punishment and atheists, who will be tormented there sage was revealed on occasion of some to all eternity ^. quarrels which arose between the Jews 81 Whoso doeth evil, &c.'J By evil in of the tribes of Koreidha, and those of al this place the commentators generally un- Aws, al Nadhir, and al Khazraj, and came derstand polytheism, or idolatry ; which to that height that they took arms, and sin the Mohammedans believe, unless re- destroyed one another's habitations, and pented of in this life, is unpardonable, and turned one another out of their houses ; will be punished by eternal damnation ; but, when any were taken captives, they but all other sins, they hold, will at length redeemed them. When they were asked be forgiven. This therefore is that irre- the reason of their acting in this manner, missible impiety, in their opinion, which they answered. That they were command- in the New Testament is called the sin ed by their law to redeem the captives, against the Holy Ghost. but that they fought out of shame, lest 85 Ye slew one another, &c.] This pas- their chiefs should be despised 2. * V. Bartoloccii Biblioth. Rabbinic, torn. ii. p. 128. & torn. iii. p. 421. ^ Jallalo' ddin. II.] AL KORAN. 15 shall not be mitigated, neither shall they be helped. ^^ We formerly delivered the book of the law unto Moses, and caused apostles to succeed him, and gave evident miracles to Jesus the son of Mary, and strengthened him with the holy spirit. Do ye, therefore, whenever an apostle cometh unto you with that which your souls desire not, proudly reject him, and accuse some of impos- ture, and slay others ? ^^ The Jews say, Our hearts are uncircumcised : but God hath cursed them with their infidelity, therefore few shall believe. ^^ And when a book came unto them from God, confirming the scrip- tures which were with them, although they had before prayed for assistance against those who believed not, yet when that came unto them which they knew to be from God, they would not believe therein : therefore the curse of God shall be on the infidels. ^^ For a vile price have they sold their souls, that they should not believe in that which God hath sent down; out of envy, because God sendeth down his favours to such of his servants as he pleaseth : therefore they brought on themselves indigna- tion on indignation ; and the unbelievers shall suffer an ignominious punishment. ^^ When one saith unto them, Believe in that which God hath sent down ; they answer, WeJbelieve in that which hath been sent down unto us : and they reject what hath been revealed since, although it be the truth, confirming that which is with them. Say, Why, therefore, have ye slain the prophets of God in times past, if ye be true believers ? ^'^ Moses formerly came unto you with evident signs, but ye afterwards took the calf for your god, and did wickedly. ^^ And when we accepted your covenant, and lifted the mountain of Sinai over you, saying. Receive the law which we have given you, with a resolution to perform it, and hear ; they said, We have heard, and have rebelled : and they were made 87 The Holy Spirit.'] We must not ima- Mohammed, (according to the tradition of gine Mohammed here means the Holy his followers,) used this prayer ; O God, Ghost, in the Christian acceptation. The help us against the unbelievers by the I v^ commentators say, this spirit was the prophet, who is to be sent in the last times*. \ angel Gabriel, who sanctified Jesus, and 90 Sent down,~\ The Koran. — ) constantly attended on him K 91 Unto us.] The Pentateuch. 89 Although they had before prayed, &c.] 93 Over you.] See before, p. 12. The Jews, in expectation of the coming of — They were made to drink down the Jallalo'ddin, 2 [bid. 16 A L KORAN. [chap, to drink dowu the calf into their hearts for their unbe- lief. Say, A grievous thing hath your faith commanded you, if ye be true believers. ^* Say, If the future man- sion with God be prepared peculiarly for you, exclusive of the rest of mankind, wish for death, if ye say truth : ^^ but they will never wish for it, because of that which their hands have sent before them; God knoweth the wicked doers ; ^^ and thou shalt surely find them of all men the most covetous of life, even more than the ido- laters : one of them would desire his life to be prolonged a thousand years; but none shall reprieve himself from punishment, that his life may be prolonged : God seeth that which they do. ^^ Say, Whoever is an enemy to Gabriel, (for he hath caused the Koran to descend on thy heart, by the permission of God, confirming that which was before revealed, a direction, and good tidings to the faithful) ; ^^ whosoever is an enemy to God, or his angels, or his apostles, or to Gabriel, or Michael, verily God is an enemy to the unbelievers. ^^And now we have sent down unto thee evident signs, and none will disbe- lieve them but the evil doers. ^^^ Whenever they make a covenant, will some of them reject it ? yea, the greater part of them do not believe. ^^^ And when there came unto them an apo>st1e from God, confirming that scrip- ts o,av/ (^y^ ^-2iOC=pn calf, &c.] Moses took the calf which The commentators say, that the Jews they had made, and burnt it in the lire, asked, what angel it was that brought the and ground it to powder, and strewed it divine revelations to Mohammed ; and upon the water (of the brook that de- being told that it was Gabriel, they re- scended from the mount), and made the plied, that he was their enemy, and the children of Israel drink of it ^ messenger of wrath and punishment ; but 94 A grievous things &c."| Mohammed if it had been Michael, they would have here infers, from their forefathers' disobe- believed on him, because that angel was dience in worshipping the calf, at the their friend, and the messenger of peace same time that they pretended to believe and plenty. And on this occasion, they in the law of Moses, that the faith of the say, this passage was revealed *. Jews in his time was as vain and hypo- That Michael was really the protector critical, since they rejected him, who was or guardian angel of the Jews, we know foretold therein, as an impostor 2. from Scripture ^ ; and it seems that Ga- 95 Which their hands have sent before briel was, as the Persians call him, the them.'] That is, by reason of the wicked angel of revelations, being frequently sent forgeries which they have been guilty of on messages of that kind ^ ; for which in respect to the scriptures. An expres- reason, it is probable, Mohammed pre- sion much like that of St. Paul, where he tended he was the angel from whom he says, That some men's sins are open be- received the Koran. fore-hand, going before to judgment *. 99 Evident signs.] i.e. the revelations 97 Whoever is an enemy to Gahriel, &c.] of this book. 1 Exod. xxxii. 20. Deut. ix. 21. ^ Jallalo' ddin, Yahya,Al Beidawi, ^ 1 Tim. v. 24. * JallaW ddin, al Zamakh. Yahya. ^ Dan. xii. 1. ^ Ibid. ch. viii. 16. and ix. 21. Luke i. 19, 26. See Hyde de rel. vet. Persar. p. 263. II.] AL KORAN. 17 ture which was with them, some of those to whom the scriptures were given, cast the book of God behind their backs, as if they knew it not ; ^^^ and they followed the device which the devils devised against the kingdom of Solomon ; and Solomon was not an unbeliever ; but the devils believed not : they taught men sorcery, and that which was sent down to the two angels at Babel, Harut, and Marut : yet those two taught no man until they had said. Verily we are a temptation, therefore be not an unbeliever. So men learned from those two a charm by which they might cause a division between a man and his wife; but they hurt none thereby, unless by God's permission; and they learned that which would hurt them, and not profit them ; and yet they knew that he who bought that art should have no part in the life to come : and woeful is the price for which they have sold their souls, if they knew it. ^^^ But if they had believed, 102 They followed the device of the devils against Solomon j &c.] The devils having, by God's permission, tempted Solomon without success, they made use of a trick to blast his character. For they wrote several books of magic, and hid them under that prince's throne, and, after his death, told the chief men, that if they wanted to know by what means Solomon had obtained his absolute power over men, genii, and the winds, they should dig under his throne ; which having done, they found the aforesaid books, which contained im- pious superstitions. The better sort refused to learn the evil arts therein delivered, but the common people did ; and the priests published this scandalous story of Solo- mon, which obtained credit among the Jews, till God, say the Mohammedans, cleared that king by the mouth of their prophet, declaring that Solomon was no idolater '. — The devils taught sorcery, and that which was sent down to Harut and Marut, &c.] Some say only that these were two magicians, or angels sent by God to teach men magic, and to tempt them 2. But others tell a longer fable ; that the angels expressing their surprise at the wickedness of the sons of Adam, after prophets had been sent to them with divine commis- sions, God bid them choose two out of their own number to be sent down to be judges on earth. Whereupon they pitched upon Harut and Marut, who executed their office with integrity for some time, till Zohara, or the planet Venus, descended, and appeared before them in the shape of a beautiful woman, bringing a complaint against her husband (though others say she was a real woman). As soon as they saw her, they fell in love with her, and endeavoured to prevail on her to satisfy their desires ; but she flew up again to heaven, whither the two angels also re- turned, but were not admitted. However, on the intercession of a certain pious man, they were allowed to choose whether they would be punished in this life, or in the other ; whereupon they chose the former, and now suffer punishment accordingly in Babel, where they are to remain till the day of judgment. They add, that if a man has a fancy to learn magic, he may go to them, and hear their voice, but can- not see them ^. This story Mohammed took directly from the Persian Magi, who mention two rebellious angels of the same names, now hung up by the feet, with their heads downwards, in the territory of Babel *. And the Jews have something like this, of the angel Shamhozai, who, having de- bauched himself with women, repented, and, by way of penance, hung himself up between heaven and earth ^ Yahya, Jallalo'ddin. ^ Jallalo' ddin. ^ Yahya. ^ V. Hydei ubi sup. cap. 12. ^ Bereshit rabbah, in Genes, vi. 2. VOL. I. C 18 AL KORAN. [chap. and feared God, verily the reward they would have had from God would have been better, if they had known it. ^^* O true believers, say not to our apostle, Raina ; but say, Ondhorna ; and hearken : the infidels shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^^^ It is not the desire of the unbe- lievers, either among those unto whom the scriptures have been given, or among the idolaters, that any good should be sent down unto you from your Lord : but God will appropriate his mercy unto whom he pleaseth ; for God is exceeding beneficent. ^^^ Whatever verse we shall abrogate, or cause thee to forget, we will bring a better than it, or one like unto it. Dost thou not know that God is almighty ? ^^^ Dost thou not know that unto God belongeth the kingdom of heaven and earth ? neither have ye any protector or helper except God. ^^^ Will ye require of your apostle according to that which was formerly required of Moses ? but he that hath exchanged faith for infidelity, hath already erred from the strait way. ^^^ Many of those unto whom the scriptures have been given, desire to render you again unbelievers, after ye have believed ; out of envy from their souls, even after the truth is become manifest unto them; but forgive them, and avoid them, till God shall send his command ; for God is omnipotent. ^^^Be constant in prayer, and give alms ; and what good ye have sent before for your souls, ye shall find it with God; surely God seeth that which ye do. ^^^ They say, Verily none shall enter para- dise, except they who are Jews or Christians : this is their wish. Say, Produce your proof of this, if ye speak truth. ^^^ Nay, but he who resigneth himself to God, and doth that which is right, he shall have his reward with his Lord ; there shall come no fear on them, neither shall 104 Say not unto our apostle^ Raina, 111 None shall enter paradise^ except but Ondhorna.'] Those two Arabic words Jews or Christians.'] This passage \yas have both the same signification, viz. revealed on occasion of a dispute which Look on us ; and are a kind of salutation. Mohammed had with the Jews of Medina, Mohammed had a great aversion to the and the Christians of Naj ran, each of them first, because the Jews frequently used it asserting, that those of their religion only in derision, it being a word of reproach in should be saved ^. their tongue i. They alluded, it seems, 112 Resigneth himself , &c.] Literally, to the Hebrew verb J?1"i rua, which signi- resigneth his face, &c. fies to be bad or mischievous. — ^nd doth that which is right, &c.] 108 What was formerly required of That is, asserteth the unity of God*. Moses.] Namely, to see God manifestly ^. * Jallalo'ddin. ^ See before, p. 9. ^ Jallalo'ddin. * Idem. ri.] AL KORAN. 19 they be grieved. ^^^The Jews say. The Christians are grounded on nothing ; and the Christians say, The Jews are grounded on nothing : yet they both read the scrip- tures. So likewise say they who know not the scripture, according to their saying. But God shall judge between them on the day of the resurrection, concerning that about which they now disagree. ^^^ Who is more unjust than he who prohibiteth the temples of God ; that his name should be remembered therein, and who hasteth to destroy them ? Those men cannot enter therein, but with fear : ^^^ they shall have shame in this world, and in the next a grievous punishment. ^^^ To God belongeth the east and the west ; therefore, whithersoever ye turn your- selves to pray, there is the face of God ; for God is omnipresent and omniscient. ^^^ They say, God hath begotten children : God forbid ! To him belongeth what- ever is in heaven, and on earth ; ^^^ all is possessed by him, the Creator of heaven and earth; and, when he decreeth a thing, he only saith unto it, Be, and it is. ^^^And they who know not the scriptures, say. Unless God speak unto us, or thou shew us a sign, we will not ""^^ believe. So said those before them, according to their saying : their hearts resemble each other. We have already shewn manifest signs unto people who firmly believe ; ^^^ we have sent thee in truth, a bearer of good tidings, and a preacher ; and thou shalt not be questioned concerning the companions of hell. ^^^ But the Jews will not be pleased with thee, neither the Christians, until thou follow their religion ; say. The direction of God is the true direction. And verily if thou follow their desires, after the knowledge which hath been given thee, 113 The Jews say, The Christians are Romans had spoiled the temple of Jeru- grounded on nothing, &c.] The Jews and salem ; or else when the idolatrous Arabs Christians are here accused of denying obstructed Mohammed's visiting the temple the truth of each other's religion, notwith- of Mecca, in the expedition of al Hodei- standing they read the scriptures. Whereas biya, which happened in the 6th year of the Pentateuch bears testimony to Jesus, the Hejra 2. and the Gospel bears testimony to Mo- 118 They say y God hath begotten child- ses ^. ren.'] This is spoken not only of the J 14 Who prohibiteth the temples of God, Christians, and of the Jews (for they are &c.] Or hindereth men from paying their accused of holding Ozair, or Ezra, to be adorations to God in those sacred places, the son of God), but also the pagan Arabs, This passage, says Jallalo'ddin, was re- who imagined the angels to be daughters vealed on news being brought, that the of God. ^Jallalo'ddin, 2 y. Abidfedce vit. Moham, p. 84, &c. C 2 20 AL KORAN. [chap. thou shall find no patron or protector against God. ^^^ They to whom we have given the bool^ of the Koran, and who read it with its true reading, they believe therein ; and whoever believeth not therein, they shall perish. ^^^ O children of Israel, remember my favour wherewith I have favoured you, and that I have preferred you before all nations ; ^^* and dread the day wherein one soul shall not make satisfaction for another soul, neither shall any compensation be accepted from them, nor shall any inter- cession avail, neither shall they be helped. ^^^ Remember when the Lord tried Abraham by certain words, which he fulfilled ; God said. Verily I will constitute thee a ,co ^ model of religion unto mankind: he answered. And also of my posterity : God said. My covenant doth not com- ;^ prehend the ungodly. ^^^ And when we appointed the holy house of Mecca to be a place of resort for mankind, and a place of security ; and said. Take the station of Abraham for a place of prayer ; and we covenanted with Abraham and Ismael, that they should cleanse my house for those who should compass it, and those who should be devoutly assiduous there, and those who should bow down and worship. ^^^ And when Abraham said. Lord, make this a territory of security, and bounteously bestow fruits on its inhabitants, such of them as believe in God and the last day ; God answered. And whoever believeth not, I will bestow on him little ; afterwards I will drive him to the punishment of hell-fire ; an ill journey shall it be ! ^^^ And when Abraham and Ismael raised the foun- dations of the house, saying. Lord, accept it from us, for thou art he who heareth and knoweth : ^^^ Lord, make a/ us also resigned unto thee, and of__Dur posterity a people ^ 125 When the Lord tried Abraham, begin the prayers in their mosques, and &c.] God tried Abraham chiefly by com- whom all the congregation follow, manding him to leave his native country, 126 The holy house, &c.] That is, the and to offer his son. But the commenta- Caaba, which is usually called, by way of tors suppose the trial here meant related eminence, the House. Of the sanctity of only to some particular ceremonies, such this building, and other particulars relat- as circumcision, pilgrimage to the Caaba, ing to it, see the Prelim. Disc. § iv. several rites of purification, and the like'. — The station of Abraham, &c.] A — A model of religion.'] I have rather place so called within the inner inclosure expressed the meaning, than truly trans- of the Caaba, where they pretend to shew lated the Arabic word Imdm, which an- the print of his foot in a stone 2. swers to the Latin ^wiis/e^. This title the 129 Resigned.] The Arabic word is Mohammedans give to their priests, who MoslemUna/m the singular, Moslem, which 1 Jallalo'ddin. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iV. n.] AL KQRAN. C> resigned unto thee, and shew us pur holy ceremonies, and be turned unto us, for thou art easy to be reconciled, and merciful ; ^^^ Lord, send them likewise an apostle froniTA^^^^-^ among them, who may declare thy signs unto them, and 'f^^^^ teach them the book of the Koran and wisdom, and may )^4k^ purify them ; for thou art mighty and wise. ^^^ Who will ^.:^^. be averse to the religion of Abraham, but he whose mind is infatuated ? Surely we have chosen him in this world, and in that which is to come he shall be one of the righteous. ^^^ When his Lord said unto him. Resign thyself unto me ; he answered, I have resigned myself unto the Lord of all creatures. ^J^A.nd Abraham be- queathed this religion to his children, and Jacob; did the same, saying. My children, verily God hath chosen this religion for you, therefore die not, unless ye also be resigned. ^^^ Were ye present when Jacob was at the point of death ? when he said to his sons. Whom will ye worship after me ? They answered. We will worship thy God, and the God of thy fathers Abraham, and Ismael, and Isaac, one God, and to him will we be resigned. ^^^ That people are now passed away, they have what they have gained, and ye shall have what ye gain; and ye shall not be questioned concerning that which they have done. \^LThey say. Become Jews or Christians, that ye may be directed. Say, Nay, we follow the religion of Abraham the orthodox, who was no idolater, ^l^ Say, We believe in God, and that which hath been sent down unto us, and that which hath been sent down unto Abraham, and Ismael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes; and that which was delivered unto Moses, and Jesus, and that whic h was delivered unto the pro- phets from their Lord : we make no distinction between any of them, and to God are we resigned. ^^^ Now, if they believe according to what ye believe, they are surely directed; but, if they turn back, they are in schism. God shall support thee against them, for he is the hearer, the wise. ^^^ The baptism of God have we received, and the Mohammedans take as a title peculiar which they call gain, or acquisition, issuffi- to themselves. The Europeans generally ciently explained in the Prelim. Disc, write and pronounce it Musulman. 139 The baptism of God.'] By baptism ]35 What they have gained.'] Or de- is to be understood the religion which served. The Mohammedan notion, as to God instituted in the beginning; because the imputation of moral actions to man, the signs of it appear in the person who 23 AL KORAN. [chap. who is better than God to baptize ? him do we worship. *^^ Say, Will ye dispute with us concerning God, who is our Lord, and your Lord ? we have our works, and ye have your works, and unto him are we sincerely devoted. lii^Will ye say, Truly Abraham, and Ismael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, were Jews or Christians ? Say, Are ye wiser, or God ? And who is more unjust than he who hideth the testimony which he hath received from God ? But God is not regardless of that which ye do. ^^^That people are passed away, they have what they have gained, and ye shall have what ye gain, nor shall ye be questioned concerning that which they have done. [*II.] ^^^The foolish men will say. What hath turned them from their Keblah, towards which they formerly prayed ? Say, Unto God belongeth the east and the west : he directeth whom he pleaseth into the right way. ^^^ Thus have we placed you, O Arabians, an intermediate nation, that ye may be witnesses against the rest of mankind, and that the apostle may be a witness against you. ^^^ We appointed the Keblah towards which thou didst formerly pray, only that we might know him who followeth the apostle, from him who turneth back on his heels; though this change seem a greater matter, unless unto those whom God hath directed. But God will not render your faith of none effect ; for God is professes it, as the signs of water appear in turn towards the temple of Jerusalem, the clothes of him that is baptized ^ (probably to ingratiate himself with the 140 fVill ye dispute with us concertiing Jews,) which continued to be their Keb- God ?] These words were revealed, be- lah for six or seven months ; but either cause the Jews insisted, that they first finding the Jews too intractable, or despair- received the scriptures, that their Keblah ing otherwise to gain the pagan Arabs, was more ancient, and that no prophets who could not forget their respect to the could arise among the Arabs ! and there- temple of Mecca, he ordered that prayers fore, if Mohammed w^as a prophet, he must for the future should be towards the last, have been of their nation ^. This change was made in the second year 141 Who hideth the testimony, Sicl The of the Hejra*, and occasioned many to Jews are again accused of corrupting and fall from him, taking offence at his incon- suppressing the prophecies in the Penta- stancy'. teuch relating to Mohammed. 144 An intermediate nation, Sic.'] This 143 What hath turned them from their seems to be the sense of the words ; though Keblah, &c.] At first Mohammed and his the commentators ^ will have the meaning followers observed no particular rite in to be, that the Arabians are here declared turning their faces towards any certain to be a most just and good nation, place, or quarter of the world, when they 145 Who turneth back on his heels.~\ prayed; it being declared to be perfectly i. e. returneth to Judaism, indifferent 3. Afterwards, when the pro- — - God will not retider your faith of phet fled to Medina, he directed them to none effect.] Or will not suffer it to go 1 Jallah'ddin. ^ Idem. 3 ggg before, p. 19 ^ V. Abulf. vit. Moham. p. oi. ^ Jalhlo'ddifi. ^ Jdeni, Yahya, (Vc. 1 II.] AL KORAN. 23 gracious and merciful unto man. ^^^ We have seen thee turn about thy face towards heaven with uncertainty, but we will cause thee to turn thyself towards a Keblah that will please thee. Turn therefore thy face towards the holy temple of Mecca ; and, wherever ye be, turn your faces towards that place. They to whom the scripture hath been given, know this to be truth from their Lord. God is not regardless of that which ye do. ^^'^ Verily, although thou shouldest shew unto those, to whom the scripture hath been given, all kinds of signs, yet they will not follow thy Keblah, neither shalt thou follow their Keblah; nor will one part of them follow the Keblah of the other. And, if thou follow their de- sires, after the knowledge which hath been given thee, verily thou wilt become one of the ungodly. ^^^ They to whom we have given the scripture, know our apostle, even as they know their own children : but some of them hide the truth against their own knowledge. ^^^ Truth is from thy Lord, therefore thou shalt not doubt. ^^^ Every sect hath a certain tract of heaven to which they turn themselves in prayer ; but do ye strive to run after good things : wherever ye be, God will bring you all back at the resurrection, for God is almighty. ^^^ And, from what place soever thou comest forth, turn thy face towards the holy temple ; for this is truth from thy Lord ; neither is God regardless of that which ye do. *^^ From what place soever thou comest forth, turn thy face towards the holy temple ; and wherever ye be, thitherward turn your faces, lest men have matter of dispute against you : but as for those among them who are unjust doers, fear them not, but fear me, that I may accomplish my grace upon you, and that ye may be directed. ^^^ As we have sent unto you an apostle from among you, to rehearse our signs unto you, and to purify you, and to teach you the book of the Koran and wisdom, and to teach you that which ye knew not: ^^^ therefore remember me, and I will remember you, and give thanks unto me, and be not unbelievers. ^^^ O true believers, beg assistance with patience and prayer, without its reward, while ye pray towards 153 Jn Apostle from among you.'] That Jerusalem. is, of your own nation. 24r AL KORAN. [chap. for God is with the patient. ^^^ And say not of thosel^^^ who are slain in fight for the religion of God, that they |^ are dead : yea, they are living ; but ye do not understand J ^^^ We will surely prove you by afflicting you in some measure with fear, and hunger, and decrease of wealth, and loss of lives, and scarcity of fruits : but bear good tidings unto the patient ; who, when a misfortune befalleth them, ^^^ say. We are God's, and unto him shall we surely return. ^^^ Upon them shall be blessings from their Lord and mercy, and they are the rightly directed. ^^^ More- over Safa and Merwah are two of the monuments of God : whoever therefore goeth on pilgrimage to the temple of Mecca, or visiteth it, it shall be no crime in him if he compass them both. And as for him who voluntarily performeth a good work : verily God is grate- ful and knowing. ^^^ They who conceal any of the evident signs, or the direction which we have sent down, after what we have manifested unto men in the scripture, God shall curse them : and they who curse shall curse them. ^^^ But as for those who repent and amend, and make known what they concealed, I will be turned unto them, for I am easy to be reconciled and merciful. ^^^ Surely they who believe not, and die in their unbelief, upon them ] 56 Who are slain in fight for the reli- sage was revealed because the followers of gion of 004.1 The original words are Mohammed made a scruple of going round literally, Who are slain in the way of God ; these mountains, as the idolaters did. But by which expression, frequently occurring the true reason of his allowing this relic of in the Koran, is always meant war under- ancient superstition, seems to be the difR- taken against unbelievers for the propaga- culty he found in preventing it. Abu'l tion of the Mohammedan faith. Kasem Hebato'llah thinks these last words — They are living.'] The souls of mar- are abrogated by those other, Who will tyrs (for such they esteem those who die reject the religion of Abraham, except he in battle against infidels) says Jallalo'ddin, who hath infatuated his soul 2 ? So that he are in the crops of green birds, which will have the meaning to be quite con- have liberty to fly wherever they please trary to the letter, as if it had been, It in paradise, and feed on the fruits thereof, shall be no crime in him if he do not com- 158 We are God's^ and unto him shall pass them. However the expositors are we surely return.'] An expression fre- all against him 3, and the ceremony of quently in the mouths of the Mohamme- running between these two hills is still dans, when under any great affliction, or observed at the pilgrimage ^. in any imminent danger. 161 They who curse shall curse them.] 160 Whoever goeth on pilgrimage to That is, the angels, the believers, and all Mecca, it shall be no crime in him if he things in general ^. But Yahya interprets compass them both.] Safa and Merwah it of the curses which will be given to the are two mountains near Mecca, whereon wicked, when they cry out because of the were anciently two idols, to which the punishment of the sepulchre 6, by all who pagan Arabs used to pay a superstitious hear them ; that is, by all creatures, except veneration ^ Jallalo'ddin says this pas- men and genii. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 34. 2 gee before, p. 21. ^ y. Marracc. in Ak. p. 60, Src. * See the Prelim. Di^c. § iv. ^ Jalalloddin, ^ fSee Prelim. Disc. § iv. II.] AL KORAN. 25 shall be the curse of God, and of the angels, and of all men ; ^^^ they shall remain under it for ever, their punish- ment shall not be alleviated, neither shall they be regarded. ^^^ Your God is one God ; there is no God but He, the most merciful. ^^^ Now in the creation of heaven and earth, and the vicissitude of night and day, and in the ship which saileth in the sea, loaden with what is profitable for mankind, and in the rain-water which God sendeth from heaven, quickening thereby the dead earth, and replenishing the same with all sorts of cattle, and in the change of winds, and the clouds that are compelled to do service between heaven and earth, are signs to people of understanding : ^^^ j^ some men take idols beside God, and love them as with the love due to God ; but the true believers are more fer- vent in love towards God. Oh that they who act unjustly did perceive, when they behold their punishment, that all power belongeth unto God, and that he is severe in punishing ! ^^^ When those who have been followed, slmll separate themselves from their followers, and shall see the punishment, and the cords of relation between them shall be cut in sunder ; ^^^ the followers shall say. If we could return to life, we would separate ourselves from them, as they have now separated themselves from us. So God will show them their works ; they shall sigh grievously, and shall not come forth from the fire of hell. 170 Q -j^QYi, eat of that which is lawful and good on the earth ; and tread not in the steps of the devil, for he is your open enemy. ^^^ Verily he commandeth you evil and wickedness, and that ye should say that of God which 164 Regarded'] Or, as Jallalo'ddin Although the ungodly will perceive, &c. expounds it, God will not wait for their But some copies, instead of yara, in the repentance. third person, read tara, in the second; 166 Compelled.'] The original word and then it must be rendered, Oh, if thou signifies properly, That are pressed or didst see when the ungodly behold their compelled to do personal service without punishment, &c. hire; which kind of service is often ex- 168 When those who have been followed^ acted by the eastern princes of their sub- shall separate themselves from their followers, jects, and is called, by the Greek and Latin &c.] That is, when the broachers or heads writers, Angaria. The scripture often of new sects shall at the last day forsake or mentions this sort of compulsion or force '. wash their hands of their disciples, as if 167 Oh that they who act unjustly did they were not accomplices in their super- perceive, &c.] Or it may be translated, stitions. » Matt. V. 41. xxvii. 32, &c. 26 AL KORAN. [chap. ye know not. ^^^And when it is said unto them who believe not, Follow that which God hath sent down ; they answer. Nay, but we will follow that which we found our fathers practise. What ? though their fathers knew nothing, and were not rightly directed ? ^^^ The unbe- lievers are like unto one who crieth aloud to that which heareth not so much as his calling, or the sound of his voice. They are deaf, dumb, and blind, therefore do they not understand. ^^*0 true believers, eat of the good things which we have bestowed on you for food, and return thanks unto God, if ye serve him. ^^^ Verily he hath forbidden you to eat that which dieth of itself, and blood and swine's flesh, and that on which any other name but God's hath been invocated. But he who is forced by necessity, not lusting, nor returning to transgress, it shall be no crime in him if he eat of those things, for God is gracious and merciful. ^^^ Moreover, they who conceal any part of the scripture which God hath sent down unto them, and sell it for a small price, they shall swallow into their bellies nothing but fire ; God shall not speak unto them on the day of resurrection, neither shall he purify them, and they shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^^^ These are they who have sold direction for error, and pardon for punishment : but how great will their suffering be in the fire! This they shall endure, because God sent down the book of the Koran with truth : and they who disagree concerning that book are certainly in a wide mistake. ^^^It is not righteousness that ye turn your faces in prayer towards the east and the west, but righteousness is of him who believeth in God and the last day, and the angels, and the scriptures, and the prophets ; who giveth money for God's sake unto his kindred, and unto orphans, and the needy, and the stranger, and those who ask, and for redemption of cap- tives; who is constant at prayer, and giveth alms; and of those who perform their covenant, when they have covenanted, and who behave themselves patiently in adversity, and hardships, and in time of violence : these 175 Invocated.] For this reason, when- the name of God; which if it be ne- ever the Mohammedans kill any animal glected, they think it not lawful to eat for food, they alw^ays say Bismi'llah, or. In of it. II.] AL KORAN. 27 are they who are true, and these are they who fear God. ^^^ O true believers, the law of retaliation is ordained you for the slain : the free shall die for the free, and the ser- vant for the servant, and a woman for a woman : but he whom his brother shall forgive, may be prosecuted, and obliged to make satisfaction according to what is just, and a fine shall be set on him with humanity. This is indul- gence from your Lord, and mercy. And he who shall transgress after this, by killing the murtherer, shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^^^ And in this law of retaliation ye have life, O ye of understanding ! that peradventure ye may fear. ^^^ It is ordained you, when any of you is at the point of death, if he leave any goods, that he bequeath a legacy to his parents, and kindred, according to what shall be reasonable. This is a duty incumbent on those who fear God. ^^^But he who shall change the legacy, after he hath heard it bequeathed by the dying person, surely the sin thereof shall be on those who change it, for God is he who heareth and knoweth. ^^^ Howbeit he who apprehendeth from the testator any mistake or injus- tice, and shall compose the matter between them, that shall be no crime in him, for God is gracious and merciful. ^^^0 true believers, a fast is ordained you, as it was ordained unto those before you, that ye may fear God. ^^^ A certain number of days shall ye fast : but he among you who shall be sick, or on a journey, shall fast an equal number of other days: and those who can keep it, and do 179 A woman for a woman.'] This is 181 That he bequeath a legacy to his. not to be strictly taken ; for, according to parents and kindred^ according to what the Sonna, a man also is to be put to death shall he reasonable, &c.] That is, the for the murder of a woman. Regard is legacy was not to exceed a third part of also to be had to difference in religion ; so the testator's substance, nor to be given that a Mohammedan, though a slave, is where there was no necessity : but this in- not to be put to death for an Infidel, though junction is abrogated by the law concern- a freeman 1. But the civil magistrates do ing inheritances. not think themselves always obliged to 185 Those who can keep it, and do not, conform to this last determination of the &c.] The expositors differ much about Sonna. the meaning of this passage, thinking it — J fine.] This is the common prac- very improbable that people should be left tice in Mohammedan countries, particu- entirely at liberty either to fast or not, on larly in Persia 2; where the relations of compounding for it in this manner. Jal- the deceased may take their choice, either lalo'ddin, therefore, supposes the negative to have the murderer put into their hands, particle not to he understood, and that this to be put to death ; or else to accept of a is allowed only to those who are notable to pecuniary satisfaction. fast, by reason of age or dangerous sickness: Jallalo'ddiiu ^ V. Chardin, Voyage de Perse, torn. ii. p. 299, &c. 28 AL KORAN. [chap. not, must redeem their neglect by maintaining of a poor man. And he who voluntarily dealeth better with the poor man than he is obliged, this shall be better for him. But if ye fast it will be better for you, if ye knew it. ^^^The month of Ramadan shall ye fast, in which the Koran was sent down from heaven, a direction unto men, and declarations of direction, and the distinction between good and evil. Therefore let him among you who shall be present in this month, fast the same month : but he who shall be sick, or on a journey, shall fast the like number of other days. God would make this an ease unto you, and would not make it a difficulty unto you ; that ye may fulfil the number of days, and glorify God, for that he hath directed you, and that ye may give thanks. ^^^When my servants ask thee concerning me, verily I am near; I will hear the prayer of him that prayeth, when he prayetli unto me: but let them hearken unto me, and believe in me, that they may be rightly directed. ^^^ It is lawful for you on the night of the fast to go in unto your wives ; they are a garment unto you, and ye are a garment unto them. God knoweth that ye defraud yourselves therein, wherefore he turneth unto you, and forgiveth you. Now therefore go in unto them, and earnestly desire that which God ordaineth you ; and eat and drink, until ye can plainly distinguish a white thread from a black thread by the day-break : then keep but afterwards he says, that, in the begin- legal excuse to break it, must redeem it, ning of Mohammedism, it was free for &c. them to choose whether they would fast 185 By maintaining of a poor man.'] or maintain a poor man ; which liberty According to the usual quantity which a was soon after taken away, and this pas- man eats in a day, and the custom of the sage abrogated by the following : There- country ^. fore let him who shall be present in this 186 Koran.] See the Prelim. Disc. § ii. month, fast the same month. Yet this — Who shall he present.] i. e. at home, abrogation, he says, does not extend to and not in a strange country, where the women with child, or that give suck, lest fast cannot be performed, or on a journey, the infant suffer. 188 It is lawful for you on the fast to go Al Zamakhshari, having first given an in unto your wives by night.] In the begin- explanation of Ebn Abbas, who, by a ning of Mohammedism, during the fast, different interpretation of the Arabic word they neither lay with their wives, nor ate Yotikunaho,which signifies. Can or are able nor drank after supper. But both are to fast, renders it. Those who find great permitted by this passage 2. difficulty therein, &c., adds an exposition — They are a garment unto you, &c.] of his own, by supposing something to be A metaphorical expression, to signify the understood ; according to which the sense mutual comfort a man and his wife find in will be, Those who can fast, and yet have a each other. 1 JallaWddin. ^ ibid. ~~" II.] AL KORAN. 29 the fast until niglit, and go not in unto them, but be con- stantly present in the places of worship. These are the prescribed bounds of God, therefore draw not near them to transgress them. Thus God declareth his signs unto men, that they may fear him. ^^^ Consume not your wealth among yourselves in vain ; nor present it unto judges, that ye may devour part of men's substance un- justly, against your own consciences. ^^^ They will ask thee concerning the phases of the moon ; answer, They are times appointed unto men, and to show the season of the pilgrimage to Mecca. It is not righteousness that ye enter your houses by the back parts thereof, but righte- ousness is of him who feareth God. Therefore enter your houses by their doors ; and fear God, that ye may be happy. ^^^ And Jight for the rel^ of God against those who fight against you ; but transgress not by attack- ing them first, for God loveth not the transgressors. ^^^ And kill them wherever ye find them, and turn them out of that whereof they have dispossessed you; for temptation to idolatry is more grievous than slaughter : yet fight not against them in the holy temple, until they attack you therein; but if they attack you, slay them there. This shall be the reward of the infidels. ^^^ But if they desist, God is gracious and merciful. ^^^ Fight therefore against them, until there be no temptation to idolatry, and the religion be God's, but if they desist, then let there be no hostility, except against the ungodly. ^^^ A sacred month for a sacred month, and the holy limits of Mecca, if they attack you therein, do ye also attack them therein in retaliation ; and whoever transgresseth against you by so doing, do ye transgress against him in like manner as he hath transgressed against you, and fear God, and know that God is with those who fear him. ^^^ Contribute out of your substance toward the defence of the religion of God, and throw not yourselves with your own hands into perdition ; and do good, for God 190 Back parts.'] Some of the Arabs months, wherein it was unlawful for the had a superstitious custom after they had ancient Arabs to attack one another, see been at Mecca (in pilgrimage, as it seems), the Prelim. Disc. § vii. on their return home, not to enter their 196 And throw not yourselves awatft house by the old door, but to make a 8rc.] i. e. Be not accessary to your own hole through the back part for a passage, destruction, by neglecting your contribu- which practice is here reprehended. tions towards the wars against infidels, and 195 Sacred month.] As to these sacred thereby suffering them to gather strength. 30 A L K O R A N. [chap. loveth those who do good. ^^^ Perform the pilgrimage of Mecca, and the visitation of God ; and, if ye be besieged send that offering which shall be the easiest : and shave not your heads, until your offering reacheth the place of sacrifice. But, whoever among you is sick, or is troubled with any distemper of the head, must redeem the shaving his head by fasting, or alms, or some offering. When ye are secure from enemies, he who tarrieth in the visitation of the temple of Mecca, until the pilgrimage, shall bring that offering which shall be the easiest. But he who findeth not any thing to offer, shall fast three days in the pilgrimage, and seven when ye are returned : they shall be ten days complete. This is incumbent on him, whose family shall not be present at the holy temple. And fear God, and know that God is severe in punishing. ^^^ The pilgrimage must be performed in the known months : whosoever, therefore, purposes to go on pilgrim- age therein, let him not know a woman, nor transgress, nor quarrel in the pilgrimage. The good which ye do, God knoweth it. Make provision for your journey ; but the best provision is piety ; and fear me, O ye of under- standing. ^^^ It shall be no crime in you, if ye seek an increase from your Lord, by trading during the pil- grimage. And when ye go in procession from Arafat, remember God near the holy monument ; and remember 197 Shave not your heads, &c.] For original word signifies To rush forward this was a sign they had completed their impetuously ; as the pilgrims do when vow, and performed all the ceremonies of they proceed from Arafat to Mozdalifa. the pilgrimage ^ — Arafat.'] A mountain near Mecca, — Must redeem the shaving his head so called because Adam there tnet and hy fasting, 82:0.] That is, either by fast- knew his wife, after a long separation 2. ing three days, or feeding six poor people, Yet others say that Gabriel, after he had or sacrificing a sheep. instructed Abraham in all the sacred cere- — He who tarrieth, 8z;c.] This pas- monies, coming to Arafat, there asked him sage is somewhat obscure. Yahya inter- if he knew the ceremonies which had prets it of him who marries a wife during been shown him ; to which Abraham an- tlie visitation, and performs the pilgrimage swering in the affirmative, the mountain the year following. But Jallalo'ddin ex- had thence its name ^. pounds it of him who stays within the — The holy monument.'] In Arabic, sacred enclosures, in order to complete the al Masher al hardm. It is a mountain in ceremonies, which (as it should seem) he the farther part of Mozdalifa, where it is had not been able to do within the pre- said Mohammed stood praying and prais- scribed time. ing God, till his face became extremely 198 The known months.] i. e. Shawal, shining *. Bobovius calls it Farkh ^, but Dhu'lkaada, and Dhu'lhajja. See Prelim, the true name seems to be Kazah ; the Disc. sect. iv. variation being occasioned only by the 199 When ye go in procession.] The different pointing of the Arabic letters. * Jallalo'ddin, ^ See before, page 7* note 36. ' Al Hasan. "* Jallalo'ddin. 5 Bobov. de Peregr. Meccana, p. 15. II.] AL KORAN. 31 him foi' that he hath directed you, although ye were before this of the number of those who go astray. 200 Therefore go in procession from whence the people go in procession, and ask pardon of God, for God is gracious and merciful. ^^^ And when ye have finished your holy ceremonies, remember God according as ye remember your fathers, or wdth a more reverend commemoration. There are some men who say, O Lord, give us our por- tion in this world ; but such shall have no portion in the next life : ^^^ and there are others who say, O Lord, give us good in this world, and also good in the next world, and deliver us from the torment of hell-fire. They shall have a portion of that which they have gained : God is swift in taking an account. ^^^ Remember God the ap- pointed number of days : but if any haste to depart from the valley of Mina in two days, it shall be no crime in him. And if any tarry longer it shall be no crime in him, in him who feareth God. Therefore fear God, and know that unto him ye shall be gathered. ^^^ There is a man who causeth thee to marvel by his speech concerning this present life, and calleth God to witness that which is in his heart, yet he is most intent in opposing thee ; ^^^ and, when he turneth away from thee, he hasteth to act corruptly in the earth, and to destroy that which is sown, and springeth up : but God loveth not corrupt doing. ^^^ And if one say unto him. Fear God ; pride seizeth him, together with wickedness ; but hell shall be his reward, and an unhappy couch shall it be. ^^^ There is also a man who selleth his soul for the sake of those things which are pleasing unto God ; and God is gra- cious unto his servants. ^^^ O true believers, enter into the true religion wholly, and follow not the steps of 202 God is swift in taking an account.l God here reveals to the prophet his hy- For he will judge all creatures, says Jal- pocrisy and wickedness ^. lalo'ddin, in the space of half a day. 205 He hasteth to act corruptly, and 203 The appointed number of days.'\ i.e, to destroy that which is sown, &c.] Set- Three days after slaying the sacrifices. ting fire to his neighbour's corn, and kil- 204 There is a man who causeth thee to ling his asses by night 2. marvel, &c.] This person was al Akhnas 207 There is also a man who selleth his Ebn Shoraik, a fair-spoken dissembler, soul, &c.] The person here meant was who swore that he believed in Moham- one Soheib, who, being persecuted by the med, and pretended to be one of his idolaters of Mecca, forsook all he had, and friends, and to contemn this world. But fled to Medina ^. * Jallalo* ddin. ^ Idem. ' Idem. 32 A L KORAN. [chap. Satan, for he is your open enemy. ^^^ If ye have slipped after the declarations of our will have come unto you, know that God is mighty and wise. ^^^ Do the infidels expect less than that God should come down to them overshadowed with clouds, and the angels also ? but the thing is decreed, and to God shall all things return. ^^^ Ask the children of Israel how many evident signs we have shewed them; and whoever shall change the grace of God, after it shall have come unto him, verily God will be severe in punishing him. ^^^The present life was ordained for those who believe not, and they laugh the faithful to scorn ; but they who fear God shall be above them, on the day of the resurrection : for God is bountiful unto whom he pleaseth without measure. ^^^ Mankind was of one faith, and God sent prophets bearing good tidings, and denouncing threats, and sent down with them the scripture in truth, that it might judge between men of that concerning which they dis- agreed : and none disagreed concerning it, except those to whom the same scriptures were delivered, after the declarations of God's will had come unto them out of envy among themselves. And God directed those who believed, to that truth concerning which they disagreed, by his will : for God directeth whom he pleaseth into the right way. ^^^ Did ye think ye should enter paradise, when as yet no such thing had happened unto you, as hath happened unto those who have been before you ? They suffered calamity, and tribulation, and were afflict- ed ; so that the apostle, and they who believed with him, said, When will the help of God come? Is not the ^^ help of God nigh? ^^^They will ask thee what they 3\i:^ shall bestow in alms: Answer, The good which ye be- C J stow, let it be given to parents and kindred, and orphans, ^^' and the poor, and the stranger. Whatsoever good ye do, God knoweth it. ^^^War is enjoined you against the infidels ; but this is hateful unto you : yet perchance ye hate a thing which is better for you, and perchance ye love a thing which is worse for you : but God knoweth, and ye know not. ^^^ They will ask thee concerning the sacred month, whether they may war therein : Answer, To war therein is grievous ; but to obstruct the way of n.] AL KORAN. 33 God, and infidelity towards him, and to keep men from the holy temple, and to drive out his people from thence, is more grievous in the sight of God, and the temptation to idolatry is more grievous, than to kill in the sacred months. They will not cease to war against you, until they turn you from your religion, if they be able : but whoever among you shall turn back from his religion,lLnJ die airinfidel, their works shall be vain in this world, aniT" the next; they shall be the companions of hell-fire, they ^^ shall remain therein for ever^^^^^^^^But they who believe, and who fly for the sake of religion, and fight in God's cause, they shall hope for the mercy of God ; for God is gracious and merciful. ^^^ They will ask thee concerning wine and lots : Answer, In both there is great sin, and also some thingfs of use unto men : but their sinfulness is greater than their use. They will ask thee also what they shall bestow in alms : ^^^ Answer, What ye have to spare. Thus God sheweth his signs unto you, that per- adventure ye might seriously think of this present world, and of the next. ^^^ They wdll also ask thee concerning orphans : Answer, To deal righteously with them is best ; and if ye intermeddle with the management of what be- longs to them, do them no wrong ; they are your bre- thren : God knoweth the corrupt dealer from the righ- teous ; and if God please, he will surely distress you, for God is mighty and wise. ^^^ Marry not women who are^~^ idolaters, until they believe ; verily a maid-servant who ) ^4^^ believeth, is better than an idolatress, although she please / /i^ J you more. And give not women who believe in marriage ( %^ to the idolaters, until they believe ; for verily a servant, j ^m^^ % 219 Wine.'] Under the name of wine all hibited^. And the moderate use of sorts of strong and inebriating liquors are wine they also think is allowed by these comprehended ^. words of the 16th chapter : And of the — Lots.'] The original word, al MeiseVf fruits of palm-trees and grapes ye obtain properly signifies a particular game per- inebriating drink, and also good nourish- formed with arrows, and much in use with ment. But the more received opinion is, the Pagan Arabs. But by lots we are here that both drinking wine or other strong to understand all games whatsoever, which liquors in any quantity, and playing at are subject to chance or hazard, as dice, any game of chance, are absolutely forbid- cards, &c. ^ den *. — In both there is great sin, and also 221 God will surely distress you.] viz. some things of use.~\ From these words By his curse, which will certainly bring some suppose that only drinking to ex- to nothing what ye shall wrong the or- cess and too frequent gaming are pro- phans of. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § v. 2 ggg jbid. ^ V. Jallald'ddin and al Zamakhshari. * See the Prelim. Disc, ubi sup» VOL. I. D 1 34 A L KORAN. [chap. who is a true believer, is better than an idolater, though he please you more. They invite unto hell-fire ; but God inviteth unto paradise and pardon through his will, and declareth his signs unto men, that they may remember. ^^^They will ask thee also concerning the courses of women : Answer, They are a pollution : therefore sepa- rate yourselves from women in their courses, and go not near them until they be cleansed. But when they are cleansed, go in unto them as God hath commanded you, for God lovetli those who repent, and loveth those who are clean. ^^'* Your wives are your tillage ; go in there- fore unto your tillage in what manner soever ye will : and do first some act that may be profitable unto your souls ; and fear God, and know that ye must meet him ; and bear good tidings unto the faithful. ^^^ Make not God the object of your oaths, that ye will deal justly, and be devout, and make peace among men ; for God is he who heareth and knoweth. ^^^ God will not punish you for an inconsiderate word in your oaths; but he will punish you for that which your hearts have assented unto : God is merciful and gracious. ^^^ They who vow to abstain from their wives, are allowed to wait four months ; but if they go back from their vow, verily God 223 As God hath commmided you.l But Some commentators * expound this nega- not while they have their courses, nor by tively. That ye will not deal justly, nor using preposterous venery ^ be devout, &c. For such wicked oaths, 224. In what manner soever ye wilLl they say, were customary among the idol- That is, in any posture ; either standing, atrous inhabitants of Mecca ; which gave sitting, lying, forwards, or backwards, occasion to the following saying of Mo- And this passage, it is said, was revealed hammed : When you swear to do a thing, to answer the Jews, wVio pretended that and afterwards find it better to do other- if a man lay with his wife backwards, he wise, do that which is better, and make would get a more witty child ^. It has void your oath. been imagined that these words allow that 226 An i7iconsiderate word.~\ When a preposterous lust, which the commenta- man swears inadvertently, and without tors say is forbidden by the preceding ; design. but I question whether this can be proved. 227 They who vow to abstain from their — Do first some act that may profit wives, are allowed to wait four months.^ your soul.'\ i. e. perform some act of de- That is, they may take so much time to votion or charity. consider ; and shall not, by a rash oath, 225 Make not God the object of your be obliged actually to divorce them. oaths.^ i.e. So as to swear frequently by — ^ they go back from their vow, &c.] him. The word translated object, pro- i. e. If they be reconciled to their wives perly signifies a butt to shoot at with within four months, or after, they may arrows^. retain them; and God will dispense with — That ye will deal justly, &c.] their oath. 1 Ebn Abbas, Jallaloddin. 2 Jallalo'ddin, Yahya, Al Zamakhsharl. Vid. Lucret. de rer, nat. 1. iv. 1258, &c. ^ JallaWddin. * Idem, Yahya, II.] AL KORAN. 35 is gracious and merciful ; ^^^ and if they resolve on a divorce, God is he who heareth and knoweth. ^^^ The women who are divorced shall wait concerning themselves until they have their courses thrice, and it shall not be lawful for them to conceal that which God hath created in their wombs, if they believe in God and the last day ; and their husbands will act more justly to bring them back at this time, if they desire a reconciliation. The women ought also to behave towards their husbands in like manner as their husbands should behave towards them, according to what is just : but the men ought to have a superiority over them. God is mighty and wise. 230 Ye may divorce your wives twice ; and then either retain them with humanity, or dismiss them with kind- ness. But it is not lawful for you to take away any thing of what ye have given them, unless both fear that they cannot observe the ordinances of God. And if ye fear that they cannot observe the ordinances of God, it shall be no crime in either of them on account of that for which the wife shall redeem herself. These are the ordinances of God ; therefore transgress them not ; for whoever transgresseth the ordinances of God, they are unjust doers. ^^^ But if the husband divorce her a third time, she shall not be lawful for him again, until she marry another husband. But if he also divorce her, it shall be no crime in them, if they return to each other, if they think they can observe the ordinances of God ; and these are the ordinances of God, he declareth them 229 Thrice.'] This is to be understood before the term be accomplished : lest the of those only with whom the marriage has first husband's child should, by that means, been consummated ; for as to the others go to the second ; or the wife, in case of there is no lime limited. Those who are the first husband's death, should set up not quite past childbearing, (which a her child as his heir, or demand her main- woman is reckoned to be after her courses tenance during the time she went with cease, and she is fifty-five lunar years, or such child, and the expenses of her lying- about fifty-three solar years, old), and in, under pretence that she waited not her those who are too young to have children, full prescribed time ^. are allowed three months only ; but they 230 Unless both fear they cannot observe who are with child must wait till they be the ordinances of God."] For if there be a delivered ^ settled aversion on either side, their con- — Thet/ shall not conceal what God tinning together may have very ill, and hath created in their wombs.] That is, perhaps fatal, consequences, they shall tell the real truth, whether — It shall be no crime if she redeem they have their courses, or be with child, herself] i. e. If she prevail on her hus- or not ; and shall not, by deceiving their band to dismiss her, by releasing part of husband, obtain a separation from him her dowry. Jallalo'ddin. ^ Yahya. d2 36 A L KORAN. [chap. to people of understanding. ^^^ But when ye divorce women, and they have fulfilled their prescribed time, either retain them with humanity, or dismiss them with kindness ; and retain them not by violence, so that ye transgress ; for he who doth this, surely injureth his own soul. And make not the signs of God a jest; but remember God's favour towards you/ aSfflliKat he hath sent down unto you the book of the Koran, and wisdom, admonishing you thereby ; and fear God, and know that God is omniscient. ^^^ But when ye have divorced your wives, and they have fulfilled their prescribed time, hinder them not from marrying their husbands, when they have agreed among themselves according to what is honourable. This is given in admonition unto him among you who believeth in God, and the last day. This is most righteous for you, and most pure. God knoweth, but ye know not. ^^* Mothers, after they are divorced, shall give suck unto their children two full years, to him who desireth the time of giving suck to be completed ; and the father shall be obliged to maintain them and clothe them in the mean time, according to that which shall be reasonable. No person shall be obliged beyond his ability, A mother shall not be compelled to what is unreasonable on account of her child, nor a father on account of his child. And the heir of the father shall be obliged to do in like manner. But if they choose to wean the child before the end of two years, by common consent, and on mutual consideration, it shall be no crime in them. And if ye have a mind to provide a nurse for your children, it shall be no crime in you, in case ye fully pay what ye offfer her, according to that which is just. And fear God, and know that God seeth whatsoever ye do. ^^^ Such of you as die, and leave wives, their wives must wait concerning themselves four months and ten days ; and when they shall have fulfilled their term, it shall be no crime in you, for that which they shall do with themselves, according to what is 232 And retain them not by force^ so say, before they marry again ; and this is that ye transgress,] Viz. by obliging them not only for decency's sake, but that it to purchase their liberty with part of their may be known whether they be with child dowry. by the deceased or not. 235 The wives of such as die must wait — For that which they shall do with fourmontha and ten days.] That is to themselves.] That is, if they leave off II.] AL KORAN. m reasonable. God well knoweth that which ye do. ^^^ And it shall be no crime in you, whether ye make public overtures of marriage unto such women, within the said four months and ten days, or whether ye conceal such your designs in your minds : God knoweth that ye will remember them. But make no promise unto them pri- vately, unless ye speak honourable words; and resolve not on the knot of marriage, until the prescribed time be accomplished; and know that God knoweth that which is in your minds, therefore beware of him, and know that God is gracious and merciful. ^^'^ It shall be no crime in you, if ye divorce your wives, so long as ye have not touched them, nor settled any dowry on them. And provide for them (he who is at his ease must provide according to his circumstances, and he who is straitened according to his circumstances) necessaries, according to what shall be reasonable. This is a duty incumbent on the righteous. ^^^ But if ye divorce them before ye have touched them, and have already settled a dowry on them, ye shall give them half of what ye have settled, unless they release any part, or he release part in whose hand the knot of marriage is ; and if ye release the whole, it will approach nearer unto piety. And forget not libera- lity among you, for God seeth that which ye do. ^^^ Carefully observe the appointed prayers, and the middle prayer, and be assiduous therein, with devotion towards God. ^^^ But if ye fear any danger, pray on foot or on horseback ; and when you are safe, remember God, how he hath taught you what as yet ye knew^ not. ^^^ And such of you as shall die and leave wives, ought to bequeath their wives a year's maintenance, without putting them out of their houses : but if they go out voluntarily, it shall be no crime in you, for that which they shall do with themselves, according to what shall be reasonable : God is mighty and wise. ^^^ And unto those their mourning weeds, and look out for 239 The middle prayer.'] Yahya inter- new husbands. prets this from a tradition of Mohammed, 238 Unless they or he in whose hand the who, being asked which was the middle knot of marriage is, release it, &c.] i. e. Un- prayer, answered. The evening prayer less the wife agree to take less than half her which was instituted by the prophet Solo- dowry, or unless the husband be so gene- mon. But Jallalo'ddin allows a greater rous as to give her more than half, or the latitude, and supposes it may be the after~ whole ; which is here approved of as most noon prayer, the morning prayer, the noon commendable. prayer, or any other. 1 38 AL KORAN. [chap. who are divorced, a reasonable provision is also due ; this is a duty incumbent on those who fear God. ^^^ Thus God declareth his signs unto you, that ye may under- stand. ^^^ Hast thou not considered those who left their habitations (^nd they were thousands) for fear of death ? And God said unto them, Die : then he restored them to life, for God is gracious towards mankind ; but the greater part of men do not give thanks. ^^^ ^ight for the religion of God, and know that God is he who heareth and knoweth. ^^^ Who is he that will lend unto God on good usury ? verily he will double it unto him manifold ; for God contracteth and extendeth his hand as he pleaseth, and to him shall ye return. ^^'^ Hast thou not considered the assembly of the children of Israel, after the time of Moses ; when they said unto their prophet Samuel, Set a king over us, that we may fight for the religion of God ? ^^^ The prophet answered. If ye are enjoined to go to war, will ye be near refusing to fight ? They answered. And what should ail us that we should not fight for the religion of God, seeing we are dispos- sessed of our habitations, and deprived of our children ? But when they were enjoined to go to war, they turned back, except a few of them : and God knew the ungodly. And their prophet said unto them. Verily God hath set Talut king over you : they answered, How shall he reign over us, seeing we are more worthy of the kingdom 244 Hast thou not considered those who terity ^. As to the number of these left their habitations for fear of death ? &c.] Israelites, the commentators are not agreed ; These were some of the children of Israel, they who reckon least say they were 3000, who abandoned their dwellings, because and they who reckon most, 70,000. This of a pestilence ; or, as others say, to avoid story seems to have been taken from serving in a religious war: but as they Ezekiel's vision of the resurrection of dry fled, God struck them all dead in a cer- bones ^. tain valley. About eight days or more Some of the Mohammedan writers will after, when their bodies were corrupted, have Ezekiel to have been one of the the prophet Ezekiel, the son of Buzi, judges of Israel, and to have succeeded happening to pass that way, at the sight Othniel, the son of Caleb. They also of their bones, wept ; whereupon God said call this prophet Ebn al ajUz, or, The son to him, Call to them, O Ezekiel, and I of the old woman ; because they say his will restore them to life. And accordingly mother obtained him by her prayers in on the prophet's call they all arose, and her old age 3. lived several years after ; but they re- 246 Who will lend unto God on good tained the colour and stench of dead corpses usury ?^ Viz. By contributing towards the as long as they lived, and the clothes they establishment of his true religion, v/ore changed as black as pitch; which 248 Tdlut.] So the Mohammedans qualities they transmitted to their pos- name Saul. » Jallalo'ddin, Yahya, Abidfeda, &c. ^ Eze^. xxxvii. 1—10. ' Al Thalahi, Aba Ishakf &c. II.] AL KORAN. 3^ than he, neither is he possessed of great riches ? Samuel said, Verily God hath chosen him before you, and hath caused him to increase in knowledge and stature, for God giveth his kingdom unto whom he pleaseth ; God is bounteous and wise. ^*^ And their prophet said unto them, Verily the sign of his kingdom shall be, that the ark shall come unto you: therein shall be tranquillity from your Lord, and the relics which have been left by the family of Moses, and the family of Aaron; the angels shall bring it. Verily this shall be a sign unto you, if ye believe. ^^^ And when Talut departed with his soldiers, he said, Verily God will prove you by the river : for he who drinketh thereof shall not be on my side (but he who shall not taste thereof, he shall be on my side,) except he who drinketh a draught out of his hand. And they drank thereof, except a few of them. And when they had passed the river, he and those who believed with him, they said. We have no strength to-day, against Jalut and his forces. But they who considered that they should meet God at the resurrection, said. How often hath a small -army discomfited a great army, by the will of God ? and God is with those who patiently persevere. ^^^ And wh^n they went forth to battle against Jalut and his forces, they said, O Lord, pour on us patience, antl confirm our feet, and help us 249 The ark shall come unto you, &c.] Arabic word ^SaAriwaif, which signifies iJ/a«- This ark, says Jallalo'ddin, contained the quillity or security of mind, and is so images of the prophets, and was sent down understood by the commentators, may not from heaven to x\dam, and at length came improbably mean the divine presence or to the Israelites, who put great confidence glory, which used to appear on the ark, therein, and continually carried it in the and which the Jews express by the same front of their army ; till it was taken by word Shechinah. the Amalekites. But on this occasion the — The relics, &c.] These were the angels brought it back, in the sight of all shoes and rod of Moses, the mitre of the people, and placed it at the feet of Aaron, a pot of manna, and (he broken Talut, who was thereupon unanimously pieces of the two tables of the law 2. acknowledged for their king. 250 And they drank thereof, except a This relation seems to have arisen few, &c.] The number of those who from some imperfect tradition of the tak- drank out of their hands were about 31 3 3, ing and sending back the ark by the It seems that Mohammed has here con- Philistines ^ founded Saul with Gideon, who, by the — Therein shall he tranquillity from divine direction, took with him against your Lord,~\ That is, because of the great the Midianites such of his army only as confidence the Israelites placed in it, hav- lapped water out of their hands, which ing won several battles by its miraculous were 300 men *. assistance. I imagine, however, that the — Jalut.'] Or Goliath. ^ 1 Sam. iv. v. and vi. 2 Jallalo'ddin. ^ Idem, Yahya. ^ Judges vii. 40 ALKORAN. [chap. against the unbelieving people. ^^^ Therefore they dis- comfited them, by the will of God, and David slew Jalut. And God gave him the kingdom and wisdom, and tauglit him his will ; and if God had not prevented men, the one by the other, verily the earth had been corrupted : but God is beneficent towards his creatures. ^^^ These are the signs of God : we rehearse them unto thee with truth, and thou art surely one of those who have been sent by God. [*III.] ^^^ These are the apostles; we have preferred some of them before others : some of them hath God spoken unto, and hath exalted the degree of others of them. And we gave unto Jesus the son of Mary manifest aigns, and strengthened him with the Holy Spirit. And if God had pleased, they who came after those apostles would not have contended among them- selves, after manifest signs had been shown unto them. But they fell to variance; therefore some of them believed, and some of them believed not; and if God had so pleased, they would not have contended among themselves, but God doth what he will. ^^^PO true believers, give alms of that which we have bestowed on you, before the day Cometh wherein there shall be no merchandising, nor friendship, nor intercession.! The infidels are unjust doers. ^^^ God ! there is no God but he ; the living, the self-sub- sisting ; neither slumber nor sleep seizeth him ; to him belongeth whatsoever is in heaven, and on earth. Who is he that can intercede with him, but through his good pleasure? He knoweth that which is past, and that which is to come unto them, and they shall not compre- hend any thing of his knowledge, but so far as he pleaseth. His throne is extended over heaven and earth, and the preservation of both is no burthen unto him. He is the 252 His will.'] Or what he pleased to nificent description of the divine majesty teach him. Yahya most rationally under- and providence; but it mustnotbesupposed stands hereby the divine revelations which the translation comes up to the dignity of David received from God; but Jallalo'ddin, the original. This passage is justly ad- the art of making coats of mail (which the mired by the Mohammedans, who recite it Mohammedans believe was that prophet's in their prayers ; and some of them wear peculiar trade), and the knowledge of the it about them, engraved on an agate, or language of birds. other precious stone ^ 254 Holy Spirit,] See before, p. 15, — His throne is extended over heaven note 87. and earth, &c.] This throne, in Arabic 256 God! there is no God but ?ie, &c.] called Corsi, is, by the Mohammedans, The following seven lines contain a mag- supposed to be God's tribunal, or seat of 1 V. Bobov, de prec. Moham. p. 5. and Reland, Dissert, de gcmmis Arab. p. 235. 239. II,] AL KORAN. 41 high, the mighty. ^^^ Let^there be no violence in religion. Now is right direction manifestly distinguished from de- ceit : whoever therefore shall deny Tagut, and believe in God, he shall surely take hold on a strong handle, which shall not be broken ; God is he who heareth and seeth. ^^^ God is the patron of those who believe ; he shall lead them out of darkness into light : but as to those who believe not, their patrons are Tagut; they shall lead them from the light into darkness; they shall be the companions of hell-fire, they shall remain therein for ever. ^^^ Hast thou not considered him who disputed with Abraham concerning his Lord, because God had given him the kingdom ? When Abraham said. My Lord is he who giveth life, and killeth : he answered, I give life, and I kill. Abraham said. Verily God bringeth the sun from the east, now do thou bring it from the west. Whereupon the infidel was confounded ; for God directeth not the ungodly people. ^^^ Or hast thou not considered how he behaved who passed by a city which had. been destroyed, even to her foundations ? He said. How shall God quicken this city, after she hath been dead ? And God caused him to die for an hundred years, and after- wards raised him to life. And God said. How long hast thou tarried here ? He answered, a day, or part of a day. God said. Nay, thou hast tarried here an hundred years. Now look on thy food and thy drink, they are not yet corrupted ; and look on thine ass : and this have justice ; being placed under that other caused two men to be brought before him called a^^r5^, which they say is his imperial at the same time, one of whom he slew, throne. The Corsi) allegorically, signifies and saved the other alive. As to this the divine providence, which sustains and tyrant's persecution of Abraham, see chap, governs the heaven and the earth, and is 21, and the notes thereon, infinitely above human comprehension ^ 260 Hast thou not considered him who 257 Let there be no violence in religion.~\ passed by a city which had been destroyed f This passage was particularly directed to &c.'\ The person here meant was Ozair, some of Mohammed's first proselytes, who or Ezra, who, riding on an ass by the ruins having sons that had been brought up in of Jerusalem, after it had been destroyed idolatry, or Judaism, would oblige them to by the Chaldeans, doubted in his mind by embrace Mohammedism by force'. what means God could raise the city and — Tdgut.'] This word properly sig- its inhabitants again ; whereupon Gorx nifies an idol, or whatever is worshipped caused him to die, and he remained in besides God ; particularly the two idols that condition 100 years ; at the end of of the Meccans, Alldt and al Vzza ; and which God restored him to life ; and he also the devil, or any seducer. found a basket of figs and a cruse of wine, 259' Him tvho disputed with Abraham, he had with him, not in the least spoiled &c.] This was Nimrod; who, as the or corrupted: but his ass was dead, the commentators say, to prove his power of bones only remaining ; and these, while life and death by ocular demonstration, the prophet looked on, were raised and * Vid. D'Herbeloty Bibl. Orient. Art. Corsi. ^ Jallalo'ddin, 4^ AL KORAN. [chap. we done that we might make thee a sign unto men. And look on the bones of thine ass, how we raise them, and afterwards clothe them with flesh. And when this was shown unto him, he said, I know that God is able to do all things. ^^' And when Abraham said, O Lord, shew me how thou wilt raise the dead; God said. Dost thou not yet believe? He answered. Yea; but I ask this that my heart may rest at ease. God said. Take therefore four birds, and divide them ; then lay a part of them on every mountain ; then call them, and they shall come swiftly unto thee : and know that God is mighty and wise. ^^^ The similitude of those who lay out their substance for advancing the religion of God, is as a grain of corn which produceth seven ears, and in every ear an hundred grains ; for God giveth two-fold unto whom he pleaseth : God is bounteous and wise. ^^^ They who lay out their substance for the religion of God, and afterwards follow not what they have so laid out by reproaches or mischief, they shall have their reward with their Lord ; upon them shall no fear come, neither shall they be grieved. ^^* A fair speech, and to forgive, is better than alms followed by mischief. God is rich and merciful. ^^^ O true believers, make not your alms of none effect by reproaching, or mischief, as he who layeth out what he hath, to appear unto men to give alms, and believeth not in God and the last day. ^^^ The likeness of such a one is as a flint covered with earth, on which a violent clothed with flesh, becoming an ass again, Abraham cut to pieces, and mingled their which being inspired with life, began im- flesh and feathers together, or, as some tell mediately to bray ^. us, pounded all in a mortar, and dividing This apocryphal story may perhaps have the mass into four parts, laid them on so taken its rise from Nehemiah's viewing of many mountains, but kept the heads, the ruins of Jerusalem 2. which he had preserved whole, in his hand. 261 When Abraham said, Lord, show Then he called them each by their name, me how thou wilt raise the dead.'] The and immediately one partflew to the other, occasion of this request of Abraham is said till they all recovered their first shape, to have been on a doubt proposed to him and then came to be joined to their re- by the devil, in human form, how it was spective heads ^ possible for the several parts of the corpse This seems to be taken from Abraham's of a man which lay on the sea-shore, and sacrifice of birds mentioned by Moses ^, had been partly devoured by the wild beasts, with some additional circumstances, the birds, and the fish, to be brought to- 263 And follow not alms by reproaches gether at the resurrection ^ or mischief, &c.] i. e. Either by reproach- — Take four birds, and divide them.'] ing the peison whom they have relieved, These birds, according to the commen- with what they have done for them, tators, were an eagle, (a dove, say others,) or by exposing his poverty to his preju- a peacock, a raven, and a cock ; which dice ^. 1 JalMo'ddin, Yahtja, &c. See D'Herbcl. Bibl. Orient. Art. Ozair. 2 Nehem. ii. 12, &c. ^ See D'Herbelot, p. 13. ^ Jallalo'ddin. See D'Herbelot, ubi supra. 5 Gen. XV, ^ Jallalo'ddin. II.] AL KORAN. 4S rain falleth, and leaveth it hard. They cannot prosper in any thing which they have gained, for God directeth not the unbelieving people. And the likeness of those who lay out their substance from a desire to please God, and for an establishment for their souls, is as a garden on a hill, on which a violent rain falleth, and it bringeth forth its fruits two-fold ; and, if a violent rain falleth not on it, yet the dew falleth thereon : and God seeth that which ye do. ^^^ Doth any of you desire to have a garden of palm-trees and vines, through which rivers flow, wherein he may have all kinds of fruits, and that he may attain to old age, and have a weak offspring; then a violent fiery wind shall strike it, so that it shall be burned. Thus God declareth his signs unto you that ye may con- sider. ^^^ O true believers, bestow alms of the good things which ye have gained, and of that which we have produced for you out of the earth, and choose not the bad thereof, to give it in alms, such as ye would not accept yourselves, otherwise than by connivance : and know that God is rich, and worthy to be praised. ^^^ The devil threateneth you with poverty, and commandeth you filthy covetousness : but God promiseth you pardon from himself and abundance : God is bounteous and wise. ^^^ He giveth wisdom unto whom he pleaseth ; and he unto whom wisdom is given, hath received much good : but none will consider, except the wise of heart. ^^^ And whatever alms ye shall give, or whatever vow ye shall vow, verily God knoweth it ; but the ungodly shall have none to help them. ^^^ If ye make your alms to appear, it is well; but if ye conceal them, and give them unto the poor, this will be better for you, and will atone for your sins : and God is well informed of that which ye do. ^^^ The direction of them belongeth not unto thee ; but God directeth whom he pleaseth. The good that ye shall give in alms shall redound unto yoursehes; and ye shall not give unless out of desire of seeing the face of God. 267 Doihany of you desire a garden, ^c] some amends made by the seller of such This garden is an emblem of alms given goods, either by abatement of the price, out of hypocrisy, or attended with re- or giving something else to the buyer to proaches, which perish, and will be of no make up the value. service hereafter to the giver ^ 273 Out of desire of seeing the face 268 f^y connivance.'] That is, on having of God.] i. le. For the sake of a revvard JallaUi ddln. 44 AL KORAN. [chap. And what good thing ye shall give in alms, it shall be repaid you, and ye shall not be treated unjustly ; ^^^ unto the poor who are wholly employed in fighting for the religion of God, and cannot go to and fro in the earth ; whom the ignorant man thinketh rich, because of their modesty : thou shalt know them by this mark, they ask not men with importunity ; and what good ye shall give in alms, verily God knoweth it. ^^^ They who distribute alms of their substance night and day, in private and in public, shall have their reward with their Lord ; on them shall no fear come, neither shall they be grieved. ^^^ They who devour usury shall not arise from, the dead, but as he ariseth whom Satan hath infected by a touch : this shall happen to them because they say. Truly selling is but as usury : and yet God hath permitted selling and forbidden usury. He therefore who, when there cometh unto him an admonition from his Lord, abstaineth from usury for the future, shall have what is past forgiven him, and his affair belongeth unto God. But whoever re- turneth to usury, they shall be the companions of hell- fire, they shall continue therein for ever. ^^'^ God shall take his blessing from usury, and shall increase alms : for God loveth no infidel, or ungodly person. ^^^But they who believe, and do that which is right, and observe the stated times of prayer, and pay their legal alms, they shall have their reward with their Lord : there shall come no fear on them, neither shall they be grieved. ^^^O true believers, fear God, and remit that which remaineth of usury, if ye really believe ; ^^^ but if ye do it not, hearken unto war, which is declared against you from God and his apostle : yet if ye repent, ye shall have the capital of your money. Deal not unjustly with others, and ye shall not be dealt with unjustly. ^^\ If there be any debtor under a difficulty of paying his debt, let his creditor wait till it be easy for him to do it; but if ye remit it as alms, it will be better for you, if ye hereafter, and not for any worldly consi- 279 Remit what remaineth of usury,'] deration ^ Or the interest due before usury was pro- 276 As he whom Satan hath infected^ hibited. For this some of Mohammed's &c.] viz. Like demoniacs or possessed per- followers exacted of their debtors, sup- sons, that is, in great horror and distraction posing they lawfully might 2. of mind, and convulsive agitation of body. * JallaWddin. ^ Idem. IT.] A L K O R A N. 45 knew it. ^^^And fear the day wherein ye shall return unto God ; then shall every soul be paid what it hath gained, and they shall not be treated unjustly. ^*^ O true believers, when ye bind yourselves one to the other in a debt for a certain time, write it down ; and let a writer write between you according to justice ; and let not the writer refuse writing according to what God hath taught him ; but let him write, and let him who oweth the debt dictate, and let him fear God his Lord, and not diminish aught thereof. But if he who oweth the debt "be foolish, or w^eak, or be not able to dictate himself, let his agent dictate according to equity ; and call to witness two wit- nesses of your neighbouring men : but if there be not two men, let there be a man and two women of those whom ye shall choose for witnesses : if one of those wo- men should mistake, the other of them will cause her to recollect. And the witnesses shall not refuse, whenso- ever they shall be called. And disdain not to write it down, be it a large debt, or be it a small one, until its time of payment : this will be more just in the sight of God, and more right for bearing witness, and more easy, that ye may not doubt. But if it be a present bargain, which ye transact between yourselves, it shall be no crime in you, if ye write it not down. And take witnesses when ye sell one to the other, and let no harm be done to the writer, nor to the witness ; which if ye do, it will surely be injustice in you : and fear God, and God will instruct you, for God knoweth all things. ^^* And if ye be on a journey, and find no writer, let pledges be taken : but if one of you trust the other, let him who is trusted return what he is trusted with, and fear God his Lord. And conceal not the testimony, for he who concealeth it, hath surely a wicked heart : God knoweth that which ye do. ^^^ Whatever is in heaven and on earth is God's : and whether ye manifest that which is in your minds, or conceal it, God will call you to account for it, and will forgive whom he pleaseth, and will punish whom he pleaseth ; for God is almighty. ^^^ The apostle belie veth 283 His agent.l Whoever manages his affairs, whether his father, heir, guardian, or interpreter ^ ^ Jallalo'ddin. 46 AL KORAN. [chap. in that which hath been sent down unto him from his Lord, and the faithful also. Every one of them believeth in God, and his angels, and his scriptures, and his apos- tles : we make no distinction at all between his apostles. And they say. We have heard, and do obey : we implore thy mercy, O Lord, for unto thee must we return. ^^^God will not force any soul beyond its capacity : it shall have the good which it gaineth, and it shall suffer the evil which it gaineth. O Lord, punish us not, if we forget, or act sinfully : O Lord, lay not on us a burthen like that which thou hast laid on those who have been before us ; neither make us, O Lord, to bear what we have not strength to bear, but be favourable unto us, and spare us, and be merciful unto us. Thou art our patron, help us therefore against the unbelieving nations. 286 We make no distinction between his the commentators tell us, were ordered to apostles.'] But this, say the Mohamrae- kill a lamb by way of atonement, to give dans, the Jews do, who receive Moses, one-fourth of their substance in alms, and but reject Jesus; and the Christians, who to cut off an unclean ulcerous part 2, and receive both those prophets, but reject were forbidden to eat fat, or animals that Mohammed K divided not the hoof, and were obliged to 287 Lay not on us such a burthen, as observe the sabbath, and other particulars fhou didst lay on those who have been be- wherein the Mohammedans are at li- fore usJ] That is, on the Jews, who, as berty^. ^ Jallalo'ddin. ^ Idem. ^ Yahya. CHAPTER HI. INTITLED, THE FAMILY OF IMRAN ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the nanne of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. M. ^ There is no God but God, the living, the self-subsisting : ^ He hath sent down unto thee the book oF the Koran with truth, confirming that which was re- vealed before it ; for he had formerly sent down the law, and the gospel, a direction unto men ; and he had also sent down the distinction between good and eviL ^Verily those who believe not the signs of God, shall suffer a grievous punishment ; ^ for God is mighty, able to re- venge. ^ Surely nothing is hidden from God, of that Title — Imrdn.] This name is given 1. A. L. M.] For the meaning of these in the Koran to the father of the Virgin letters, the reader is referred to the Pre- Mary. See below, p. 50. lim. Disc. § iii. III.] AL KORAN. ' 47 which is on earth, or in heaven : it is he who formeth you in the wombs, as he pleaseth ; there is no God but he, the mighty, the wise. ^ It is he who hath sent down unto thee the book, wherein are some verses clear to be understood ; they are the foundation of the book ; and others are parabolical. But they whose hearts are per- verse will follow that which is parabolical therein, out of love of schism, and a desire of the interpretation thereof ; yet none knoweth the interpretation thereof, except God. But they who are well grounded in knowledge say. We believe therein, the whole is from our Lord ; and none will consider except the prudent. ^ O Lord, cause not our hearts to swerve from truth, after thou hast directed us : and give us from thee mercy, for thou art he who giveth. ^O Lord, thou shalt surely gather mankind to- gether, unto a day of resurrection : there is no doubt of it, for God will not be contrary to the promise. ^® As for the Infidels, their wealth shall not profit them any thing, nor their children, against God : they shall be the fuel of hell-fire. ^^ According to the wont of the people of Pharaoh, and of those who went before them, they charged our signs with a lie ; but God caught them in their wickedness, and God is severe in punishing. ^^ Say unto those who believe not. Ye shall be overcome, and thrown together into hell ; an unhappy couch shall it be. ^^ Ye have already had a miracle shewn you in two armies which attacked each other : one army fought for God's 7 Wherein are some verses clear to he 13 Ye have already had a miracle understood, and others are parabolical.~\ shewn you in two armies, &c.] The sign This passage is translated according to or miracle here meant, was the victory the exposition of al Zamakhshari and al gained by Mohammed in the second year Beidawi, which seems to be the truest. of the Hejra, over the idolatrous Meccans, The contents of the Koran are here headed by Abu Sofian, in the valley of distinguished into such passages as are to Bedr, which is situate near the sea be- be taken in the literal sense, and such as tween Mecca and Medina. Mohammed's require a figurative acceptation. The for- forces consisted of no more than three mer being plain and obvious to be under- hundred and nineteen men, but the ene- stood, composed the fundamental part, or, my's army of near a thousand ; notwith- as the original expresses it, the mother of standing which odds he put them to flight, the book, and contain the principal doc- having killed seventy of the principal Ko- trines and precepts; agreeably to, and reish, and taken as many prisoners, with consistently with, which, those passages the loss of only fourteen of his own men 2. which are wrapt up in metaphors, and This was the first victory obtained by the delivered in an enigmatical, allegorical prophet ; and though it may seem no very style, are always to be interpreted ^. considerable action, yet it was of great ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. ' See Elmacin. p. 5. Hottinger. Hist Orient. 1. 2. c iv. Ahulfed. vit. Moham. p. 66, &c. Prideaux^s Life of Moham. p. 71) &c. 48 AL KORAN. [chap. true religion, but the other were infidels ; they saw the faithful twice as many as themselves in their eye-sight ; for God strengtheneth with his help whom he pleaseth. Surely herein was an example unto men of understanding. '* The love and eager desire of wives, and children, and sums heaped up of gold and silver, and excellent horses, and cattle, and land, is prepared for men : this is the pro- vision of the present life ; but unto God shall be the most excellent return. ^^ Say, Shall I declare unto you better things than this ? For those who are devout are prepar- ed, with their Lord, gardens through which rivers flow ; therein shall they continue for ever : and they shall enjoy wives free from impurity, and the favour of God ; for God regardeth his servants; ^^who say, O Lord, we do sin- cerely believe; forgive us therefore our sins, and deliver us from the pain of hell-fire: ^^the patient, and the lovers of truth, and the devout, and the almsgivers, and those who ask pardon early in the morning. ^^ God hath borne witness that there is no God but he ; and the angels, and those who are endowed with wisdom, profess the same ; who executeth righteousness ; there is no God but he ; the mighty, the wise. ^^ Verily the true^^li- gion, in the sight of God, is Islam ;^'^iTTB^y wS had received the scriptures Hissehted not thereironir^until after the knowledge of God's unity had come unto tEem, out of envy among themselves : but whosoever believeth not in the signs of God, verily God will be swift in bringing him to account. ^^ If they dispute with thee, advantage to him, and the foundation of dan troops seemed to the infidels to be all his future power and success. For twice as many in number as themselves, which reason it is famous in the Arabian which greatly discouraged them. And, history, and more than once vaunted in 3. God sent down to their assistance, first the Koran *, as an effect of the divine a thousand, and afterwards three thou- assistance. The miracle, it is said, con- sand angels, led by Gabriel, mounted on sisted in three things : 1 . Mohammed, by his horse Hiazum ; and, according to the the direction of the angel Gabriel, took a Koran ^ these celestial auxiliaries really handful of gravel, and threw it towards did all the execution, though Moham- the enemy in the attack, saying, May med's men imagined themselves did it, their faces be confounded ; whereupon, and fought stoutly at the same time, they immediately turned their backs and 19 Isldm~\ The proper name of the fled. But, though the prophet seemingly Mohammedan religion, which signifies the threw the gravel himself, yet he is told in resigning or devoting one's self entirely to the Koran ^ that it was not he but God God and his service. This, they say, is the who threw it ; that is to say, by the mi- religion which all the prophets were sent to nistry of his angel. 2. The Mohamme- teach, being founded on the unity of God*. 1 See this chap, below, and chap. 8, and 32. ^ Chap. 8, not far from the be- ginning. ^ Ibid. * Jallalo*ddinj al Beidawi. III.] AL KORAN. 49 say, I have resigned myself unto God, and he who fol- loweth me doth the same : and say unto them who have received the scriptures, and to the ignorant, Do ye pro- fess the religion of Islam ? Now, if they embrace Islam, they are surely directed ; but if they turn their backs, verily unto thee belongeth preaching only ; for God re- gardeth his servants. ^^ And unto those who believe not in the signs of God, and slay the prophets without a cause, and put those men to death who teach justice ; denounce unto them a painful punishment. ^^ These are they whose works perish in this world, and in that which is to come; and they shall have none to help them. ^^ Hast thou not observed those unto whom part of the scripture was given ? They were called unto the book of God, that it might judge between them ; then some of them turned their backs, and retired afar off. ^^This they did because they said. The fire of hell shall by no means touch us, but for a certain number of days : and 20 The ignorant.'] i. e. The pagan Arabs, who had no knowledge of the scrip- tures ^. 23 Those unto whom part of the scrip- ture was given.] That is, the Jews. — They zvere called unto the book of God, &c.] This passage was revealed on occasion of a dispute Mohammed had with some Jews, which is differently related by the commentators. Al Beidawi says, that, Mohammed going one day into a Jewish synagogue, Nairn Ebn Amru an Al Hareth Ebn Zeid asked him'what religion he was of? To which he answering, Of the religion of Abra- ham ; they replied, Abraham was a Jew ; but, on Mohammed's proposing that the Pentateuch might decide the question, they would by no means agree to it. But Jallalo'ddin tells us, that two per- sons of the Jewish religion having com- mitted adultery, their punishment was referred to Mohammed, who gave sen- tence that they should be stoned, accord- ing to the law of Moses. This the Jews refused to submit to, alleging there was no such command in the Pentateuch ; but, on Mohammed's appealing to the book, the said law was found therein. Where- upon the criminals were stoned, to the great mortification of the Jews. It is very remarkable that this law of Moses concerning the stoning of adul- terers is mentioned in the New Testa- ment 2, (though I know some dispute the authenticity of that whole passage,) but it is not now to be found, either in the He- brew or Samaritan Pentateuch, or in the Septuagint; it being only said that such shall be put to death ^. This omission is insisted on by the Mohammedans as one instance of the corruption of the law of Moses by the Jews. It is also observable that there was a verse once extant in the Koran, command- ing adulterers to be stoned; and the com- mentators say the words only are abro- gated, the sense or law still remaining in force *. 24 A certain number of days,] i. e. Forty, the time their forefathers wor- shipped the calf ^ A\ Beidawi adds, that some of them pretended their punishment was to last but seven days, that is, a day for every thousand years which they sup- posed the world was to endure ; and that they imagined they were to be so mildly dealt with, either by reason of the inter- cession of their fathers the prophets, or because God had promised Jacob, that his offspring should be punished but slightly. ^ Jallalo'ddin, al Beidawi, ^ John viii. 5. ^ Lev. xx. 10. Essay towards restoring the true Text of the Old Test. p. 99, 100. Prelim. Disc. § iii. « ggg before, p. 13, Note 80. VOL, I. E See Whisto7i's * See the ^0 A L KORAN. [chap. that which they had falsely devised, hath deceived them in their religion. ^^ How then will it be with them, when we shall gather them together at the day of judgment, of which there is no doubt ; and every soul shall be paid that which it hath gained, neither shall they be treated unjustly ? ^^ Say, O God, who possessest the kingdom ; thou givest the kingdom unto whom thou wilt, and thou takest away the kingdom from whom thou wilt : Thou exaltest whom thou wilt, and thou humblest whom thou wilt. In thy hand is good, for thou art almighty. ^^ Thou makest the night to succeed the day : thou bringest forth the living out of the dead, and thou bringest forth the dead out of the living ; and providest food for whom thou wilt, without measure. ^^ Let not the faithful take the infidels for their protectors, rather than the faithful : he who doth this, shall not be protected of God at all ; un- less you fear any danger from them ; but God warneth you to beware of himself; for unto God must ye return. ^^ Say, Whether ye conceal that which is in your breasts, or whether ye declare it, God knoweth it; for he knoweth whatever is in heaven, and whatever is on earth ; God is almighty. ^^ On the last day every soul shall find the good which it hath wrought, present ; and the evil which it hath wrought, it shall wish that between itself and that were a wide distance : but God warneth you to beware of himself; for God is gracious unto his servants. ^^ Say, if ye love God, follow me : then God shall love you, and forgive you your sins ; for God is gracious and merciful. ^^ Say, Obey God, and his apostle: but if ye go back, verily God loveth not the unbelievers. ^^God hath surely chosen Adam and Noah, and the family of Abra- ham, and the family of Imran, above the rest of the 25 How will it he with them, &c.] The 33 Imrdn,^^ or Amran, is the name of Mohammedans have a tradition, that the two several persons, according to the Mo- first banner of the infidels that shall be hammedan tradition. One was the father set up, on the day of judgment, will be of Moses and Aaron, and the other was that of the Jews ; and that God will first the father of the Virgin Mary ^ ; but he is reproach them with their wickedness, called, by some Christian writers, Joachim, over the heads of those who are present, The commentators suppose the first, or and then order them to hell ^ rather both of them, to be meant in this 27 Thou bringest forth the living out place ; however, the person intended in of the dead, and the dead out of the living.'] the next passage, it is agreed was the As a man from seed, and a bird from an latter ; who, besides Mary, the mother of G^^ ; and vice versa 2. Jesus, had also a son, named Aaron *, and ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ Jallalo'ddin. ^ Al Zamakhshari, al Beiddwi, * Koran, c. 19. III.] AL KORAN. 51 world; ^*a race descending the one from the other: God is he who heareth and knoweth. ^^ Remember when the wife of Imran said. Lord, verily I have vowed unto thee that which is in my womb, to be dedicated to thy service: accept it therefore of me; for thou art he who heareth and knoweth. ^^And when she was delivered of it, she said. Lord, verily I have brought forth a female, (and God well knew what she had brought forth,) and a male is not as a female: I have called her Mary ; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones. a sister, named Isha, (or Elizabeth,) who married Zacharias, and was the mother of John the Baptist : whence that prophet and Jesus are usually called by the Mo- hammedans, The two sons of the aunt, or the cousin-germans. From the identity of names, it has been generally imagined by Christian writers ^ that the Koran here confounds Mary, the mother of Jesus, with Mary, or Miriam, the sister of Moses and Aaron, which intolerable anachronism, if it were certain, is sufficient of itself to destroy the pretended authority of this book. But though Mohammed may be supposed to have been ignorant enough in ancient history and chronology, to have committed so gross a blunder ; yet I do not see how it can be made out from the words of the Koran. For it does not fol- low, because two persons have the same name, and have each a father and brother who bear the same names, that they must therefore necessarily be the same person : besides, such a mistake is inconsistent with a number of other places in the Koran, whereby it manifestly appears, that Mo- bammed well knew, and asserted, that Moses preceded Jesus several ages. And the commentators accordingly fail not to tell us, that there had passed about one thousand eight hundred years between Amran, the father of Moses, and Amran, the father of the Virgin Mary. They also make them the sons of different persons : the first, they say, was the son of Yeshar, or Izhar, (though he was really his bro- ther 2,) the son of Kahath, the son of Levi ; and the other was the son of Ma- than 3, whose genealogy they trace, but in a very corrupt and imperfect manner, up to David, and thence to Adam*. It must be observed, that though the Virgin Mary is called, in the Koran ^, the sister of Aaron, yet she is nowhere called the sister of Moses : however some Mo- hammedan writers have imagined, that the same individual Mary, the sister of Moses, was miraculously preserved alive from his time till that of Jesus Christ, purposely to become the mother of the latter ^. 35 The wife of Imrdn.~\ The Imran here mentioned, was the father of the Virgin Mary ; and his wife's name was Hannah, or Ann, the daughter of Fakudh. This woman, say the commentators, being aged and barren, on seeing a bird feed her young ones, became very desirous of issue, and begged a child of God, promising to consecrate it to his service in the temple : whereupon she had a child, but it proved a daughter 7. — Dedicated to thy service.'] The Arabic word is, literally, free, but here signifies particularly one that is free or detached from all worldly desires and occupations, and wholly devoted to God's service ^. 36 A male is not as a female.] Because a fem.ale could not minister in the temple, as a male could ^. — Satan driven away with stones,] This expression alludes to a tradition, that Abraham, when the deyil tempted him to disobey God in not sacrificing his son, drove the fiend away by throwing stones at him ; in memory of which the Moham- medans, at the pilgrimage of Mecca, throw a certain number of stones at the devil. 1 V. Reland. de rel. Moham. p. 211. Marracc. in Ale. p. 115, &c. Prideaux, Letter to the Deists, p. 185. 2 Exod. vi. 18. ^ ji Zamakh. al BeiddwL * V. Reland. ubi sup. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient, p. 583. & chap. 19. ^ V. Guadagnol. Apolog. pro rel. Christ, contra Ahmed Ebn Zein al Abedin. p. 279. ' Al Beiddwi, al Thalabi, ^ Jallalo*ddin, al Zamakhshari. ^ Jallalo'ddin. E 2 • 52 AL KORAN. [chap. ^'^ Therefore the Lord accepted her with a gracious acceptance, and caused her to bear an excellent off- spring. And Zacharias took care of the child. When- ever Zacharias went into the chamber to her, he found provisions with her: and he said, O Mary, whence hadst thou this? She answered, This is from God: for God provideth for whom he pleaseth without mea- sure. ^^ There Zacharias called on his Lord, and said, Lord, give me from thee a good offspring, for thou art the hearer of prayer. ^^ And the angels called to him, while he stood praying in the chamber, saying. Verily God pro- miseth thee a son named John, who shall bear witness to the Word which cometh from God ; an honourable person, chaste, and one of the righteous prophets. ^^ He an- swered. Lord, how shall I have a son, when old age hath overtaken me, and my wife is barren ? The angel said, with certain ceremonies, in the valley of Mina ^ It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For, accord- ing to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted ; between whom and the evil spirit, God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them ^. And for this rea- son they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam ^ ; which peculiar grace they ob- tained by virtue of this recommendation of them by Hannah to God's protection. 37 The Lord accepted her, &c.] Though the child happened not to be a male, yet her mother presented her to the priests who had the care of the temple, as one dedicated to God ; and, they having re- ceived her, she was committed to the care of Zacharias, as will be observed by-and- by, and he built her an apartment in the temple, and supplied her with necessa- ries *. — Whenever Zacharias wetit into the chamber, he found provisions with her, &c.] The commentators say that none went into Mary's apartment but Zacharias him- self, and that he locked seven doors upon her ; yet he found she had always winter- fruits in summer, and summer-fruits in winter ^. — Without measure,'] There is a story of Fatima, Mohammed's daughter, that she once brought two loaves and a piece of flesh to her father, who returned them to her, and having called for her again, when she uncovered the dish, it was full of bread and meat; and, on Mohammed's asking her whence she had it? she an- swered in the words of this passage. This is from God ; for God provideth for whom he pleaseth without measure. Whereupon he blessed God, who thus favoured her, as he had the most excellent of the daughters of Israel^. 39 The angels."] Though the word be in the plural, yet the commentators say, it was the angel Gabriel only. The same is to be understood where it occurs in the following passages. — The Word.] That is, Jesus ; who, al Beidawi says, is so called, because he was conceived by the word or command of God, without a father. — Chaste.] The original word signi- fies one who refrains not only from women, but from all other worldly delights and desires. Al Beidawi mentions a tradition, that, during his childhood, some boys in- vited him to play, but he refused, saying, that he was not created to play. 40 When old age hath overtaken me, &c.] * See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ J allalo' ddin, al Beidawi. ^ Kitada. ^ Jallalo'ddin, al Beiddwi. V. Lud. de Dieu, in not. ad Hist. Christi Xaverii, p. 642. * /ll Beiddwi. y. de Bieuy ubi sup. p. 548. ^ Al Beiddwi. in.] AL KORAN. 53 So God doth that which he pleaseth. *^ Zacharias an- swered, Lord, give me a sign. The angel said, Thy sign shall be, that thou shalt speak unto no man for three days, otherwise than by gesture : remember thy Lord often, and praise him evening and morning. ^^ And then the angels said, O Mary, verily God hath chosen thee, and hath purified thee, and hath chosen thee above all the women of the world : ^^ O Mary, be devout towards thy Lord, and worship, and bow down with those who bow down. ^* This is a secret history : we reveal it unto thee, although thou wast not present with them when they threw in their rods to cast lots which of them should have the education of Mary; neither wast thou with them, when they strove among themselves. ^^ When the angels said, O Mary, verily God sendeth thee g;og^ tidings, that thou shalt bear the Word, proceeding from himself; his name shall beGHRiCT Jesus the son of Mary, honourable in this world and in the world to come, and one of those who approach near to the presence of GoDj'^ *^ and he shall speak unto men in the cradle, and when he Zacharias was then ninety-nine years old, eipate, a Mohammedan writer, of no very and his wife eighty-nine ^ great credit indeed, tells two stories, one 41 Thou shalt speak unto no man for of Jesus's speaking while in his mother's three days.'] Though he could not speak womb, to reprove her cousin Joseph for to any body else, yet his tongue was at his unjust suspicions of her *, and another liberty to praise God; as he is directed to of his giving an answer to the same person do by the following words. soon after he was born. For Joseph being 44 When they threw in their rods, &c.] sent by Zacharias to seek Mary, (who had When Mary was first brought to the tern- gone out of the city by night to conceal pie, the priests, because she was the daugh • her delivery,) and having found her, be- ter of one of their chiefs, disputed among gan to expostulate with her, but she made themselves who should have the education no reply, whereupon the child spoke these of her. Zacharias insisted that he ought words: Rejoice, O Joseph, and be of good to be preferred, because he had married cheer ; for God hath brought me forth her aunt ; but, the others not consenting from the darkness of the womb to the that it should be so, they agreed to decide light of the world ; and I shall go to the the matter by casting of lots : whereupon children of Israel, and invite them to the twenty-seven of them went to the river obedience of God ^. Jordan, and threw in their rods, (or arrows These seem all to have been taken from without heads or feathers, such as the some fabulous traditions of the eastern Arabs used for the same purpose,) on Christians, one of which is preserved to which they had written some passages of us in the spurious gospel of the Infancy of the law ; but they all sunk, except that of Christ ; where we read that Jesus spoke Zacharias, which floated on the water ; while yet in the cradle, and said to his and he had thereupon the care of the child mother, Verily I am Jesus the Son of committed to him 2. God, the Word which thou hast brought 46 He shall speak unto men in the cradle."] forth, as the angel Gabriel did declare unto Besides an instance of this given in the thee ; and my Father hath sent me to save Koran itself 3, which I shall not here anti- the world ^. ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 idem, Jallalo'' ddin^ &c. ^ Chap. 19. * V. Sikii notas in Evang. Infant, p. 5. ^ Al Kessai, apud eundem. ^ Evang. Infant, p. 5, 54 AL KORAN. [chap. is grown up ; and he shall be one of the righteous ; ^^ she answered. Lord, how shall I have a son, since a man hath not touched me ? The angel said, So God createth that which he pleaseth : when he decreeth a thing, he only saith unto it. Be, and it is : ^^ God shall teach him the scripture and wisdom, and the law and the gospel ; and shall appoint him his apostle to the children of Israel ; and he shall say, Verily I come unto you with a sign from your Lord ; for I will make before you, of clay, as it were the figure of a bird; then I will breathe thereon, and it shall become a bird, by the permission of God : and I will heal him that hath been blind from his birth ; and the leper; and I will raise the dead by the permission of God: and I will prophesy unto you what ye eat, and what ye lay up for store in your houses. Verily herein will be a sign unto you, if ye believe. ^^ And I come to confirm the Law which was revealed before me, and to allow unto you, as lawful, part of that which hath been forbidden you : and I come unto you with a sign from your — And when he is grown upJ] The Jesus, whom they held to be a sor- Arabic word properly signifies a man in cerer*. full age, that is, between thirty or thirty- — By the permission of God.'] The four and fifty-one ; and the passage may commentators observe that these words are relate to Christ's preaching here on earth, added here, and in the next sentence, lest But, as he had scarce attained this age it should be thought Jesus did these mira- when he was taken up into heaven, the cles by his own power, or was GoD^ commentators choose to understand it of — I will raise the dead, &c.] Jalla- his second coming ^ lo'ddin mentions three persons whom 48 I will make the figure of a bird, 8ic.~\ Christ restored to life, and who lived Some say it was a bat 2, though others sup- several years after, and had children ; viz. pose Jesus made several birds of different Lazarus, the widow's son, and the publi- sorts^. can's (I suppose he means the ruler of the This circumstance is also taken from the synagogue's) daughter. He addsj that he following fabulous tradition, which may be also raised Shem, the son of Noah, who, found in the spurious gospel above-men- as another writes ^, thinking he had been tioned. Jesus being seven years old, and called to judgment, came out of his grave at play with several children of his age, with his head half grey, whereas men did they made several figures of birds and not grow grey in his days ; after which he beasts, for their diversion, of clay ; and, immediately died again, each preferring his own workmanship, 49 And to allow you part of that which Jesus told them, that he would make his hath been forbidden you.] Such as the walk and leap ; which accordingly, at his eating of fish that have neither fins nor command, they did. He made also several scales, the caul and fat of animals, and figures of sparrows, and other birds, which camel's flesh, and to work on the sabbath, flew about or stood on his hands as he These things, say the commentators, being ordered them, and also ate and drank when arbitrary institutions in the law of Moses, he offered them meat and drink. The were abrogated by Jesus ; as several of children telling this to their parents, the same kind instituted by the latter, were forbidden to play any more with have been since abrogated by Mohammed*^. * Jallalo' ddifi , al Beiddwi. ^ JaUalo'' ddin. ^ Al Thalabi. * Evang. Infant, p. Ill, &c. Jl Beiddwi, &c. ^ ji Thalabi. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. III.] AL KORAN, 55 Lord ; therefore fear God, and obey me : ^^ Verily God is my Lord, and your Lord : therefore serve him. This is the right way. ^^ But when Jesus perceived their un- belief, he said, Who will be my helpers towards God ? The apostles answered, We will be the helpers of God ; we believe in God, and do thou bear witness that we are true believers. ^^ O Lord, we believe in that which thou hast sent down, and we have followed thy apostle ; write us down therefore with those who bear witness of him. ^^ And the Jews devised a stratagem against him ; but God devised a stratagem against them ; and God is the 51 The apostles^ In Arabic, al Ha- wdriyiin ; which word they derive from Hdra, to he wJiite^ and suppose the apos- tles were so called, either from the can- dour and sincerity of their minds, or be- cause they were princes, and wore white garments, or else because they w^ere by trade fullers ^ According to which last opinion, their vocation is thus related : That, as Jesus passed by the sea-side, he saw some fullers at work, and accosting them, said. Ye cleanse these clothes, but cleanse not your hearts ; upon which they believed on him. But the true etymology seems to be from the Ethiopic verb Hawyra, to go; whence Hawdiya sig- nifies one that is sentf a messenger or apos- tle 2. 53 The Jews devised a stratagem against him.'] i. e. They laid a design to take away his life. — But God devised a stratagem against them.] This stratagem of God's was the taking of Jesus up into heaven, and stamping his likeness on another person, who was apprehended and crucified in his stead. For it is the constant doctrine of the Mohammedans, that it was not Jesus himself who underwent that ignominious death, but somebody else in his shape and resemblance ^. The person crucified some will have to be a spy that was sent to entrap him ; others that it was one Titian, who, by the direction of Judas, entered in at a window of the house where Jesus was, to kill him ; and others that it was Judas himself, who agreed with the rulers of the Jews to betray him for thirty pieces of silver, and led those who were sent to take him. They add, that Jesus, after his cruci- fixion in effigy, was sent down again to the earth, to comfort his mother and dis- ciples, and acquaint them how the Jews were deceived ; and was then taken up a second time into heaven *. It is supposed by several that this story was an original invention of Mohammed's ; but they are certainly mistaken ; for seve- ral sectaries held the same opinion long before his time. The Basilidians ^, in the very beginning of Christianity, denied that Christ himself suffered, but that Simon the Cyrenean was crucified in his place. The Cerinthians before them, and the Carpocratians next, (to name no more of those who affirmed Jesus to have been a mere man,) did believe the same thing ; that it was not himself, but one of his followers, very like him, that was cruci- fied. Photius tells us, that he read a book, entitled the Journeys of the Apos- tles, relating the acts of Peter, John, An- drew, Thomas, and Paul; and, among other things contained therein, this was one, that Christ was not crucified, but another in his stead, and that therefore he laughed at his crucifiers ^, or those who thought they had crucified him ^. I have in another place ^ mentioned an apocryphal gospel of Barnabas, a forgery originally of some nominal Christians, but interpolated since by Mohammedans, which gives this part of the history of Jesus with circumstances too curious to be omit- ted. It is therein related, that the mo- * Jl Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. ^ y. Ludolfi Lexic. ^Ethiop. col. 40. et Golii notas ad cap. 61. Korani, c. 14. ^ gee Koran, c. 4. * V. Marracc. in Ale. p. 113, &c. et in Prodr. part. 3. p. 63, &c. ^ Ireficeus, 1. 1. c. 23, &c. Epiphan. Haeres. 24. num. 3. ^ Photius, Bibl. Cod. 114. col. 291. "^ Toland's Nazarenus, p. 17, &c. 8 Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 88. 56 AL KORAN. [chap. best deviser of stratagems. ^^ When God said, O Jesus, verilj^I wil^ thee to die, and I will take thee lipr unto me, and I will deliver thee from the unbelievers f and I will place those who follow thee above the unbe- lievers until the day of resurrection : then unto me shall ye return, and I will judge between you of that con cera- ihg which ye disagree. ^^ Moreover as for the infidels, I will punish them with a grievous punishment in this ment the Jews were going to apprehend Jesus in the garden, he was snatched up into the third heaven, by the ministry of four angels, Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, and Uriel ; that he will not die till the end of the world ; and that it was Judas who was crucified in his stead ; God hav- ing permitted that traitor to appear so like his master, in the eyes of the Jews, that they took and delivered him to Pi- late. That this resemblance was so great, that it deceived the Virgin Mary, and the apostles themselves; butthat Jesus Christ afterwards obtained leave of God to go and comfort them. That Barnabas hav- ing then asked him, why the divine good- ness had suffered the mother and disciples of so holy a prophet to believe even for one moment that he had died in so igno- minious a manner? Jesus returned the following answer : *' O Barnabas, believe me that every sin, how small soever, is punished by God with great torment, be- cause God is offended with sin. My mother, therefore, and faithful disciples, having loved me with a mixture of earthly love, the just God has been pleased to punish this love with their present grief, that they might not be punished for it hereafter in the flames of hell. And as for me, though 1 have myself been blame- less in the world, yet other men having called me God, and the son of God; therefore God, that I might not be mocked by the devils at the day of judgment, has been pleased that in this world I should be mocked by men with the death of Judas, making every body believe that I died upon the cross. And hence it is that this mocking is still to continue till the coming of Mohammed, the messenger of God ; who, coming into the world, will undeceive every one who shall believe in thelaw of God, from this mistake ^ \5^ I will cause thee to die^ &c.] It is the opinion of a great many Moham- medans, that Jesus was taken up into heaven without dying ; which opinion is consonant to what is delivered in the spu- rious gospel above mentioned. Vv^here- fore several of the commentators say, that there is a hysteron proteron in these words, I will cause thee to die, and 1 will take thee up unto me ; and that the co- pulative does not import order, or that he died before his assumption ; the meaning being this, viz. that God would first take Jesus up to heaven, and deliver him from the infidels, and afterwards cause him to die ; which they suppose is to happen when he shall return into the world again before the last day 2. Some, thinking the order of the words is not to be changed, interpret them figuratively, and suppose their signification to be, that Jesus was lifted up while he was asleep, or that God caused him to die a spiritual death to all worldly desires. But others ac- knowledge that he actually died a natural death, and continued in that state three hours, or, according to another tradition, seven hours ; after which he was restored to life, and then taken up to heaven 3. — And I will take thee up unto me.] Some Mohammedans say this was done by the ministry of Gabriel ; but others that a strong whirlwind took him up from mount Olivet*. — / will place those who follow thee above the unbelievers, until the day of re- surrection.] That is, they who believe in Jesus (among whom the Mohamme- dans reckon themselves) shall be for ever superior to the Jews, both in arguments and in arms. And accordingly, says al Beidawi, to this very day the Jews have never prevailed either against the Chris- tians or Moslems, nor have they any king- dom or established government of their own. ^ See the Menagiana, torn. iv. p. 326, &c. ^ Sgg Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 95. 3 Jl Beiddwi. ^ Al Thalahi. See 2 Kings ii. 1. U. III.] AL KORAN. 57 world, and in that which is to come ; and there shall be none to help them. ^^But they who believe, and do that which is right, he shall give them their reward ; for God loveth not the wicked doers. ^^ These signs and this prudent admonition do we rehearse unto thee. ^^ Verily the likeness of Jesus, in the sight of God, is as the like- ness of Adam : he created him out of the dust, and then said unto him, Be : and he was. ^^ This is the truth from thy Lord ; be not therefore one of those who doubt : ^^ and whoever shall dispute with thee concerning Him, after the knowledge which hath been given thee, say unto them. Come, let us call together our sons, and your sons, and our wives, and your wives, and ourselves and yourselves : then let us make imprecations, and lay the curse of God on those who lie. ^^ Verily this is a true history: and there is no God, but God ; and God is most mighty and wise. ^^ If they turn back, God well knoweth the evil-doers. ^^ Say, O ye who have received the scri^-^ ture, come to a just determination between us and you ; that we worship not any except God, and associate no creature with him ; and that the one of us take not the other for lords, beside God. But, if they turn back, say, Bear witness that we are true believers. ^^ O ye to whom the scriptures have been given, why do ye dispute concern- ing Abraham, since the Law and the Gospel were not sent down until after him? Do ye not therefore understand? 58 Jesus in the sight of God is as his prayers. But, when they saw him Adam, &c.] He was like to Adam in kneel down, their resolution failed them, respect of his miraculous production by and they durst not venture to curse him, the immediate power of God ^ but submitted to pay him tribute '^. 59 Him.'] Namely, Jesus. 63 Let us come to a just determination 60 Let us call together our sons, &c. between us and you, &c.] That is, to such and imprecate the curse of God on those terms of agreement as are indisputably who lie.] To explain this passage the consonant to the doctrine of all the pro commentators tell the following story : phets and scriptures, and therefore cannot That some Christians, with their bishop, be reasonably rejected 3. named Abu Hareth, coming to Moham- — Jnd that the one of us take not the med as ambassadors from the inhabitants other for lords, &c.] Besides other charges of Najran, and entering into some dis- of idolatry on the Jews and Christians, putes with him touching religion and the Mohammed accused them of paying too history of Jesus Christ, they agreed the implicit an obedience to their priests and next morning to abide the trial here men- monks, who took upon them to pronounce tioned, as a quick way of deciding which wliat things were lawful, and what un- of them were in the wrong. Mohammed lawful, and to dispense with the laws of met them accordingly, accompanied by his God *. daughter Fatima, his son-in-law AH, and 64 Why do ye dispute concerning J bra- his two grandsons, Hasan and Hosein, ham.] Viz. By pretending him to have and desired them to wait till he had said been of your religion. Jallafoddin, &c. 2 Jallalo'ddin, at BiidduL ^ Idem, * Jallah'ddin. 58 A L KORAN. [chap. ^^ Behold ye are they who dispute concerning that which ye have some knowledge in ; why therefore do ye dispute con- cerning that which ye have no knowledge of? God knoweth, but ye know not. ^^ Abraham was neither a Jew, nor a Christian; but he was of the true religion, one resigned unto God, and was not of the number of the idolaters. ^^ Verily the men who are the nearest of kin unto Abra- ham, are they who follow him ; and this prophet, and they who believe on him : God is the patron of the faith- ful. ^^ Some of those who have received the scriptures desire to seduce you ; but they seduce themselves only, and they perceive it not. ^^ O ye who have received tlie^ scriptures, why do ye not believe in the signs of God, since ye are witnesses of them ? ^^ O ye who have re-^ ceived the scriptures, why do ye clothe truth with vanity, and knowingly hide the truth ?^ ^^ And some of those to whom the scriptures were given, say. Believe in that which hath been sent down unto those who believe, in the beginning of the day; and deny it in the end thereof; that they may go back from their faith : ^^ and believe him only who foUoweth your religion. Say, Verily the true direction is the direction of God, that there may be given unto some other a revelation like unto what hath been given unto you. Will they dispute with you before 65 Ye dispute concerning that which to explain this passage, say, that Caab ye have some knowledge in ; why therefore Ebn al Ashraf and Malec Ebn al Seif do ye dispute concerning that which ye (two Jews of Medina) advised their com- have no knowledge off] i.e. Ye per- panions, when the Keblah was changed '% versely dispute even concerning those to make as if they believed it was done things which ye find in the Law and the by the divine direction, and to pray to- Gospel, whereby it appears, that they wards the Caaba in the morning ; but were both sent down long after Abra- that in the evening they should pray, as ham's time ; why then will ye offer to formerly, towards the temple of Jerusa- dispute concerning such points of Abra- lem ; that Mohammed's followers, ima- ham's religion, of which your scriptures gining the Jews were better judges of say nothing, and of which ye consequently this matter than themselves, might imi- can have no knowledge ^ tate their example. But others say, these 68 Some of those to whom the scriptures were certain Jewish priests of Khaibar, were given seek to seduce you, &c.] This who directed some of their people to pre- passage was revealed when the Jews en- tend in the morning that they had em- deavoured to pervert Hodheifa, Ammar, braced Mohammedism ; but, in the close and Moadh, to their religion ^. of the day, to say, that they had looked 70 Why do ye clothe truth with vanity, into their books of scripture, and con- and knowingly hide the truth ?~\ The Jews suited their Rabbins, and could not find and Christians are again accused of cor- that Mohammed was the person described rupting the scriptures, and stifling the and intended in the law; by which trick prophecies concerning Mohammed. they hoped to raise doubts in the minds 71 Go back, &c.~\ The commentators, of the Mohammedans "*. 1 Al Bciddwi, ^ Idem. ^ ^ce before, c. ii. p. 22. * Jl Beiddwi. III.] AL KORAN. 59 your Lord ? Say, Surely excellence is in the hand of God ; he giveth it unto whom he pleaseth ; God is boun- teous and wise ; ^^ he will confer peculiar mercy on whom he pleaseth ; for God is endued with great beneficence. ^^ There is of those who have received the scriptures, unto whom if thou trust a talent, he will restore it unto thee ; and there is also of them, unto whom if thou trust a dinar, he will not restore it unto thee, unless thou stand over him continually with great urgency. This they do, because they say. We are not obliged to observe justice with the Heathen : but they utter a lie against God knowingly. ^^ Yea, whoso keepeth his covenant, and feareth God, God surely loveth those who fear him. ^^But they who make merchandise of God's covenant, and of their oaths, for a small price, shall have no portion in the next life ; neither shall God speak to them, or regard them, on the day of resurrection ; nor shall he cleanse them ; but they shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^'^And there are certainly some of them who read the scriptures perversely, that ye may think what they read to be really in the scriptures, yet it is not in the scripture ; and they 74 There is of those who have received slain in that battle, and reflecting very the scriptures, unto whom if thou trust a severely on Mohammed ; and he after- talent, he will restore z7.] As an instance wards returned to Medina, and had the of this, the commentators bring Abd'allah boldness to repeat them publicly there Ebn Salam, a Jew, very intimate with also ; at which Mohammed was so ex- Mohammed *, to whom one of the Koreish ceedingly provoked, that he proscribed lent 1200 ounces of gold, which he very him ; and sent a party of men to kill him, punctually repaid at the time appoint- and he was circumvented and slain by ed 2. Mohammed Ebn Moslema in the third — There is also of them unto whom if year of the Hejra^. Dr. Prideaux * has thou trust a dinar, he will not restore it, confounded the Caab we are now speaking &c.] Al Beidawi produces an example of, with another very different person of of such a piece of injustice in one Phineas the same name, and a famous poet, but Ebn Azura, a Jew, who borrowed a dinar, who was the son of Zohair, and no Jew ; which is a gold coin worth about ten shil- as a learned gentleman has already ob- lings, of a Koreishite, and afterwards had served ^. In consequence of which mis- the conscience to deny it. take, the doctor attributes what the Ara- But the person more directly struck at bian historians write of the latter to the in this passage, was the above mentioned former, and wrongly affirms that he was Caab Ebn al Ashraf, a most inveterate not put to death by Mohammed, enemy of Mohammed, and his religion, of Some of the commentators, however, whom Jallalo'ddin relates the same story suppose that, in the former part of this as al Beidawi does of Phineas. This Caab, passage, the Christians are intended, who, after the battle of Bedr, went to Mecca, they say, are generally people of some and there, to excite the Koreish to re- honour and justice ; and, in the latter part, venge themselves, made and recited verses, the Jews, who, they think, are more given lamenting the death of those who were to cheating and dishonesty ^. * See Prideaux's Life of Moham. p. 33. 2 ji Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, ^ J I Jannabi, Elmacin. ^ Life of Moham. p. 78, &c. ^ y, Qagnier, in Not. ad AbuU fed, Vit. Moh. p. 64 and 122. 6 ^/ Beiddwi. 60 AL KORAN. [chap. say, This is from God ; but it is not from God : and they speak that which is false concerning God, against their own knowledge. ^^ It is not fit for a man, that God should give him a book of revelations, and wisdom, and prophecy ; and then he should say unto men. Be ye wor- shippers of me, besides God : but he ought to say, Be ye perfect in knowledge, and in works, since ye know the scriptures, and exercise yourselves therein. ^^ God hath not commanded you to take the angels and the prophets for your Lords : Will he command you to become infi- dels, after ye have been true believers ? ^^ And remem- ber when God accepted the covenant of the prophets, saying. This verily is the scripture and the wisdom which I have given you : hereafter shall an apostle come unto you, confirming the truth of that scripture which is with you ; ye shall surely believe on him, and ye shall assist him. God said. Are ye firmly resolved, and do ye accept my covenant on this condition? They answered. We are firmly resolved. God said. Be ye therefore wit- nesses ; and I also bear witness with you : ^^ and whoso- ever turneth back after this, they are surely the trans- gressors. ^^ Do they therefore seek any other religion but God's? since to him is resigned whosoever is in heaven or on earth, voluntarily, or of force : and to him shall they return. ®^ Say, We believe in God, and that which hath been sent down unto us, and that which was sent down unto Abraham, and Ismael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, and that which was delivered to Moses, and Jesus, and the prophets, from their Lord ; we make no distinction between any of them ; and to him are we resigned. ^* Whoever followeth any other reli- gion than Islam, it shall not Be accepted of him : and in 78 It is 7iot fit for a marii &c.] This the prophets, &c.] Some commentators passage was revealed, say the commenta- interpret this of the children of Israel tors, in answer to the Christians, who in- themselves, of whose race the prophets sisted that Jesus had commanded them to were. But others say, the souls of all the worship him as God. A1 Beidawi adds, prophets, even of those who were not then that two Christians, named Abu Rafe al born, were present on Mount Sinai when Koradhi and al Seyid al Najrani, offered God gave the law to Moses, and that they to acknowledge Mohammed for their Lord entered into the covenant here mentioned and to worship him ; to which he an- with him. A story borrowed by Moham • swered, God forbid that we should wor- med from the Talmudists, and therefore ship any besides God. most probably his true meaning in this 80 When God accepted the covenant of place. III.] A L KORAN. 61 the next life he shall be of those who perish, ^^ How shall God dir^ who have become infidels after they had believed, and borne witness that the apostle was true, and manifest declarations of the divine will had come unto them? for God directeth not the ungodly people. ^^ Their reward shall be, that on them shall fall the curse of God, and of angels, and of all mankind : ^^ they shall remain under the same for ever : their tor- ment shall not be mitigated, neither shall they be re- garded ; ^^ except those who repent after this, and amend ; for God is gracious and merciful. ^^ Moreover they who become infidels after they have believed, and yet increase in infidelity, their repentance shall in no wise be ac- cepted ; and they are those who go astray. ^^ Verily they who believe not, and die in their unbelief, the w^orld full of gold shall in no wise be accepted from any of them, even though he should give it for his ransom : they shall suffer a grievous punishment, ^^ and they shall have none to help them. [*IV.] ^^ Ye will never attain unto righteousness, until ye give in alms of that which ye love: and whatever ye give, God knoweth it. ^^All food was permitted unto the children of Israel, except what Israel forbade unto himself, before the Pentateuch was sent down. Say unto the Jews, Bring hither the Pentateuch, and read it, if ye speak truth. ^^ Whoever therefore contriveth a lie against God after this, they will be evil-doers. ^^ Say, God is true; follow ye therefore 84 Those who perish.'] See before, ch. ii. with the sciatica, that, if he were cured, p. 10 and IL Note 62. he would eat no more of that meat which 93 All food was permitted unto the he liked best ; and that was camel's flesh : children of Israel, except what Israel for- but others supposed he abstained from it lade unto himself] This passage was by the advice of physicians only 2. revealed on the Jews reproaching Mo- This exposition seems to be taken from hammed and his followers with their the children of Israel's not eating of the eating of the flesh and milk of camels ^ sinew on the hollow of the thigh, because which they said was forbidden Abraham, the angel with whom Jacob wrestled at whose religion Mohammed pretended to Peniel, touched the hollow of his thigh in follow. In answer to vi^hich he tells them, the sinew that shrank 3. that God ordained no distinction of meats — Before the Pentateuch was sent before he gave the law to Moses, though down."] Wherein the Israelites, because Jacob voluntarily abstained from the flesh of their wickedness and perverseness, and milk of camels; which some commen- were forbidden to eat certain animals tators say, was the consequence of a vow which had been allowed their prede- made by that Patriarch, when afflicted cessors *. * See Lev. xi. 4. Deut. xiv. 7- ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. ^ Gen. xxxii. 32. * Kordn, c. 4. See the notes there. 62 AL KORAN. [chap. the religion of Abraham the orthodox ; for he was no idolater. ^® Verily the first house appointed unto men to worship in was that which is in Becca ; blessed, and a direction to all creatures. ^^ Therein are manifest signs : the place where Abraham stood ; and whoever entereth therein, shall be safe. And it is a duty towards God, incumbent on those who are able to go thither, to visit this house : but whosoever disbelieveth, verily God need- eth not the service of any creature. ^^ Say, O ye who have received the scriptures, why do ye not believe in the signs of God ? ^^ Say, O ye who have received the scrip- tures, why do ye keep back, from the way of God, him who believeth ? Ye seek to make it crooked, and yet are witnesses that it is the right : but God will not be unmindful of what ye do. ^^° O true believers, if ye obey some of those who have received the scripture, they will 96 The first house appointed unto men, was that which is in BeccaJ] Mohammed received this passage, when the Jews said that their Keblah, or the temple of Jeru- salem, was more ancient than that of the Mohammedans, or the Caaba ^ Becca is another name of Mecca 2. Al Beidawi observes that the Arabs used the M and B promiscuously in several words. — A direction to all creatures.'] i. e. the Keblah, towards which they are to turn their faces in prayer. 97 Therein are manifest signs.] Such as the stone wherein they show the print of Abraham's feet, and the inviolable security of the place, immediately men- tioned ; that the birds light not on the roof of the Caaba, and wild beasts put off their fierceness there ; that none who came against it in a hostile manner ever pros- pered 3, as appeared particularly in the unfortunate expedition of Abraha al Ash- ram * ; and other fables of the same stamp, which the Mohammedans are taught to believe. — Those who are able to go thither.] According to an exposition of this passage, attributed to Mohammed, he is supposed to be able to perform the pilgrimage who can supply himself with provisions for the journey, and a beast to ride upon. Al Shafei has decided that those who have money enough, if they cannot go them- selves, must hire some other to go in their room. Malec Ebn Ans thinks he is to be reckoned able, who is strong and healthy, and can bear the fatigue of the journey on foot, if he has no beast to ride, and can also earn his living by the way. But Abu Hanifa is of opinion, that both money sufficient, and health of body, are requisite to make the pilgrimage a duty ^. 100 If ye obey some of those who have received the scripture, &c.] This passage was revealed on occasion of a quarrel excited between the tribes of al Aws and al Khazraj, by one Shas Ebn Kais, a Jew ; who passing by some of both tribes as they were sitting and discoursing fami- liarly together, and being inwardly vexed at the friendship and harmony which reigned among them on their embracing Mohammedism, whereas they had been, for 120 years before, most inveterate and mortal enemies, though descendants of two brothers ; in order to set them at variance, sent a young man to sit down by them, directing him to relate the story of the battle of Boath (a place near Medina,) wherein, after a bloody fight, al Aws had the better of al Khazraj, and to repeat some verses on that subject. The young man executed his orders; whereupon those* of each tribe began to magnify them- selves, and to reflect on and irritate the other, till, at length, they called to arms : and, great numbers getting together on each side, a dangerous battle had ensued, if Mohammed had not stepped in and reconciled them; by representing to them ^ Al Beidawi, Jallalo' ddin. 2 gge the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. 4. ^ Jallalo'ddin, A I Beidawi. * Seethe Koran, c. 105. ^ Al Beiddwi. 1 III.] A L KORAN. 63 render you infidels, after ye have believed : ^^^ and how can ye be infidels, when the signs of God are read unto you, and his apostle is among you ? But he who cleav- eth firmly unto God, is already directed into the right way. ^^^ O believers, fear God with his true fear ; and die not, unless ye also be true believers. ^^^ And cleave all of you unto the covenant of God, and depart not from it ; and remember the favour of God towards you : since ye were enemies, and he reconciled your hearts, and ye became companions and brethren by his favour : and ye were on the brink of a pit of fire, and he delivered you thence. Thus God declareth unto you his signs, that ye may be directed. ^^* Let there be people among you, who invite to the best religion ; and command that which is just, and forbid that which is evil ; and they shall be happy. ^^^And be not as they who are divided, and disagree in matters of religion, after manifest proofs have been brought unto them : they shall suffer a great tor- ment. ^^^ On the day of resurrection some faces shall be- come white, and other faces shall become black. And unto them whose faces shall become black, God will say. Have ye returned unto your unbelief, after ye had believed? therefore taste the punishment, for that ye have been unbelievers : ^^^ but they whose faces shall become white, shall be in the mercy of God ; therein shall they remain for ever. ^^^ These are the signs of God : we recite them unto thee with truth. God will not deal unjustly with his creatures. ^^^ And to God belongeth whatever is in heaven and on earth; and to God shall all things return. "^ Ye are the best nation that hath been raised up unto mankmHTj^comn^^^^ how much they would be to blame, if they as holding by a rope is to prevent one's returned to Paganism, and revived those falling into a well, or other like place, animosities which Islam had composed, It is said that Mohammed used, for and telling them, that what had hap- the same reason, to call the Koran Habl pened was a trick of the devil, to disturb Allah al mating i. e. The sure cord of their present tranquillity ^ God 2. 103 Cleave unto the covenant of God, 105 And he not as those who are di^ &c.] Literally, Hold fast by the cord of vided, &c.] i. e. As the Jews and Christ- God. That is, Secure yourselves by ad- ians, who dispute concerning the unity of hering to Islam, which is here meta- God, the future state, &c.3 phorically expressed by a cord, because 106 On the daij of resurrection, the faces it is as sure a means of saving those of some shall become white, &c.] Seethe who profess it from perishing hereafter, Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 j^jeni. » Idem. 64 A L KORAN. [chap. ye forbid that which^is^ unjust, and ye believe in j3rod. And, if they who have received the scriptures had believed, it had surely been the better for them : there are believers among them, but the greater part of them are transgressors. ^^^ They shall not hurt you, unless vrith a slight hurt ; and, if they fight against you, they shall turn their backs to you ; and they shall not be helped. ^^^ They are smitten with vileness, wheresoever they are found, unless they obtain security by entering into a treaty with God, and a treaty with men : and they draw on themselves indignation from God, and they are afflicted with poverty. This they suffer, because they disbelieved the signs of God, and slew the prophets unjustly ; this, because they were rebellious, and trans- gressed. ^^^ Yet they are not all alike : there are of those who have received the scriptures, upright people ; they meditate on the signs of God in the night season, and worship ; ^^* they believe in God, and the last day ; and command that which is just, and forbid that which is unjust, and zealously strive to excel in good works : these are of the righteous. ^^^ And ye shall not be denied the reward of the good which ye do ; for God knoweth the pious. ^^^ As for the unbelievers, their wealth shall not profit them at all, neither their children, against God ; they shall be the companions of hell-fire ; they shall continue therein for ever. ^^'^ The likeness of that which they lay out in this present life, is as a wind wherein there is a scorching cold : it falleth, on the standing corn of those men who have injured their own souls, and destroyeth it. And God dealeth not unjustly with them ; 110 There are believers among them.~\ tering into a treaty with God, and a treaty As Abd'allah Ebn Salam and his com- with men.] i. e. Unless they either profess panions ^, and those of the tribes of al the Mohammedan religion, or submit to Aws and al Khazraj, who had embraced pay tribute. Mohammedism. 113 I'here are, of those who have re- 111 And they shall not be helped.] This ceived the scriptures, upright people,'\ verse, al Beidawi says, is one of those Those, namely, who have embraced whose meaning is mysterious, and relates Islam. to something future, intimating the low — The signs of God.] That is, the condition to which the Jewish tribes of Koran. Koreidha, Nadir, Banu Kainoka, and those 115 Ye shall not be denied, &c.] Some who dwelt at Kaibar, were afterwards re- copies have a different reading in this duced by Mohammed. passage, which they express in the third 112 Unless they obtain security by en- person: They shall not be denied, &c. J I Beiddwi, III.] AL KORAN. . 65 but they injure their own souls. ^^* O true believers, contract not an intimate friendship with any besides yourselves : they will not fail to corrupt you. They wish for that which may cause you to perish : their hatred hath already appeared from out of their mouths ; but what their breasts conceal is yet more inveterate. We have already shewn you signs of their ill-will towards you, if ye understand. ^^^ Behold, ye love them, and they do not love you : ye believe in all the scriptures ; and when they meet you, they say. We believe ; but, when they assemble privately together, they bite their fingers' ends out of wrath against you. Say unto them. Die in your wrath : verily God knoweth the innermost part of your breasts. ^^^ If good happen unto you, it grieveth them ; and if evil befal you, they rejoice at it. But if ye be patient, and fear God, their subtlety shall not hurt you at all; for God comprehendeth whatever they do. ^^^ Call to mind when thou wentest forth early from thy family, that thou mightest prepare the faithful a camp for war ; and God heard and knew it ; ^^^ when two companies of you were anxiously thoughtful, so that 118 Besides yourselves,'] i.e. Ofadif- rounded, he placed fifty archers in the ferent religion. rear, with strict orders not to quit their 121 When thou wentest forth to prepare post. When they came to engage, Mo- a campy &c.] This was at the battle of hammed had the better at first ; but after- Ohod, a mountain about four miles to the wards by the fault of his archers, who left north of Medina. The Koreish, to re- their ranks for the sake of the plunder, venge their loss at Bedr i, the next year, and suffered the enemy's horse to encom- being the third of the Hejra, got together pass the Mohammedans, and attack them an army of 3000 men, among whom there in the rear, he lost the day, and was very were 200 horses, and 700 armed with near losing his life ; being struck down by coats of mail. These forces marched a shower of stones, and wounded in the under the conduct of Abu Sofian, and sat face with two arrows, on pulling out of down at Dhu'lholeifa, a village about six which his two fore-teeth dropped out. miles from Medina. Mohammed, being Of the Moslems 70 men were slain, and much inferior to his enemies in number, among them Hamza, the uncle of Moham- at first determined to keep hims^elf within med ; and of the infidels 22 2. To excuse the town, and receive them there ; but the ill success of this battle, and to raise afterwards, the advice of some of his com- the drooping courage of his followers, is panions prevailing, he marched out against Mohammed's drift in the remaining part them at the head of 1000 men, (some say of this chapter. he had 1050 men, and others but 900,) of 122 When two companies of you were whom 100 were armed with coats of anxiously thoughtful, &c.] These were mail ; but he had no more than one horse, some of the families of Banu Salma, of the besides his own, in his whole army, tribe of al Khazraj, and Banu'l Hareth, of With these forces he formed a camp in a the tribe of al Aws, who composed the two village near Ohod, which mountain he wings of Mohammed's army. Some ill contrived to have on his back; and, the impression had been made on them by better to secure his men from being sur- Abd'allah Ebn Obba Solul, then an infidel, ^ See before p. 47, 48. 2 ^htdfeda, i« vita Moham. p. 64, &c. Elmacin, \. L Prideaux's Life of Moham. p. 80. VOL. L F 66 A L KORAN. [chap. ye became faint-hearted ; but God was the supporter of them both ; and in God let the faithful trust. ^^^ And God had already given you the victory at Bedr, when ye were inferior in number ; therefore fear God that ye may be thankful. ^^* When thou saidst unto the faithful, Is it not enough for you, that your Lord should assist you with three thousand angels, sent down from heaven? 125 Yerily if ye persevere, and fear God, and your enemies come upon you suddenly, your Lord will assist you with five thousand angels, distinguished by their horses and attire. ^^^ And this God designed only as good tidings for you, that your hearts might rest secure : for victory is from God alone, the mighty, the wise. ^^^ That he should cut off the uttermost part of the unbelievers, or cast them down, or that they should be overthrown and unsuccess- ful, is nothing to thee. ^^^ It is no business of thine, whether God be turned unto them, or whether he punish them ; they are surely unjust doers. ^^^ To God belongeth whatsoever is in heaven and on earth ; he spareth whom he pleaseth, and he punisheth whom he pleaseth; for God is merciful. ^^^ O true believers, devour not usury, doubling it two-fold ; but fear God, that ye may prosper ; '^^ and fear the fire which is prepared for the unbelievers ; ^^^and obey God, and his apostle, that ye may obtain mercy. ^^^ And run with emulation to obtain remission from your Lord, and paradise, whose breadth equaleth the heavens and the earth, which is prepared for the godly; ^^* who give alms in prosperity and adversity; who bridle their anger, and forgive men : for God loveth who, having drawn ofFSOO men, told them God be turned unto them, &c.] This pas- that they were going to certain death, and sage was revealed when Mohammed re- advised them to return back with him ; ceived the wounds above-mentioned at but he could prevail on but a few, the the battle of Ohod, and cried out. How others being kept firm by the divine in- shall that people prosper who have stained fluence, as the following words intimate '. their prophet's face with blood, while he 123 Bedr.'] See before, p. 47, 48. called them to their Lord ? The person 125 Distinguished, &c.] The angels who wounded him was Otba, the son of who assisted the Mohammedans at Bedr, Abu Wakkas 2. rode, say the commentators, on black and 134 Forgive men.'] It is related of white horses, and had on their heads white Hasan, the son of Ali, that a slave, having and yellow sashes, the ends of which hung once thrown a dish on him boiling hot, as down between their shoulders. he sat at table, and fearing his master's 126 As good tidings for you.] i. e. As resentment, fell immediately on his knees, an earnest of future success. and repeated these words, Paradise is for 128 It is no business of thine whether those who bridle their anger. Hasan an- ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. Abulfed. ubi supra. III.] AL KORAN. 67 the beneficent. ^^^ And who, after they have committed a crime, or dealt unjustly with their own souls, remember God, and ask pardon for their sins, (for who forgiveth sins except God?) and persevere notMn what they have done knowingly: ^^^ their reward shall be pardon from their Lord, and gardens wherein rivers flow, they shall remain therein for ever : and how excellent is the reward of those who labour ! ^^^ There have already been before you examples of punishment of infidels, therefore go through the earth, and behold what hath been the end of those who accuse God's apostles of imposture. ^^^ This book is a declaration unto men, and a direction, and an admoni- tion to the pious. ^^^ And be not dismayed, neither be ye grieved ; for ye shall be superior to the unbelievers, if ye believe. ^^^ If a wound hath happened unto you in war, a like wound hath already happened unto the un- believing people: and we cause these days of different success interchangeably to succeed each other among men ; that God may know those who believe, and may have martyrs from among you ; (God loveth not the workers of iniquity ;) ^'^^ and that God might prove those who believe, and destroy the infidels. ^^^ Did ye imagine that ye should enter paradise, when as yet God knew not those among you who fought strenuously in his cause : nor knew those who persevered with patience ? ^^^ Moreover ye did sometime wish for death before that ye met it ; but ye have now seen it, and ye looked on, but retreated from it. ^^* Mohammed is no more than an apostle : the swered, I am not angry. The slave pro- which was so ordered by God for a reason ceeded, And for those who forgive men. to be given elsewhere 2. I forgive you, said Hasan. The slave, 143 Ye wished for death, &c.] Several however, finished the verse, adding, For of Mohammed's followers, who were not God loveth the beneficent. Since it is so, present at Bedr, wished for an opportunity replied Hasan, I give you your liberty, of obtaining, in another action, the like and four hundred pieces of silver*. A honour as those had gained who fell mar- noble instance of moderation and gene- tyrs in that battle ; yet were discouraged rcsity. on seeing the superior numbers of the 140 If a wound hath happened unto you idolaters in the expedition of Ohod. On in war.~\ That is, by your being worsted which occasion this passage was revealed ^. at Ohod. 144 Mohammed is no more than an apos- — /^ like wound hath happened to the tie, &c.] These words were revealed when infidels.'} When they were defeated at it was reported in the battle of Ohod, that Bedr. It is observable, that the number Mohammed was slain ; whereupon the of Mohammedans slain at Ohod, was equal idolaters cried out to his followers, Since to that of the idolaters slain at Bedr ; your prophet is slain, return to your an- 1 V. D'Herheloty Bibl. Orient, Art. Hasan. 2 j^ not. ad cap. 8. ^ At Beiddwi, F 2 68 A L KORAN. [chap. other apostles have already deceased before him : if he die therefore, or be slain, will ye turn back on your heels? But he who turneth back on his heels, will not hurt God at all ; and God will surely reward the thank- ful. ^^^ No soul can die unless by the permission of God, according to what is written in the book containing the determinations of things. And whoso chooseth the re- ward of this world, we will give him thereof: but whoso chooseth the reward of the world to come, we will give him thereof; and we will surely reward the thankful. ^^^ How many prophets have encountered those who had many myriads of troops ! and yet they desponded not in their mind for what had befallen them in fighting for the religion of God ; and were not weakened, neither behaved themselves in an abject manner : God loveth those who persevere patiently. ^*^ And their speech was no other than that they said. Our Lord, forgive us our offences, and our transgressions in our business ; and confirm our feet, and help us against the unbelieving people. ^^^ And God gave them the reward of this world, and a glorious reward in the life to come ; for God loveth the well- doers. ^^^ O ye who believe, if ye obey the infidels, they will cause you to turn back on your heels, and ye will be turned back and perish: ^^^ but God is your Lord; and he is the best helper. ^^^ We will surely cast a dread into the hearts of the unbelievers, because they have dent religion, and to your friends ; if and pre-determined by God, and that Mohammed had been a prophet, he had those who fell in the battle, could not have not been slain. It is related that a Mos- avoidedtheir fate, had they stayed at home; lem, named Ans Ebn al Nadar, uncle to whereas they had now obtained the glo- Ans Ebn Malec, hearing these words, said rious advantage of dying martyrs for the aloud to his companions. My friends, faith. Of the Mohammedan doctrine of though Mohammed be slain, certainly absolute predestination I have spoken in Mohammed's Lord liveth, and dieth not; another place 2. therefore value not your lives, since the 149 If ye obey the infidels, they will prophet is dead, but fight for the cause for cause you to turn hacky &c.] This passage which he fought. Then he cried out, O was also occasioned by the endeavours of God, I am excused before thee, and ac- the Koreish to seduce the Mohammedans quitted in thy sight of what they say ; and to their old idolatry, as they fled in the drawing his sword, fought valiantly till he battle of Ohod. was killed '. 151 We will surely cast a dread into the 145 No soul can die unless by the per- hearts of the unbelievers, &c.] To this mission of God, &c.] Mohammed, the more Mohammed attributed the sudden retreat effectually to still the murmurs of his party of Abu Sofian and his troops, without on their defeat, represents to them, that making any farther advantage of their the lime of every man's death is decreed success ; only giving Mohammed a chal- ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Prelim. Disc. § iv. III.] AL KORAN. 69 associated with God that concerning which he sent them down no power : their dwelling shall be the fire of hell ; and the receptacle of the wicked shall be miserable. ^^2 God had already made good unto you his promise, when ye destroyed them by his permission, until ye became faint-hearted, and disputed concerning the com- mand of the apostle, and were rebellious ; after God had shewn you what ye desired. ^^^ Some of you chose this present world, and others of you chose the world to come. Then he turned you to flight from before them, that he might make trial of you; (but he hath now pardoned you ; for God is indued with beneficence towards the faithful ;) ^^* when ye went up as ye fled, and looked not back on any ; while the apostle called you, in the utter- most part of you. ^^^ Therefore God rewarded you with affliction on affliction, that ye be not grieved hereafter for the spoils which ye fail of, nor for that which befalleth you ; for God is well acquainted with whatever ye do. Then he sent down upon you, after affliction, security ; a soft sleep, which fell on some part of you : but other lenge to meet them next year at Bedr, 163 Some of you chose this present world, which he accepted. Others say, that as and others of you chose the world to come.^ they were on their march home, they re- The former were they, who, tempted by pented they had not utterly extirpated the the spoil, quitted their post ; and the lat- Mohammedans, and began to think of ter, they who stood firm by their leader, going back to Medina for that purpose; 154 ^nd the apostle called you^ &c.] but were prevented by a sudden con- Crying aloud. Come hither to me, O ser- sternation, or panic fear, which fell on vants of God : I am the apostle of God ; them from God ^. he who returneth back shall enter para- 152 God had already made good unto dise. But, notwithstanding all his en- you his promise^ &c.] i. e. In the begin- deavours to rally his men, he could not ning of the battle, when the Moslems had get above thirty of them about him. the advantage, putting the idolaters to 155 Therefore God rewarded you with flight, and killing several of them. affliction, &c.] i. e. God punished your — Till ye became faint-hearted, and avarice and disobedience, by suffering you disputed the command of the apostle, &c.] to be beaten by your enemies, and to be That is, till the bow-men, who were placed discouraged by the report of your pro- behind to prevent their being surrounded, phet's death; that ye might be inured to seeing the enemy fly, quitted their post, patience under adverse fortune, and not contrary to Mohammed's express orders, repine at any loss or disappointment for and dispersed themselves to seize the the future. plunder ; whereupon Khaled Ebn al — Then he sent down upon you a soft Walid, perceiving their disorder, fell on sleep, &c.] After the action, those who their rear with the horse which he com- had stood firm in the battle were refreshed, manded, and turned the fortune of the as they lay in the field, by falling into an day. It is related, that though Abda'llah agreeable sleep, so that the swords fell out Ebn Jobair, their captain, did all he could of their hands ; but those who had be- to make them keep their ranks, he had haved themselves ill were troubled in their not ten that stayed with him out of the minds, imagining they were now given whole fifty 2. over to destruction 3. ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 idem, V. Abulfed. vit. Moh. p. 65, 66, and not. ib. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalnddiu. 70 AL KORAN. [chap. part were troubled by their own souls ; falsely thinking of God a foolish imagination, saying, Will any thing of the matter happen unto us ? Say, Verily the matter belongeth wholly unto God. They concealed in their minds what they declared not unto thee ; saying, If any thing of the matter had happened unto us, we had not been slain here. Answer, If ye had been in your houses, verily they would have gone forth to fight, whose slaughter was decreed, to the places where they died : and this came to pass, that God might try what was in your breasts, and might discern what was in your hearts; for God knoweth the innermost parts of the breasts of men. ^^^ Verily they among you who turned their backs on the day whereon the two armies met each other at Ohod, Satan caused them to slip, for some crime which they had committed : but now hath God forgiven them ; for God is gracious and merciful. '^^ O true believers, be not as they who believed not, and said of their brethren, when they had journeyed in the land, or had been at war. If they had been with us, those had not died, nor had these been slain : whereas what befel them was so ordained that God might make it matter of sighing in their hearts, God giveth life, and causeth to die : and God seeth that which ye do. ^^^ Moreover, if ye be slain, or die in defence of the religion of God ; verily pardon from God, and mercy, is better than what they heap together of worldly riches. ^^^ And if ye die, or be slain, verily unto God shall ye be gathered. /^^ And as to the mercy granted unto the disobedient from God, thou, O Mohammed ! hast been mild towards them ; but if thou hadst been severe, and hard-hearted, they had surely separated themselves from about thee. Therefore forgive them, and ask pardon for them : and consult them in the affair of war ; and, after thou hast deliberated, 155 Will any tJdng of the matter happen us according to his promise ; or, as others unto us ?'] That is, Is there any appear- interpret the words, if we had taken the ance of success, or of the divine favour advice of Abdallah Ebn Obba Solul, and and assistance, which we have been pro- had kept within the town of Medina, our mised ^ ? companions had not lost their lives 2. — Sayingf&c.'] i.e. To themselves or 156 For some crime which they had to one another in private. committed.'] viz. For their covetous- — If any thing of the matter had hap- ness in quitting their post to seize the pened unto us, &c.] If God had assisted plunder. * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. ^ Idem. III.] A L K O R A N. 71 trust in God ; for God loveth those who trust in him. ^^^ If God help you, none shall conquer you; but if he desert you, who is it that will help you after him ? Therefore in God let the faithful trust. ^^^ It is not the part of a prophet to defraud; for he who defraudeth, shall bring with him what he hath defrauded any one of on the day of the resurrection. Then shall every soul be paid what he hath gained : and they shall not be treated unjustly. ^^^ Shall he therefore who followeth that which is well-pleasing unto God, be as he who bringeth on himself wrath from God, and whose receptacle is hell ? an evil journey shall it be thither. ^^^ There shall be degrees of rewards and punishments with God, for God seeth what they do. ^^^ Now hath God been gracious unto the believers when he raised up among them an apostle of their own nation, who should recite his signs unto them, and purify them, and teach them the book of the Koran and wisdom ; whereas they were before in manifest error. ^^^ After a misfortune hath befallen you at Ohod, (ye had already obtained two equal advantages,) do ye say. Whence cometh this ? Answer, This is from yourselves : for God is Almighty. ^^^ And what happened unto you, on the day whereon the two armies met, was certainly by the permission of God ; ^^^ and that he might know the faithful, and that he might know the ungodly. 162 It is not the part of a prophet to tradition of Mohammed, whoever cheateth defraud, &c.] This passage was revealed, another, will on the day of judgment carry as some say, on the division of the spoil his fraudulent purchase publicly on his at Bedr ; when some of the soldiers sus- neck. pected Mohammed of having privately 165 Of their own nation.'] Some copies, taken a scarlet carpet, made of all silk, instead of min anfosihim, i. e. Of them- and very rich, which was missing i. selves, read min anfasihim, i. e. Of the Others suppose the archers, who occa- noblest among them ; for such was the sioned the loss of the battle of Ohod, left tribe of Koreish, of which Mohammed was their station because they imagined Mo- descended 3. hammed would not give them their share — ^nd wisdom.] i. e. The Sonna*. of the plunder ; because, as it is related, 166 Ye had already obtained two equal he once sent out a party, as an advanced advantages.] viz. In the battle of Bedr, guard, and in the mean time, attacking where ye slew seventy of the enemy, the enemy, took some spoils, which he equalling the number of those who lost divided among those who were with him their lives at Ohod, and also took as many in the action, and gave nothing to the prisoners 5. party who was absent on duty ^. — This is from yourselves.] It was — He who defraudeth shall bring with the consequence of your disobeying the him what he hath defrauded any one of on orders of the prophet, and abandoning the day of resurrection.] According to a your post for the sake of plunder. ^ Al Beiddtvi, Jallalo'ddin. 2 ji Beiddwi. ^ Idem. * Idem. « See before, 47, 48. n AL KORAN. [chap. It was said unto them, Come, fight for the religion of God, or drive back the enemy : they answered, If we had known ye went out to fight, we had certainly followed you. They were on that day nearer unto unbelief, than they were to faith ; they spake with their mouths, what was not in their hearts : but God perfectly knew what they concealed ; ^^^ who said of their brethren, while themselves stayed at home, If they had obeyed us, they had not been slain. Say, Then keep back death from yourselves, if ye say truth. ^^^Thou shalt in no wise reckon those who have been slain At Ohod in the cause of God, dead ; nay, they are sustained alive with their Lord, ^^^ rejoicing for what God of his favour hath granted them ; and being glad for those, who, coming after them, have not as yet overtaken them ; because there shall no 1 fear come on them, neither shall they be grieved. ^^^ Theyw are filled with joy for the favour which they have re-p- ceived from God, and his bounty ; and for that God suf-| fereth not the reward of the faithful to perish. ^^^ They who hearkened unto God and his apostle, after a wound had befallen them at Ohod, such of them as do good works, and fear God, shall have a great reward ; ^ 68 If we had know}i ye went out to fight f Honiara al Asad, about eight miles from &c.] That is, if we had conceived the that town, notwithstanding several of his least hopes of success when ye marched men were so ill of their wounds that they out of Medina to encounter the infidels, were forced to be carried ; but a panic and had not known that ye went rather fear having seized the army of the Ko- to certain destruction, than to battle, we reish, they changed their resolution, and had gone with you. But this Mohammed continued their march home ; of which here tells them was only a feigned excuse ; Mohammed having received intelligence, the true reason of their staying behind he also went back to Medina : and, ac- being their want of faith and firmness in cording to some commentators, the Koran their religion ^, here approves the faith and courage of 170 Alive.l See before, p. 24. those who attended the prophet on this 171 Being glad for those, who, coming occasion. Others say, the persons in- after them, have not as yet overtaken tended in this passage were those who them.'] i. e. Rejoicing also for their sakes, went with Mohammed the next year, to who are destined to suffer martyrdom, but meet Abu Sofian and the Koreish, accord- have not as yet attained it 2. ing to their challenge at Bedr^, where 173 They who hearkened to God and they waited some time for the enemy, and his apostle, &c.] The commentators differ then returned home ; for the Koreish, a little as to the occasion of this passage, though they set out from Mecca, yet never When news was brought to Mohammed, came so far as the place of appointment, after the battle of Ohod, that the enemy, their hearts failing them on their march ; repenting of their retreat, were returning which Mohammed attributed to their be- towards Medina, he called about him those ing struck with a terror from God *. This who had stood by him in the battle, and expedition the Arabian historians call the marched out to meet the enemy as far as second or lesser expedition of Bedr. » Al BeiddwL 2 y. Revel, vi. 11. 3 See before, p. 68, note 151. * Al Beiddwi, III.] AL KORAN. 73 *^^ unto whom certain men said, Verily the men of Mecca have already gathered forces against yon, be ye therefore afraid of them ; but this increased their faith, and they said, God is our support, and the most excellent patron. 175 Wherefore they returned with favour from God, and advantage ; no evil befel them : and they followed what was well pleasing unto God ; for God is endowed with great liberality. ^^^ Verily that devil would cause you to fear his friends : but be ye not afraid of them ; but fear me, if ye be true believers. ^^'^ They shall not grieve thee, who emulously hasten unto infidelity ; for they shall never hurt God at all. God will not give them a part in the next life, and they shall suflfer a great punishment. *^^ Surely those who purchase infidelity with faith, shall by no means hurt God at all, but they shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^^^And let not the unbelievers think, because we grant them lives long and prosperous, that it is better for their souls : we grant them long and prosperous lives only that their iniquity may be increased ; and they shall suffer an ignominious punishment. *^^GoD is not disposed to leave the faithful in the condition which ye are now in, until he sever the wicked from the good ; nor is God disposed to make you acquainted with what is a hidden secret ; but God chooseth such of his apostles as he pleaseth, to reveal his mind unto ; believe 174 Unto whom certain men said, Verily them went with him. And accordingly those of Mecca have already gathered forces he set out with seventy horsemen, every against you, &c.] The persons who thus one of them crying out, Hashna Allah, endeavoured to discourage the Moham- i.e. God is our support^. medans, were, according to one tradition, 175 Wherefore they returned with ad- some of the tribe of Abd Kais, who, going vantage.'] While they stayed at Bedr, ex- to Medina, were bribed by Abu Sofian pecting the enemy, they opened a kind of with a camel's load of dry raisins ; and, fair there, and traded to very considerable according to another tradition, it was profit 2. Noaim Ebn Masud al Ashjai, who was 176 T/m^6?em7.] Meaning either Noaim also bribed with a she-camel ten months or Abu Sofian himself, gone with young (a valuable present in 180 God will not leave the faithful in Arabia). This Noaim, they say, finding the condition ye are now in, &c.] That Mohammed and his men preparing for the is, he will not suffer the good and sincere expedition, told them that Abu Sofian, to among you, to continue indiscriminately spare them the pains of coming so far as mixed with the wicked and hypocritical. Bedr, would seek them in their own — Nor is God disposed to acquaint houses, and that none of them could pos- you with what is a hidden secret, but God sibly escape, otherwise than by timely chooseth such of his apostles as he pleaseth.] flight. Upon which Mohammed, seeing This passage was revealed on the rebel- his followers a little dispirited, swore that lious and disobedient Mohammedans tell- he would go himself, though not one of ing Mohammed, that if he was a true ^ J I Beiddivi, Jallalo'ddin, ^ Al Beiddwi. 74 A L KORAN. [chap. therefore in God, and his apostles : and if ye believe, and fear God, ye shall receive a great reward. ^^^ And let not those who are covetous of what God of his bounty hath granted them, imagine that their avarice is better for them : nay, rather it is worse for them. That which they have covetously reserved shall be bound as a collar about their neck, on the day of the resurrection : unto God belongeth the inheritance of heaven and earth ; and God is well acquainted with what ye do. ^^^ God hath already heard the saying of those who said, Verily God is poor, and we are rich : we will surely write down what they have said, and the slaughter which they have made of the prophets without a cause ; and we will say unto them. Taste ye the pain of burning. ^^^ This shall they suffer for the evil which their hands have sent before them, and because God is not unjust towards mankind : ^^^ w^ho also say. Surely God hath commanded us, that we should not give credit to any apostle, until one should come unto us with a sacrifice, which should be consumed prophet, he could easily distinguish those peculiar proof of the mission of all the who sincerely believed from the dissem- prophets sent to them, that they could, biers ^ by their prayers, bring down fire from 181 That which they have covetously heaven to consume the sacrifice, and there- reserved shall be bound as a collar about fore they expected Mohammed should do their neck, &c.] Mohammed is said to the like. And some Mohammedan doc- have declared, that whoever pays not his tors agree that God appointed this miracle legal contribution of alms duly, shall have as the test of all their prophets, except a serpent twisted about his neck at the only Jesus and Mohammed ^ ; though resurrection 2. others say any other miracle was a proof 182 God hath heard the saying of those full as sufficient as the bringing down fire who said f God is poor, and we are rich. ~\ from heaven ^. It is related that Mohammed, writing to The Arabian Jews seem to have drawn the Jews of the tribe of Kainoka to invite a general consequence from some pauicu- them to Islam, and exhorting them, among lar instances of this miracle in the Old other things, in the words of the Koran 3, Testament 7. And the Jews, at this day, to knd unto God on good usury : Phineas say, that first, the fire which fell from Ebn Azura on hearing that expression, heaven on the altar of the tabernacle 8, said, Surely God is poor, since they ask after the consecration of Aaron and his to borrow for him. Whereupon Abu Beer, sons, and afterwards that which descended who was the bearer of that letter, struck on the altar of Solomon's temple, at the him on the face, and told him, that if it dedication of that structure ^, was fed and had not been for the truce between them, constantly maintained there by the priests he would have struck off his head ; and on both day and night, without being suf- Phineas's complaining to Mohammed of fered once to go out ; till it was extin- Abu Beer's ill usage, this passage was re- guished, as some think, in the reign of vealed *. Manasses^^; but according to the more 184 Consiimed by fire.l The Jews, say received opinion, when the temple was the commentators, insisted that it was a destroyed by the Chaldeans. Several 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem, Jallalo'ddin. » ch. ii. p. 43. * At Beiddwi. « JallaWddin. ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ Lev. ix. 24. 1 Chron. xxi. 26. 2 Chron. vii. 1. 1 Kings xviii. 38. » Levit. ix. 24. » 2 Chron. vii. 1. 10 Talmud. Zebachim, c, 6. III.] AL KORAN. 75 by fire. Say, Apostles have already come unto you be- fore me, with plain proofs, and with the miracle which ye mention : why therefore have ye slain them, if ye speak truth ? ^^^ If they accuse thee of imposture, the apostles before thee have also been accounted impostors, who brought evident demonstrations, and the scriptures, and the book which enlighteneth the understanding. ^^^ Every soul shall taste of death, and ye shall have your rewards on the day of resurrection ; and he who shall be far re- moved from hell-fire, and shall be admitted into paradise, shall be happy : but the present life is only a deceitful provision. ^^^ Ye shall surely be proved in your posses- sions, and in your persons ; and ye shall hear from those unto whom the scripture was delivered before you, and from the idolaters, much hurt : but if ye be patient, and fear God, this is a matter that is absolutely determined. ^^^ And when God accepted the covenant of those to whom the book of the law was given, saying. Ye shall surely pub- lish it unto mankind, ye shall not hide it : yet they threw it behind their backs, and sold it for a small price ; but w^oeful is the price for which they have sold it. ^^^ Think not that they who rejoice at what they have done, and ex- pect to be praised for what they have not done ; ^^^ think not, O prophet, that they shall escape from punishment, for they shall suffer a painful punishment ; ^^^ and unto God belongeth the kingdom of heaven and earth : God is almighty. ^^^ Now in the creation of heaven and earth, Christians ^ have given credit to this as- bridle of fire on the day of resurrec- sertion of the Jews, with what reason I tion. shall not here inquire ; and the Jews, in 189 fVho rejoice at what\they have done, consequence of this notion, might pro- and expect to be praised for what they bably expect, that a prophet, who came to have not done.~\ i. e. Who think they have restore God's true religion, should rekin- done a commendable deed in concealing die for them this heavenly fire, which they and dissembling the testimonies in the have not been favoured with since the Pentateuch concerning Mohammed, and Babylonish captivity. in disobeying God's commands to the con- 184 Apostles have already come unto trary. It is said, that Mohammed, once you before me.~\ Among these the com- asking some Jews concerning a passage mentators reckon Zacharias and John the in their law, they gave him an answer Baptist. very different from the truth, and were 188 Woeful is the price for which they mightily pleased that they had, as they have sold it. '\ i.e. Dearly shall they pay thought, deceived him. Others, however, hereafter for taking bribes to stifle the think this passage relates to some pre- truth. Whoever concealeth the know- tended Mohammedans, who rejoiced in ledge which God has given him, says their hypocrisy, and expected to be com- Mohammed, God shall put on him a mended for their wickedness 2, ^ See Prideauxs Connect, part i. book iii. p. 158. ' Al Beiddwi. 76 A L KORAN. [chap. and the vicissitude of night and day, are signs unto those who are indued with understanding ; who remember God standing, and sitting, and lying on their sides : and medi- tate on the creation of heaven and earth, saying, O Lord, thou hast not created this in vain ; far be it from thee : therefore deliver us from the torment of hell-fire. ^^^ O Lord, surely whom thou shalt throw into the fire, thou wilt also cover with shame : nor shall the ungodly have any to help them. '^* O Lord, we have heard a preacher inviting us to the faith, and saying. Believe in your Lord : and we believed. O Lord, forgive us therefore our sins, and expiate our evil deeds from us, and make us to die with the righteous. ^^^ O Lord, give us also the reward which thou hast promised by thy apostles ; and cover us not with shame on the day of resurrection ; for thou art not contrary to the promise. ^^^ Their Lord therefore answereth them, saying, I will not suffer the work of him among you who worketh to be lost, whether he be male or female : the one of you is from the other. They therefore who have left their country, and have been turned out of their houses, and have suffered for my sake, and have been slain in battle ; verily I will expiate their evil deeds from them, and I will surely bring them into gardens watered by rivers ; a reward from God : and with God is the most excellent reward. ^^^ Let not the prosperous dealing of the unbelievers in the land deceive thee : it is but a slender provision ; and then their recep- tacle shall be hell : an unhappy couch shall it be. ^^^ But they who fear their Lord shall have gardens through which rivers flow, they shall continue therein for ever: 192 }Vho remember God standings and often made mention of the men who fled sitting, and lying on their sides.^ viz. At their country for the sake of their faith, all times and in all postures. Al Beidawi but took no notice of the women *. mentions a saying of Mohammed to one 197 Let not the prosperous dealing, Sicl Imran Ebn Hosein, to this purpose ; Pray The original word properly signifies, suc- standing, if thou art able ; if not, sitting ; cess in the affairs of life, and particularly and, if thou canst not sit up, then as thou in trade. It is said that some of Moham- liest along. Al Shafe'i directs that the med's followers, observing the prosperity sick should pray lying on their right side, the idolaters enjoyed, expressed their re- 194 We have heard a preacher, &c.] gret that those enemies of God should live viz. Mohammed with the Koran. in such ease and plenty, while themselves 196 Whether he be male or female.^ were perishing for hunger and fatigue; These words were added, as some relate, whereupon this passage was revealed -. on 0mm Salma, one of the prophet's wives, — A slender provision.^ Because of telling him that she had observed God its sliort continuance. ^ Al Beidawi. 2 Jdem. IV.] AL KORAN. 77 this is the gift of God, for what is with God shall be better for the righteous than short-lived worldly pros- perity. ^^^ There are some of those who have received the scriptures, who believe in God, and that which hath been sent down unto you, and that which hath been sent down to them, submitting themselves unto God ; they sell not the signs of God for a small price: these shall have their reward with their Lord ; for God is swift in taking an account. ^^^ O true believers, be patient, and strive to excel in patience, and be constant- minded, and fear God, that ye may be happy. 199 There are some of tJiose who have him the news of the death of Ashama, received the scriptures, who believe in God, king of Ethiopia, who had embraced the &c.] The persons here meant, some will Mohammedan religion some years before *, have to be Abdallah Ebn Salam ^ and his prayed for the soul of the departed ; at companions ; others suppose they were which some of his hypocritical followers forty Arabs of Najran, or thirty-two Ethio- were displeased, and wondered that he pians, or else eight Greeks, who were should pray for a Christian proselyte whom converted from Christianity to Moham- he had never seen ^. medism ; and others say this passage was — God is swift in taking an account.'] revealed in the ninth year of the Hejra, See before, p. 31, and the Prelim. Disc, when Mohammed, on Gabriel's bringing § iv. 1 See before, p. 59. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. p. 53. ^ ji Beiddwi. CHAPTER IV. INTITLED, women; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ O MEN ! fear your Lord, who hath created you out of one man, and out of him created his wife, and from them two hath multiplied many men, and women : and fear God by whom ye beseech one another ; and respect women who have borne you, for God is watching over you. ^ And give the orphans, when they come to age, their substance; and render them not in exchange bad for good : and devour not their substance by adding it to Title, Women.'] This title was given - — Women.] Literally, the wombs. to this chapter, because it chiefly treats of 2 Render them not in exchange bad matters relating to women ; as marriages, for good.] That is, take not what ye divorces, dower, prohibited degrees, &c. find of value among their effects to your 1 By whom ye beseech one another.] own use, and give them worse in its Saying, I beseech thee, for God's sake *. stead. ^ ' /ll Beiddwi. 78 AL KORAN. [chap. your own substance : for this is a great sin. ^ And if ye fear that ye shall not act with equity towards orphans of the female sex, take in marriage of such other women as |3lease you, two, or three, or four, and not more. Bui if ye fear that ye cannot act equitably towards so many7 marry one only, or the slaves which ye shall have ac- quired. This will be easier, that ye swerve not from righteousness. And give women their dowry freely : but if they voluntarily remit unto you any part of it, enjoy it with satisfaction and advantage. ^ And give not unto those who are weak of understanding, the substance which God hath appointed you to preserve for them ; but main- tain them, thereout, and clothe them, and speak kindly unto them. ^ And examine the orphans until they attain the age of marriage : but if ye perceive they are able to manaofe their affairs well, deliver their substance unto them : and waste it not extravagantly, or hastily, because they grow up. Let him who is rich abstain entirely from the orphans' estates ; and let him who is poor take thereof according to what shall be reasonable. And when ye 3 And if ye fear that ye cannot act with cation was a crime as well as wronging of equity towards orphans of the female sex, orphans, they ought to avoid that also, by &c.] The commentators understand this marrying according to their abilities 2. passage differently. The true meaning — Or the slaves which ye shall have seems to be, as it is here translated ; acquired.'] For slaves requiring not so Mohammed advising his followers, that if large a dower, nor so good and plentiful a they found they should wrong the female maintenance as free women, a man might orphans under their care, either by marry- keep several of the former as easily as one ing them against their inclinations, for of the latter. the sake of their riches or beauty, or by 5 Examine the orphans, &c.] i. e. Try not using or maintaining them so well as whether they be well grounded in the they ought, by reason of their having al- principles of religion, and have sufficient ready several wives, they should rather prudence for the management of their choose to marry other women, to avoid all affairs. Under this expression is also occasion of sin^. Others say, that when comprehended the duty of a curator's in- this passage was revealed, many of the structiug his pupils in those respects. Arabians, fearing trouble and temptation, — Until they attain the age of mar- refused to take upon them the charge of riageJ] Or age of maturity, which is orphans, and yet multiplied wives to a generally reckoned to be fifteen, a decision great excess, and used them ill ; or, as supported by a tradition of their prophet ; others write, gave themselves up to forni- though Abu Hanifah thinks eighteen the cation ; which occasioned the passage, proper age ^. And, according to these, its meaning must — Because they grow up,] i. e. Because be either, that if they feared they could they will shortly be of age, to receive not act justly towards orphans, they had as what belongs to them, great reason to apprehend they could not — According to what shall he reasona- deal equitably with so many wives, and ble.] That is, no more than what shall therefore are commanded to marry but a make sufficient recompense for the trouble certain number ; or else, that, since forni- of their education. 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem, JallaWddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. IV.] AL KORAN. 79 deliver their substance unto them, call witnesses thereof, in their presence : God taketh sufficient account of your actions. ^ Men ought to have a part of what their parents and kindred leave behind them when they die : and women also ought to have a part of what their parents and kindred leave, whether it be little, or whether it be much ; a determinate part is due to them. ^ And when they who are of kin are present at the dividing of what is left, and also the orphans and the poor ; distribute unto them some part thereof; and if the estate be too small, at least speak comfortably unto them. ^ And let those fear to abuse orphans, who, if they leave behind them a weak offspring, are solicitous for them : let them there- fore fear God, and speak that which is convenient. ^ Surely they who devour the possessions of orphans unjustly, shall swallow down nothing but fire into their bellies, and shall broil in raging flames. ^^ God hath thus commanded you concerning your children. A male shall have as much as the share of two females : but if they be females only, and above two in number, they shall have two-third parts of what the deceased shall leave ; and if there be but one, she shall have the half And the parents of the deceased shall have each of them a sixth part of what he shall leave, if he have a child : but if he have no child, and his parents be his heirs, then his mother shall have the third part. And if he have 6 Women ought to have a part of what there be two, and no more, they will have their parents and kindred leave.~\ This the same share. And the remaining third law was given to abolish a custom of the part, or the remaining moiety of the es- pagan Arabs, who suffered not women or tate, which is not here expressly disposed children to have any part of their bus- of, if the deceased leaves behind him no band's or father's inheritance; on pretence son, nor a father, goes to the public trea- that they only should inherit who were sury. It must be observed that Mr. Selden able to go to war K is certainly mistaken, when, in explaining 8 Let them speak that which is conve- this passage of the Koran, he says, that, nient.'\\\z. Either to comfort the children, where there is a son and an only daugh- or to assure the dying father they shall be ter, each of them will have a moiety ^ ; for justly dealt by 2. the daughter can have a moiety but in one 10 A male shall have as much as the case only, that is, where there is no son ; share of two females.] This is the general for if there be a son, she can have but a rule to be followed in the distribution of third, according to the above-mentioned the estate of the deceased, as may be ob- rule, served in the following cases ^. — His mother shall have the third part.] — If there be above two in number^ they And his father consequently the other shall have two-third pai'ts, &c.] Or if two-thirds ^, * Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ V. Prelim. Disc. § vi. * Selden^ de Success, ad leges Ebraeor. 1. i. c. i. ^ Al Beiddwi, 80 AL KORAN. [chap. brethren, his mother shall have a sixth part, after the legacies which he shall bequeath, and his debts be paid. Ye know not whether your parents or your children be of greater use unto you. This is an ordinance from God, and God is knowing and wise. ^^ Moreover you may claim half of what your wives shall leave, if they have no issue ; but if they have issue, then ye shall have the fourth part of what they shall leave, after the legacies which they shall bequeath, and the debts be paid. They also shall have the fourth part of what ye shall leave, in case ye have no issue ; but if ye have issue, then they shall have the eighth part of what ye shall leave, after the legacies which ye shall bequeath, and your debts be paid. And if a man or woman's substance be inherited by a distant relation, and he or she have a brother or sister : each of them two shall have a sixth part of the estate. But if there be more than this number, they shall be equal sharers in a third part, after payment of the legacies which shall be bequeathed, and the debts without prejudice to the heirs. This is an ordinance from God ; and God is knowing and gracious. ^^ These are the statutes of God. And whoso obeyeth God and his apostle, God shall lead him into gardens wherein rivers flow, they shall continue therein for ever ; and this shall be great happiness. ^^ But whoso disobeyeth God, and his apostle, and transgresseth his statutes, God shall cast him into hell-fire ; he shall remain therein for ever, and he shall suffer a shameful punishment. ^* If any of your women be guilty of whoredom, produce four wit- nesses from among you against them, and if they bear witness against them, imprison them in separate apart- ments until death release them, or God affordeth them a 10 The legacies.'] By legacies in this &c.] Here, and in the next case, the brother and the following passages are chiefly and sister are made equal sharers, which meant those bequeathed to pious uses ; for is an exception to the general rule, of the Mohammedans approve not of a per- giving a male twice as much as a female ; son's giving away his substance from his and the reason is said to be, because of the family and near relations on any other smallness of the portions, which deserves account. not such exactness of distribution ; for, in 11 RelationJ] For this may happen by other cases, the rule holds between brother contract, or on some other special occa - and sister, as well as other relations ^ ^ion. 14 Whoredom.'] Either adultery or — Each of them shall have a sixth part, fornication. ' See this chap, near the end. 1 IV.] AL KORAN, 81 way to escape. ^^ And if two of you commit the like wickedness, punish them both : but if they repent and amend, let them both alone : for God is easy to be reconciled and merciful. ^^ Verily repentance will be accepted with God, from those who do evil igno- rantly, and then repent speedily ; unto them will God be turned : for God is knowing and wise. ^^ But no repentance shall be accef)ted from those who do evil until the time when death presenteth itself unto one of them, and he saith, Verily I repent now ; nor unto those who die unbelievers : for them have we prepared a griev- ous punishment. ^^ O true believers, it is not lawful for you to be heirs of women against their will, nor to hinde?^^ t'B^^^frpm. marrying others, that ye may take away part oTwfiat ye have given^them in dqwry ; unless they have been guilty of a manifest crime: but converse kindly And, IT ye hate them, it may happen that wUgJnem — Imprison them — till death release them, &c.] Their punishment in the be- ginning of Mohammedisro, was to be inimured till they died; but afterwards this cruel doom was mitigated, and they might avoid it by undergoing the punish- ment ordained in its stead by the Sonna ; according to which the maidens are to be scourged with a hundred stripes, and to be banished for a full year ; and the mar- ried women to be stoned ^ 15 And if two of you commit the like wickedness, &c.] The commentators are not agreed whether the text speaks of fornication or sodomy. Al Zamakhshari, and from him, al Beidawi, suppose the former is here meant : but Jallalo'ddin is of opinion that the crime intended in this passage must be committed between two men, and not between a man and a wo- man ; not only because the pronouns are in the masculine gender, but because both are ordered to suffer the same slight punishment, and are both allowed the same repentance and indulgence ; and especially, for that a different and much severer punishment is appointed for the women in the preceding words. Abu'l Kasem Hebatallah takes simple fornication to be the crime intended, and that this passage is abrogated by that of the 24th chapter, where the man and the woman, who shall be guilty of fornication, are ordered to be scourged with a hundred stripes each. — Punish them both.'] The original is. Do them some hurt or damage : by which some understand that they are only to reproach them in public 2, or strike them on the head with their slippers ^ (a great indignity in the east) ; though some ima- gine they may be scourged*. }8 It is not lawful for you to be heirs of women against their will.l It was cus- tomary among the pagan Arabs, when a man died, for one of his relations to claim a right to his widow, which he asserted by throwing his garment over her ; and then he either married her himself, if he thought fit, on assigning her the same dower that her former husband had done, or kept her dower and married her to another ; or else refused to let her marry, unless she redeemed herself by quitting what she might claim of her husband's goods ^ This unjust custom is abolished by this passage. — Nor to hinder them from marrying others,] Some say these words are di- rected to husbands who used to imprison their wives without any just cause, and out of covetousness, merely to make them relinquish their dower or their inherit- ance^. — A manifest crime.] Such as dis- obedience, ill behaviour, immodesty, and the like 7. ^ Jallalo'ddin. 3 Jallalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi. "^ Idem. Idem. Yahya, AbuH Kdsem Hebatallah, Al Beiddwi. * Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. VOL. L G 82 A L KORAN. [chap. ye may hate a thing wherein God hath placed much good. If ye be desirous to exchange a wife for another wife, and ye have already given one of them a talent, take not away any thing therefrom : will ye take it by slandering her, and doing her manifest injustice? ^^And how can ye take it, since the one of you hath gone in unto the other, and they have received from you a firm covenant? ^^ Marry not women whom your fathers have had to wife ; (except what is already past ;) for this is uncleanness, and an abomination, and an evil way. ^^ Ye are forbidden to marry your mothers, and your daughters, and your sisters, and your aunts, both on the father's and on the mother's side, and your brother's daughters, and your sister's daugh- ters, and your mother's who have given you suck, and your foster-sisters, and your wives' mothers, and your daughters-in-law which are under your tuition, born of your wives unto whom ye have gone in, (but, if ye have not gone in unto them, it shall be no sin in you to marry them,) and the wives of your sons who proceed out of your loins, and ye are also forbidden to take to wife two sisters, except what is already past : for God is gracious and merciful. [^V.] ^^ Ye are also forbidden to take to wife free women who are married, except those women whom your right hand shall possess as slaves. This is ordained you from God. Whatever is beside this, is allowed you ; that ye may, with your substance provide wives for yourselves, acting that which is right and avoid- ing whoredom. ^^ And, for the advantage which ye re- ceive from them, give them their reward, according to what is ordained : but it shall be no crime in you to make any other agreement among yourselves, after the ordi- 18 If ye he desirous to exchange a wife less she be legally parted from her hus- for another wife, &c.] That is, by di- band by divorce ; but it is lawful to marry vorcing one, and marrying another. those who are slaves or taken in war, — A talent.'] i. e. Ever so large a dower, after they shall have gone through the See also c. 2. proper purifications, though their husbands 21 Ye are forbidden to take to wife two be living. Yet, according to the decision sisters.'] The same was also prohibited of Abu Hanifah, it is not lawful to marry by the Levitical law ^ such whose husbands shall be taken, or 22 Ye are forbidden to take to wife free in actual slavery with them 2. women who are married, except those wo- 23 Give them their reward.'^ That is, men whom ye shall possess as slaves.] Ac- assign them their dower, cording to this passage, it is not lawful to — It shall be no crime in you to make marry a free woman that is already mar- any other agreement among yourselves, &c.] ried, be she a Mohammedan or not, un- That is, either to increase the dower, or 1 Levit. xviii. 18, ^ Al Beiddwi. o IV.] AL KORAN. 8( nance shall be complied with ; for God is knowing and wise. ^* Whoso among you hath not means sufficient that he may marry free women, who are believers, let him marry with such of your maid-servants whom your right hands possess as are true believers ; for God w^ell knoweth your faith. Ye are the one from the other : therefore marry them with the consent of their masters ; and give them their dower according to justice ; such as are modest, not guilty of whoredom, nor entertaining lovers. And, when they are married, if they be guilty of adultery, they shall suffer half the punishment which is appointed for the free women. This is allowed unto him among you, who feareth to sin by marrying free women ; but, if ye abstain from marrying slaves, it will be better for you : God is gracious and merciful. ^^ God is willing to declare these things unto you, and to direct you ac- cording to the ordinances of those who have gone before you, and to be merciful unto you. God is knowing and wise. ^^ God desireth to be gracious unto you ; but they who follow their lusts, desire that ye should turn aside from the truth with great deviation. ^'^ Gojoja minded to maJke^JuB^ for man was created weak. ^^ O true believers ! consume not your wealth among yourselves in vanity; unless there be merchan- dising among you by mutual consent : nehhe£ sl^a^^^^ selves; for God is merciful towards you : ^^ and whoever to abate some part, or even the whole Magians, who formerly were frequently of it. guilty of incestuous marriages, their pro- 24 Ye are one from the other,'] Being phet Zerdusht having allowed them to alike descended from Adam, and of the take their mothers and sisters to wife ; and same faiths also to the Jews, who likewise might — The slaves f if guilty of adultery f shall marry within some of the degrees here suffer half the punishment of the free wo- prohibited *. men.'] The reason of this is, because they 27 For man was created weak.] Being are not presumed to have had so good unable to refrain from women, and too education. A slave, therefore, in such subject to be led away by carnal appe- case, is to have fifty stripes, and to be tites ^ banished for half a year ; but she shall 28 Consume not your wealth in vanity.] not be stoned, because it is a punishment That is, employ it not in things prohibited which cannot be inflicted by halves ^. by God ; such as usury, extortion, rapine, 25 Of those who have been before you.] gaming, and the like ^. viz. Of the prophets, and other holy and — Neither slay yourselves.] Literally, prudent men of former ages^ slay not your souls; i. e. says Jallalo'ddin, 26 They who follow their lustSy &c.] by committing mortal sins, or such crimes Some commentators suppose that these as will destroy them. Others, however, words have a particular regard to the are of opinion, that self-murder, which ' Al Beiddwi. 2 Idem. ^ Jallalo' ddin, Al Beiddwi. ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, ^ Idem. G 2 84 AL KORAN. [chap, doth this maliciously and wickedly, he will surely cast him to be broiled in hell-fire ; and this is easy with God. ^^ If ye turn aside from the grievous sins of those which ye are forbidden to commit, we will cleanse you from your smaller faults ; and will introduce you into paradise with an honourable entry. ^^ Covet not that which God hath bestowed on some of you preferably to others. Unto the men shall be given a portion of what they shall have gained ; and unto the women shall be given a portion of what they shall have gained : therefore ask God of his bounty ; for God is omniscient. ^^ We have appointed unto every one kindred, to inherit part of what their parents and relations shall leave at their deaths. And unto those with whom your right hands have made an alliance, give their part of the inheritance ; for God is witness of all things. ^^ Men shall have the pre-emi- nence above women, because of those advantages wherein God hath caused the one of them to excel the other, and the Gentile Indians did, and still do, often practise in honour of their idols, or else the taking away the life of any true be- liever, is hereby forbidden ^. 29 Maliciously.'] See Wisdom xvi. 14. in the vulgate. 30 Grievous sins.'\ These sins al Bei- dawi, from a tradition of Mohammed, reckons to be seven, (equalling in number the sins called deadly by Christians;) that is to say, idolatry, murder, falsely accusing modest women of adultery, wasting the substance of orphans, taking of usury, de- sertion in a religious expedition, and dis- obedience to parents. But Ebn Abbas says, they amount to near seven hundred; and others suppose that idolatry only, of different kinds, in worshipping idols, or any creature, either in opposition to, or jointly with, the true God, is here in- tended ; that sin being generally esteemed by Mohammedans, and, in a few lines after declared by the Koran itself, to be the only one which God will not par- don 2. 31 Covet not that which God hath he- stowed on some of you preferably to others.~\ Such as honour, power, riches, and other worldly advantages. Some, however, un- derstand this of the distribution of inhe- ritances according to the preceding deter- minations, whereby some have a larger share than others ^. — Unto the men shall he given a por- tion of what they shall have gained^ &c.] That is, they shall be blessed according to their deserts ; and ought, therefore, in- stead of displeasing God, by envying of others, to endeavour to merit his favour by good works, and to apply to him by prayer. 32 Unto those with whom ye have made an alliance, give their part, &c.] A pre- cept conformable to an old custom of the Arabs, that, where persons mutually en- tered into a strict friendship or confe- deracy, the surviving friend should have a sixth part of the deceased's estate. But this was afterwards abrogated, according to Jallalo'ddin and al Zamakhshari, at least as to infidels. The passage may likewise be understood of a private con- tract, whereby the survivor is to inherit a certain part of the substance of him that dies first*. 33 Because of those advantages where- in God hath caused the one to excel the other.~\ Such as superior understanding and strength, and the other privileges of the male sex, which enjoys the dignities in church and state, goes to war in de- fence of God's true religion, and claims a * A I Beiddwi, * V. Al Beiddwi. 2 Idem. See before, chap, 2. 3 Idem, Jallalo'ddin. IV.] AL KORAN. 85 for that which they expend of their substance in main- taining their wives. The honest women are obedient, careful in the absence of their husbands, for that God preserveth them, by committing them to the care and protection of the men. But those whose perverseness ye shall be apprehensive of, rebuke ; and remove them into separate apartments, and chastise them. But, if they shall be obedient unto you, seek not an occasion of quar- rel against them ; for God is high and great. ^^ And, if ye fear a breach between the husband and wife, send a judge out of his family, and a judge out of her family : if they shall desire a reconciliation, God will cause them to agree ; for God is knowing and wise. ^^ Serve God, and^ associate no creature with hhnj^ parent^j^3IIxe]^tions, and orphans, anJ the poor^ and your neighbour jwho is of kin to you, and also your neisE- bouf who is a stranger, and to your familiar companion, and the traveller, and the captives whom your rigHt hands s^all p^ not the proud or vam- glorious, ^^who are covetous, and recommend covetous- ness unto men, and conceal that which God of his bounty hath given them ; (we have prepared a shameful punish- ment for the unbelievers ;) ^^ and who bestow their wealth in charity to be observed of men, and believe not in God, nor in the last day : and whoever hath Satan for a com- panion, an evil companion hath he ! ^^ And what harm would befal them if they should believe in God, and the last day, and give alms out of that which God hath be- stowed on them ? since God knoweth them who do this. ^^ Verily God will not wrong any one, even the weight of an ant : and, if it be a good action, he will double it, double share of their deceased ancestor's 34 Send a judge, &c.] i. e. Let the estates ^ magistrate first send two arbitrators or — Careful in the absence of their hus- mediators, one on each side, to compose bands.] Both to preserve their husbands' the difference, and prevent, if possible, the substance from loss or waste, and them- ill consequences of an open rupture, selves from all degrees of immodesty ^. 35 Your neighbour who is of kin to — Remove them into separate apart- you.] Either of your own nation or re- ments.] That is, banish them from your ligion. hed. 36 And conceal that which God of his — And chastise them.] By this pas- bounty hath given them.] Whether it be sage the Mohammedans are, in plain wealth, knowledge, or any other talent, terms, allowed to beat their wives, in case whereby they may help their neighbour, of stubborn disobedience; but not in a 39 God will not wrong any one the weight violent or dangerous manner ^, of an ant.] Either by diminishing the ^ V. At Beiddwi. 2 ^i BeiddivL Jallalo' ddin, ^ Al Beiddwi, 86 AL KORAN. [chap. and will recompense it in his sight with a great reward. ^^ How will it be with the unbelievers, when we shall bring a witness out of each nation against itself, and shall bring thee, O Mohammed ! a witness against these peo- ple ? ^^ In that day they who have not believed, and have rebelled against the apostle of God, shall wish the earth was levelled with them ; and they shall not be able to hide any matter from God. ^^ O true believers ! come not to prayers when ye are drunk, until ye understand what ye say ; nor when ye are polluted by emission of seed, unless ye be travelling on the road, until ye wash yourselves. But, if ye be sick, or on a journey, or any of you come from easing nature, or have touched women, and find no water, take fine clean sand, and rub your faces and your hands therewith ; for God is merciful, and inclined to forgive. ^^ Hast thou not observed those unto whom part of the scripture was delivered ? they sell error, and desire that ye may wander from the right way ; but God well knoweth your enemies. God is a sufficient patron, and God is a suflScient helper. ^^Of the Jews there are sonie who peryert wprds^^fr^ places^J^sSSI say^ We have heard, and have disobeyed ; and do thou Kear without understanding our meaning, and look upon recompense due to his good actions, or to pray ; but, being overcome with liquor, too severely punishing his sins. On the made a shameful blunder, in reciting a contrary, he will reward the former in passage of the Koran ; whereupon, to the next life, far above their deserts. The prevent the danger of any such inde- Arabic word Dharra, which is translated cency for the future, this passage was re- an ant, signifies a very small sort of that vealed ^. insect, and is used to denote a thing that — Take sand, and rub your faces and is exceeding small, as a mite. yo?ir hands therewith.'] See the Prelim. 40 When we shall bring a witness out Disc. § iv. of each nation, &c.] When the prophet, 43 Those unto whom part of the scrip- who was sent to each nation in particular, tare was delivered.] Meaning the Jews, shall, on the last day, be produced to give and particularly their Rabbins, evidence against such of them as refused 44 Who pervert ivords from their places.] to believe on him, or observed not the That is, (according to the commentators,) laws which he brought. who change the true sense of the Penta- — J gainst these people.] That is, the teuch, by dislocating passages, or by wrest- Arabians, to whom Mohammed was, as ing the words according to their own he pretended, more peculiarly sent ^. fancies and lusts ^ But Mohammed seems 42 Come not to prayers when ye are chiefly to intend here the Jews bantering drunk, &c.] It is related, that, before the of him in their addresses, by making use prohibition of wine, Abd'alrahman Ebn of equivocal words, seeming to bear a gbod Awf made an entertainment, to which he sense in Arabic, but spoken by them in invited several of the apostle's compa- derision according to their acceptation in nions ; and after they had eat and drank Hebrew; an instance of which he gives plentifully, the hour of evening prayer in the following words, being come, one of the company rose up — Without understanding.] Literally, 1 See before, c. 2. p. "^ Al Beiddwi. ' Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. IV.} AL KORAN, 87 us : perplexing with their tongues, and reviling the true religion. But if they had said, We have heard, and do obey ; and do thou hear, and regard us : certainly it were better for them, and more right. But God hath cursed them hj reason of their j^jBidieliiy: tEem'^only shffl ^^ O ye to whom the scriptures Iffave been ofiven [believe in the revelation which we have sent down, confirming that which is with you ; before we deface your countenances, and render them as the back parts thereof; or curse them, as we cursed those who transgressed on the sabbath-day, and the command of God was fulfilled. ^^ Surely God will not pardon the giving him an equal ; but will pardon any other sin, ex- cept that, to whom he pleaseth :^and whoso giveth a companion unto God, hath devised a great wickedness. ^^ Hast thou not observed those who justify themselves ? But God justifieth whomsoever he pleaseth, nor shall they be wronged a hair. ^^ Behold, how they imagine a lie against God ; and therein is iniquity sufficiently mani- fest. ^^ ^SLSt thou not considered those to wjigmpartjotf tibe scripUire^ giveiiT They 1^ f^ls& gods aSd idc^s^^Sffj^lOfeS^.,^^ These without being made to hear or apprehend what we say. — Look upon us.l The original word is Rama) which being a terra of reproach in Hebrew, Mohammed forbad their using it to him 1. — And regard W5.] In Arabic, Ond- horna ; which, having no ill equivocal meaning, the prophet ordered them to use instead of the former. • 45 And render them as the back parts thereof. '\ That is, perfectly plain, with- out eyes, nose or mouth. The original, however, may also be translated, and turn them behind, by wringing their necks backward. — Those who transgressed on the sah- hath-day.~\ And were therefore changed into apes 2. 46 The giving him an equal.^ That is, idolatry of all kinds. — To whom he pleaseth.^ Viz. To those who repent 3. 47 2'hose who justify themselves,^ i. e. The Christians and Jews, who called themselves the children of God, and his beloved people *. — A hair.'] The original word sig- nifies a little skin in the cleft of a date- stone, and is used to express a thing of no value. 49 In false gods and idols.] The Ara- bic is, in Jibt and Taghut. The former is supposed to have been the proper name of some idol ; but it seems rather to sig- nify any false deity in general. The lat- ter we have explained already ^. It is said, that this passage was revealed on the following occasion : Hoyai Ebn Akhtab and Caab Ebn al Ashraf^ two chief men among the Jews, with several others of that religion, went to Mecca, and offered to enter into a confederacy with the Koreish, and to join their forces against Mohammed. But the Koreish, entertaining some jealousy of them, told them, that the Jews pretended to have a written revelation from heaven, as well as Mohammed, and their doctrines and wor- ship approached much nearer to what he 1 See before, c. 2. ^ Idem. Jallalo'ddin. See c. 5, not far from the beginning, before, p. 58, note 71' 3 A I Beiddwi. 5 See p. 41, note 25?. * Idem, 6 See 88 AL KORAN. [chap. are more rightly directed in the way of truth, than they who believe on Mohammed., ^^ Those are the men whom God hath cursed ; and unto him whom God shall curse, thou shalt surely find no helper. ^^ Shall they have a part of the kingdom, since even then they would not bestow the smallest matter on men ? ^^ Do they envy other men that which God, of his bounty, hath given them ? We formerly gave unto the family of Abraham a book of revelations and wisdom ; and we gave them a great kingdom. ^^ There is of them who believeth on him; and there is of them who turneth aside from him: but the raging fire of hell is a sufficient punishment. ^^ Verily those who disbelieve our signs, we will surely cast to be broiled in hell-fire; so often j,st^ shall be well burned, we will giive them other skins in exchange, that they may taste tKe sharper torment ; for God is mighty and wise. ^^^ But those who believe, and do that which is right, we will bring into gardens watered by rivers, therein shall they remain for ever, and there shall they enjoy wives free from all impurity ; and we will lead them into perpetual shades. ^^ Moreover, God commandeth you to restore what ye are trusted with to the owners ; and when ye judge between men, that ye judge according to equity : and surely an excellent virtue taught, than the religion of their tribe ; — We gave them a great kingdom^ Wherefore, said they, if you will satisfy Wherefore God will doubtless shew equal us that you are sincere in the matter, do favour to this prophet (a descendant also as we do, and worship our gods. Which of Abraham), and those who believe on proposal, if the story be true, these Jews him ^. complied with, out of their inveterate 53 Who believeth on him.'} Namely, on hatred to Mohammed ^, Mohammed. 51 Shall they have a pari of the king- 56 God commandeth you to return what dom, &c.] For the Jews gave out that ye are intrusted with to the owners.} This they should be restored to their ancient passage, it is said, was revealed on the power and grandeur 2 ; depending, it is to day of the taking of Mecca, the primary be presumed, on the victorious Messiah design of it being to direct Mohammed to whom they expected. return the keys of the Caaba to Othman — The smallest matter.} The original Ebn Telha Ebn Abdaldar, who had then word properly signifies a small dent on the the honour to be keeper of that holy back of a date-stone ; and is commonly place *, and not to deliver them to his used to express a thing of little or no uncle al Abbas, who, having already the value. custody of the well Zemzem, would fain 52 Do they envy other men that which have had also that of the Caaba. The Godf of his bounty^ hath given them ?} prophet obeying the divine order, Othman Viz. The spiritual gifts of prophecy, and was so affected with the justice of the divine revelations ; and the temporal bless- action, notwithstanding he had, at first, ings of victory and success, bestowed on refused him entrance, that he immediately Mohammed and his followers. embraced Mohammedism; whereupon the 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem, ^ Idem. * See P;7(:?t;a? Al Beiddivi. ^ vit. Moham. p. 73. ^ See Numb. i. 4, 5. * Al Beiddwi, See Numb. xiii. and xiv. ^ Al Beiddwi. v.] AL KORAN. Ill apostle come unto you, to make manifest unto you many things which ye concealed in the scriptures ; and to pass over many things. ^^ Now is light and a perspicuous book of revelations come unto you from God. ^^ Thereby will God direct him who shall follow his good pleasure, into the paths of peace ; and shall lead them out of dark- ness into light, by his will, and shall direct them in the right way. ^^ They are infidels, who say, Verily God is Christ, the son of Mary. ^^ Say unto them, And who could obtain any thing from God to the contrary, if he pleased to destroy Christ, the son of Mary, and his mother, and all those who are on the earth? For unto God belongeth the kingdom of heaven and earth, and whatsoever is contained between them ; he createth what he pleaseth, and God is almighty. ^^ The Jews and the Christians say. We are the children of God, and his be- loved. Answer, Why therefore doth he punish you for your sins ? Nay, but ye are men, of those whom he hath created. He forgiveth whom he pleaseth, and punisheth whom he pleaseth ; and unto God belongeth the kingdom of heaven and earth, and of what is contained between them both ; and unto him shall all things return. ^^ O ye w^ho have received the scriptures ! now is our apostle come unto you, declaring unto you the true religion, during the cessation of apostles, lest ye should say. There came unto us no bearer of good tidings, nor any warner : ^^ but now is a bearer of good tidings, and a warner, come unto you ; and God is almighty. ^^ Call to mind when Moses said unto his people, O my people ! remember the favour of God towards you, since he hath appointed prophets 16 To make manifest unto you many phets, during which no new revelation, or things which ye concealed^ in the scrip- dispensation, was given ; as the interval tares.'] Such as the verse of stoning between Moses and Jesus, and between adulterers i, the description of Moham- Jesus and Mohammed ; at the expiration med, and Christ's prophecy of him by the of which last, Mohammed pretended to name of Ahmed 2. be sent. — Jnd to pass over many things.] 24 And constituted you kings.] This i. e. Those which it was not necessary was fulfilled, either by God's giving them to restore. a kingdom, and a long series of princes ; 22 During the cessation of apostles. "i or, by his having made them kings or The Arabic word al Fatra signifies the masters of themselves, by delivering them intermediate space of time between two pro- from the Egyptian bondage. * See chap. 3. p. 49, note 23. 2 ^/ Beiddwi. 112 AL KORAN. [chap. among you, and constituted you kings, and bestowed on you wliat he hath given to no other nation in the world. ^^ O my people ! enter the holy land, which God hath decreed you, and turn not your backs, lest ye be subverted and perish. ^^ They answered, O Moses ! verily there are a gigantic people in the land ; '^^ and we will by no means enter it, until they depart thence ; but if they depart thence, then will we enter therein. ^^ And two men of those who feared God, unto whom God had been gracious, said. Enter ye upon them suddenly by the gate of the city ; and when ye shall have entered the same, ye shall surely be victorious : ^^ therefore trust in God, if ye are true believers. ^^ They replied, O Moses ! we will never enter the land, while they remain therein : go therefore thou, and thy Lord, and fight ; for we will sit here. ^^ Moses said, O Lord ! surely I am not master of any except myself, and my brother; therefore make a distinction between us and the ungodly people. ^^ God answered. Verily the land shall be forbidden them forty years : during which time they shall wander like men astonished in the earth : therefore be not thou solicitous for the ungodly people. ^^ Relate also unto them the history of the two sons of Adam, with truth. When they 24 And bestowed on you what he hath from morning to night, yet they constantly given to no other nation.^ Having divided found themselves, the next day, at the the Red Sea for you, and guided you by place from whence they set out ^. a cloud, and fed you with quails and 33 The two sons of Adam.'] Viz. Cain manna, &c. ^ and Abel, whom the Mohammedans call 26 A gigantic people.'] The largest of Kdhil and HdbiL these giants, the commentators say, was — When they offered their offering.] Og, the son of Anak ; concerning whose The occasion of their making this offering enormous stature, his escaping the flood, is thus rel ited, according to the common and the manner of his being slain by tradition in the east *. Each of them Moses, the Mohammedans relate several being born with a twin- sister, when they absurd fables 2. were grown up, Adam, by God's direction, 28 Two men.] Namely, Caleb and ordered Cain to marry Abel's twin- sister; Joshua. and that Abel should marry Cain's ; (for 32 The land shall he forbidden them it being the common opinion that mar- forty years, during which they shall wander riages ought not to be had in tihe nearest in the earth like men astonished.] The degrees of consanguinity, since they must commentators pretend that the Israelites, necessarily marry their sisters, it seemed while they thus wandered in the desert, reasonable to suppose they ought to take were kept within the compass of about those of the remoter degree;) but this eighteen (or, as some say, twenty-seven) Cain refusing to agree to, because his own miles : and that, though they travelled sister was the handsomest, Adam ordered 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ V. Marracc. in Alcor. p. 231 , &c. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient. p. 336. 3 Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. * V. Ahu'lfarag. p. 6, 7. Eutych, annal. p. 15, 16, and D'Herhelot, Bibl. Orient. Art. Cabil, v.] AL KORAN. 113 offered their offering, and it was accepted from one of them, and was not accepted from the other, Cain said to his brother, I will certainl)^ kill thee. Abel answered, God only accepteth the offering of the pious : ^^ if thou stretchest forth thy hand against me, to slay me, I will not stretch forth my hand against thee, to slay thee ; for I fear God, the Lord of all creatures. ^^ I choose that thou shouldest bear my iniquity, and thine own iniquity ; and that thou become a companion of hell-fire ; for that is the reward of the unjust. ^^ But his soul suffered him to slay his brother, and he slew him ; wherefore he became of the number of those who perish. ^^ And God sent a raven, which scratched the earth, to shew him how he should hide the shame of his brother ; and he said, Woe is me ! am I unable to be like this raven, that I may hide my brother's shame ? and he became one of those who repent. ^^ Wherefore we commanded the children of Israel, that he who slayeth a soul, without having slain a soul, or committed wickedness in the earth, shall be as if he had slain all mankind: but he who saveth a soul alive, shall be as if he had saved the lives them to make their offerings to God, shape, and shewed him how to do it, by thereby referring the dispute to his deter- crushing the head of a bird between two mination ^. The commentators say, Cain's stones *. offering was a sheaf of the very worst of 37 God sent a raven which scratched the his corn ; but Abel's a fat lamb, of the earth, and shewed him how to hide his hro- best of his flock. ther's shame.^ i. e. His dead corpse. For — ^nd it was accepted from one of Cain, having committed this fratricide, be- them.'] Namely, from Abel ; whose sacri- came exceedingly troubled in his mind, and fice God declared his acceptance of in a carried the dead body about on his shoul- visible manner, by causing fire to descend ders for a considerable time, not knowing from heaven, and consume it, without where to conceal it, till it stank horridly ; touching that of Cain 2. and then God taught him to bury it by the 34 / will not stretch forth my hand example of a raven, who, having killed ano- against thee.^ To enhance Abel's pa- ther raven in his presence, dug a pit with tience, al Beidawi tells us, that he was the his claws and beak, and buried him there- stronger of the two, and could easily have in 5. For this circumstance of the raven, prevailed against his brother. Mohammed was beholden to the Jews, who 35 The conversation between the two tell the same story ; except only that they brothers is related somewhat to the same make the raven to appear to Adam, and purpose in the Jerusalem Targum, and that he thereupon buried his son ^. that of Jonathan ben Uzziel. 38 Without committing wickedness on 36 Jnd he slew him,'\ Some say he the earth.~\ Such as idolatry, or robbing knocked out his brains with a stone ^ ; on the highway ^. and pretend, that as Cain was considering — Shall he as if he had slain all man- which way he should effect the murder, kindJ] Having broken the commandment the devil appeared to him in a human which forbids the shedding of blood. ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 Idem, Jallalo' ddin, 3 y^ Eutych. ubi supra. * V. D'Herhel. ubi supra. ^ Jallalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi, ^ V. R. Eliezer. Pirke. c. 20. ? Al Beiddwi, VOL. I, 114 AL KORAN. [chap. of all mankindc Our apostles formerly came unto them, with evident miracles ; then were many of them, after this, transgressors on the earth. ^^ But the recompence of those who fight against God and his apostle, and study to act corruptly in the earth, shall be, that they shall be slain or crucified, or have their hands and their feet cut off on the opposite sides, or be banished the land. This shall be their disgrace in this world ; and in the next world they shall suffer a grievous punishment ; ^^ except those who shall repent, before ye prevail against them ; for know that God is inclined to forgive, and merciful. ^^ O true believers ! fear God, and earnestly desire a near conjunction with him, and fight for his religion, that ye may be happy. ^^ Moreover, they who believe not, al- though they had whatever is in the earth, and as much more withal, that they might therewith redeem them- selves from punishment on the day of resurrection; it shall not be accepted from them, but they shall suffer a painful punishment. ^^ They shall desire to go forth from the fire, but they shall not go forth from it, and their punishment shall be permanent. ^^ If a man or a woman steal, cut off their hands, in retribution for that which they have committed : this is an exemplary punish- ment appointed by God ; and God is mighty and wise. ^^ But whoever shall repent after his iniquity, and amend, verily God will be turned unto him, for God is inclined to forgive, and merciful. ^^ Dost thou not know that the 39 Banished.'} The lawyers are not about forty shillings. For the first offence, agreed as to the applying of these punish- the criminal is to lose his right hand, ments. But the commentators suppose, which is to be cut off at the wrist ; for the that they who commit murder only, are second offence, his left foot, at the ancle ; to be put to death in the ordinary way ; for the third, his left hand ; for the fourth, those who murder and rob too, to be cruci- his right foot; and, if he continue to fied ; those who rob, without committing offend, he shall be scourged at the dis- murder, to have their right hand, and their cretion of the judge ^. left foot, cut off ; and they who assault 45 But whoever shall repent and ame7id, persons, and put them in fear, to be ba- God will he turned unto him^ &c.] That nished ^ It is also a doubt whether they is, God will not punish him for it here- who are to be crucified shall be crucified after ; but his repentance does not super- alive, or be first put to death ; or whether sede the execution of the law here, nor they shall hang on the cross till they die 2. excuse him from making restitution. Yet, 44 Cut off their hands.} But this according to al Shafei, he shall not be punishment, according to the Sonna, is not punished, if the party wronged forgive to be inflicted, unless the value of the him before he be carried before a magis- thing stolen amount to four dinars, or trate*. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ Jallalo* ddin, Al Beiddwi, * lidem. v.] AL KORAN, 115 kingdom of heaven and earth is God's ? He punisheth whom he pleaseth ; and he pardoneth whom he pleaseth ; for God is almighty. ^^ O apostle ! let not them grieve thee, who hasten to infidelity ; either of those who say. We believe, with their mouths, but whose hearts believe not ; or of the Jews, who hearken to a lie, and hearken to other people ; ^^ who come not unto thee : they pervert the words of the law from their true places, and say. If this be brought unto you, receive it; but if it be not brought unto you, beware of receiving aught else ; and, in behalf of him whom God shall resolve to seduce, thou slialt not prevail with God at all. They whose hearts God shall not please to cleanse, shall suffer shame in this world, and a grievous punishment in the next : ^^ who hearken to a lie, and eat that which is forbidden. But if they come unto thee for judgment, either judge between them, or leave them ; and if thou leave them, they shall not hurt thee at all. But if thou undertake to judge, judge between them with equity ; for God loveth those 47 Who hasten to infidelity.^ i. e. Who take the first opportunity to throw off the mask, and to join the unbehevers. — Who say. We believe, with their mouths, &c.] viz. The hypocritical Mo- hammedans. — Who hearken to a lie, and hearken to other people.'] These words are capable of two senses ; and may either mean that they attended to the lies and forgeries of their Rabbins, neglecting the remonstrances of Mohammed ; or else, that they came to hear Mohammed as spies only, that they might report what he said to their compa- nions, and represent him as a liar 1. 48 Pervert. '\ See chap. iv. note. — If this he brought unto you, receive it ; but if it be not brought unto you, be- ware of receiving aught else.'] That is, if what Mohammed tells you, agrees with scripture, as corrupted and dislocated by us, then you may accept it as the word of God ; but if not, reject it. These words, it is said, relate to the sentence pronounced by that prophet on an adulterer and an adulteress ^, both persons of some figure among the Jews. For they, it seems, though they referred the matter to Mo- hammed, yet directed the persons who carried the criminals before him, that, if he ordered them to be scourged, and to have their faces blackened (by way of ignominy), they should acquiesce in his determination ; but, in case he condemned them to be stoned, they should not. And Mohammed pronouncing the latter sen- tence against them, they refused to exe- cute it, till Ebn Suriya (a Jew), who was called upon to decide the matter, acknow- ledged the law to be so. Whereupon they were stoned at the door of the mosque ^. 49 And eat that which is forbidden,] Some understand this of unlawful meats ; but others, of taking^ or devouring, as it is expressed, of usury and bribes *. — Either judge between them, or leave them.] i. e. Take thy choice, whether thou wilt determine their differences or not. Hence al Shafei was of opinion that a judge was not obliged to decide causes be- tween Jews or Christians ; though, if one or both of them be tributaries, or under the protection of the Mohammedans, they are obliged : this verse not regarding them. Abu Hanifa, however, thought that the magistrates were obliged to judge all cases which were submitted to them ^. ^ Al Beiddwi. * Idem. 2 See chap. 3. note i2 ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ Idem. 116 AL KORAN. [chap. who observe justice. ^^ And how will they submit to thy decision, since they have the law, containing the judgment of God ? Then will they turn their backs, after this ; but those are not true believers. ^^ We have surely sent down the law, containing direction, and light; thereby did the prophets, who professed the true religion, judge those who judaized; and the doctors and priests also judged by the book of God, which had been committed to their custody ; and they were witnesses thereof. Therefore fear not men, but fear me; neither sell my signs for a small price. ^^ And whoso judgeth not accord- ing to what God hath revealed, they are infidels. ^^ We have therein commanded them, that they should give life for life, and eye for eye, and nose for nose, and ear for ear, and tooth for tooth ; and that wounds should also be punished by retaliation : but whoever should remit it as alms, it should be accepted as an atonement for him. And whoso judgeth not according to what God hath revealed, they are unjust. ^^ We also caused Jesus, the son of Mary, to follow the footsteps of the prophets, confirming the law which was sent down before him ; and we gave him the gospel, containing direction and light ; confirming also the law which was given before it, and a direction and admonition unto those who fear God : ^^ that they who have received the gospel, might judge according to what God hath revealed therein : And whoso judgeth not according to what God hath revealed, they are transgressors. ^^ We have also sent down unto thee the book of the Koran with truth, confirming that 50 And how will they submit to thy de- both, which had been too remissly ob- cision, since they have the law, &c.] In served, or rather neglected, by the latter the following passage Mohammed endea- professors of those religions, voiirs to answer the objections of the Jews — Then will they turn their hacks after and Christians, who insisted that they this.'] That is, notwithstanding their out- ought to be judged, the former by the law ward submission, they will not abide by of Moses, and the latter by the gospel, the sentence, though conformable to the He allows that the law was the proper rule law, if it contradict their own false and of judging till the coming of Jesus Christ; loose decisions. after which the gospel was the rule; but — Those are not true believers.'] As pretends, that both are set aside by the gainsaying the doctrine of the books which revelation of the Koran, which is so far they acknowledge for scripture, from being contradictory to either of the 51 And they were witnesses thereof.] former, that it is more full and explicit ; That is, vigilant to prevent any corrup- declaring several points which had been tions therein. stifled, or corrupted herein, and requiring 53 Life.] The original word is soul. a rigorous execution of the precepts in — Retaliation.] See Exod. xxi. 24, &c. v.] AL KORAN. 117 scripture which was revealed before it; and preserving the same safe from corruption. ^^ Judge, therefore, between them according to that which God hath revealed; and follow not their desires, by swerving from the truth, which hath come unto thee. Unto every of you have we given a law, and an open path ; and, if God had pleased, he had surely made you one people ; but he hath thought fit to give you different laws, that he might try you in that which he hath given you respectively. Therefore, strive to excel each other in good works : unto God shall ye all return, and then will he declare unto you that concerning which ye have disagreed. Wherefore, do thou, O pro- phet ! judge between them according to that which God hath revealed, and follow not their desires ; but, beware of them, lest they cause thee to err from part of those precepts which God hath sent down unto thee ; and, if they turn back, know that God is pleased to punish them for some of their crimes ; for a great number of men are transgressors. ^^ Do they, therefore, desire the judgment of the time of ignorance ? but, who is better than God, to judge between people who reason aright ? ^^ O true believers ! take not the Jews, or Christians, for your friends ; they are friends the one to the other ; but whoso among you taketh them for his friends, he is surely one of them : verily, God directeth not unjust people. ^^ Thou shalt see those in whose hearts there is an infir- mity, to hasten unto them, saying, We fear lest some adversity befal us ; but it is easy for God to give victory, 57 He had made you one people,'] i. e. moment, which they pretended to have He liad given you the same laws, which with their own people, and which was should have continued in force through agreed to be referred to his decision, they all ages, without being abolished or changed would believe on him: but this Mo- by new dispensations : or, he could have hammed absolutely refused to comply forced you all to embrace the Mohamme- with 2. dan religion 1. — If they turn haclc.'] Or refuse to be — And follow not their desires; hut judged by the Koran. beware of them, lest they cause thee to err, 58 The judgment of the time of igno- re.'] It is related, that certain of the ranee.] That is, to be judged according Jewish priests came to Mohammed with a to the customs of Paganism, which indulge design to entrap him; and, having first the passions and vicious appetites of man- represented to him, that, if they acknow- kind : for this, it seems, was demanded by ledged him for a prophet, the rest of the the Jewish tribes of Koreidha and al Jews would certainly follow their example, Nadir ^. made this proposal, that, if he would give 60 We fear lest some adversity befal us.] judgment for them in a controversy of These were the words of Ebn Obba, who, * Al Dciddwi. '^ Idem. ^ Idem. 118 AL KORAN, [chap. or a command from him, that they may repent of that which they concealed in their minds. ^^ And they who believe, will say, Are these the men who have sworn by God, with a most - firm oath, that they surely held with you ? their works are become vain, and they are of those who perish. ^^ O true believers ! whoever of you aposta- tizeth from his religion, God will certainly bring other people to supply his place, whom he will love, and who will love him; who shall be humble towards the be- lievers, but severe to the unbelievers : ^^ they shall fight for the religion of God, and shall not fear the obloquy of the detractor. This is the bounty of God, he bestoweth it on whom he pleaseth : God is extensive and wise. ^^ Verily, your protector is God, and his apostle, and those who believe, who observe the stated times of prayer, and when Obadah Ebn al Samat publicly re- nounced the friendship of the infidels, and professed, that he took God and his apostle for his patrons, said, that he was a man ap- prehensive of the fickleness of fortune, and, therefore, would not throw off his old friends, who might be of service to him hereafter ^ 60 A command from MmJ\ To extir- pate and banish the Jews ; or, to detect and punish the hypocrites. 61 Are these the men who have sworn, &c.] These words may be spoken by the Mohammedans, either to one another, or to the Jews, since these hypocrites had given their oaths to both ^. 62 Whoever of you apostatizeth from his religion, God will certainly bring others to supply his place, &c.] This is one of those accidents, which, it is pretended, were foretold by the Koran long before they came to pass. For, in the latter days of Mohammed, and after his death, consider- able numbers of the Arabs quitted his religion, and returned to Paganism, Ju- daism, or Christianity. Al Beidawi reckons them up in the following order. 1. Three companies of Banu Modlaj, seduced by Dhu'lhamar al Aswad al Ansi, who set up for a prophet in Yaman, and grew very powerful there ^. 2. Banu Honeifa, who followed the famous false prophet Mosei- lama *. 3. Banu Asad, who acknowledged Toleiha Ebn Khowailed, another pretender to divine revelation ^, for their prophet. All these fell off in Mohammed's lifetime. The following, except only the last, apos- tatized in the reign of Abu Beer. 4. Cer- tain of the tribe of Fezarah, headed by Oyeyma Ebn Hosein. 5. Some of the tribe of Ghatfan, whose leader was Kor- rah Ebn Salma. 6. Banu Soleim, who followed al Fajaah Ebn Abd Yalil. 7- Ba- nu Yarbu, whose captain was Malec Ebn Noweirah Ebn Kais. 8. Part of the tribe of Tamim, the proselytes of Sajaj, the daughter of al Mondhar, who gave herself out for a prophetess^. 9. The tribe of Kendah, led by al Ashath Ebn Kais. IQ. Banu Beer Ebn al Wayel, in the province of Bahrein, headed by al Horam Ebn Zeid. And 11. Some of the tribe of Ghassan, who, with their prince, Jabalah Ebn al Ayham, renounced Mohammedism in the time of Omar, and returned to their former profession of Christianity ^. But, as to the persons who fulfilled the other part of this prophecy, by supplying the loss of so many renegades, the com^ mentators are not agreed. Some will have them to be the inhabitants of Yaman, and others, the Persians ; the authority of Mo- hammed himself being vouched for both opinions. Others, however, suppose them to be 2000 of the tribe of Al Nakha (who dwelt in Yaman), 5000 of those of Kendah and Bajilah, and 3000 of unknown descent, who were present at the famous battle of Ka- desia *, fought in the Khalifat of Omar, and which put an end to the Persian empire^. ^ Al Beiddwi. 5 See ib. ^ See ib. ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 Idem. 3 See the Prelim. Disc. § viii. ^ See ib. 7 See ib. § i. p. 13. ^ D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 226. v.] AL KORAN. 119 give alms, and who bow down to worship. ^^ And whoso taketh God, and his apostle, and the believers, for his friends, they are the party of God, and they shall be victorious. ^^ O true believers ! take not such of those to whom the scriptures were delivered before you, or of the infidels, for your friends, who make a laughing-stock and a jest of your religion ; but fear God, if ye be true believers ; ^^ nor those who, when ye call to prayer, make a laughing-stock and a jest of it : this they do, because they are people who do not understand. ^^ Say, O ye who have received the scriptures ! do ye reject us for any other reason than because we believe in God, and that revelation which hath been sent down unto us, and that which was formerly sent down, and for that the greater part of you are transgressors? ^^ Say, Shall I denounce unto you a worse thing than this, as to the reward which ye are to expect with God? He whom God hath cursed, and with whom he hath been angry, hav- ing changed some of them into apes and swine, and who worship Taghut, they are in the worse condi- tion, and err more widely from the straitness of the path. ^^ When they came unto you, they said. We believe : yet they entered into your company with infi- delity, and went forth from you with the same ; but God well knew what they concealed. ^^Thou shalt see many of them hastening unto iniquity and malice, and to eat things forbidden ; and woe unto them for what 66 Take not those for your friends, who burn the liar: but, a few nights after, his make a laughing-stock of your religion.~\ own house was accidentally set on fire by This passage was primarily intended to a servant, and himself and his family pe- forbid the Moslems entering into a friend- rished in the flames ^ ship with two hypocrites, named Rafaa, 69 Havi^ig changed some of them into Ebn Zeid, and Soweid Ebn al Hareth, apes and swine.^ The former were the who, though they had embraced Mo- Jews of Ailah, who broke the sabbath 2; hammedism, yet ridiculed it on all occa- and the latter, those who believed not in sions, and were, notwithstanding, greatly the miracle of the Table, which was let beloved among the prophet's followers. down from heaven to Jesus ^. Some, 6^ Nor those who, when ye call to prayer, however, imagine that the Jews of Ailah make a jest of it.'] These words were only are meant in this place, pretending, added on occasion of a certain Christian, that the young men among them were who hearing the Muadhdhin, or crier, in metamorphosed into apes, and the old men calling to prayers, repeat this part of the into swine*, usual form, I profess that Mohammed is — Taghut.] See chap. ii. the apostle of God, said aloud. May God 71 Forbidden.] See before, p. 107. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ See chap. ii. ^ See towards the end of this chapter * Al Beiddwi, 120 AL KORAN. [chap, they have done. ^^ Unless their doctors and priests for- bid them uttering wickedness, and eating things for- bidden ; woe unto them for what they shall have com- mitted. ^^ The Jews say, The hand of God is tied up. Their hands shall be tied up, and they shall be cursed for that which they have said. Nay, his hands are both stretched forth : he bestoweth as he pleaseth : that which hath been sent down unto thee from thy Lord shall in- crease the transgression and infidelity of many of them ; and we have put enmity and hatred between them, until the day of resurrection. So often as they shall kindle a fire for war, God shall extinguish it ; and they shall set their minds to act corruptly in the earth, but God loveth not the corrupt doers. ^^ Moreover, if they, who have received the scriptures, believe, and fear God, we will surely expiate their sins from them, and we will lead them into gardens of pleasure ; ^^ and if they observe the law, and the gospel, and the other scriptures, which have been sent down unto them from their Lord, they shall surely eat of good things both from above them, and from under their feet. Among them there are people who act uprightly ; but how evil is that which many of them do work ! ^^ O apostle ! publish the whole of that which hath been sent down unto thee from thy Lord : for if thou do not, thou dost not, in effect, publish any part 73 God's hand is tied up. ~\ That is, he is feuds and quarrels among themselves, or become niggardly and close-fisted. These by granting the victory to the Moslems, were the words of Phineas Ebn Azura ; Al Beidawi adds, that, on the Jews neg- another indecent expression of whom, al- lecting the true observance of their law, most to the same purpose, is mentioned and corrupting their religion, God has elsewhere ^, when the Jews were much successively delivered them into the hands, impoverished by a dearth, which the com- first, of Bakht Nasr, or Nebuchadnezzar ; mentators will have to be a judgment on then of Titus the Roman ; and afterwards them for their rejecting of Mohammed ; of the Persians ; and has now, at last, and the other Jews, who heard him, in- subjected them to the Mohammedans, stead of reproving him, expressed their 7^ They shall eat 0/ the good things both approbation of what he had said 2. from above them and from under their — Their hands shall be tied up.~\ i.e. feet.'\ That is, they shall enjoy the bless- They shall be punished with want and ings both of heaven and earth. avarice. The words may also allude to ^6 If thou publish not the whole, thou the manner wherein the reprobates shall dost not, in effect, publish any part thereof^ appear at the last day, having their right That is, if thou do not complete the pub- hands tied up to their necks ^ ; which is lication of all thy revelations, without ex- the proper signification of the Arabic word, ception, thou dost not answer the end for — Sent down.~\ Viz. The Koran. which they were revealed ; because, the — So often as they kindle fire for war, concealing of any part renders the system God shall extinguish i/.] Either by raising of religion, which God has thought fit to 1 Chap. iii. 2 ji Beidawi, ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 105. v.] AL KORAN. 121 thereof; and God will defend thee against wicked men; for God directeth not the unbelieving people. ^^ Say, O ye who have received the scriptures, ye are not grounded on any thing, until ye observe the law and the gospel, and that which hath been sent down unto you from your Lord. That which hath been sent down unto thee from thy Lord, shall surely increase the transgression and in- fidelity of many of them : but be not thou solicitous for the unbelieving people. ^^ Verily, they who believe, and those who judaize, and the Sabians, and the Christians, whoever of them believeth in God and the last day, and doth that which is right, there shall come no fear on them, neither shall they be grieved. ^^ We formerly ac- cepted the covenant of the children of Israel, and sent apostles unto them. So often as an apostle came unto them with that which their souls desired not, they accused some of them of imposture, and some of them they killed : ^^ and they imagined that there should be no punishment for those crimes, and they became blind, and deaf Then was God turned unto them : afterwards many of them again became blind and deaf; but God saw what they did. ^^ They are surely infidels, who say. Verily, God is Christ, the son of Mary ; since Christ said, O children of Israel ! serve God, my Lord and your Lord : who- ever shall give a companion unto God, God shall exclude him from paradise, and his habitation shall be hell-fire ; and the ungodly shall have none to help them. ^^ They are certainly infidels, who say, God is the third of three : for there is no God, besides one God : and if they refrain not from what they say, a painful torment shall surely be inflicted on such of them as are unbelievers. ^^Will they not, therefore, be turned unto God, and ask pardon of him ? since God is gracious and merciful. ^^ Christ, the son of Mary, is no more than an apostle; other publish to mankind by thy ministry, lame 78 Grieved.'] See chap. ii. and imperfect ^ 80 Jnd they became Wind and deafJ] — God will defend thee^ &c.] Until Shutting their eyes and ears against con- this verse was revealed, Mohammed en- viction, and the remonstrances of the law; tertained a guard of armed men for his as when they worshipped the calf, security ; but, on his receiving this as- — Then was God turned unto them.'] surance of God's protection, he imme- i. e. Upon their repentance, diately dismissed them 2. 82 Three.] See chap. iv. * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo^ddin. 2 [i(Jem. 122 A L KORAN. [chap. apostles have preceded him ; and his mother was a woman of veracity ; they both ate food. Behold, how we declare unto them the signs of God's unity ; and then behold how they turn aside from the truth. ^^ Say unto them, - Will ye worship, besides God, that which can cause you nei- ther harm nor profit ? God is he who heareth and seeth. ^^ Say, O ye who have received the scriptures ! exceed not the just bounds in your religion, by speaking beside the truth ; neither follow the desires of people who have heretofore erred, and who have seduced many, and have gone astray from the strait path. ^^ Those among the children of Israel who believed not, were cursed by the tongue of David, and of Jesus the son of Mary. This befel them because they were rebellious and transgressed : ^^ they forbade not one another the wickedness which they committed ; and woe unto them for what they com- mitted. ^^ Thou shalt see many of them take for their friends, those who believe not. Woe imto them for what their souls have sent before them, for that God is in- censed against them, and they shall remain in torment for ever. ^^ But, if they had believed in God, and the prophet, and that which hath been revealed unto him, they had not taken them for their friends ; but many of them are evil-doers. ^^ Thou shalt surely find the most violent of all men in enmity against the true believers, to be the Jews, and the idolaters ; and thou shalt surely find those among them to be the most inclinable to entertain friendship for the true believers, who say, We are Christians. This cometh to pass, because there are priests and monks among them ; and because they are not elated with pride: [*VII.] ^^And when they hear ^4. His mother was a woman of veracity. ~\ of their prelates and predecessors, who Never pretending to partake of the divine erred in ascribing divinity to Christ, be- nature, or to be the mother of God ^. fore the mission of Mohammed ^. — They both ate food.'] Being obliged 87 Mary.] See before, p. 119, note 69. to support their lives by the same means, 89 Before them.] See chap. ii. note, and being subject to the same necessities 91 And are not elated with pride.] and infirmities as the rest of mankind, and Having not that high conceit of them- therefore no Gods ^. selves as the Jews have ; but being hum- 86 Just hounds.] See chap. iv. ble, and well disposed to receive the truth; But here the words are principally di- qualities, says al Beidawi, which are to rected to the Christians. be commended even in infidels. — Neither follow the desires of people 92 And when they hear that which hath who have heretofore erred^ &c.] That is, been sent down to the apostle read unto * Jallalo'ddin. ^ Idem, al Beidawi. ^ lidem. v.] AL KORAN. 123 that which hath been sent down to the apostle read unto them, thou shalt see their eyes overflow with tears, be- cause of the truth which they perceive therein ; saying, O Lord ! we believe ; write us down, therefore, with those who bear witness to the truth : ^^ and what should hinder us from believing in God, and the truth which hath come unto us, and from earnestly desiring that our Lord would introduce us into paradise with the righteous people ? ^^ Therefore hath God rewarded them, for what they have said, with gardens through which rivers flow ; they shall continue therein for ever ; and this is the re- ward of the righteous. ^^ But, they who believe not, and accuse our signs of falsehood, they shall be the com- panions of hell. ^^ O true believers ! forbid not the good fhings w^hich God hath allowed you ; but transgress not, for God loveth not the transgressors. ^^ And eat of what God hath given you for food, that which is lawful and good : and fear God, in whom ye believe. ^^ God will not punish you for an inconsiderate word in your oaths ; but he will punish you for what ye solemnly swear with deliberation. And the expiation of such an oath shall be the feeding of ten poor men with such moderate food as ye feed your own families withal ; or to clothe them ; or to free the neck of a true believer from captivity : but he who shall not find wherewith to perform one of these therriy their eyes overflow with tears, &c.] like is this to that which was revealed unto The persons directly intended in this pas- Jesus ! and immediately professed them- sage were, either Ashama, king of Ethio- selves Moslems ^, pia, and several bishops and priests, who, 96 Forbid not the good things which being assembled for that purpose, heard God hath allowed you.'] These words were Jaafar Ebn Abi Taleb, who fled to that revealed, when certain of Mohammed's country in the first flight^, read the 29th companions agreed to oblige themselves and 30th, and afterwards the 18th and to continual fasting and watching, and to 19th chapters of the Koran ; on hearing abstain from women, eating flesh, sleeping of which the king, and the rest of the on beds, and other lawful enjoyments of company, burst into tears, and confessed life, in imitation of some self-denying what was delivered therein to be conform- Christians ; but this the prophet disap- able to truth ; that prince, himself, in par- proved, declaring, that he would have no ticular, becoming a proselyte to Moham- monks in his religion *. medism ^ ; or else, thirty, or, as others 98 Oaths.] See cliap. ii. say, seventy persons, sent ambassadors to — Clothe.] The commentators give us Mohammed, by the same king of Ethiopia, the different opinions of the doctors, as to whom the prophet himself read the to the quantity of food and clothes to be thirty-sixth chapter, entitled Y. S. where- given in this case, which J think scarce upon they began to weep ; saying. How worth transcribing. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 52, 53. ^ ji Beiddwi. Jl Thalabi. V. Jbulfed. vit. Moh. p. 25, &c. Marracc. Prodr. ad refut. Alcor. part 1. p. 45. 3 ji Beiddwiy Jallalo'ddin. V. Marracc. ubi sup. * Jallalo' ddin, al Beiddwi. 124 AL KORAN^ [chap. three things, shall fast three days. This is the expiation of your oaths, when ye swear inadvertently. Therefore, keep your oaths. Thus God declareth unto you his signs, that ye may give thanks. ^^ O true believers ! surely wine and lots, and images, and divining arrows, are an abomination of the work of Satan ; therefore avoid them, that ye may prosper. ^^^ Satan seeketh to sow dissension and hatred among you, by means of wine and lots, and to divert you from remembering God, and from prayer : will ye not, therefore, abstain from them ? ^^^ Obey God, and obey the apostle, and take heed to yourselves; but, if ye turn back, know, that the duty of our apostle is only to preach publicly. ^^^ In those who believe and do good works, it is no sin that they have tasted wine or gaming before they were forbidden ; if they fear God and believe, and do good works, and shall, for the future, fear God, and believe, and shall persevere to fear him, and to do good ; for God loveth those who do good. ^^^ O true believers ! God will surely prove you, in offering you plenty of game, which ye may take with your hands or your lances, that God may know who feareth him in secret ; but, whoever transgresseth after this, shall suifer a grievous punishment. ^^^ O true believers ! kill no game while ye are on pilgri- 98 Shall fast three days.'} That is, 102 To do good.} The commentators three days together, says Abu Hanifa. endeavour to excuse the tautology of this But this is not observed in practice, being passage, by supposing the threefold repe- neither explicitly commanded in the Ko- tition of fearing and believing, refers ran, nor ordered in the Sonna '. either to the three parts of time, past, 99 Wine and lots.} This is, all inebri- present, and future, or to the threefold ating liquors, and games of chance. See duty of man, towards God, himself, and the Prelim. Disc. § v. and chap. ii. his neighbour, &c. ^. — Images.} Al Beidawi, and some 103 God will prove you, in offering you other commentators, expound this of idols ; plenty of game, &c.] This temptation, or but others, with more probability, of the trial, was at al Hodeibiya, where Moham- carved pieces, or men, with which the med's men, who had attended him thither, Pagan Arabs played at chess, being little with an intent to perform a pilgrimage to figures of men, elephants, horses, and the Caaba, and had initiated themselves dromedaries ; and this is supposed to be with the usual rites, were surrounded by the only thing which Mohammed disliked so great a number of birds and beasts, in that game : for which reason, the Son- that they impeded their march; from nites play with plain pieces of wood or which unusual accident, some of them ivory ; but the Persians and Indians, who concluded, that God had allowed them to are not so scrupulous, still make use of be taken, but this passage was to con- the carved ones ^. vince them of the contrary *. — Arrows.} Seethe Prelim. Disc. § v. 104 While ye are 07i pilgrimage.} Li- 101 Topreach.} See ibid. § ii. p. 57, &c. teially, while ye are Mohrims, or have * Al Beidawi, ^ V. Prelim. Disc. § v. ^ ji Beidawi. ^ Idem? Jallalo' ddin. v.] AL KORAN. 125 mage; whosoever among you shall kill any designedly, shall restore the like of what he shall have killed in domestic animals, according to the determination of two just persons among you, to be brought as an offering to the Caaba ; or, in atonement thereof, shall feed the poor ; or, instead thereof, shall fast, that he may taste the hein- ousness of his deed. God hath forgiven what is past ; but, whoever returneth to transgress, God will take ven- geance on him ; for God is mighty, and able to avenge. ^^^ It is lawful for you to fish in the sea, and to eat what ye shall catch, as a provision for you, and for those who travel ; but it is unlawful for you to hunt by land, while ye are performing the rites of pilgrimage ; therefore fear God, before whom ye shall be assembled at the last day. ^^^ God hath appointed the Caaba, the holy house, an establishment for mankind ; and hath ordained the sacred month, and the offering, and the ornaments hung thereon. This hath he done, that ye might know that God knoweth whatsoever is in heaven and on earth, and that God is omniscient. ^^^ Know that God is severe in punishing, and that God is also ready to forgive, and merciful. ^^^ The duty of our apostle is to preach only ; and God know^eth that which ye discover, and that which ye conceal. ^^^ Say, Evil and good shall not be equally esteemed of, though the abundance of evil pleaseth thee ; actually initiated yourselves as pilgrims, live in the sea, and on land both, as by putting on the garment worn at that crabs, &c. The Turks who are Hanifites solemnity. Hunting and fowling are never eat this sort of fish ; but the sect of hereby absolutely forbidden to persons in Malec Ebn Ans, and perhaps some others, this state ; though they are allowed to kill make no scruple of it. certain kinds of noxious animals ^. — Pilgrimage.^ See above, note on v. J 04. — Shall restore the like in domestic 106 An establishment.'] That is, the animals^ &c.] That is, he shall bring an place where the practice of their religious offering to the temple of Mecca, to be ceremonies is chiefly established ; where slain there, and distributed among the those who are under any apprehension of poor, of some domestic or tame animal, danger may find a sure asylum, and the equal in value to what he shall have merchant certain gain, &c. ^ killed : as a sheep, for example, in lieu of — The sacred month.] Al Beidawi an antelope, a pigeon for a partridge, &c. understands this of the month of DhuH- And of this value two prudent persons hajja, wherein the ceremonies of the pil- were to be judges. If the offender was grimage are performed; but Jallalo'ddin not able to do this, he was to give a supposes all the four sacred months are certain quantity of food to one or more here intended *. poor men ; or, if he could not afford that, — Ornaments.] See before, p. 107. to fast a proportionable number of days 2. 108 To preach.] See the Prelim. 105 To fish.] This, says Jallalo'ddin, Disc. § ii. p. 57. is to be understood of fish that live altoge- 109 Evil and good shall not he equally ther in the sea, and not of those that esteemed^ though the abundance of evil ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § v. 2 Jallalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi, ^ lidem. * See the Prelim. Disc, § vii. V26 A L KORAN. [chap. therefore, fear God, O ye of understanding ! that ye may be happy. "^ O true believers ! inquire not concerning things, which, if they be declared unto you, may give you pain ; but, if ye ask concerning them, when the Koran is sent down, they will be declared unto you : God par- doneth you as to these matters ; for God is ready to forgive, and gracious. ^^^ People, who have been before you, formerly inquired concerning them ; and afterwards disbelieved therein. ^^^ God hath not ordained any thing concerning Bahira, nor Saiba, nor Wasila, nor Hami ; but the unbelievers have invented a lie against God : and the greater part of them do not understand. ^^^ And when it was said unto them. Come unto that which God hath revealed, and to the apostle ; they answered. That religion which we found our fathers to follow is sufficient for us. What though their fathers knew nothing, and were not rightly directed? ^^^ O true believers ! take care of your souls. He who erreth shall not hurt you, while ye are rightly directed : unto God shall ye all return, and he will tell you that which ye have done. ^^^ O true believers ! let witnesses be taken between you, when death approaches any of you, at the time of making the testament ; let there be two witnesses, just men, from among you, or two others, of a different tribe or faith pleaseth thee.'] For judgment is to be wherein I give you none : whereupon this made of things, not from their plenty or passage was revealed, scarcity, but from their intrinsic good or 112 God hath not ordained any thing bad qualities ^. concerning Bahira, nor Sdiba, nor Wasila, \\{} Inquire not concerning things which, nor Hdmi, &c.] These were the names if they he declared unto you, may give you given by the Pagan Arabs to certain pain, &c.] The Arabs continually teaz- camels or sheep, which were turned loose ing their prophet with questions, which to feed, and exempted from common ser- probably he was not always prepared to vices, in some particular eases ; having answer, they are here ordered to wait till their ears slit, or some other mark, that God should think fit to declare his plea- they might be known ; and this they did in sure by some farther revelation: and, to honour of their gods 2. Which superstitions abate their curiosity, they are told, at the are here declared to be no ordinances of same time, that, very likely, the answers God, but the inventions of foolish men. would not be agreeable to their inclina- 114 He who erreth shall not hurt you, lions. Al Beidawi says, that, when the &c.] This was revealed when the infidels pilgrimage was first commanded, Soraka reproached those who embraced Moham- Ebn Malec asked Mohammed, Whether medism, and renounced their old idolatry, they were obliged to perform it every that, by so doing, they arraigned the wis- year ? To this question, the prophet at dom of their forefathers ^. first turned a deaf ear ; but, being ask ed 115 Two just men from among you.'] it a second, and a third time, he, at iast That is, of your kindred, or religion, said. No : but, if I had said yes, it would — Or two others of a different tribe have become a duty, and, if it were a or faith.] They who interpret these words duty, ye would not be able to perform it; of persons of another religion, say, they therefore, give me no trouble as to things are abrogated, and that the testimony of ^ Al Beiddivi. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § v. ^ Al Beidawi, v.] AL KORAN. 127 from yourselves, if ye be journeying in the earth, and the accident of death befal you. Ye shall shut them both up, after the afternoon prayer ; and they shall swear by God, if ye doubt them, and they shall say. We will not sell our evidence for a bribe, although the person concerned be one who is related to us, neither will we conceal the testimony of God, for then should we certainly be of the number of the wicked. ^^^ But if it appear that both have been guilty of iniquity, two others shall stand up in their place, of those who have convicted them of false- hood, the two nearest in blood, and they shall swear by God, saying. Verily our testimony is more true than the testimony of these two, neither have we prevaricated ; for then should we become of the number of the unjust. ^^^ This will be easier, that men may give testimony according to the plain intention thereof, or fear lest a different oath be given after their oath. Therefore fear God, and hearken ; for God directeth not the unjust people. ^^^ On a certain day shall God assemble the such ought not to be received against a Moslem ^ — Ye shall shut them both up after the afternoon prayer, &c.] In case there was any doubt, the witnesses were to be kept apart from company, lest they should be corrupted, till they gave their evidence, which they generally did when the after- noon prayer was over ; because that was the time of people's assembling in public ; or, say some, because the guardian angels then relieve each other ; so that there would be four angels to witness against them, if they gave false evidence. But others suppose they might be examined after the hour of any other prayer, when there was a sufficient assembly 2. 117 Unjust people.'] The occasion of the preceding passage is said to have been this ; Tamim al Dari and Addi Ebn Yazid, both Christians, took a journey into Syria to trade, in company with Bodeil, the freedman of Amru Ebn al As, who was a Moslem. When they came 10 Damascus, Bodeil fell sick, and died ; having first wrote down a list of his effects on a piece of paper, which he hid in his baggage, without acquainting his compa- nions with it, and desired them only to dehver what he had to his friends of the tribe of Sahm. The survivors, however. searching among his goods, found a vessel of silver of considerable weight, and inlaid with gold, which they concealed ; and, on their return, delivered the rest to the de- ceased's relations ; who, finding the list of Bodeil's writing, demanded the vessel of silver of them, but they denied it; and the affair being brought before Moham- med, these words, viz. O true believers ! take witnesses, &c. were revealed ; and he ordered them to be sworn at the pulpit in the mosque, just as afternoon prayer was over ; and on their making oath, that they knew nothing of the plate demanded, dismissed them. But, afterwards, the vessel being found in their hands, the Sahmites, suspecting it was Bodeil's, charged them with it ; and they confessed it was his, but insisted that they had bought it of him ; and that they had not produced it, because they had no proof of the bargain. Upon this they went again before Mohammed, to whom these words, And if it appear, &c. were revealed ; and thereupon Amru Ebn al As, and al Mo- talleb Ebn Abi Refaa, both of the tribe of Sahm, stood up, and were sworn against them ; and judgment was given accord- ingly ^. 118 On a certain day.] That is, on the day of judgment. 1 Al Beiddwu 2 Idem. 3 Id em. 128 AL KORAN. [chap. apostles, and shall say unto them, What answer was returned you, when ye preached unto the people to whom ye were sent ? They shall answer, We have no knowledge, but thou art the knower of secrets. ^^^ When God shall say, O Jesus, son of Mary ! remember my favour towards thee, and towards thy mother ; when I strengthened thee with the Holy Spirit, that thou shouldest speak unto men in the cradle, and when thou wast grown up ; and when I taught thee the scripture, and wisdom, and the law, and the gospel; and when thou didst create of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, by my permission, and didst breathe thereon, and it became a bird by my permission ; and thou didst heal one blind from his birth, and the leper, by my permission ; and when thou didst bring forth the dead from their graves, by my permission ; and when I withheld the children of Israel from killing thee, when thou hadst come unto them with evident miracles ; and such of them as believed not, said. This is nothing but manifest sorcery. ^^^ And when I commanded the apos- tles of Jesus, saying. Believe in me, and in my messenger ; they answered. We do believe ; and do thou bear witness that we are resigned unto thee. ^^^ Remember, when the apostles said, O Jesus, son of Mary ! is thy Lord able to cause a table to descend unto us from heaven ? He 118 We have no knowledge, &c.] That wherein the expositors are not agreed, is, We are ignorant whether our proselytes One will have them to be nine cakes of were sincere, or whether they apostatized bread, and nine fishes ; another, bread, after our deaths ; but thou well knowest, and flesh ; another, all sorts of food, not only what answer they gave us, but except flesh ; another, all sorts of food, the secrets of their hearts ; and whether except bread and flesh; another, all, ex- they have since continued firm in their cept bread and fish ; another, one fish, religion, or not. which had the taste of all manner of food ; 119 Holy Spirit.'] See chap. ii. and another, fruits of paradise : but the — Grown up.] See chap. iii. most received tradition is, that, when the — Permission.] See p. 54. table was uncovered, there appeared a fish — Killing thee.] See p. 55. ready dressed, without scales or prickly 121 Is thy Lord able to cause a table fins, dropping with fat, having salt placed to descend unto us from heaven, &c.] This at its head, and vinegar at its tail, and miracle is thus related by the commenta- round it all sorts of herbs, except leeks ; tors : Jesus having, at the request of his and five loaves of bread, on one of which followers, asked it of God, a red table there were olives ; on the second, honey ; immediately descended, in their sight, on the third, butter ; on the fourth, cheese ; between two clouds, and was set before and on the fifth, dried flesh. They add, them ; whereupon he rose up, and having that Jesus, at the request of the apostles, made the ablution, prayed, and then took shewed them another miracle, by restoring off the cloth which covered the table, say- the fish to life, and causing its scales and ing, In the name of God, the best provider fins to return to it; at which the standers- of food. What the provisions were, with by being affrighted, he caused it to be- which this table was furnished, is a matter come as it was before : that one thousand v.] AL KORAN. 129 answered, Fear God, if ye be true believers. ^^^ They said, We desire to eat thereof, and that our hearts may rest at ease; and that we may know that thou hast told us the truth ; and that we may be witnesses thereof. ^^^ Jesus, the son of Mary, said, O God, our Lord ! cause a table to descend unto us from heaven, that the day of its descent may become a festival-day unto us, unto the first of us, and unto the last of us; and a sign from thee; and do thou provide food for us, for thou art the best provider. ^^^ God said, Verily I will cause it to descend unto you ; but, whoever among you shall disbelieve hereafter, ^^^I will surely punish him with a punishment wherewith I will not punish any other creature. And when God shall say unto Jesus, at the last day, O Jesus, son of Mary ! hast thou said unto men. Take me, and my mother, for two gods, beside God ? He shall answer, Praise be unto thee ! it is not for me to say that which I ought not ; if 1 had said so, thou wouldest surely have known it : thou knowest what is in me, but I know not what is in thee ; for thou art the knower of secrets. ^^^ I have not spoken to them any other than what thou didst command me ; namely. Worship God, my Lord and your Lord : and I was a witness of their actions while 1 stayed among them ; but since thou hast taken me to thyself, thou hast been three hundred men and women, all afflicted Several other fabulous circumstances are with bodily infirmities, or poverty, ate of also told, which are scarce worth tran- these provisions, and were satisfied; the scribing 2; fish remaining whole as it was at first: 123 A festival- day. ^ Some say, the that then the table flew up to heaven in table descended on a Sunday, which was the sight of all ; and every one who had the reason of the Christians observing that partaken of this food, were delivered from day as sacred. Others pretend, this day their infirmities and misfortunes : and that is still kept among them as a very great it continued to descend for forty days festival ; and it seems as if the story had together, at dinner-time, and stood on the its rise from an imperfect notion of Christ's ground till the sun declined, and was then last supper, and the institution of the taken up into the clouds. Some of the Eucharist. Mohammedan writers are of opinion that 126 Since thou hast taken me to thy- this table did not really descend, but that self.'] Or, since thou hast caused me to it was only a parable ; but most think the die : but, as it is a disputed point, among words of the Koran are plain to the con- the Mohammedans, whether Christ ac- trary. A further tradition is, that several tually died, or not, before his assumption ^^ men were changed into swine, for disbe- and the original is susceptible of transla- lieving this miracle, and attributing it to tion either way, I have chosen the former magic art : or, as others pretend, for steal- expression, which leaves the matter unde- ihg some of the victuals from off it i. cided. ^ Jl Beiddwiy al Thalahi. ^ V. Marracc. in Ale. p. 238, &c. ^ See chap. iii. VOL. I. K 130 AL KORAN. [chap. the watcher over them ; for thou art witness of all things. ^^^ If thou punish them, they are surely thy servants ; and, if thou forgive them, thou art mighty and wise. ^^^ God will say, This day shall their veracity be of advantage unto those who speak truth ; they shall have gardens wherein rivers flow ; they shall remain therein for ever : God hath been well pleased in them, and they have been well pleased in him. This shall be great felicity. ^^^ Unto God belongeth the kingdom of heaven and of earth, and of whatever therein is ; and he is almighty. V CHAPTER VI. intitled, cattle; revealed at mecca. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Praise be unto God, who hath created the heavens and the earth, and hath ordained the darkness and the light ; nevertheless, they who believe not in the Lord, equalize other gods with him. ^ It is he who hath created you of clay ; and then decreed the term of your lives ; and the prefixed term is with him: yet do ye doubt thereof. ^ He is God in heaven and in earth ; he knoweth what ye keep secret, and what ye publish ; and knoweth what ye deserve. * There came not unto them any sign, of the signs of their Lord, but they retired from the same ; ^ and they have gainsayed the truth, after that it hath come unto them : but a message shall come unto them, Title — Cattle,'] This chapter is so in- that by the first term is intended, the titled, because some superstitious customs space between creation and death ; and, of the Meccans, as to certain cattle, are by the latter, that between death and the therein incidentally mentioned. resurrection. Title — Mecca.'] Except only six verses; 5 A message shall come unto themi &c.] or, say others, three verses, which are That is, they shall be convinced of the taken notice of in the notes. truth which they have made a jest of, 2. And then decreed the term of your when they see the punishment which* lives ; and the prefixed term is with him] they shall suffer for so doing, both in this By the last term, some understand the world, and the next ; or, when they shall time of the resurrection. Others think, see the glorious success of Mohammedism. VI.] AL KORAN. 131 concerning that which they have mocked at. ^ Do they not consider how many generations we have destroyed before them ? We had established them in the earth in a manner wherein we have not established you ; we sent the heaven to rain abundantly upon them, and we gave them rivers which flowed under their feet : yet we de- stroyed them in their sins, and raised up other generations after them. ^ Although we had caused to descend unto thee a book written on paper, and they had handled it with their hands, the unbelievers had surely said, This is no other than manifest sorcery. ^They said, unless an angel be sent down unto him, we will not believe. But if he had sent down an angel, verily the matter had been decreed, and they should not have been borne with, by having time granted them to repent. ^ And if we had appointed an angel for our messenger, w^e should have sent him in the form of a man, and have clothed him before them, as they are clothed. ^^ Other apostles have been laughed to scorn, before thee; but the judgment which they made a jest of, encompassed those who laughed them to scorn. ^^ Say, go through the earth, and behold what hath been the end of those who accused our pro- phets of imposture. ^^ Say, Unto whom belongeth what- soever is in heaven and earth ? Say unto God, He hath prescribed unto himself mercy. He will surely gather you together on the day of resurrection ; there is no doubt of it. They who destroy their own souls hre those who will not believe. ^^ Unto him is owing whatsoever hap- peneth by night, or by day ; it is he who heareth and knoweth. ^^ Say, Shall I take any other protector than God, the creator of heaven and earth, who feedeth all, and is not fed by any? Say, verily I am commanded to 6 We had established them in the earthf shewn his mercy in not complying with as we have not established you, &c.] i. e. their demands ; for if he had, they would We had blessed them with greater power, have suffered immediate condemnation, and length of prosperity, than we have and would have been allowed no time for granted you, O men of Mecca ^ Mo- repentance. hammed seems here to mean the ancient 9 We should have sent him in the form and potent tribes of Ad, and Thamud, of a man.'] As Gabriel generally ap- &c. 2 peared to Mohammed, who, though a pro- 8 Verily the matter had been decreed, phet, was not able to bear the sight of &c.] That is to say, as they would not him, when he appeared in his proper have believed, even if an angel had de- form, much less would others be able to scended to them from heaven, God has support it. ^ AlBeiddwi. 2 ggg the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. 6, &c. K 2 132 A L KORAN. [chap. be the first who professeth Islam ; and it was said unto me. Thou shalt by no means be one of the idolaters. ^^ Say, Verily I fear, if I should rebel against my Lord, the punishment of the great day : ^^ from whomsoever it shall be averted on that day, God will have been merciful unto him ; this will be manifest salvation. ^^ If God afflict thee with any hurt, there is none who can take it off from thee, except himself; but, if he cause good to befal thee, he is almighty; ^^he is the supreme Lord over his ser- vants ; and he is wise and knowing. ^^ Say, What thing is the strongest in bearing testimony? Say, God! he is witness between me and you. And this Koran was revealed unto me, that I should admonish you thereby, and also those unto whom it shall reach. Do ye really profess that there are other gods together with God ? Say, I do not profess this. Say, Verily he is one God ; and I am guiltless of what ye associate with him. ^^ They unto whom we have given the scripture, know our apos- tle, even as they know their own children ; but they who destroy their own souls, will not believe. ^^ Who is more unjust than he who inventeth a lie against God, or chargeth his signs with imposture? Surely the unjust shall not prosper. ^^ And, on the day of resurrection, we will assemble them all : then will we say unto those who associated others with God, Where are your companions, whom ye imagined to be those of God ? But they shall have no other excuse than that they shall say. By God our Lord, we have not been idolaters. ^^ Behold, how they lie against themselves ; and what they have blas- phemously imagined to be the companion of God, flieth from them. ^^ There is of them who hearkeneth unto thee when thou readest the Koran ; but we have cast 14 The first who professeth Islam.'] 21 Who inventeth a lie against God,"] That is, the first of my nation ^. Saying the angels are the daughters of 19 What thing is the strongest in hear- God, and intercessors for us with him, ing testimony, he.'] This passage was re- &c.3 vealed when the Koreish told Mohammed, 22 Your companions.'] i. e. Your idols that they had asked the Jews and Chris- and' false gods. tians concerning him, who assured them, 23 And what they have blasphemously they found no mention or description of imagined, flieth from them.] That is, their him in their books of scripture. There- imaginary deities prove to be nothing, fore, said they, who bears witness to thee, and disappear like vain phantoms and that thou art the apostle of God ^ ? chimeras. 20 Know our apostle.] See chap. ii. 24 Who hearkeneth unto thee.] The * Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem, Jallalo' ddin, ^ At Beiddwi. VI.] AL KORAN. 133 veils over their hearts, that they should not understand it, and a deafness in their ears : and though they should see all kinds of signs, they will not believe therein ; and their infidelity will arrive to that height, that they will even come unto thee, to dispute with thee. The unbe- lievers will say, This is nothing but silly fables of ancient times. ^^And they will forbid others from believing therein, and will retire afar off from it ; but they will destroy their own souls only ; and they are not sensible thereof. ^^ If thou didst see, when they shall be set over the fire of hell ! and they shall say. Would to God we might be sent back into the world ; we would not charge the signs of our Lord with imposture, and we would become true believers : ^^ nay, but that is become mani- fest unto them which they formerly concealed ; and, though they should be sent back into the world, they would surely return to that which was forbidden them ; and they are surely liars. ^^ And they said, There is no other life than our present life ; neither shall we be raised again. ^^ But, if thou couldest see when they shall be set before their Lord. He shall say unto them, Is not this in truth come to pass ? They shall answer, Yea, by our Lord. God shall say, Taste therefore the punish- ment due unto you, for that ye have disbelieved. ^^ They are lost who reject as a falsehood the meeting of God in the next life, until the hour cometh suddenly upon them. Then will they say, Ala^s ! for that we have behaved our- selves negligently in our life-time : and they shall carry their burdens on their backs ; will it not be evil which persons here meant were Abu Sofian, al 29 When they shall he set before their Walid, al Nodar, Otha, Abu Jahl, and Zorrf, &c.] Viz. in order for judgment, their comrades, who went to hear Mo- 30 The hour,^ The last day is here hammed repeat some of the Koran ; and called the Hour, as it is in scripture ^ ; and Nodar, being asked what he said, an- the preceding expression of meeting God swered, with an oath, that he knew not, on that day is also agreeable to the same *. only that he moved his tongue, and told — They shall carry their burdens on a parcel of foolish stories, as he had done their backs, &c.] When an infidel comes to them ^. forth from his grave, says Jallalo'ddin, his 27 That is become manifest unto them works shall be represented to him under which they formerly concealed,'] Viz. Their the ugliest form that ever he beheld, hav- hypocrisy and vile actions : nor does their ing a most deformed countenance, a filthy promise proceed from any sincere inten- smell, and a disagreeable voice ; so that tion of amendment, but from the anguish he shall cry out, God defend me from and misery of their condition 2. thee! what art thou? I never saw any Al Beiddwi, 2 idem. ^ 1 John v. 25, &c. * 1 Thess. iv. I7. 134 A L KORAN. [chap. they shall be loaden with ? ^^ This present life is no other than a play, and a vain amusement; but surely the future mansion shall be better for those who fear God: will they not therefore understand ? ^^ Now we know, that what they speak grieveth thee: yet they do not accuse thee of falsehood ; but the ungodly contradict the signs of God. ^^And apostles before thee have been accounted liars : but they patiently bore their being ac- counted liars, and their being vexed, until our help came unto them ; for there is none who can change the words of God : and thou hast received some information con- cerning those who have been formerly sent from him. ^* If their aversion to thy admonitions be grievous unto thee, if thou canst seek out a den whereby thou mayest penetrate into the inward parts of the earth, or a ladder by which thou mayest ascend into heaven, that thou mayest shew them a sign, do so, but thy search will be fruitless ; for if God pleased, he would bring them all to the true direction : be not therefore one of the ignorant. ^^ He will give a favourable answer unto those only who shall hearken with attention : and God will raise the dead ; then unto him shall they return. ^^The infidels say, Unless some sign be sent down unto him from his Lord, we will not believe : answer. Verily God is able to send down a sign : but the greater part of them know it not. thing more detestable. To which the believe the revelations which he brought figure will answer, Why dost thou wonder them ; which occasioned this passage *. at my ugliness? I am thy evil works ^ ; 33 And thou hast received some infor^ thou didst ride upon me while thou wast mation concerning those who have been in the world, but now will I ride upon formerly sent from him.'] i.e. Thou hast thee, and thou shalt carry me. And im- been acquainted with the stories of several mediately it shall get upon him ; and of the preceding prophets ; what persecu- whatever he shall meet shall terrify him, tions they suffered from those to whom and say, Hail, thou enemy of God, thou they were sent, and in what manner God art he who was meant by (these words of supported them, and punished their ene- the Koran) And they shall carry their mies, according to his unalterable pro- burdens, &c. ^ mise^. 32 They do not accuse thee of falsehood, 34 Ignorant.'] In this passage Mo- hut the ungodly contradict the signs of hammed is reproved for his impatience, God.] That is, It is not thou, but God, in not bearing with the obstinacy of his whom they injure by their impious gain- countrymen, and for his indiscreet desire saying of what has been revealed to thee, of effecting what God hath not decreed, It is said, that Abu Jahl once told Mo- namely, the conversion and salvation of hammed, that they did not accuse him of all men ^ falsehood, because he was known to be a 36 The greater part of them know it man of veracity, but only they did not not.] Being both ignorant of God's aU 1 See Milton's Paradise Lost, book ii. v. 737, &c. ^ ^ee also oh. ill. 3 At BeiddwL * Idem. ^ Idem. VI.] AL KORAN. 135 ^^ There is no kind of beast on earth, nor fowl which flieth with its wings, but the same is a people like unto you ; we have not omitted any thing in the book of our decrees ; then unto their Lord shall they return. ^^ They who accuse our signs of falsehood, are deaf and dumb, walking in darkness : God will lead into error whom ha. pleaseth, and whom he pleaseth he will put in the right way. ^^ Say, What think ye ? if the punishment of God come upon you, or the hour of the resurrection come upon you, will ye call upon any other than God, if ye speak truth ? ^^ yea, him shall ye call upon, and he shall free you from that which ye shall ask him to deliver you from, if he pleaseth ; and ye shall forget that which ye associated with him. ^^ We have already sent messen- gers unto sundry nations before thee, and we afflicted them with trouble and adversity, that they might humble themselves : ^^ yet, when the affliction which we sent came upon them, they did not humble themselves ; but their hearts became hardened, and Satan prepared for them that which they committed. ^^ And when they had for- gotten that concerning which they had been admonished, we opened unto them the gates of all things ; until, while they were rejoicing for that which had been given them, we suddenly laid hold on them ; and, behold, they were seized with despair ; ^ and the utmost part of the people which had acted wickedly, was cut off: praise be unto God, the Lord of all creatures ! ^^ Say, What think ye ? if God should take away your hearing, and your sight, mighty power, and of the consequence of injuries they did one another while in what they ask, which might prove their this world 2, utter destruction. 40 Ye shall forget that which ye asso- 37 A people like unto you.'\ Being dated with him,^ That is, Ye shall then created and preserved by the same omni- forsake your false gods, when ye shall be potence and providence as ye are. effectually convinced that God alone is — fVe have not omitted any thing in the able to deliver you from eternal punish - hook^ &c.] That is, in the preserved table ; ment. But others rather think, that this wherein God's decrees are written, and forgetting will be the effect of the dis- all things which come to pass in the world, tress and terror which they will then be as well the most minute as the more mo- in 3. mentous, are exactly registered ^. 43 We opened unto them the gates of — Then unto their Lord shall they re- all things.'] That is, we gave them all turn.'] For, according to the Mohamme- manner of plenty ; that since they took dan belief, the irrational animals will also no warning by their aflBictions, their pros- be restored to life at the resurrection, that perity might become a snare to them, and they may be brought to judgment, and they might bring down upon themselves have vengeance taken on them for the swifter destruction. * See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 122. 2 i^\q^^^^ p. iqI, 102. ^ ji Beiddwi, 1 136 AL KORAN. [chap. and should seal up your hearts ; What god, besides God, will restore them unto you ? See how variously we shew forth the signs of God's unity ; yet do they turn aside from them. ^^ Say unto them, What think ye ? if the punishment of God come upon you suddenly, or in open view, will any perish, except the ungodly people ? ^^ We send not our messengers otherwise than bearing good tidings, and denouncing threats. Whoso, therefore, shall believe, and amend, on them shall no fear come, neither shall they be grieved : ^^ but whoso shall accuse our signs of falsehood, a punishment shall fall on them, because they have done wickedly. ^^ Say, I say not unto you, The treasures of God are in my power : neither do I say, I know the secrets of God : neither do I say unto you, Verily, I am an angel : I follow only that which is re- vealed unto me. Say, Shall the blind, and the seeing, be held equal ? do ye not therefore consider ? ^^ Preach it unto those who fear, that they shall be assembled before their Lord : they shall have no patron nor intercessor, except him ; that, peradventure, they may take heed to themselves. ^^ Drive not away those who call upon their Lord, morning and evening, desiring to see his face ; it belongeth not unto thee to pass any judgment on them, nor doth it belong unto them to pass any judgment on thee : therefore, if thou drive them away, thou wilt be- come one of the unjust. ^^ Thus have we proved some part of them by other part, that they may say. Are these 45 How variously we shew forth the he agreed to do. Others say, that the signs, &c.] Laying them before you in chief men of Mecca expelled all the poor different views, and making use of argu- out of their city, bidding them go to Mo- ments and motives drawn from various hammed ; which they did, and offered to considerations. embrace his religion ; but he made some 46 Suddenly, or in open view,"] That is, difficulty to receive them, suspecting their says al Beidawi, either without any pre- motive to be necessity, and not real con- vious notice, or after some warning given, viction ' ; whereupon this passage was re- 51 Drive not away those who call upon vealed. their Lord, &c.] These words were oc- — It belongeth not unto thee to pass casioned when the Koreish desired Mo- any judgment on them, &c.] i. e. Rashly hammed not to admit the poor, or more to decide whether their intentions be sin- inferior people, such as Ammar, Soheib, cere or not; since thou canst not know Khobbab, and Salman, into his company, their heart, and their faith may possibly pretending that then they would come be more firm than that of those who would and discourse with him ; but he refusing persuade thee to discard them. to turn away any believers, they insisted, 52 Thus have we proved some part of at least, that he should order them to rise them by other part, &c.] That is to say, up, and withdraw," when they came, which the noble by those of mean extraction, and ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. VI.] AL KORAN. 137 the people among us unto whom God hath been gra- cious ? Doth not God most truly know those who are thankful ? ^^ And when they who believe in our signs shall come unto thee, say, Peace be upon you. Your Lord hath prescribed unto himself mercy ; so that who- ever among you w^orketh evil through ignorance, and afterwards repenteth, and amendeth ; unto him will he surely be gracious and merciful. ^^ Thus have we dis- tinctly propounded our signs, that the path of the wicked might be made known. ^^ Say, Verily I am forbidden to worship the false deities which ye invoke, besides God. Say, I will not follow your desires ; for then should I err ; neither should I be one of those who are rightly directed. ^^ Say, I behave according to the plain declaration which I have received from my Lord ; but ye have forged lies concerning him. That which ye desire should be hastened, is not in my power : judgment belongeth only unto God ; he will determine the truth ; and he is the best discerner. ^^ Say, If what ye desire should be hastened were in my power, the matter had been determined between me and you : but God well knoweth the unjust. ^^ With him are the keys of the secret things ; none knoweth them besides himself: he knoweth that which is on the dry land, and in the sea ; there falleth no leaf, but he knoweth it ; neither is there a single grain in the dark parts of the earth, neither a green thing, nor a dry thing, but it is written in the perspicuous book. ^^ It is he who causeth you to sleep by night, and knoweth what ye merit by day; he also awaketh you therein, that the prefixed term of your lives may be fulfilled ; then unto him shall ye return, and he shall declare unto you that which ye have wrought. ^^ He is supreme over his servants, and sendeth the the rich by the poor ; in that God chose or some other sudden and miraculous to call the latter to the faith before the punishment, to destroy them ^. former ^ 57 The ivatter had been determined.'] 56 That which ye desire should he For I should ere now have destroyed you, hastened^ is not in my power, &c.J This out of zeal for God's honour, had it been passage is an answer to the audacious in my power ^. defiances of the infidels, who bade Mo- 58 In the perspicuous book ] i. e. The hammed, if he were a true prophet, to preserved table, or registrar of God's call for a shower of stones from heaven, decrees. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo^ ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi* ^ Idem. 138 AL KORAN. [chap. guardian angels to watch over you, until, when death over- taketh one of you, our messengers cause him to die ; and they will not neglect our commands. ^^ Afterwards shall they return unto God, their true Lord : doth not judg- ment belong unto him ? he is the most quick in taking an account. ^^ Say, Who delivereth you from the dark- ness of the land, and of the sea, when ye call upon him humbly, and in private, saying. Verily if thou deliver us from these dangers, we will surely be thankful ? ^^ Say, God delivereth you from them, and from every grief of mind ; yet afterwards ye give him companions. ^^ Say, He is able to send on you a punishment from above you, or from under your feet, or to engage you in dissension, and to make some of you taste the violence of others. Observe how variously we shew forth our signs, that, per- adventure, they may understand. ^^ This people hath accused the revelation which thou hast brought of false- hood, although it be the truth. Say, I am not a guardian over you : ^^ every prophecy hath its fixed time of accom- plishment ; and ye will hereafter know it. ^^ When thou seest those who are engaged in cavilling at, or ridiculing our signs, depart from them, until they be engaged in some other discourse : and if Satan cause thee to forget this precept, do not sit with the ungodly people, after recollection. ^^ They who fear God are not at all account- able for them ; but their duty is to remember, that they 6*0 Guardian angels.'] See the Prelim. — Or from under your feet.] Either Disc. § iv. p. 84. by drowning you, as he did Pharaoh and — Our messengers.] That is, the angel his host; or causing the earth to open, of death, and his assistants ^. and swallow you up, as happened to 61 An account.] See ihe Prelim. Disc. Korah, or (as the Mohammedans name § iv. p. 105. him) Karun^. 62 The darkness.] That is, the dangers 68 Those who fear God are not account- and distresses. able for them^ &c.] And therefore need — If thou deliver us.] The Cufic not be troubled at the indecent and im- copies read it in the third person, if he pious talk of the infidels ; provided they deliver us, &c. take care not to be infected by them. 63 Yet afterwards ye give him com- When the preceding passage was re- panions.] Returning to your old idolatry. vealed, the Moslems told their prophet, 64 A punishment from above you.] That that if they were obliged to rise up when- is, by storms from heaven, as he destroyed ever the idolaters spoke irreverently of the unbelieving people of Noah, and of the Koran, they could never sit quietly in Lot, and the army of Abraha, the lord of the temple, nor perform their devotions the elephant ^. there ; whereupon these words are added *. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 85. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Al Beiddwi, JallaW ddin. VI.] AL KORAN. 139 may take heed to themselves. ^^ Abandon those who make their religion a sport and a jest ; and whom the present life hath deceived : and admonish them by the Koran, that a soul becometh liable to destruction for that which it committeth : it shall have no patron nor inter- cessor besides God ; ^^ and if it could pay the utmost price of redemption, it would not be accepted for it. They who are delivered over to perdition for that which they have committed, shall have boiling water to drink, and shall suffer a grievous punishment, because they have disbelieved. ^^ Say, Shall we call upon that, besides God, which can neither profit us, nor hurt us? and shall we turn back on our heels, after that God hath directed us ; like him whom the devils have infatuated, wandering amazedly in the earth, and yet having companions who call him to the true direction, saying. Come unto us? Say, The direction of God is the true direction : we are commanded to resign ourselves unto the Lord of all creatures ; ^^ and it is also commanded us, saying. Observe the stated times of prayer, and fear him ; for it is he before whom ye shall be assembled. '^^ It is he who hath created the heavens, and the earth, in truth ; and when- ever he saith unto a thing. Be, it is. ^^ His word is the truth ; and his will be the kingdom on the day whereon the trumpet shall be sounded : he knoweth whatever is secret, and whatever is public: he is the wise, the knowing. ^^Call to mind when Abraham said unto his father Azer, 74 The trumpet.'] See the Prelim, true of all ; for several Arab and Turkish Disc. § iv. p. 85 and 97) &c. writers expressly make Azer and Terah 75 Jzer.~\ This is the name which the the same person ^, Azer in ancient times Mohammedans give to Abraham's father, was the name of the planet Mars ; and named in scripture Terah. However, the month of March was so called by the some of their writers pretend, that Azer most ancient Persians ; for the word ori- was the son of Terah i; and D'Herbelot ginally signifying fire (as it still does), it says, that the Arabs always distinguish was therefore given by them and the them in their genealogies as different per- Chaldeans to that planet *, which partak- sons ; but that, because Abraham was the ing, as was supposed, of a fiery nature, was son of Terah, according to Moses, it is acknowledged by the Chaldeans and As- therefore supposed [by European writers] Syrians as a god, or planetary deity, whom, that Terah is the same with the Azer of in old times, they worshipped under the the Arabs 2. How true this observation form of a pillar ; whence Azer became a may be in relation to some authors, I name among the nobility, who esteemed cannot say, but I am sure it cannot be it honourable to be denominated from » Tarikh Montakhab, apud D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 12. 2 D'HerbeL ibid. ^ Al Beiddiviy Jallalo'ddin., Yayhay Ebn Shohnah, Mirat Kaivat, &c. V. etiam Pharhang Jehanghiri, apud Hyde de rel, vet. Persar. p. 68. * Hydcy ibid. p. 63. 140 AL KORAN. [chap. Dost thou take images for gods ? Verily I perceive that thou and thy people are in a manifest error. ^^ And thus did we shew unto Abraham the kingdom of heaven and earthy that he might become one of those who firmly believe. ^^ And when the night overshadowed him, he saw a star, and he said. This is my Lord ; but their gods \ and is found in the composi- tion of several Babylonish names. For these reasons, a learned author supposes Azer to have been the heathen name of Terah ; and that the other was given him on his conversion 2. Al Beidawi confirms this conjecture, saying, that Azer was the name of the idol which he worshipped. It may be observed, that Abraham's father is also called Zarah in the Talmud, and Athar by Eusebius. 75 Dost thou take images for gods .^] That Azer, or Terah, was an idolater, is allowed on all hands ; nor can it be denied, since he is expressly said in scripture to have served strange gods ^. The eastern authors unanimously agree, that he v^^as a statuary, or carver of idols ; and he is represented as the first who made images of clay, pictures only having been in use before *, and taught that they were to be adored as gods ^. However, v^^e are told his employment was a very honourable one ^ and that he was a great lord, and in high favour with Nimrod, whose son-in- law he was 7, because he made his idols for him, and was excellent in his art. Some of the Rabbins say, Terah was a priest, and chief of the order ^. 76 Jnd thus we shewed Abraham the kingdom of heaven and earth, &c.] That is, we gave him a right apprehension of the government of the world, and of the heavenly bodies, that he might know them all to be ruled by God, by putting him on making the following reflection. 77 He saw a star, and he said, This is my Lord, &c.] Since Abraham's parents were idolaters, it seems to be a necessary consequence that himself was one also in his younger years ; the scripture, not ob- scurely, intimates as much ^ ; and the Jews themselves acknowledge it ^^, At what age he came to the knowledge of the true God, and left idolatry, opinions are va- rious. Some Jewish writers tell us he was then but three years old ^^ ; and the Mohammedans likewise suppose him very young, and that he asked his father and mother several shrewd questions when a child '2. Others, however, allow him to have been a middle-aged man at that time ^^. Maimonidcs, in particular, and R, Abraham Zacuth, think him to have been forty years old ; which age is also men- tioned in the Koran. But the general opinion of the Mohammedans is, that he was about fifteen or sixteen ^'K As the religion wherein Abraham was educated was the Sabian, which consisted chiefly in the worship of the heavenly bodies ^^, he is introduced examining their nature and properties, to see whether they had a right to the worship which was paid them, or not; and the first which he observed was the planet Venus, or, as others will have it, Jupiter ^^. This method of Abra- ham's attaining to the knowledge of the Supreme Creator of all things, is conform- able to what Josephus writes, viz. That he drew his notions from the changes which he had observed in the earth and the sea, and in the sun and the moon, and the rest of the celestial bodies; concluding that they were subject to the command of a superior power, to whom alone all honour and thanks are due ^^ The story itself is certainly taken from the Talmud '^. Some of the commentators, however, sup- pose this reasoning of Abraham with him- self was not the first means of his conver- sion ; but that he used it only by way of argument, to convince the idolaters among whom he then lived. 1 Hyde, ibid. p. 64. - Idem, ibid. p. 62. ^ Josh. xxiv. 2. 14* * Epiphan. adv. Hesr. 1. 1. p. 7, 8. ^ Suidasin Lexico, voce Slfipovx- ^ V. Hyde, ubi supra, p. 63. ^ D'JIerhel. ubi sup. * Shalshel. hakkab. p. 94. 9 V. Josh. xxiv. 2. 14, and Hyde, ubi sup. p. 59. ^^ Joseph. Ant. 1. 1. c. 7. Maimon. More Nev. part 3. c. 29. & Yad Hazzak. de Id. c. 1. &c. ^^ Tanchuma, Talmud. Nedarim, 32, 1. & apud Maimon. Yad Hazz. ubi sup. ^^ y^ D' Herbel, Bibl. Orient. Art. Abraham. ^^ Maimon. ubi sup. R. Ahr, Zacuth in Sefer Juchasin, Shalshel. hakkab, &c. 1* V. Hyde, ubi sup. p. 60, 61, & Hotting, Smegma Orient, p. 290, &c. Genebr. in Chron. ^^ See the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. I7. 16 Al Beiddwi. ^^ Joseph. Ant. 1. 1. c. 7« ^^ R- Bechai, in Midrash, V. Bartolocc. Bibl. Rabb. part I. p. 640. VI.] AL KORAN. 141 when it set, he said, I like not gods which set. ^^ And when he saw the moon rising, he said, This is my Lord ; but when he saw it set, he said. Verily if my Lord direct me not, I shall become one of the people who go astray. ^^ And when he saw the sun rising, he said. This is my Lord, this is the greatest ; but when it set, he said, O my people ! verily I am clear of that which ye associate with God. ^^ I direct my face unto him who hath created the heavens and the earth ; I am orthodox, and am not one of the idolaters. ^^ And his people disputed with him : and he said. Will ye dispute with me concerning God ? since he hath now directed me ; and I fear not that which ye associate with him, unless that my Lord willeth a thing ; for my Lord comprehendeth all things by his knowledge: will ye not therefore consider? ^^ And how should I fear that which ye associate with God, since ye fear not to have associated with God that concerning which he hath sent down unto you no authority ? which, therefore, of the two parties is the more safe, if ye under- stand aright ? ^^ They who believe, and clothe not their faith with injustice, they shall enjoy security, and they are rightly directed. ^^ And this is our argument (to prove the divine unity) wherewith we furnished Abra- ham, that he might make use of it against his people : we exalt unto degrees of wisdom and knowledge whom we please ; for thy Lord is wise and knowing. ^^ And we gave unto him Isaac and Jacob ; we directed them both : and Noah had we before directed, and of his pos- terity David and Solomon ; and Job, and Joseph, and Moses, and Aaron : thus do we reward tlie righteous : 81 I fear not what ye associate with spoken of in this passage ; some to Noah, him ; unless that my Lord willeth a thing, the next antecedent, because Jonas and &c.] That is, I am not afraid of your Lot were not (say they) of Abraham's false gods, which cannot hurt me, except seed : and others suppose the persons God permitteth it, or is pleased to afflict named in this and the next verse are to me himself. be understood as the descendants of Abra- 83 Injustice.'] By injustice, in this ham, and those in the following verse, as place, the commentators understand idol- those of Noah ^. atry, or open rebellion against God. — Joh.'] The Mohammedans say he 85 Of his posterity,] Some refer the was of the race of Esau. See chap. xxi. relative his, to Abraham, the person chiefly and xxxviii. At Beiddwi. 142 AL KORAN. [chap, ^^ and Zacharias, and John, and Jesus, and Elias ; all of them were upright men : ^ and Ismael, and Elisha, and Jonas, and Lot ; all these have we favoured above the rest of the world ; ^^ and also divers of their fathers, and their issue, and their brethren ; and we chose them, and directed them into the right way. ^^ This is the direction of God ; he directeth thereby such of his ser- vants as he pleaseth ; but, if they had been guilty of idolatry, that which they wrought would have become utterly fruitless unto them. ^^ Those were the persons unto whom we gave the scripture, and wisdom, and pro- phecy ; but if these believe not therein, we will commit the care of them to a people who shall not disbelieve the same. ^^ Those were the persons whom God hath di- rected, therefore follow their direction. Say unto the inhabitants of Mecca, I ask of you no recompense for preaching the Koran ; it is no other than an admonition unto all creatures. ^^ They make not a due estimation of God, when they say, God hath not sent down unto man any thing at all : Say, Who sent down the book which Moses brought, a light and a direction unto men ; which ye transcribe on papers, whereof ye publish some part, and great part whereof ye conceal? and ye have been taught by Mohammed what ye knew not, neither your fathers. Say, God sent it down : then leave them to amuse themselves with their vain discourse. ^^ This book, which we have sent down, is blessed; confirming that 86 Elias.l See chap, xxxvii. — God hath not sent down unto man 87 Elisha.'] This prophet was the sue- any thing, &c.] By these words, the Jews cessor of Elias, and, as the commentators (if they were the persons meant) chiefly will have it, the son of Okhtub ; though the intended to deny the Koran to be of scripture makes him the son of Shaphat. divine revelation ; though they might, in — Jonas.] See chap. x. xxi. and xxxvii. strictness, insist that God never revealed, — Lot.] See chap. vii. &c. or sent down, as the Koran expresses it, 90 These.] That is, the Koreish ^. any real composition, or material writing, 92 They make not a due estimation of from heaven, in the manner that Moham- Godf &c.] That is, they know him not med pretended his revelations were deli- truly, nor have just notions of his good- vered 3, if we except only the deca- ness and mercy towards man. The per- logue ; God having left to the inspired sons here meant, according to some com- penmen, not only the labour of writ- mentators, are the Jews ; and, according ing, but the liberty, in a great mea- to others, the idolaters 2. This verse and sure at least, of putting the truths into the two next, as Jallalo'ddin thinks, were their own words, and manner of expres- revealed at Medina. sion. 1 AlBeiddwi, ^ Idem. ^ gee the Prelim. Disc. § iii. p. 75, &c. VI.] AL KORAN. 143 • which was revealed before it; and is delivered unto thee, that thou mayest preach it unto the metropolis of Mecca, and to those who are round about it. And they who believe in the next life, will believe therein, and they will diligently observe their times of prayer. ^^ Who is more wicked than he who forgeth a lie concerning God; or saith, This was revealed unto me ; when nothing hath been revealed unto him ? and who saith, I will produce a revelation like unto that which God hath sent down ? If thou didst see when the ungodly are in the pangs of death, and the angels reach out their hands, saying, Cast forth your souls ; this day shall ye receive an ignominious punishment for that which ye have falsely spoken con- cerning God ; and because ye have proudly rejected his signs. ^^ And now are ye come unto us alone, as we created you at first, and ye have left that which we had bestowed on you behind your backs ; neither do we see with you your intercessors, whom ye thought to have been partners with God among you : now is the relation be- tween you cut off; and what ye imagined hath deceived you. ^^ God causeth the grain, and the date-stone, to put forth : he bringeth forth the living from the dead, and he bringeth forth the dead from the living. This is God. Why, therefore, are ye turned away from him? ^^ He causeth the morning to appear ; and hath ordained 94 Who is more wicked than he who proscribed at the taking of Mecca ^, and forgeth a lie concerning God, &c. ?] Falsely narrowly escaped with life on his recan- pretending to have received revelations tation, by the interposition of Othman from him ; as did Moseilama, al Aswad, Ebn Affan, whose foster-brother he was*, al Ansi, and others. — And who saith, I will produce a reve- — Or saithy This was revealed unto me, lation, &c.] For some Arabs, it seems, when nothing hath been revealed unto him.'] had the vanity to imagine, and gave out, As did Abda'llah Ebn Saad Ebn Abi that, if they pleased, they could write a Sarah, who for some time was the pro- book nothing inferior to the Koran, phet's amanuensis ; and when these words — Angels.'] See before, p. 138, note 60, were dictated to him as revealed, viz. We db Alone.] That is, without your wealth, created man of a purer kind of clay, &c. ^ your children, or your friencls, which ye cried out, by way of admiration, Blessed so much depended on in your life-time, be God, the best Creator! and being or- — As we created you at first.] i.e. dered by Mohammed to write these words Naked and helpless, down also, as part of the inspired passage, — Your intercessors.] Or false gods, began to think himself as great a prophet — What ye imagined, 8zc.] Concerning as his master 2. Whereupon he took upon the intercession of your idols, or the dis- himself to corrupt and alter the Koran belief of future rewards and punishments, according to his own fancy, and, at length, 96 The living from the dead.] See apostatizing, was one of the ten who were chap. iii. 1 Koran, chap, xxiii. 2 ^i Beiddwi. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. p. 65. * V. Ahulfed. vit. Moham. p. 109. 144 AL KORAN. [chap. the night for rest, and the sun and the moon for the com- puting of time. This is the disposition of the mighty, the wise God. ^^ It is he who hath ordained the stars for you, that ye may be directed thereby in the darkness of the land, and of the sea. We have clearly shewn forth pur signs unto people who understand. ^^ It is he who hath produced you from one soul ; and hath provided for you a sure receptacle, and a repository. We have clearly shewn forth our signs unto people who are wise. ^^^ It is he who sendeth down water from heaven; and we have thereby produced the springing buds of all things, and have thereout produced the green thing, from which we produce the grain growing in rows, and palm-trees, from whose branches proceed clusters of dates hanging close together ; and gardens of grapes, and olives, and pomegranates, both like and unlike to one another. Look on their fruits, when they bear fruit, and their growing to maturity. Verily herein are signs unto people who believe. ^^^ Yet they have set up the genii as partners with God, although he created them : and they have falsely attributed unto him sons and daughters, without knowledge. Praise be unto him ; and far be that from him which they attribute unto him ! He is the maker of heaven and earth : how should he have issue, since he hath no consort ? he hath created all things, and he is omniscient. ^^^ This is God your Lord ; there is no God but he, the creator of all things : therefore serve him ; for he taketh care of all things. ^^^ The sight com- prehendeth him not, but he comprehendeth the sight ; he is the gracious, the wise. ^^^ Now have evident demon- strations come unto you from your Lord ; whoso seeth them, the advantage thereof will redound to his own 99 A sure receptacle, and a repository ."] their servants, by adoring idols at their Namely, in the loins of your fathers, and instigation, or else because, according to the wombs of your mothers ^ the Magian system, they looked on the 101 Genii.~\ This word signifies pro- devil as a sort of creator, making him the perly the genus of rational, invisible author and principle of all evil, and God beings, whether angels, devils, or that the author of good only 2. intermediate species usually called genii. — Sons and daughters.^ See the Prelim. Some of the commentators, therefore, in Disc. p. 20. and 46. this place, understand the angels whom 103 The gracious.^ Or, as the word the Pagan Arabs worshipped ; and others may be translated, the incomprehensi- the devils, either because they became ble ^ 1 Jl Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. VI.] AL KORAN. 145 soul : and whoso is wilfully blind, the consequence will be to himself. I am not a keeper over you. ^^^ Thus do we variously explain our signs : that they may say, Thou hast studied diligently ; and that we may declare them unto people of understanding. ^^^ Follow that which hath been revealed unto thee from thy Lord ; there is no God but he : retire, therefore, from the idolaters. ^^^ If God had so pleased, they had not been guilty of idolatry. We have not appointed thee a keeper over them ; neither art thou a guardian over them. ^^^ Revile not the idols which they invoke besides God, lest they maliciously revile God, without knowledge. Thus have we prepared for every nation their works : hereafter unto God shall they return, and he shall declare unto them that which they have done. ^^^ They have sworn by God, by the most solemn oath, that if a sign came unto them, they would certainly believe therein : Say, Verily signs are in the power of God alone ; and he permitteth you not to understand that when they come they will not believe. ^^^ And we will turn aside their hearts, and their sight, from the truth, as they believed not therein the first time ; and we will leave them to wander in their error. [*VIII.] ^^^ And though we had sent down angels unto them, and the dead had spoken unto them, and w^e had gathered together before them all things in one view; they would not have believed, unless God had so pleased : ^^^ but the greater part of them know it not. ^^^ Thus have we appointed unto every prophet an enemy ; the devils of men, and of genii ; who privately suggest the one to 105 That they may say, Thou hast that God did not think fit to comply with studied diligently.'] That is, Thou hast their desires ; and that, if he had so been instructed by the Jews and Christ- thought fit, yet it had been in vain, be- ians in these matters, and only retailest cause, if they were not convinced by the to us what thou hast learned of them. Koran, they would not be convinced by For this the infidels objected to Moham- the greatest miracle ^ med, thinking it impossible for him to 110 Therein.'] i. e. In the Koran, discourse on subjects of so high a nature, 111 And though we had sent down and in so clear and pertinent a manner, angels unto them, &c.] For the Meccans without being well versed in the doctrines required that Mohammed should either and sacred writings of those people. shew them an angel descending from 109 Signs are in the power of God.] heaven in their sight ; or raise their dead In this passage Mohammed endeavours to fathers, that they might discourse with excuse his inability of working a miracle, them ; or prevail on God, and his angels, as had been demanded of him ; declaring to appear to them in a body. ^ Confer Luke xvi. 31. VOL. I. L ^ 146 AL KORAN. [chap. the other specious discourses to deceive ; but if thy Lord pleased, they would not have done it. Therefore leave them, and that which they have falsely imagined ; and let the hearts of those be inclined thereto, who believe not in the life to come ; and let them please themselves therein, and let them gain that which they are gaining. ^^* Shall I seek after any other judge besides God to judge between us ? It is he who hath sent down unto you the book of the Koran, distinguishing between good and evil ; and they to whom we gave the scripture, know that it is sent down from thy Lord, with truth. Be not therefore one of those who doubt thereof. ^^^ The words of thy Lord are perfect, in truth and justice ; there is none who can change his words: he both heareth and knoweth. ^^^ But if thou obey the greater part of them who are in the earth, they will lead thee aside from the path of God : they follow an uncertain opinion only, and speak nothing but lies : ^^^ verily thy Lord well knoweth those who go astray from his path, and well knoweth those who are rightly directed. ^^^ Eat of that whereon the name of God hath been commemorated, if ye believe in his signs : ^^^ and why do ye not eat of that whereon the name of God hath been commemorated ? since he hath plainly declared unto you what he hath forbidden you ; except that which ye be compelled to eat of by necessity. Many lead others into error, because of their appetites, being void of knowledge ; but thy Lord well knoweth who are the transgressors. ^^^ Leave both the outside of iniquity, and the inside thereof: for they who commit iniquity shall receive the reward of that which they shall have gained. ^^^ Eat not, therefore, of that whereon the name of God hath not been commemorated ; 115 There is none who can change his no other prophet, law, or dispensation, to words.^ Some interpret this of the im- be expected after it. mutability of God's decree, and the cer- 116 They follow an uncertain opinion tainty of his threats and promises ; others, ow/z/.] Imagining that the true religion of his particular promise to preserve the was that which their idolatrous ancestors Koran from any such alterations, or cor- professed. ruptions, as they imagine to have happened 118 The name of God.'} See chap. ii. to the Pentateuch and the Gospel * ; and and chap. v. others of the unalterable duration of the 120 Leave the outside of iniquity , and Mohammedan law, which they hold is to the inside thereof} That is, both open last till the end of the world, there being and secret sins. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 88. and Kor. c. xv. VI.] AL KORAN. 147 for this is certainly wickedness : but the devils will suggest unto their friends, that they dispute with you concerning this precept ; but if ye obey them, ye are surely idolaters. ^^^ Shall he who hath been dead, and whom we have restored unto life, and unto whom we have ordained a light, whereby he may walk among men, be as he whose similitude is in darkness, from whence he shall not come forth. Thus was that which the infidels are doing prepared for them. ^^^ And thus have we placed in every city chief leaders of the wicked men thereof, that they may act deceitfully therein ; but they shall act deceitfully against their own souls only; and they know it not. ^^^ And when a sign cometli unto them, they say. We will, by no means, believe, until a revelation be brought unto us, like unto that which hath been delivered unto the messengers of God. God best knoweth whom he will appoint for his messenger. Vile- ness, in the sight of God, shall fall upon those who deal wickedly, and a grievous punishment, for that they have dealt deceitfully. ^^^And whomsoever God shall please to direct, he will open his breast to receive the faith of Islam : but, whomsoever he shall please to lead into error, he will render his breast strait and narrow, as though he were climbing up to heaven. Thus doth God inflict a terrible punishment on those who believe not. ^^^ This is the right way of thy Lord. Now have we plainly declared our signs unto those people who will consider. ^^^ They shall have a dwelling of peace with their Lord, and he shall be their patron, because of that which they have wrought. ^^^ Think on the day whereon 122 Not come forth.'] The persons being God's messenger than Moham- primarily intended in this passage, were med. Hamza, Mohammed's uncle, and Abu — God best knoweth whom he will ap- Jahl ; others, instead of Hamza, name point for his messenger.] Literally, Where Omar, or Ammar. he will place his commission. God, says 323 And thus have we placed in every al Beidawi, bestows not the gift of pro- city^ chief leaders of the wicked men thereof] phecy on any one on account of his nobi- In the same manner as we have done in lity or riches, but for their spiritual quali- Mecca. fications ; making choice of such of his 124 A sign.] i. e. Any verse or passage servants as he pleases, and who he knows of the Koran. will execute their commissions faithfully. ■ — We will not believe until a reve- 125 As though he were climbing up to lation be brought unto us, &c.] These heaven.] Or had undertaken the most were the words of the Koreish, who impossible thing in the world. In like thought there were persons among them- manner shall the heart of such a man be selves more worthy of the honour of incapable of receiving the truth. l2 148 AL KORAN. [chap. God shall gather them all together, and shall say, O com- pany of genii ! ye have been much concerned with mankind ; and their friends from among mankind shall say, O Lord ! the one of us hath received advantage from the other, and we are arrived at our limited term which thou hast appointed us. God will say, Hell-fire shall be your habitation, therein shall ye remain for ever ; unless as God shall please to mitigate your pains, for thy Lord is wise and knowing. ^^^ Thus do we set some of the unjust over others of them, because of that which they have deserved. ^^^ O company of genii and men ! did not messengers from among yourselves come unto you, rehearsing my signs unto you, and forewarning you of the meeting of this your day? They shall answer, We bear witness against ourselves : the present life deceived them : and they shall bear witness against themselves, that they were unbelievers. ^^^ This hath been the method of God's dealing with his creatures, because thy Lord would not destroy the cities in their iniquity, while their inhabitants were careless. ^^^ Every one shall have degrees of recompense of that which they shall do ; for thy Lord is not regardless of that which they do : ^^^ and thy Lord is self-sufficient, and endued with mercy. If he pleaseth, he can de- 128 0 company ofgenii!^ i. e. Of devils ^ respite which God will grant to spme be- — Ye have been much concerned with fore they are thrown into hell is here in- manMnd.l In tempting and seducing them tended *. According to the exposition of to sin. Ebn Abbas, these words may be rendered, — The one of us hath received advantage Unless him whom God shall please to de- from the other.'] The advantage which men liver thence^. received from the evil spirits, was, their 130 Did not messengers from among raising and satisfying their lusts and appe- yourselves come unto you, &c.] It is the tites ; and that which the latter received Mohammedan belief, that apostles were in return, was the obedience paid them by sent by God for the conversion both of the former, &c. ^ genii and of men, being generally of hu- — Our limited term, &c.] Viz. The man race, (as Mohammed in particular, day of resurrection, which we believed not who pretended to have a commission to in the other world. preach to both kinds) ; according to this — Unless as God shall please to miti- passage, it seems, there must have been gate your pains.] The commentators tell prophets of the race of genii also, though us, that this alleviajtion of the pains of their mission be a secret to us. the damned will be when they shall be 131 While their inhabitants were care- token out of the fire to drink the boiling less.] Or considered not their danger ; water ^, or to suffer the extreme cold, but God first sent some prophet to them, called Zamharir, which is to be one part to warn them of it, and to invite them to of their punishment ; but others think, the repentance. 1 Al Beiddwi, ^ Idem, Jallalo'ddin. ^ Jallald' ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. 5 See the Prelim, Disc. § iv. p. 108, 109. VI.] AL KORAN. 149 stroy you, and cause such as he pleaseth to succeed you, in like manner as he produced you from the posterity of other people. ^^* Verily that which is threat- ened you, shall surely come to pass ; neither shall ye cause it to fail. ^^^ Say unto those of Mecca, O my people ! act according to your power : verily I will act according to my duty : and hereafter shall ye know whose will be the reward of paradise. The ungodly shall not prosper. ^^^ Those of Mecca set apart unto God a por- tion of that which he hath produced of the fruits of the earth, and of cattle ; and say. This belongeth unto God, (according to their imagination,) and this unto our com- panions. And that which is destined for their companions Cometh not unto God ; yet that which is set apart unto God cometh unto their companions. How ill do they judge ! ^^^ In like manner have their companions induced many of the idolaters to slay their children, that they might bring them to perdition, and that they might ren- der their religion obscure and confused unto them. But if God had pleased, they had not done this ; therefore leave them, and that which they falsely imagine. ^^^ They also say. These cattle and fruits of the earth are sacred ; none shall eat thereof but who we please, (according to their imagination ;) and there are cattle whose backs are forbidden to be rode on, or loaden with burdens; and 135 Jet according to your power ; and among those of Kendah, and some other / will act according to my duty.~\ That tribes, of burying their daughters alive, as is, ye may proceed in your rebellion against soon as they were born, if they appre- GoD, and your malice towards me, and bended they could not maintain them ^ ; be confirmed in your infidelity ; but I or else by offering them to their idols, at will persevere to bear your insults with the instigation of those who had the cus- patience, and to publish those revelations tody of their temples *. which God has commanded me ^, — And render their religion obscure and 136 Our companions,'] i. e. Our idols, confused^ &c.] By corrupting, with horrid In which sense this word is to be taken superstitions, that religion which Ismael through the whole passage. had left to his posterity ^ — Set apart unto God.] As to this 138 But who we please,] That is, custom of the Pagan Arabs, see the Pre- Those who serve our idols, and are of the lim. Disc. § i. p. 19. To what is there male sex ; for the women were not al- said we may add, that the share set apart lowed to eat of them ^. for God was employed chiefly in relieving — And there are cattle whose hacks are the poor, and strangers ; and the share of forbidden to he rode on, &c.] Which they the idols, for paying their priests, and superstitiously exempted from such ser- providing sacrifices for them 2. vices, in some particular cases ; as they 137 To slay their children.] Either by did the Bahira, the Sai'ba, and the Ha- that inhuman custom, which prevailed mi ^. ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 idem, Jallalo' ddin. ^ See chap. Ixxxi. * dl Beiddwi, 5 Idem. 6 Idem. ^ See chap. v. and Prelim. Disc. § v. 150 AL KORAN. [chap. there are cattle on which they commemorate not the name of God when they slay them, devising a lie against him ; God shall reward them for that which they falsely devise. ^^^ And they say, That which is in the bellies of these cattle is allowed our males to eat, and is forbidden to our wives : but if it prove abortive, then they are both partakers thereof. God shall give them the reward of their attributing these things to him : he is knowing and wise. ^^^ They are utterly lost who have slain their chil- dren foolishly, without knowledge; and have forbidden that which God hath given them for food, devising a lie against God. They have erred, and were not rightly directed. ^^^ He it is who produceth gardens of vines, both those which are supported on trails of w^ood, and those which are not supported, and palm-trees, and the corn affording various food, and olives, and pomegranates, alike and unlike unto one another. Eat of their fruit, when they bear fruit, and pay the due thereof on the day whereon ye shall gather it ; but be not profuse, for God loveth not those who are too profuse. ^^^ And God hath given you some cattle fit for bearing of burdens, and some fit for slaughter only. Eat of what God hath given you for food ; and follow not the steps of Satan, for he is your declared enemy. ^^^ Four pair of cattle hath God given you ; of sheep one pair, and of goats one pair. Say unto them. Hath God forbidden the two males, of sheep and of goats, or the two females; or that which the wombs of the two females contain ? Tell me with cer- tainty, if ye speak truth. ^^^And of camels hath God 138 The name of God.'] See chap. v. — And pay the due thereof &c.] That 139 That which is in the bellies of these is, give alms thereof to the poor. And cattle.~\ That is, the foetus, or embryos these alms, as al Beidawi observes, were of the Bahira and the Saiba, which shall what they used to give before the Zacat, be brought forth alive. or legal alms, was instituted ; which was — But if it prove abortive, they both done after Mohammed had retired from partake thereof] For if those cattle cast Mecca, where this verse was revealed, their young, the women might eat thereof Yet some are of another opinion, and, for as well as the men. this very reason, will have the verse to 140 Slain their children.] See note 137. have been revealed at Medina. — Without knowledge.] Not having a — Be not profuse.] i. e. Give not so due sense of God's providence. much thereof in alms, as to leave your 141 Supported on trails of wood, and own families in want ; for charity begins not supported.] Or, as some choose to in- at home. terpret the words, trees or plants which 143 Four pair.] Or, literally, eight are planted by the labour of man, and males and females paired together ; that those which grow naturally in the deserts is, four of each sex, and two of every dis- and on mountains. tinct kind. 1 VI.] AL KORAN. 151 given you one pair, and of oxen one pair ? Say, hath he forbidden the two males of these, or the two females ; or that which the wombs of the two females contain ? Were ye present when God commanded you this ? And who is more unjust than he who deviseth a lie against God, that he may seduce men without understanding ? Verily God directeth not unjust people. ^^^ Say, I find not in that which hath been revealed unto me, any thing for- bidden unto the eater, that he eat it not, except it be that which dieth of itself, or blood poured forth, or swine's flesh ; for this is an abomination : or that which is pro- fane, having been slain in the name of some other than God. But whoso shall be compelled by necessity to eat of these things, not lusting, nor wilfully transgressing, verily thy Lord will be gracious unto him and merciful. ^^^ Unto the Jews did we forbid every beast having an undivided hoof; and of bullocks and sheep, we forbade them the fat of both ; except that which should be on their backs, or their inwards, or which should be inter- mixed with the bone. This have we rewarded them with, because of their iniquity ; and we are surely speakers of truth. ^^^ If they accuse thee of imposture, say. Your Lord is endued with extensive mercy ; but his severity shall not be averted from wicked people. ^^^ The idola- ters will say, If God had pleased, we had not been guilty of idolatry, neither our fathers ; and pretend that we have not forbidden them any thing. Thus did they who were before them accuse the prophets of imposture, until they tasted our severe punishment. ^^^ Say, Is there with you any certain knowledge of what ye allege, that ye may 144 Females.'] In this passage Mo- 145 Blood poured forth.'] That is, fluid hammed endeavours to convince the Arabs blood : in opposition to what the Arabs of their superstitious folly, in making it un- suppose to be also blood, but not fluid ; as lawful, one while, to eat the males of these the liver and the spleen 3. four kinds of cattle; another while, the fe- 146 We forbade them the fat, &c.] See males ; and at another time, their young *. Levit. vii. 23, and iii. 16. — Who is more unjust than he who de- — Or that which is intermixed with the viseth a lie against God, &c.] The per- bone.~] Viz. the fat of the rumps or tails son particularly intended here, some say, of sheep, which are very large in the was Amru Ebn Lohai, king of Hajaz, a east; a small one weighing ten or twelve great introducer of idolatry and supersti- pounds, and some no less than three- tion among the Arabs 2. score. ^ At Beiddwi. ^ idem. See Prelim. Disc. p. 23. and Pocock, Spec. p. 80. '^ Al Beiddwi, JallaWddin. 152 AL KORAN. [chap. produce it unto us? Ye follow only a false imagination; and ye only utter lies. Say, Therefore unto God be- longeth the most evident demonstration ; for if he had pleased, he had directed you all. ^^^ Say, Produce your witnesses, who can bear testimony that God hath for- bidden this. But if they bear testimony of this, do not thou bear testimony with them, nor do thou follow the desires of those who accuse our signs of falsehood, and who believe not in the life to come, and equalize idols with their Lord. ^^^Say, Come; I will rehearse that which your Lord hath forbidden you ; that is to say, that ye be not guilty of idolatry, and that ye shew kindness to your parents, and that ye murder not your children, for fear lest ye be reduced to poverty : we will provide for you and them ; and draw not near unto heinous crimes, neither openly, nor in secret ; and slay not the soul which, God hath forbidden you to slay, unless for a just cause. This hath he enjoined you that ye may understand. ^^^And meddle not with the substance of the orphan, otherwise than for the improving thereof, until he attain his age of strength ; and use a full measure, and a just balance. We will not impose a task on any soul beyond its ability. And when ye pronounce judgment observe justice, although it be for or against one who is near of kin ; and fulfil the covenant of God. ^^^ This hath God commanded you, that ye may be admonished ; and that ye may know that this is my right way : therefore follow it, and follow not the paths of others, lest ye be scattered from the path of God. This hath he commanded you that ye may take heed. ^^^ We gave also unto Moses the book of the Law ; a perfect rule unto him who should do right, and a determination concerning all things need- ful, and a direction, and mercy ; that the children of Israel might believe the meeting of their Lord. ^^^ And this book which we have now sent down is blessed ; there- fore follow it, and fear God, that ye may obtain mercy. 151 A^az/, &c.] This and the two follow- signifies peculiarly fornication and ava- ing verses Jallalo'ddin supposes to have rice, been revealed at Medina. — Unless for a just cause.^ As for — Heinous crimes,'} The original word murder, apostacy, or adultery *. * Jl Beiddwi, VI.] AL KORAN. 153 ^^^ Lest je should say. The scriptures were only sent clown unto two people before us ; and we neglected to peruse them with attention. ^^^ Or lest ye should say. If a book of divine revelations had been sent down unto us, we would surely have been better directed than they. And now hath a manifest declaration come unto you from your Lord, and a direction and mercy : and who is more un- just than he who deviseth lies against the signs of God, and turneth aside from them? We will reward those who turn aside from our signs with a grievous punish- ment, because they have turned aside. ^^^ Do they wait for any other than that the angels should come unto them, to part their souls from their bodies ; or that thy Lord should come to punish them ; or that some of the signs of thy Lord should come to pass, shewing the day of judgment to be at hand ? On the day whereon some of thy Lord's signs shall come to pass, its faith shall not profit a soul which believed not before, or wrought not good in its faith. Say, Wait ye for this day ; we surely do wait for it. ^^^ They who make a divi- sion in their religion, and become sectaries, have thou nothing to do with them ; their affair belongeth only unto God. Hereafter shall he declare unto them that which they have done. ^^^ He who shall appear with good works, shall receive a ten-fold recompense for the same ; but he who shall appear with evil works, shall receive only an equal punishment for the same ; and they shall 156 Unto two people.'} That is, the pearance of Antichrist, the sun's rising in Jews and the Christians. the west, the eruption of Gog and Magog, — And we neglected to peruse them, 8zc.~\ the descent of Jesus on earth, and fire Either because we knew nothing of them, which shall break forth from Aden 2. or did not understand the language where- — Its faith shall not profit a soul which in they were written. believed not, &c.] For faith in the next 157 We would surely have been better life will be of no advantage to those who directed than they.} Because of the acute- have not believed in this ; nor yet faith in ness of our wit, the clearness of our un- this life, without good works, derstanding, and our facility of learning 159 They who make a division in their sciences ; as appears from our excelling in religioii.'] That is, who believe in part of history, poetry, and oratory, notwithstand- it, and disbelieve other part of it; or who ing we are an illiterate people 1. form schisms therein. Mohammed is re- 158 At hand.'} Al Beidawi, from a ported to have declared, that the Jews tradition of Mohammed, says, that ten were divided into seventy-one sects, and signs will precede the last day ; viz. the the Christians into seventy- two; and that smoke, the beast of the earth, an eclipse his own follov/ers would be split into in the east, another in the west, and a seventy-three sects ; and that all of them third in the peninsula of Arabia, the ap- would be damned, except only one of each s. 1 Jl Bciddwi. 2 ^qq ^he Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 94, 95, 9G, &c. 3 ji Beidawi. 154 A L KORAN. [chap. not be treated unjustly. ^^^ Say, Verily my Lord hath directed me into a right way ; — ^^^ a true religion, the sect of Abraham the orthodox ; and he was no idolater. ^^^ Say, Verily, my prayers, and my worship, and my life, and my death, are dedicated unto God, the Lord of all creatures. — ^^^ He hath no companion. This have I been commanded : I am the first Moslem. ^^^ Say, shall 1 desire any other Lord besides God ? since he is the Lord of all things ; and no soul shall acquire any merits or demerits but for itself: and no burdened soul shall bear the burden of another. Moreover unto your Lord shall ye return ; and he shall declare unto you that concerning which ye now dispute. ^^^ It is he who hath appointed you to succeed your predecessors in the earth, and hath raised some of you above others, by various degrees of worldly advantages, that he might prove you by that which he hath bestowed on you. Thy Lord is swift in punishing : and he is also gracious and merciful. 164 Moslem.'] See before, page 132, answer to the pressing instances of the 133. idolaters, who offered to take the crime 165 No burdened soul shall bear the upon themselves, if Mohammed would burden of another.] This was revealed in conform to their worship '. ^ Jl Beiddwi. CHAPTER VII. INTITLED, AL ARAF ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. M. S. ^ A book hath been sent down unto thee ; and therefore let there be no doubt in thy breast concern- ing it : that thou mayest preach the same, and that it may be an admonition unto the faithful. ^ Follow that Title.] — ^/ /^ra/ signifies the partition 1 A. L. M. S.] The signification of between paradise and hell, which is men- these letters, the more sober Mohamme- tioned in this chapter ^. dans confess, God alone knows. Some, Title — At Mecca.] Some, however, ex- however, imagine they stand for, Al- cept five or eight verses, and begin at these lah, Gabriel, Mohammed, on whom be words,And ask them concerning the city,&c. peace. 1 Seethe Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 1J2. VII.] AL KORAN. 155 which hath been sent down unto you from your Lord ; and follow no guides beside him : how little will ye be warned ! ^ How many cities have we destroyed, which our vengeance overtook by night, or while they were reposing themselves at noon-day ! ^ And their supplica- tion, when our punishment came upon them, was no other than that they said. Verily we have been unjust. ^ We will surely call those to an account, unto whom a prophet hath been sent ; and we will also call those to account who have been sent unto them. ^ And we will declare their actions unto them with knowledge ; for we are not absent from them. ^ The weighing of men's actions on that day shall be just; and they whose balances, laden with their good works, shall be heavy, are those who shall be happy ; ^ but they whose balances shall be light, are those who have lost their souls, because they injured our signs. ^^ And now have we placed you on the earth, and have provided you food therein : but how little are ye thankful ! ^^ We created you, and afterwards formed you; and then said unto the angels. Worship Adam ; and they all worshipped him, except Eblis, who was not one of those who worshipped. ^^ God said unto him, What hindered thee from worshipping Adam, since I had com- manded thee ? He answered, I am more excellent than he : thou hast created me of fire, and hast created him of clay. ^^ God said. Get thee down therefore from para- dise ; for it is not fit that thou behave thyself proudly therein ; get thee hence ; thou shalt be one of the con- temptible. ^^ He answered. Give me respite until the day of resurrection. ^^ God said, Verily thou shalt be one of those who are respited. ^^ The devil said. Because thou hast depraved me, I will lay wait for men in thy 4 Which our vengeance overtook by 11 Eblis.^ See chap. ii. night.^ As it did the inhabitants of Sodom 15 Verily thou shalt be one of those who and Gomorrah, to whom Lot was sent. are respited.] As the time till which the — Or while they were reposing them- devil is reprieved is not particularly ex- selves at noon.'] As happened to the Mi- pressed, the commentators suppose his re- dianites to whom Shoaib preached. quest was not wholly granted ; but agree 8 The weighing.] See the Prelim. Disc, that he shall die, as well as other creatures, § iv. p. 105, 106. at the second sound of the trumpet *. ^ Al Beiddwi. See the Prelim. Disc. sect. iv. p. 08, and D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient. Art. Eblis. 156 AL KORAN. [chap. strait way ; ^^ then will I come upon them from before, and from behind, and from their right hands, and from their left : and thou shalt not find the greater part of them thankful. ^^ God said unto him, Get thee hence, despised, and driven far away : — ^^ verily whoever of them shall follow thee, I will surely fill hell with you all : — ^^ but as for thee, O Adam ! dwell thou and thy wife in paradise ; and eat of the fruit thereof wherever ye will ; but approach not this tree, lest ye become of the number of the unjust. ^^ And Satan suggested unto them both, that he would discover unto them their nakedness, which was hidden from them ; and he said. Your Lord hath not forbidden you this tree, for any other reason but lest ye should become angels, or lest ye become immortaL ^^ And he sware unto them saying, Verily I am one of those who counsel you aright. ^^ And he caused them to fall through deceit. And when they had tasted of the tree, their nakedness appeared unto them ; and they began to join together the leaves of paradise, to cover themselves. And their Lord called to them, saying. Did I not forbid you this tree, and did I not say unto you. Verily Satan is your declared enemy ? ^^ They answered, O Lord ! we have dealt unjustly with our own souls ; and if thou forgive us not, and be not merciful unto us, we shall 17 I will come upon them from before f llamo \_Dios'\ a la serpientet y a Michael, and from behind, and from their right aquel que tiene la espada de Dios, y le dixo; hands, and from their left, &c.] i. e. I will Aquesta sierpe es acelerada, echala la pri- attack them on every side that I shall be mera del parayso, y cortale las piernas, y able. The other two ways, viz. from above si quisiere caminar, arrastrara la vida por and from under their feet, are omitted, tierra. Y llamo a Satanas, el qual vino say the commentators, to shew that the riendo, y dixole ; Porque tu reprobo has devil's power is limited ^. eganado a aquestos, y los has hecho im^ 23 Deceit.^ The Mohammedan gospel mundos ? Yo quiero que ioda Immun- ol Barnabas tells us, that the sentence dicia suya, y de todos sus hijos, en saliendo which God pronounced on the serpent for de sus cuerpos entre por tu boca, porque en introducing the devil into paradise ^, was, verdad ellos haran penitencia, y tu quedaras that he should not only be turned out of harto de immundicia. paradise, but that he should have his legs — Their nakedness appeared unto themJ] cut off by the angel Michael, with the Which they had not perceived before ; sword of God ; and that the devil himself, being clothed, as some say, with light, or since he had rendered our first parents garmentsof paradise, which fell from them unclean, was condemned to eat the excre- on their disobedience. Yahya imagines ments of them and all their posterity ; their nakedness was hidden by their which two last circumstances I do not re- hair. member to have read elsewhere. The — The leaves of paradise J] Which it words of the manuscript are these: Y is said were fig-leaves 3. ^ Al Beiddivi. ^ See the notes to chap. ii. ^ See the notes to chap. ii. VII.] A L KORAN. 157 surely be of those who perish. ^^ God said, Get ye down, the one of you an enemy unto the other ; and ye shall have a dwelling-place upon earth, and a provision for a season. ^^ He said. Therein shall ye live, and therein shall ye die, and from thence shall ye be taken forth at the resurrection. ^^ O children of Adam, we have sent down unto you apparel, to conceal your nakedness, and fair garments ; but the clothing of piety is better. This is one of the signs of God ; that, peradventure, ye may consider. ^^ O children of Adam ! let not Satan seduce you, as he expelled your parents out of paradise, by strip- ping them of their clothing, that he might shew them their nakedness : verily he seeth you, both he and his companions, whereas ye see not them. We have ap- pointed the devils to be the patrons of those who believe not : ^^ and when they commit a filthy action they say, We found our fathers practising the same ; and God hath commanded us to do it. ^^ Say, Verily God commandeth not filthy actions. Do ye speak concerning God that which ye know not ? Say, my Lord hath commanded me to observe justice ; therefore set your faces to pray at every place of worship, and call upon him, approving unto him the sincerity of your religion. As he produced you at first, so unto him shall ye return. ^^ A part of mankind hath he directed ; and a part hath been justly led into error, because they have taken the devils for their patrons besides God, and imagine that they are rightly directed. ^^ O children of Adam ! take your de- cent apparel at every place of worship, and eat and drink, 27 We have sent down unto you apparel.^ put on his better apparel, out of respect to Not only proper materials, but also inge- the divine niajesty before whom he is to nuity of mind, and dexterity of hand, to appear. But as the Mohammedans think make use of them ^ it indecent, on the one hand, to come into 28 Whereas ye see not them.'] Because God's presence in a slovenly manner, so of the subtilty of their bodies, and their they imagine, on the other, that they ought being void of all colour 2. not to appear before him in habits too rich 32 Take your decent apparel at every or sumptuous, and particularly in clothes place of worship^ &c.] This passage v^as adorned with gold or silver, lest they revealed to reprove the immodest custom should seem proud. of the Pagan Arabs, who used to encom- — And eat and drink.'] The sons of pass the Caaba naked, because clothes, Amer, it is said, when they performed the they said, were the signs of their disobe- pilgrimage to Mecca, used to eat no more dience to God ^. The Sonna orders that than was absolutely necessary, and that when a man goes to prayers, he should not of the more delicious sort of food 1 3ee the notes to chap. ii. 2 Jallalo'ddin. ^ JaUaWddin, ul BeiddwL 158 AL KORAN. [chap. but be not guilty of excess ; for he loveth not those who are guilty of excess. ^^ Say, Who hath forbidden the decent apparel of God, which he hath produced for his servants, and the good things w^hich he hath provided for food ? Say, These things are for those who believe in this present life, but peculiarly on the day of resurrection. Thus do we distinctly explain our signs unto people who understand. ^^ Say, Verily my Lord hath forbidden filthy actions, both that which is discovered thereof, and that which is concealed, and also iniquity, and unjust violence; and hath forbidden you to associate with God that con- cerning which he hath sent you down no authority, or to speak of God that which ye know not. ^^ Unto every nation there is a prefixed term; therefore when their term is expired, they shall not have respite for an hour, neither shall they be anticipated. ^^ O children of Adam ! verily apostles from among you shall come unto you, who shall expound my signs unto you : whosoever, therefore, shall fear God, and amend, there shall come no fear on them, neither shall they be grieved. ^^ But they who shall accuse our signs of falsehood, and shall proudly reject them, they shall be the companions of hell-fire ; they shall remain therein for ever. ^^ And who is more unjust than he who deviseth a lie concerning God, or accuseth his signs of imposture? Unto these shall be given their portion of worldly happiness, according to what is written in the book of God's decrees, until our messengers come unto them, and shall cause them to die ; saying. Where are the idols which ye called upon, besides God ? They shall answer. They have disappeared from us. And they shall bear witness against themselves, that they were unbelievers. ^^ God shall say unto them at the resurrection. Enter ye with the nations which have preceded you, of genii and of men, into hell-fire : so often as one nation shall enter, it shall curse its sister, until neither : which abstinence they looked 38 Our messengers.'] Viz. The angel upon as a piece of merit, but they are here of death, and his assistants. told the contrary ^. 39 It shall curse its sister.] That is, 33 But peculiarly on the day of resur- the nation whose example betrayed them rection,] Because then the wicked, who into their idolatry, and other wicked- also partook of the blessings of this life, will ness. have no share in the enjoyments of the next. * Jallalo'ddiyij al Belddwi. VII.] AL KORAN. 159 they shall all have successively entered therem. The latter of them shall say of the former of them, O Lord ! these have seduced us ; therefore inflict on them a double punishment of the fire of hell. God shall answer, It shall be doubled unto all ; but ye know it not. ^^ And the former of them shall say unto the latter of them, Ye have not therefore any favour above us ; taste the punish- ment for that which ye have gained. ^^ Verily they who shall charge our signs with falsehood, and shall proudly reject them, the gates of heaven shall not be opened unto them, neither shall they enter into paradise, until a camel pass through the eye of a needle ; and thus will we reward the wicked doers. ^^ Their couch shall be in hell, and over them shall be coverings of fire ; and thus will we reward the unjust. '^^ But they who believe, and do that which is right, (we will not load any soul but according to its ability,) they shall be the companions of paradise ; they shall remain therein for ever. ^* And we will re- move all grudges from their minds ; rivers shall run at their feet, and they shall say. Praised be God, who hath directed us unto this felicity ! for we should not have been rightly directed, if God had not directed us : now are we convinced, by demonstration, that the apostles of our Lord came unto us with truth. And it shall be pro- claimed unto them. This is paradise, whereof ye are made heirs, as a reward for that which ye have wrought. ^^ And the inhabitants of paradise shall call out to the inhabi- tants of hell-fire, saying, Now have we found that which our Lord promised us to be true : have ye also found — It is doubled unto you all.~\ Unto those sion was probably taken from onr Saviour's who set the example, because they not words in the gospeP; though it be pro- only transgressed themselves, but were verbial in the east. also the occasion of the others' transgress- 44 And we will remove all grudges from ing; and unto those who followed them, their minds, ~\ So that whatever differences, because of their own infidelity, and their or animosities, there had been between imitating an ill example ^ them in their life-time, they shall now be 41 The gates of heaven shall not he forgotten, and give place to sincere love opened unto them.'] That is, when their and amity. This Ali is said to have souls shall, after death, ascend to heaven, hoped would prove true to himself and his they shall not be admitted, but shall be inveterate enemies, Othman, Telha, and thrown down into the dungeon under the Al Zobeir *. seventh earth 2. 45 The inhabitants.] Literally, the — The eye of a needle.] This expres- companions. ' Jallalo' ddin^ al Beiddwi. 2 Jallaldddin. See the Prelim. Disc, ubi sup. p. 92. 3 Matth. xix. 24. ^ ^i Beiddwi. 160 A L KORAN. [chap. that which your Lord promised you to be true ? They shall answer, Yea. And a crier shall proclaim between them, The curse of God shall be on the wicked ; — ^^ who turn men aside from the way of God, and seek to render it crooked, and who deny the life to come. ^^ And be- tween the blessed and the damned there shall be a veil ; and men shall stand on Al Araf, who shall know every one of them by their marks, and shall call unto the in- habitants of paradise, saying. Peace be upon you : yet they shall not enter therein, although they earnestly de- sire it. ^^ And when they shall turn their eyes towards the companions of hell-fire, they shall say, O Lord, place us not with the ungodly people ! ^^ And those who stand on Al Araf shall call unto certain men, whom they shall know by their marks, and shall say. What hath your gathering of riches availed you, and that ye were puffed up with pride ? ^^ Are these the men on whom ye sware that God would not bestow mercy ? Enter ye into para- dise ; there shall come no fear on you, neither shall ye be grieved. ^^ And the inhabitants of hell-fire shall call unto the inhabitants of paradise, saying. Pour upon us some water, or of those refreshments which God hath bestowed on you. They shall answer, Verily God hath 45 The crier.'] Some say he will be talized here, for a certain time, with a the angel Israfil. bare view of the felicity of that place. 47 And men shall stand on Al Araf.] 49 Certain men.] That is, the chiefs Al Araf is the name of the wall, or parti- and ringleaders of the infidels *. tion, which, as Mohammed taught, will 50 On whom ye sware that God would separate paradise from hell *. But, as to not bestow mercy.] These were the infe- the persons who are to be placed thereon, rior and poorer among the believers, whom the commentators differ, as has been else- they despised in their life time, as un- where observed 2. worthy of God's favour. — fVho shall know every one of them by — Enter ye into paradise, &c.] These their marks.] i. e. Who shall distinguish words are directed, by an apostrophe, to the blessed from the damned, by their the poor and despised believers above- proper characteristics ; such as the white- mentioned. Some commentators, however, ness and splendour of the faces of the imagine that these, and the next preceding former, and the blackness of those of the words, are to be understood of those who latter^. will be confined in Al Araf; and that the — Yet they shall not enter therein, al- damned will, in return for their reproach- though they earnestly desire it.] From ful speech, swear that they shall never this circumstance, it seems, that their enter paradise themselves ; whereupon opinion is the most probable, who make God, of his mercy, shall order them to be this intermediate partition a sort of pur- admitted by these words ^ gatory for those, who, though they de- 51 Or of that which God hath bestowed serve not to be sent to hell, yet have not on you.] i. e. Of the other liquors or merits sufficient to gain them immediate fruits of paradise. Compare this passage admittance into paradise, and will be tan- with the parable of Dives and Lazarus. ' See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 112. 2 gee ibid. ^ Al Beiddwi. * Idem. ^ Idem. VII.] AL KORAN. 161 forbidden them unto the unbelievers ; — '^^ who made a laughing-stock, and a sport, of their religion, and whom the life of the world hath deceived : therefore this day will we forget them, as they did forget the meeting of this day, and for that they denied our signs to be from God. ^^ And now have we brought unto those of Mecca a book of divine revelations ; we have explained it with knowledge ; a direction and mercy unto people who shall believe. ^^ Do they wait for any other than the interpre- tation thereof? On the day whereon the intepretation thereof shall come, they who had forgotten the same be- fore, shall say, Now are we convinced, by demonstration, that the messengers of our Lord came unto us with truth : shall we therefore have any intercessors, who will intercede for us ? or shall we be sent back into the world, that we may do other works than what we did in our life- time ? But now have they lost their souls ; and that which they impiously imagined, hath fled from them. 55 Yepiiy jQur Lord is God, who created the heavens and the earth in six days ; and then ascended his throne : he causeth the night to cover the day ; it succeedeth the same swiftly : he alsp created the sun, and the moon, and the stars, which are absolutely subject unto his com- mand. Is not the w^hole creation, and the empire thereof, his ? Blessed be God, the Lord of all creatures ! ^^ Call upon your Lord humbly, and in secret, for he loveth not those who transgress. ^^ And act not corruptly in the earth, after its reformation ; and call upon him with fear and desire : for the mercy of God is near unto the righteous. ^^ It is he who sendeth the winds, spread abroad before his mercy, until they bring a 54 The interpretation thereof.'] That is, 58 Spread abroad.'] Or ranging over a the event of the promises and menaces large extent of land. Some copies, in- therein. stead of Noshran, which is the reading I — Fled from them.] See chap. vi. have here followed, have Boshran^ which p. 138, note 60. signifies good tidings; the rising of the 56 Who transgress.] Behaving them- wind in such a manner being the forerun- selves arrogantly while they pray ; or ner of rain. praying with an obstreperous voice, or a — Before his mercy.] That is, rain, multitude of words, and vain repetitions ^. For the east wind, says Al Beidawi, raises 57 After its reformation.] i. e. After the clouds^ the north wind drives them that God had sent his prophets, and re- together, the south wind agitates them vealed his laws, for the reformation and so as to make the rain fall, and the south amendment of mankind. wind disperses them again 2. 1 Al Beldam.. ^ Idem. VOL. I. M 162 AL KORAN. [chap. cloud heavy with rain, which we drive into a dead country ; and we cause water to descend thereon, by which we cause all sorts of fruits to spring forth. Thus will we bring forth the dead from their graves ; that, peradventure, ye may consider. ^^ From a good country shall its fruit spring forth abundantly, by the permission of its Lord ; but from the land which is bad, it shall not spring forth otherwise than scarcely. Thus do we explain the signs of divine providence unto people who are thankful. ^^ We formerly sent Noah unto his people : and he said, O my people ! worship God : ye have no other God than him. Verily I fear for you the punishment of the great day. ^^ The chiefs of his people answered him, We surely perceive thee to be in a mani- fest error. ^^ He replied, O my people ! there is no error in me ; but I am a messenger from the Lord of all crea- tures. ^^ I bring unto you the messages of my Lord ; and I counsel you aright : for I know from God, that which ye know not. ^^ Do ye wonder that an admonition hath come unto you from your Lord by a man from 58 A dead country.'] Or a dry and to call together the workmen who were parched land. building the ark, but to give him an op- — From their graves.] See the Prelim, portunity of daily admonishing his people Disc. § iv. p. 93, 98, &c. of the impending danger of the deluge, 60 Noah.] Noah, the son of Lamech, which would certainly destroy them if according to the Mohammedan writers, they did not repent ^. was one of the six principal prophets ^, Some Mohammedan authors pretend, though he had no written revelations de- Noah was sent to convert Zohak, one of livered to him 2, and the first who ap- the Persian kings of the first race, who peared after his great grandfather Edris, refused to hearken to him; and that he after- or Enoch. They also say, he was by wards preached God's unity publicly ^. trade a carpenter, which they infer from — Worship God : ye have no other God his building the ark ; and that the year of hut him.] From these words, and other his mission was the fiftieth, or, as others passages of the Koran, where Noah's say, the fortieth, of his age ^. preaching is mentioned, it appears that, That Noah was a preacher of righteous- according to Mohammed's opinion, a prin- ness unto the wicked antediluvians, is tes- cipal crime of the antediluvians was ido- tified by scripture *. The eastern Chris- latry ^ tians say, that when God ordered Noah — The great day.] Viz. Either the to build the ark, he also directed him to day of resurrection, or that whereon the make an instrument of wood, such as they flood was to begin. make use of at this day, in the east, in- 64 By a man.] For, said they, if God stead of bells, to call the people to church, had pleased, he would have sent an angel, and named in Arabic, NdkuSf and in mo- and not a man ; since we never heard of dern Greek, Semandra; on which he was such an instance in the times of our to strike three times every day, not only fathers ^ 1 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 89. ^ y. Reland, de relig. Moh. p. 34. ^ Al Za- makhshari. * 2 Pet. ii. 5. ^ Eutych. Annal. p. 37- ^ V. D' Herb el. Bibl. Orient, p. 675. ' See chap. Ixxi. and the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. 22. ^ Al Beiddwi. VII.] AL KORAN. 163 among you, to warn you, that ye may take heed to your- selves, and that, peradventure, ye may obtain mercy? ^^ And they accused him of imposture : but we delivered him, and those who were with him in the ark, and Ave drowned those who charged our signs with falsehood ; for they were a blind people. ^^ And unto the tribe of Ad we sent their brother Hud. He said, O my people ! worship God : ye have no other God than him ; will ye not fear him ? ^^ The chiefs of those among his people who believed not, answ^ered. Verily we perceive that thou art guided by folly ; and we certainly esteem thee to be one of the liars. ^^ He replied, O my people ! I am not guided by folly ; but I am a messenger unto you from the Lord of all creatures : — ^^ I bring unto you the mes- sages of my Lord ; and I am a faithful counsellor unto you. ^^ Do ye wonder that an admonition hath come unto you from your Lord, by a man from among you, that he may warn you ? Call to mind how he hath ap- pointed you successors unto the people of Noah, and hath added unto you in stature largely. Remember the benefits of God, that ye may prosper. '^ They said. Art thou come unto us, that we should worship God alone, 65 And those who were with him in the fourth restoring them to health when ark.'] That is, those who believed on afflicted with sickness ^; according to the him, and entered into that vessel with signification of the several names, him. Though there be a tradition among — Hud.] Generally supposed to be the Mohammedans, said to have been re- the same person with Heber ^ ; but others ceived from the prophet himself, and con- say, he was the son of Abda'llah, the son formable to the scripture, that eight per- of Ribah, the son of Kholud, the son of sons, and no more, were saved in the ark ; Ad, the son of Aws or Uz, the son of yet, some of them report the number va- Aram, the son of Sem ^ riously. One says they were but six, ano- 67 Who believed not.] These words ther ten, another twelve, another seventy- were added, because some of the principal eight, and another four-score, half men men among them believed on Hud, one and half women ^ ; and that one of them of whoin was Morthed Ebn Saad ^, was the elder Jorham 2, the preserver, as 70 The successors of the people of Noah.] some pretend, of the Arabian language^. Dwelling in the habitations of the antedi- i^Q Ad.] Ad was an ancient and potent luvians, who preceded them not many cen- tribe of Arabs % and zealous idolaters^, turies ; or having the chief sway in the They chiefly worshipped four deities, Sa- earth after them. For the kingdom of kia, Hafedha, Razeka, and Salema ; the Shedad, the son of Ad, is said to have ex- first, as they imagined, supplying them tended from the sands of Alaj, to the trees with rain, the second preserving them of Oman '^^. from all dangers abroad, the third pro- — Stature.] See the Prelim. Disc. viding food for their sustenance, and the p. 8. ^ Al Zamakhshari, Jallalo' ddin^ Ebn Shohnah. ^ Idem. See the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. 9. 3 y^ Pocock. Orat. prsefix. Carm. Tograi. * See the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. 6, 7, «. ^ Abulfeda. ^ V. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient. Art. Houd. 7 See the Prel. Disc. p. 7. » ji Beiddivi. ^ Idem. 10 Idem. M 2 164 AL KORAN. [chap. and leave the deities which our fathers worshipped ? Now bring down that judgment upon us, with which thou threatenest us, if thou speakest truth. ^^ Hud an- swered, Now shall there suddenly fall upon you, from your Lord, vengeance and indignation. Will ye dispute with me concerning the names which ye have named, and your fathers ; as to which God hath not revealed unto you any authority ? Do ye wait, therefore, and I will be one of those who wait with you. ^^ And we delivered him, and them who believed with him, by our mercy ; and we cut off the uttermost part of those who charged our signs with falsehood, and were not believers. ^* And unto the tribe of Thamud we sent their brother Saleh. He said, O my people ! worship God ; ye have no God besides him. Now hath a manifest proof come unto you from your Lord. This she-camel of God is a sign unto you ; therefore dismiss her freely, that she may feed in 72 Concerning the names which ye have namedf &c.] That is, concerning the idols, and imaginary objects of your worship, to which ye wickedly give the names, attri- butes, and honour, due to the only true God. 73 And we cut off^ &c.] The dreadful destruction of the Adites we have men- tioned in another place ^, and shall only add here some further circumstances of that calamity, and which differ a little from what is there said; for the Arab writers acknowledge many inconsistencies in the histories of these ancient tribes 2, The tribe of Ad having been, for their incredulity, previously chastised with a three years' drought, sent Kail Ebn Ithar and Morthed Ebn Saad, with seventy other principal men, to the temple of Mecca to obtain rain. Mecca was then in the hands of the tribe of Amalek, whose prince was Moawiyah Ebn Beer ; and he being without the city when the ambas- sadors arrived, entertained them there for a month in so hospitable a manner, that they had forgotten the business they came about, had not the king reminded them of it; not as from himself, lest they should think he wanted to be rid of them ; but by some verses which he put into the mouth of a singing woman. At which, being roused from their lethargy, Morthed told them, the only way they had to obtain what they wanted, would be to repent, and obey their prophet : but this displeas- ing the rest, they desired Moawiyah to imprison him, lest he should go with them ; which being done. Kail, with the rest, entering Mecca, begged of God that he would send rain to the people of Ad. Whereupon three clouds appeared, a white one, a red one, and a black one ; and a voice from heaven ordered Kail to choose which he would. Kail failed not to make choice of the last, thinking it to be loaden with the most rain ; but when this cloud came over them, it proved to be fraught with the divine vengeance, and a tempest broke forth from it which destroyed them all 3. 74 Thamud.~\ Thamud was another tribe of the ancient Arabs who fell into idolatry. See the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. 8. — Sdleh.'] Al Beidawi deduces his genealogy thus. Saleh, the son of Obeid, the son of Asaf, the son of Masekh, the son of Obeid, the son of Hadher, the son of Thamud K — This shC'Camel of God is a sign unto youJ] The Thamudites insisting on a miracle, proposed to Saleh, that he should go with them to their festival, and that they should call on their gods, and he on his, promising to follow that deity which should answer. But after they had called on their idols a long time to no purpose. 1 Prelim. Disc. p. 7- ^ Al Beidawi. V. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient. Art. Houd. 3 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 7, 8. * Ahulfeda, Al Zamakhshari. V. D'HerheL Bibl. Orient. Art. Saleh. VII.] AL KORAN, 165 God's earth ; and do her no hurt, lest a painful punish- ment seize you. ^^ And call to mind how he hath appointed you successors unto the tribe of Ad, and hath given you a habitation on earth ; ye build yourselves castles on the plains thereof, and cut out the mountains into houses. Remember therefore the benefits of God, and commit not violence in the earth, acting corruptly. ^^ The chiefs among his people, who were puffed up with pride, said unto those who were esteemed weak, namely, unto those who believed among them, Do ye know that Saleh hath been sent from his Lord ? They answered , We do surely believe in that wherewith he hath been sent. ^^ Those who were elated with pride, replied. Verily we believe not in that wherein ye believe. ^^ And they cut off the feet of the camel, and insolently transgressed the command of their Lord, and said, O Saleh, cause that to come upon us, with which thou hast threatened Jonda Ebn Amru, their prince, pointing to a rock, standing by itself, bid Saleh cause a she- camel, big with young, to come forth from it, solemnly engaging, that, if he did, he would believe : and his people promised the same. Whereupon Saleh asked it of God, and presently the rock, after several throes, as if in labour, was delivered of a she-camel, answering the description of Jonda, which immediately brought forth a young one ready weaned, and, as some say, as big as herself. Jonda, seeing this miracle, believed on the pro- phet, and some few with him ; but the greater part of the Thamudites remained, notwithstanding, incredulous. Of this camel the commentators tell several very absurd stories ; as that when she went to drink, she never raised her head from the well, or river, till she had drunk up all the water in it, and then she offered her- self to be milked, the people drawing from her as much milk as they pleased ; and some say, that she went about the town crying aloud. If any wants milk, let him come forth *. 75 Mountains into houses.'] The tribe of Thamud dwelt first in the country of the Adites, but their numbers increasing, they removed to the territory of Hejr for the sake of the mountains, where they cut for themselves habitations in the rocks, to be seen at this day. 78 And they cut off the feet of the camel.] This extraordinary camel fright- ening the other cattle from their pasture, a certain rich woman, named OneizaOmm Ganem, having four daughters, dressed them out, and offered one Kedar his choice of them, if he would kill the camel. Whereupon he chose one, and, with the assistance of eight other men, hamstrung and killed the dam, and pursuing the young one, which fled to the mountain, killed that also, and divided his flesh among them 2. Others tell the story some- what differently, adding Sadaka Bint al Mokhtar as a joint conspiratress with Oneiza, and pretending that the young one was not killed : for they say, that having fled to a certain mountain, named Kara, he there cried three times, and Saleh bid them catch him if they could, for then there might be hopes of their avoid- ing the divine vengeance ; but this they were not able to do, the rock opening after he had cried, and receiving him within it^. — A7id insolently transgressed the com^ mand of their Lord, &c.] Defying the vengeance with which they were threat- ened ; because they trusted in their strong dwellings, hewn in the rocks ; saying, that the tribe of Ad perished only because their houses were not built with sufficient strength ^. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 8. 2 Ahulfeda, ubi supra. * Al Kessai. 3 Al Beiddwi. V. D'HerbeL 166 AL KORAN. [chap us, if thou art one of those who have been sent by God. ^^ Whereupon a terrible noise from heaven assailed them ; and in the morning they were found in their dwellings prostrate on their breasts and dead. ^^ And Saleh de- parted from them, and said, O my people ! now have I delivered unto you the message of my Lord ; and I advised you well, but ye love not those who advise you well. ^^ And remember Lot, when he said unto his people. Do ye commit a wickedness, wherein no creature hath set you an example ? ^^ Do ye approach lustfully unto men, leaving the women? Certainly ye are people who transgress all modesty. ^^ But the answer of his people was no other than that they said, the one to the other. Expel them your city ; for they are men who pre- serve themselves pure from the crimes which ye commit. ^^ Therefore we delivered him and his family, except his wife ; she was one of those who staid behind : ^^ and we rained a shower of stones upon them. Behold, therefore. 79 A terrible noise from heaven.^ Like violent and repeated claps of thunder ; which, some say, was no other than the voice of the angel Gabriel 1, and which rent their hearts 2. It is said, that after they had killed the camel, Saleh told them, that on the morrow their faces should be- come yellow, the next day red, and the third day black, and that on the fourth God's vengeance should light on them ; and that the first three signs happening accordingly, they sought to put him to death, but God delivered him, by sending him into Palestine 3. — Dead^ Mohammed, in the expe- dition of Tabuc, which he undertook against the Greeks in the ninth year of the Hejra, passing by Hejr, where this ancient tribe had dwelt, forbade his army, though much distressed with heat and thirst, to draw any water there, but ordered them, if they had drunk of that water, to bring it up again ; or if they had kneaded any meal with it, to give it their camels* ; and wrapping up his face in his garment, he set spurs to his mule, crying out. Enter not the houses of those wicked men, but rather weep, lest that happen unto you which befel them ; and having so said, he continued galloping full speed, with his face muffled up, till he had passed the valley ^ 80 And said, &c.] Whether this speech was made by Saleh to them at parting, as seems most probable, or after the judg- ment had fallen on them, the commenta- tors are not agreed. 81 Lot.^ The commentators say, con- formably to the scripture, that Lot was the son of Haran, the son of Azer or Terah, and, consequently, Abraham's ne- phew, who brought him with him from Chaldea into Palestine, where, they say, he was sent by God to reclaim the inha- bitants of Sodom, and the other neigh- bouring cities, which were overthrown with it, from the unnatural vice to which they were addicted ^. And this Moham- medan tradition seems to be countenanced by the words of the apostle, That this righteous man dwelling among them, in seeing and hearing, vexed his righteous soul from day to day with their unlawful deeds ^ ; whence it is probable that he omitted no opportunity of endeavouring their reformation. The story of Lot is told with further circumstances in the eleventh chapter. 83 Expel them, &c.] Viz. Lot, and those who believe on him. 84 His wife.~\ See chap. xi. 85 Stones,~\ See ibid. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. p. 8. * Abulfeda, Vit. Moh. p. 124. Orient. Art. Loth. 2 Ahulfeda, al Beiddwi. 5 Al Bokkari, 7 2 Pet. ii. 8. ^ Al Beiddwi. V. D'Herhlot, Bibl. VII.] AL KORAN, 167 what was the end of the wicked. ^^ And unto Madian we sent their brother Shoaib. He said unto them, O my people ! worship God ; ye have no God besides him. Now hath an evident demonstration come unto you from your Lord. Therefore, give full measure and just weight, and diminish not unto men aught of their matters ; neither act corruptly in the earth, after its reformation. This will be better for you, if ye believe. ^^ And beset not every way, threatening the passenger ; and turning aside from the path of God him who believeth in him, and seeking to make it crooked. And remember, when ye were few, and God multiplied you : and behold what hath been the end of those who acted corruptly. ^^ And if part of you believe in that wherewith I am sent, and part believe not, wait patiently until God judge between us ; for he is the best judge. [*IX.] ^^ The chiefs 86 Madian,~\ or Midian, was a city of Hejaz, and the habitation of a tribe of the same name, the descendants of Midian, the son of Abraham by Keturah *, who afterwards coalesced with the Ismaelites, as it seems ; Moses naming the same mer- chants who sold Joseph to Potiphar, in one place Ismaelites ^, and in another Midianites^. This city was situated on the Red Sea, south-east of Mount Sinai, and is doubt- less the same with the Modiana of Ptolemy. What was remaining of it in Mohammed's time was soon after demolished in the suc- ceeding wars *, and it remains desolate to this day. The people of the country pretend to shew the well whence Moses watered Jethro's flocks ^. — Shoaib.'] Some Mohammedan writ- ers make him the son of Mikai'l, the son of Yashjar, the son of Madian ^ ; and they generally suppose him to be the same person with the father-in-law of Moses, who is named, in scripture, Reuel or Raguel, and Jethro ^ But Ahmed Ebn Abd'alhalim charges those who enter- tain this opinion with ignorance. Al Kessai says, that his father's name was Sanun, and that he was first called Boyun, and afterwards Shoaib ; and adds, that he was a comely person, but spare and lean, very thoughtful, and of few words. Dr. Prideaux writes this name, after the French translation, Chaib ^. — An evident demonstration.] This demonstration the commentators suppose to have been a power of working mira- cles, though the Koran mentions none in particular. However, they say (after the Jews) that he gave his son-in-law that wonder-working rod ^, with which he per- formed all those miracles in Egypt and the desert, and also excellent advice and instructions ^^ ; whence he had the sur- name of Khattb al Anhiyd, or The preacher to the prophets ^i. — Give full measure and just weighty &c.] For one of the great crimes which the Midianites were guilty of, was the using of divers measures and weights, a great and a small, buying by one and sell- ing by another ^2. — Reformation.] See before, p. 161, note 57. 87 Beset not every way, threatening the passenger.] Robbing on the highway, it seems, was another crying sin frequent among these people. But some of the commentators interpret this passage figu- ratively, of their besetting the way of truth, and threatening those who gave ear to the remonstrances of Shoaib ^^, 1 Gen. XXV. 2. 2 (jgn. xxxix. 1. 3 q^jj. xxxvii. 36. * V. Golii not. in Alfrag. p. 143. ^ Abulfeda Descr. Arab. p. 42. Georgr. Nub. p. 109. 6 Jl Beiddwi, Tarikh Montakhab. 7 Exod. ii. 18. iii. 1. 8 Life of Mahom. p. 24. 9 Al Beiddwi. V. Shalshel. hakkab. p. 12. 10 Exod. xviii. 13, &c. 11 V. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient. Art. Schoaib. 12 y. ib. Al Beiddwi. See Deut. xxv. 13, 14. i3 j^^^^^ 168 AL KO RAN. [chap. of his people, who were elated with pride, answered, We will surely cast thee, O Shoaib, and those who believe with thee, out of our city; or else thou shalt certainly return unto our religion. He said. What though we be averse thereto ? ^^ We shall surely imagine a lie against God, if we return unto your religion, after that God hath delivered us from the same : and we have no reason to return unto it, unless God our Lord shall please to abandon us. Our Lord comprehendeth every thing by his knowledge. In God do we put our trust. O Lord ! do thou judge between us and our nation with truth ; for thou art the best judge. ^^ And the chiefs of his people, who believed not, said. If ye follow Shoaib, ye shall surely perish. ^^ Therefore a storm from heaven assailed them, and in the morning they were found in their dwellings dead and prostrate. ^^ They who accused Shoaib of imposture be- came as though they had never dwelt therein ; they who accused Shoaib of imposture perished themselves. ^^And he departed from them, and said, O my people ! now have I performed unto you the messages of my Lord ; and I advised you aright : but why should I be grieved for an unbelieving people ? ^^ We have never sent any prophet unto a city, but we afflicted the inhabitants thereof with calamity and adversity, that they might humble them- selves. ^^ Then we gave them in exchange good in lieu of evil, until they abounded, and said. Adversity and prosperity formerly happened unto our fathers as unto us. Therefore we took vengeance on them suddenly, and they perceived it not beforehand. ^^ But if the inhabitants of those cities had believed and feared God, we would surely have opened to them blessings both from heaven and earth. But they charged our apostles with falsehood: wherefore we took vengeance on them for that which they had been guilty of. ^^ Were the inhabitants, there- fore, of those cities secure, that our punishment should not fall on them by night, while they slept ? ^^ Or were the inhabitants of those cities secure that our punish- 92 A storm from heaven.'] Like that both ; and both these dreadful calamities which destroyed the Thamudites. Some may well be supposed to have jointly exe- suppose it to have been an earthquake, cuted the divine vengeance, for the original word signifies either, or VII.] AL KORAN. 169 ment should not fall on them by day, while they sported ? 100 "WTere they, therefore, secure from the stratagem of God ? But none will think himself secure from the stratagem of God, except the people who perish. ^^^ And hath it not manifestly appeared unto those who have in- herited the earth after the former inhabitants thereof, that, if we please, we can afflict them for their sins ? But we will seal up their hearts ; and they shall not hearken. 102 ^^Q ^[\i relate unto thee some stories of these cities. Their apostles had come unto them with evident miracles, but they were not disposed to believe in that which they had before gainsaid. Thus will God seal up the hearts of the unbelievers. ^^^ And we found not in the greater part of them any observance of their cove- nant ; but we found the greater part of them wicked doers. ^^^ Then we sent after the above-named apostles, Moses with our signs unto Pharaoh and his princes, who treated them unjustly : but behold what was the end of the corrupt doers. ^^^ And Moses said, O Pharaoh ! verily I am an apostle sent from the Lord of all crea- tures. ^^^ It is just that I should not speak of God other than the truth. Now am I come unto you with an evi- dent sign from your Lord : send, therefore, the children of Israel away with me. Pharaoh answered, if thou comest with a sign, produce it, if thou speakest truth. 100 The stratagem of God.'] Hereby Masab, the son of Riyan, the son of Wa- is figuratively expressed the manner of lid ^ the Amalekite ^. There are histo- God's dealing with proud and ungrateful rians, however, who suppose Kabus, the men, by suffering them to fill up the mea- brother and predecessor of al Walid, was sure of their iniquity, without vouchsafing the prince we are speaking of; and pre- to bring them to a sense of their con- tend he lived six hundred and twenty dition, by chastisements and afflictions, years, and reigned four hundred. Which till they find themselves utterly lost, when is more reasonable, at least, than the opi- they least expect it ^ nion of those who imagined it was his 104 Pharaoh.'] This was the common father Masab, or grandfather Riyan *, title, or name, of the kings of Egypt, Abulfeda says, that Masab, being one (signifying king in the Coptic tongue,) as hundred and seventy years old, and hav- Ptolemy was in after times : and as Caesar ing no child, while he kept the herds, saw was that of the Roman Emperors ; and a cow calve, and heard her say, at the Koshru, that of the kings of Persia. But same time, O Masab ! be not grieved, for which of the kings of Egypt, this Pha- thou shalt have a wicked son, who will be raoh of Moses was, is uncertain. Not to at length cast into hell. And he accord- mention the opinions of the European ingly had this Walid, who afterwards writers, those of the east generally sup- coming to be king of Egypt, proved an pose him to have been al Walid, who, ac- impious tyrant. cording to some, was an Arab of the tribe — Who treated them unjustly.] By not of Ad, or, according to others, the son of believing therein. 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 gee the Prelim. Disc. p. 9, 10. ^ Abulfeda^ &c. ^Kitab tafsir lebab, & al Keshaf. 170 AL KORAN. - [chap. 107 Wherefore he cast down his rod : and behold, it be- came a visible serpent. ^^^ And he drew forth his hand out of his bosom ; and behold, it appeared white unto the spectators. ^^^ The chiefs of the people of Pharaoh said, This man is certainly an expert magician. ^^^ He seeketh to dispossess you of your land ; what, therefore, do ye direct ? ^^^ They answered. Put off him and his brother by fair promises for some time, and, in the meanwhile, send unto the cities persons who may assemble — ^^^and bring unto thee every expert magician. ^^^ So the ma- gicians came unto Pharaoh ; ^^^ and they said, Shall we surely receive a reward, if we do overcome ? ^^^ He an- swered. Yea; and ye shall certainly be of those who approach near unto my throne. ^^^ They said, O Moses ! either do thou cast down thy rod first, or we will cast down ours. "^ Moses answered, Do ye cast down your rods first. And when they had cast them down, they en- chanted the eyes of the men who were present, and ter- rified them ; and they performed a great enchantment. ^^^ And we spake by revelation unto Moses, saying. Throw 107 A visible serpent.'] The Arab wri- white and splendid, surpassing the bright- ters tell enormous fables of this serpent, ness of the sun 2. Marracci ^ says, we do or dragon. For they say, that he was not read in scripture, that Moses shewed hairy, and of so prodigious a size, that, this sign before Pharaoh. It is true, the when he opened his mouth, his jaws were scripture does not expressly say so, but fourscore cubits asunder ; and when he it seems to be no more than a necessary laid his lower jaw on the ground, his inference from that passage, where God upper reached to the top of the palace ; tells Moses, that if they will not hearken that Pharaoh, seeing this monster make to the first sign, they will believe the lat- towards him, fled from it, and was so ter- ter sign; and if they will not believe ribly frightened, that he befouled himself, these two signs, then directs him to turn and that the whole assembly also betaking the water into blood *. themselves to their heels, no less than 113 The magicians.] The Arabian wri- twenty-five thousand of them lost their ters name several of these magicians, be- lives in the press. They add, that Pha- side their chief priest Simeon, viz. Sadur, raoh, upon this, adjured Moses, by God, and Ghadur, Jaath, and Mosfa, Waran, who had sent him, to take away the ser- and Zaman, each of whom came attended pent, and promised he would believe on with their disciples, amounting in all to him, and let the Israelites go ; but when several thousands ^. Moses had done what he requested, he 117 A'nd they performed a great en- relapsed, and grew as hardened as be- chantmeyit.] They provided themselves fore ^. with a great number of thick ropes and 108 He drew forth his hand, and it he^ long pieces of wood, which they contrived, came white.] There is a tradition that by some means, to move, and make them Moses was a very swarthy man ; and that, twist themselves one over the other ; and when he put his hand into his bosom, and so imposed on the beholders, who at adis- drew it out again, it became extremely tance took them to be true serpents^. 1 At Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ j,-, aIc. p. 284. * Exod. iv. 8, 9. 5 V. D'Herhelot, Bibl. Orient, art. Mousa, p. 643, &c. Al Kessai. ^ At Beiddwi. v. IfHerbeloi, ubi sup. and Koran, c. 20. VII.] AL KORAN. 171 down thy rod. And behold, it swallowed up the rods which they had caused falsely to appear changed into serpents. ^^^ Wherefore the truth was confirmed, and that which they had wrought vanished. ^^^ And Pharaoh and his magicians were overcome there, and were ren- dered contemptible. ^^^ And the magicians prostrated themselves, worshipping ; ^^^ and they said. We believe in the Lord of all creatures, — ^^^ the Lord of Moses and Aaron ; ^^^ Pharaoh said. Have ye believed on him be- fore I have given you permission ? Verily this is a plot which ye have contrived in the city, that ye might cast forth from thence the inhabitants thereof But ye shall surely know that I am your master ; for ^^^ I will cause your hands * and your feet to be cut off on the opposite sides ; then will I cause you all to be crucified. ^^^ The magicians answered. We shall certainly return unto our Lord, in the next life ; ^^^ for thou takest vengeance on us only because we have believed in the signs of our Lord, when they have come unto us. O Lord ! pour on us patience ; and cause us to die Moslems. ^^^ And the 118 Behold i it swallowed up the rods, &c.] The expositors add, that when this serpent had swallowed up all the rods and cords, he made directly towards the as- sembly, and put them into so great a ter- ror, that they fled, and a considerable number were killed in the crowd : then Moses took it up, and it became a rod in his hand as before. Whereupon the ma- gicians declared, that it could be no en- chantment ; because in such case, their rods and cords would not have disap- peared ^ 121 j:4nd the magicians pro.strated them- selves, worshipping, &c.] It seems pro- bable that all the magicians were not converted by this miracle, for some wri- ters introduce Sadur and Ghadur only, acknowledging Moses's miracle to be wrought by the power of God. These two, they say, were brothers, and the sons of a famous magician, then dead ; but, on their being sent for to court on this occa- sion, their mother persuaded them to go to their father's tomb, to ask his advice. Being come to the tomb the father an- swered their call, and, when they had acquainted him with the affair, he told them, that they should inform themselves, whether the rod, of which they spoke, be- came a serpent while its masters slept, or only when they were awake ; for, said he, enchantments have no effect while the enchanter is asleep ; and, therefore, if it be otherwise in this case, you may be assured that they act by a divine power. These two magicians then, arriving at the capital of Egypt, on inquiry, found, to their great astonishment, that, when Moses and Aaron went to rest, their rod became a serpent, and guarded them while they slept 2. And this was the first step to- wards their conversion. 124 This is a plot which ye have con- trived, &c.] i. e. This is a confederacy between you and Moses, entered into be- fore ye left the city, to go to the place of appointment, to turn out the Copts, or native Egyptians, and establish the Israel- ites in their stead ^. 125 On the opposite sides.'] That is, your right hands and your left feet. — ■ And I will cause you all to he cru- cified.'] Some say, Pharaoh was the first inventor of this ignominious and painful punishment. 127 Moslems.] Some think these con- verted magicians were executed accord- ingly : but others deny it, and say, that the king was not able to put them to ^ Al Beiddwi, V. D'Herhel. ubi sup. ^ Al Beiddwi. 172 AL KORAN. [chap. chiefs of Pharaoh's people said. Wilt thou let Moses and his people go, that they may act corruptly in the earth, and leave thee and thy gods ? Pharaoh answered, We will cause their male children to be slain, and we will suffer their females to live ; and by that means we shall prevail over them. ^^^ Moses said unto his people, ask assistance of God, and suffer patiently : for the earth is God's, he giveth it for an inheritance unto such of his servants as he pleaseth ; and the prosperous end shall be unto those who fear him. ^^^ They answered. We have been afflicted by having our male children slain, before thou camest unto us, and also since thou hast come unto us. Moses said, Peradventure it may happen that your Lord will destroy your enemy, and will cause you to suc- ceed him in the earth, that he may see how ye will act therein. ^^^ And we formerly punished the people of Pharaoh with dearth and scarcity of fruits, that they might be warned. ^^^ Yet, when good happened unto them, they said. This is owing unto us : but if evil befel them, they attributed the same to the ill luck of Moses, and those who were with him. Was not their ill luck with God ? but most of them knew it not. ^^^ And they said unto Moses, Whatever sign thou shew unto us, to enchant us therewith, we will not believe on thee. 134 Wherefore we sent upon them a flood, and locusts, and death: insisting on these words of the 132 To the ill luck of Moses^ &c.] Koran ^, You two, and they who follow Looking on him and his followers as the you, shall overcome. occasion of those calamities. The original 128 Thy gods.~\ Which were the stars, word properly signifies to take an ominous or other idols. But some of the commen« and sinister presage of any future event, tators, from certain impious expressions of from the flight of birds, or the like, this prince recorded in the Koran 2, where- — Was not their ill luck with God ?'\ by he sets up himself as the only god of By whose will and decree they were so his subjects, suppose that he was the ob- afflicted as a punishment for their wicked- ject of their worship, and, therefore, in- ness. stead of Alihataca, Thy gods, read, Ilaha- 134 A flood.'\ This inundation, they tica, Thy worship ^. say, was occasioned by unusual rains, — We will cause their male children to which continued eight days together, and he slain, &c.] That is. We will continue the overflowing of the Nile ; and not only to make use of the same cruel policy to covered their lands, but came into their keep the Israelites in subjection, as we houses, and rose as high as their backs have hitherto done. The commentators and necks : but the children of Israel had say, that Pharaoh came to this resolution, no rain in their quarters ^. As there is no because he had either been admonished mention of any such miraculous inunda- in a dream, or by the astrologers, or di- tion in the Mosaic writings, some have viners, that one of that nation should sub- imagined this plague to have been either vert his kingdom *. a pestilence, or the small pox, or some 1 Chap, xxviii. ^ [\y\^\^ and chap. xxvi. &c. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem, Jallalo'ddin. ^ lidem, Abulfed. VII.] A L KORAN. 173 lice, and frogs, and blood ; distinct miracles : but they behaved proudly, and became a wicked people. ^^^ And when the plague fell on them, they said, O Moses ! en- treat thy Lord for us, according to that which he hath covenanted with thee: Verily if thou take the plague from off us, we will surely believe thee, and we will let the children of Israel go with thee. But when we had taken the plague from off them, until the term which God had granted them was expired, behold, they broke their promise. ^^^ Wherefore we took vengeance on them, and drowned them in the Red Sea; because they charged our signs with falsehood, and neglected them. ^^^ And we caused the people, who had been rendered weak, to in- herit the eastern parts of the earth, and the western parts thereof, which we blessed with fertility ; and the gracious word of thy Lord was fulfilled on the children of Israel, for that they had endured with patience : and we de- stroyed the structures which Pharaoh and his people had made, and that which they had erected. ^^^ And we caused the children of Israel to pass through the sea, and they came unto a people who gave themselves up to the worship of their idols, and they said, O Moses ! make us a god, in like manner as these people have gods. Moses answered, Verily ye are an ignorant people : ^^^ for the religion which these follow will be destroyed, and that which they do is vain. ^^^ He said. Shall I seek for you any other god than God ; since he hath preferred other epidemical distemper ^ For the land of Syria ; of which the eastern geo- word Tiifdn, which is used in this place, graphers reckon Palestine a part, and and is generally rendered a Deluge, may wherein the commentators say, the chil- also signify any other universal destruction dren of Israel succeeded the kings of or mortality. Egypt and the Amalekites^. — Lice,^ Some will have these insects — And we destroyed the structures to have been a larger sort of tick ; others, which Pharaoh and his people had made, the young locusts before they have &c.] Particularly the lofty tower which wings 2. Pharaoh caused to be built, that he might 135 The plague.'] Viz. Any of the ca- attack the God of Moses *. lamities already mentioned, or the pesti- 138 And they came unto a people who lence which God sent upon them after- worshipped idols.] These people some will wards. have to be of the tribe of Amalek, whom 136 Red Sea.] See this wonderful Moses was commanded to destroy; and event more particularly described in the others, of the tribe of Lakhm. Their tenth and twentieth chapters. idols, it is said, were images of oxen, 137 The eastern parts of the earth, and which gave the first hint to the making of the western parts thereof.] That is, the the golden calf s. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. * V. Kor. chap, xxviii. and xl, ^ Al Beiddwi. 174 AL KORAN. [chap. you to the rest of the world ? ^^^ And remember when we delivered you from the people of Pharaoh, who griev- ously oppressed you ; they slew your male children, and let your females live : therein was a great trial from your Lord. ^^^ And we appointed unto Moses a fast of thirty nights before we gave him the law, and we completed them by adding of ten more ; and the stated time of his Lord w^as fulfilled in forty nights. And Moses said unto his brother Aaron, Be thou my deputy among my people during my absence ; and behave uprightly, and follow not the way of the corrupt doers. ^^^ And when Moses came at our appointed time, and his Lord spake unto him, he said, O Lord ! shew me thy glory, that I may behold thee. God answered. Thou shalt in no wise behold me : but look towards the mountain, and if it stand firm in its place, then shalt thou see me. But when his Lord ap- peared with glory in the mount, he reduced it to dust. And Moses fell down in a swoon. And when he came to himself, he said. Praise be unto thee ! I turn unto thee with repentance, and I am the first of true believers : ^^^ God said unto him, O Moses ! I have chosen thee above all men, by honouring thee with my commissions, and by my speaking unto thee : receive, therefore, that which I have brought thee, and be one of those who give thanks : ^^^ And we wrote for him on the tables an 142 We appointed unto Moses a fast of 143 And Ms Lord spake unto him.'] thirtij nights, and we completed them hy Without the mediation of any other, and adding of ten more, &c.] The commen- face to face, as he speaks unto the angels^, tators say, that God, having promised — The mountain.'] This mountain the Moses to give him the law, directed him Mohammedans name, al Zabir. to prepare himself for the high favour of — When his Lord appeared with glory speaking with God in person, by a fast of in the mount.] Or, as it is literally, unto thirty days; and that Moses accordingly the mount. For some of the expositors fasted the whole month of Dhu'lkaada ; pretend that God endued the mountain but, not liking the savour of his breath, with life and the sense of seeing, he rubbed his teeth with a dentifrice, upon — I am the first of true believers.'] This which the angels told him, that his breath is not to be taken strictly. See the like before had the odour of musk ^, but that expression in chap. vi. his rubbing his teeth had taken it away. The Mohammedans have a tradition, Wherefore, God ordered him to fast ten that Moses asked to see God on the day of days more, which he did ; and these were Arafat, and that he received the law on the first ten days of the succeeding month the day they slay the victims at the pil- Dhu'lhajja. Others, however, suppose grimage of Mecca, which days are the that Moses was commanded to fast and ninth and tenth of Dhu'lhajja. pray thirty days only, and that during the 145 The tables.] These tables, accord- other ten God discoursed with him 2. ing to some, were seven in number, and, 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 132, 133. 2 ji Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. 3 Al Beid. V. D'Herb. Bibl. Orient, p. 650. VII.] AL KORAN. 175 admonition concerning every matter, and a decision in every case, and said, Receive this with reverence; and com- mand thy people that they live according to the most excellent precepts thereof. I will shew you the dwelling of the wicked. ^^^ I will turn aside from my signs those who behave themselves proudly in the earth, without jus- tice : and although they see every sign, yet they shall not believe therein ; and although they see the way of righte- ousness, yet they shall not take that way ; but if they see the way of error, they shall take that way. This shall come to pass, because they accuse our signs of imposture, and neglect the same. ^^^ But as for them who deny the truth of our signs, and the meeting of the life to come, their works shall be vain : shall they be rewarded other- wise than according to what they shall have wrought ? ^^^ And the people of Moses, after his departure, took a corporeal calf, made of their ornaments, which lowed. Did they not see that it spake not unto them, neither directed them in the way? yet they took it for their god, and acted wickedly. ^^^ But when they repented with sorrow, and saw that they had gone astray, they said, Verily if our Lord have not mercy upon us, and forgive us not, we shall certainly become of the number of those who perish. ^''^ And when Moses returned unto his people, full of wrath and indignation, he said. An evil thing is it that ye have committed after my departure ; according to others, ten. Nor are the wicked.~\ Viz. The desolate habitations of commentators agreed, whether they were the Egyptians, or those of the impious cut out of a kind of lote-tree, in paradise, tribes of Ad and Thamud ; or, perhaps, called Sedra ; or whether they were chry- hell, the dwelling of the ungodly in the solites, emeralds, rubies, or common stone ^. other world. But they say, that they were each ten or 148 A corporeal calf.] That is, as some twelve cubits long ; for they suppose, that understand it, consisting of flesh and not only the ten commandments, but the blood ; or, as others, being a mere body, whole law, was written thereon : and some or mass of metal, without a soul ^. add, that the letters were cut quite — Of their ornaments.] Such as their through the tables, so that they might be rings and bracelets of gold and silver 1 read on both sides 2 ; which is a fable of — Which lowed.] See chap. xx. and the Jews. the notes to chap. ii. — An admonition concerning every mat- 149 With sorrow.] Father Marracci ter^ and a decision in every case,] That seems not to have understood the meaning is, a perfect law, comprehending all neces- of this phrase, having literally translated sary instructions, as well in regard to reli- the Arabic words, Wa lamma soMta fi gious and moral duties, as the administra- eidihim, without any manner of sense, tion of justice. Et cum cadere factus fuisset in manibus — / will shew you the dwelling of the eorum» 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 y. D'Herbel. ubi supra. ^ Al Beiddwi. See chap. xx. and the notes to chap. ii. * V. ibid. 176 AL KORAN. [chap, have ye hastened the command of your Lord ? And he threw down the tables, and took his brother by the hair of the head, and dragged him unto him. And Aaron said unto him, Son of my mother, verily the people pre- vailed against me, and it wanted little but they had slain me : make not my enemies therefore to rejoice over me, neither place me with the wicked people. ^^^ Moses said, O Lord ! forgive me and my brother, and receive us into thy mercy ; for thou art the most merciful of those who exercise mercy. ^^^ Verily as for them who took the calf for their god, indignation shall overtake them from their Lord, and ignominy in this life : thus will we reward those who imagine falsehood. ^^^ But unto them who do evil, and afterwards repent, and believe in God, verily thy Lord will thereafter be clement and merciful. ^^* And when the anger of Moses was appeased, he took the tables ; and in what was written thereon was a direction and mercy, unto those who feared their Lord. ^^^ And Moses chose out of his people seventy men, to go up with him to the mountain at the time appointed by us„: and when a storm of thunder and lightning had taken them away, he said, O Lord ! if thou hadst pleased, thou hadst destroyed them before, and me also ; wilt thou destroy us for that which the foolish men among us have committed? This is only thy trial; thou wilt thereby lead into error whom thou pleasest, and thou wilt direct whom thou pleasest. Thou art our protector, therefore forgive us, and be merciful unto us ; for thou art the best of those who forgive. '^^ And write down for us good in this world, and in the life to come ; for unto thee are we directed. God answered, I will inflict my punishment on whom I please ; and my mercy ex- tend eth over all things : and I will write down good unto those who shall fear me, — ^^^ and give alms, and who shall 150 Have ye hastened the command of — Prevailed against me.'] Literally, t/owriorc??] By neglecting his precepts, and rendered me weak, bringing down his swift vengeance on you. 152 Indig7iation.~\ See chap. ii. — And he threw down the tables,] 154 The tables.] Or, the fragments of Which were all broken, and taken up to that which was left. heaven, except one only; and this, they 155 A storm, &c.] See chap. ii. and say, contained the threats and judicial ordi- chap. iv. nances, and was afterwards put into the ark^. ^ Al Beiddwi. V. D'Herbel. ubi sup. p. 649. VII.] AL KORAN. 177 believe in our signs; — ^^^ who shall follow the apostle, the illiterate prophet, whom they shall find written down with them in the law and in the gospel : he will command them that which is just, and will forbid them that which is evil ; and will allow unto them as lawful the good things which were before forbidden, and will prohibit those which are bad : and he will ease them of their heavy burden, and of the yokes which were upon them. And those who believe on him, and honour him, and assist him, and follow the light, which hath been sent down with him, shall be happy. ^^^ Say, O men ! verily I am the mes- senger of God unto you all ; unto him belongeth the kingdom of heaven and earth ; there is no God but he ; he giveth life, and he causeth to die. Believe, therefore, in God and his apostle, the illiterate prophet, who be- lieveth in God and his word ; and follow him that ye may be rightly directed. ^^^ Of the people of Moses there is a party who direct others with truth, and act justly accord- ing to the same. ^^^ And we divided them into twelve tribes, as into so many nations. And we spake by reve- lation unto Moses, when his people asked drink of him, and we said, strike the rock with thy rod ; and there gushed thereout twelve fountains, and men knew their respective drinking-place. And we caused clouds to over- shadow them, and manna and quails to descend upon them, saying. Eat of the good things which we have given you for food : and they injured not us, but they 168 The illiterate prophet.'] That is, imagine they were a Jewish nation, dwell- Mohammed. See the Prelim. Disc. §ii.p.49. ing somewhere beyond China, which Mo- — Written down,] i. e. Both foretold hammed saw the night he made his journey by name and certain description. to heaven, and who believed on him ^ — Before for hidden J\ See ch. iii. 161 And there gushed thereout tivelve — And will prohibit those which are fountains, &c.] See chap. ii. had.] As the eating of blood and swine's To what is said in the notes there, we flesh, and the taking of usury, &c. may add, that, according to a certain tra- — Yokes, &c.] See ch. ii. dition, the stone, on which this miracle 159 Unto you all.] That is, to all man- was wrought, was thrown down from pa- kind in general, and not to one parti- radise by Adam, and came into the pos- cular nation, as the former prophets were session of Shoaib, who gave it with the sent. rod to Moses ; and that, according to ano- 160 Of the people of Moses there is a ther, the water issued thence by three party who direct others with truth, &c.] orifices on each of the four sides of the Viz. Those Jews who seemed better dis- stone, making twelve in all, and that it posed than the rest of their brethren to ran, in so many rivulets, to the quarter of receive Mohammed'slaw ; or, perhaps, such each tribe in the camp 2. of them as had actually received it. Some — Quails.] See chap. ii. ^ A I Beiddwi, ^ Idem. VOL, I. N 178 A L KORAN. [chap. injured their own souls. ^^^ And call to mind when it was said unto them, Dwell in this city, and eat of the provisions thereof wherever ye will, and say, For- giveness ! and enter the gate worshipping : we will pardon you your sins, and will give increase unto the well-doers. ^^^ But they who were ungodly among them changed the expression into another, which had not been spoken unto them. Wherefore we sent down upon them indignation from heaven, because they had trans- gressed. ^^^And ask them concerning the city, which was situate on the sea, when they transgressed on the sabbath-day ; when their fish came unto them on their sabbath-day, appearing openly on the water ; but on the day whereon they celebrated no sabbath, they came not unto them. Thus did we prove them, because they were wicked doers. ^^^ And when a party of them said unto the others. Why do ye warn a people whom God will destroy, or will punish with a grievous punishment ? They answered. This is an excuse for us unto your Lord ; and perad venture they will beware. '^^But when they had forgotten the admonitions which had been given them, we delivered those who forbade them to do evil : and we inflicted on those who had transgressed, a severe punish- ment, because they had acted wickedly. ^^^ And when they proudly refused to desist from what had been for- bidden them, we said unto them. Be ye transformed into apes, driven away from the society of men. ^^^ And re- member when thy Lord declared that he would surely 162 Dwell in this cityr\ See this pas- the Red Sea ; though some pretend it was sage explained, chap. ii. Midian, and others, Tiberias. The whole 163 Changed the expression into ano- story is already given in the notes to ther^ &c.] Professor Sike says, that, being chap. ii. Some suppose the following prone to leave spiritual for worldly mat- five or eight verses to have been revealed ters, instead of Hittaton, they said Hin- at Medina. fa^ow, which signifies Wheat ^^ and comes 165 ^ party of them.'] Viz. the re- much nearer the true word than the ex- ligious persons among them, who strictly pression I have, in the place last quoted, observed the sabbath, and endeavoured to set down from Jallalo'ddin. Whether he reclaim the others till they despaired of took this from the same commentator or success. But some think these words not, does not certainly appear, though he were spoken by the offenders, in answer mentions him just before; but if he did, to the admonitions of the others, his copy must differ from that which I — An excuse for us, &c.] That we have followed. have done our duty in dissuading them 164 And ask them concerning the city, from their wickedness. &c.] This city was Ailah, or Elath, on 1 Sike, in not. ad Evang. Infant, p. 71. vil] AL KORAN. 179 send against the Jews, until the clay of resurrection, some nation who should afflict them with a grievous oppres- sion : for thy Lord is swift in punishing, and he is also ready to forgive, and merciful. ^^^ And we dispersed them among the nations in the earth. Some of them are upright persons, and some of them are otherwise. And we proved them with prosperity, and with adversity, that they might return from their disobedience ; — ^^^ and a succession of their posterity hath succeeded after them, who have inherited the book of the law, who receive the temporal goods of this world, and say, It will surely be forgiven us ; and if a temporal advantage, like the former, be offered them, they accept it also. Is not the covenant of the book of the law established with them, that they should not speak of God aught but the truth ? Yet they diligently read that which is therein. But the enjoyment of the next life will be better for those who fear God than the wicked gains of these people ; Do ye not there- fore understand? ^^^ And eternal felicity is for those who hold fast the book of the law, and are constant at prayer : for we will by no means suffer the reward of the righteous to perish. ^^^ And when we shook the mountain of Sinai over them, as though it had been a covering, and they imagined that it was falling upon them ; and we said. Receive the law which we have brought you with rever- ence; and remember that which is contained therein, that ye may take heed. ^^^ And when thy Lord drew forth their posterity from the loins of the sons of Adam, 168 A grievous oppression.l See ch. v. in a valley near Mecca. The commenta- note. tors tell us, that God stroked Adam's 170 And received the temporal goods of back, and extracted from his loins his this world.^ By accepting of bribes for whole posterity, which should come into wresting judgment, and for corrupting the the world until the resurrection, one ge- copies of the Pentateuch ; and by extorting neration after another ; that these men of usury, &c. ^ were actually assembled all together in — That they should not speak of God the shape of small ants, w^hich were en- aught but the truth."] Particularly by giv- dued with understanding ; and that after ing out that God will forgive their cor- they had, in the presence of the angels, ruption without sincere repentance and confessed their dependence on God, they amendment. were again caused to return into the loins 172 Sinai.'] See chap. ii. note. of their great ancestor 2. From this fiction 173 And when thy Lord drew forth it appears that the doctrine of pre-exist- their posterity from the loins of the sons of ence is not unknown to the Mohamme- Adam, &c.] This was done in the plain dans ; and there is some little conformity of Dahia, in India, or, as others imagine, between it and the modern theory of ge- I Al Beiddwi. 2 i^em, Jallalo'ddin, Yahya. V. D'Herhelot, Bibl. Orient, p. 54. N 2 180 AL KORAN. [chap. and took them to witness against themselves, saying, Am not I your Lord ? they answered, Yea ; we do bear wit- ness. This was done lest ye should say, at the day of resurrection. Verily we were negligent as to this matter, because we were not apprised thereof. ^^^ Or lest ye should say, Verily our fathers were formerly guilty of idolatry, and we are their posterity who have succeeded them ; wilt thou, therefore, destroy us for that which vain men have committed ? ^^^ Thus do we explain our signs, that they may return from their vanities. ^[^ And relate unto the Jews the history of him unto whom we brought our signs, and he departed from them ; wherefore Satan followed him, and he became one of those who were seduced. ^^^ And if we had pleased, we had surely raised him thereby unto wisdom ; but he inclined unto the earth, and followed his own desire. Wherefore his likeness is as the likeness of a dog, which if thou drive him away, putteth forth his tongue ; or, if thou let him alone, putteth forth his tongue also. This is the likeness of the people who accuse our signs of falsehood. Rehearse, therefore, this history unto them, that they may consider. ^^^ Evil is the similitude of those people who accuse our signs of falsehood, and injure their own souls. ^^^ Whomsoever God shall direct, he will be rightly directed ; and whom- soever he shall lead astray, they shall perish. ^^^ More- over we have created for hell many of the genii and of men ; they have hearts by which they understand not, and they have eyes by which they see not, and they have ears by which they hear not. These are like the brute neration ex animalculis in semine ma- part, at least, of the scripture, having even rium. been favoured v^rith some revelations from 176 And relate unto the Jews the his- God ; who being requested by his nation tory of him unto whom we brought our to curse Moses and the children of Israel, signSf &c.] Some suppose the person refused it at first, saying. How can I curse here intended to be a Jewish rabbi, or one those who are protected by the angels ? Ommeya Ebn Abi'lsalt, who read the But afterwards he was prevailed on by scriptures, and found thereby that God gifts ; and he had no sooner done it, would send a prophet about that time, than he began to put out his tongue like and was in hopes that he might be the a dog, and it hung down upon his man : but, when Mohammed declared his breast ^. mission, believed not on him through envy. 177 ^ut he inclined unto the earthy and But, according to the more general opi- followed his own desire."] Loving the wages nion, it was Balaam, the son of Beor, of of unrighteousness, and running greedily the Canaanitish race, well acquainted with after error for reward 2. * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin-f al Zamakhshari. V. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient. Art. Balaam. 2 2 Pet. ii. 15. Jude 11. vir.] AL KORAN. 181 beasts ; yea they go more astray ; these are the neg- ligent. ^^^ God hath most excellent names : therefore, call on him by the same ; and withdraw from those who use his names perversely : they shall be rewarded for that which they shall have wrought. ^^^ And of those, whom we have created, there are a people who direct others with truth, and act justly according thereto. ^^^ But those who devise lies against our signs, we will suffer them to fall gradually into ruin, by a method which they know not. ^^* And I will grant them to enjoy a long and prosperous life ; for my stratagem is effectual. ^^^ Do they not consider that there is no devil in their companion ? He is no other than a public preacher. Or do they not contemplate the kingdom of heaven and earth, and the things which God hath created ; and consider that peradventure it may be that their end draweth nigh ? And in what new declaration will they believe after this ? *^^ He whom God shall cause to err, shall have no direc- tor ; and he shall leave them in their impiety, wandering in confusion. ^^^ They will ask thee concerning the last hour ; at what time its coming is fixed ? Answer, Verily the knowledge thereof is with my Lord ; none shall de- clare the fixed time thereof, except he. The expectation thereof is grievous in heaven and on earth : it shall come 181 God hath most excellent names,'] that God hath created many to eternal Expressing his glorious attributes. Of misery, so here he is said to have created these the Mohammedan Arabs have no others to eternal happiness *. less than ninety-nine which are reckoned 183 We will suffer them to fall gradually up by Marracci ^ and in the History of into ruin, &c.] By flattering them with Mohammedanism, published by the society prosperity in this life, and permitting them for promoting Christian Knowledge. These to sin in an uninterrupted security, till names form the Mussulman Rosary. they find themselves unexpectedly ruined ^ — Who use his names perversely.'] As 185 Do they not consider that there is did Walid Ebn al Mogheira, who hearing 710 devil in their companion ?] Viz. in Mohammed give God the title of al Rab- Mohammed ; whom they gave out to be man, or the Merciful, laughed aloud, say- possessed when he went up to mount Safa, ing, that he knew none of that name, ex- and from thence called to the several fami- cept a certain man who dwelt in Yama- lies of each respective tribe, in order to ma 2 : or, as the idolatrous Meccans did, warn them of God's vengeance, if they who deduced the names of their idols continued in their idolatry ^. from those of the true God : deriving, for — Jfter this.] i. e. After they have example, Allat from Allah : al Uzza from rejected the Koran. For what more evl- al Aziz, the Mighty ; and Manat from al dent revelation can they hereafter ex- Mannan, the Bountiful ^. pect '^ 1 182 Of those whom we have created, 187 The expectation thereof is grievous, there are a people who direct others with in heaven and on earth.] Not only to men truth, &c.] As it is said a little above, and genii, but to the angels also. 1 In Ale. p. 414. 2 Marracc. vit. Mah. p. 19. ^ M Beiddwi, JallaW ddin. See the Prelim. Disc. p. 20. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. 183 AL KORAN, [chap. upon you no otherwise than suddenly. They will ask thee, as though thou wast well acquainted therewith. Answer, Verily the knowledge thereof is with God alone : but the greater part of men know it not. ^^^ Say, I am able neither to procure advantage imto myself, nor to avert mischief from me, but as God pleaseth. If I knew the secrets of God, I should surely enjoy abundance of good, neither should evil befal me. Verily, I am no other than a denouncer of threats, and a messenger of good tidings unto people who believe. ^^^ It is he who hath created you from one person, and out of him produced his wife, that he might dwell with her ; and when he had known her, she carried a light burden for a time, where- fore she walked easily therewith. But when it became more heavy, they called upon God, their Lord, saying, If thou give us a child rightly shaped, we will surely be thankful. ^^^ Yet when he had given them a child rightly shaped, they attributed companions unto him, for that which he had given them. But far be that from God, which they associated with him ! ^^^ Will they associate with him false gods, which create nothing, but are them- selves created ; and can neither give them assistance, nor 189 But when it became more heavy, servant of God, as Adam had designed. &c.] That is, when the child grew bigger This proposal was agreed to ; and accord- in her womb. ingly> when the child was born, they gave 190 They attributed compardoyis unto it that name ; upon which it immediately him^^LC.'] For the explaining of this whole died i. And with this» Adam and Eve passage, the commentators tell the follow- are hereby taxed as an act of idolatry, ing story. The story looks like a rabbinical fiction, They say, that when Eve was big with and seems to have no other foundation her first child, the devil came to her, and than Cain's being called by Moses, Obed asked her, whether she knew what she Adamah, that is, A tiller of the ground, carried within her, and which way she which might be translated into Arabic by should be delivered of it; suggesting, that Abd'alhareth. possibly it might be a beast. She, being But al Beidawi, thinking it unlikely unable to give an answer to this question, that a prophet (as Adam is by the Mo- went in a fright to Adam, and acquainted hammedans supposed to have been) should him with the matter, who, not knowing be guilty of such an action, imagines the what to think of it, grew sad and pensive. Koran in this place means Kosai, one of Whereupon the devil appeared to her Mohammed's ancestors, and his wife, who again (or, as others say, to Adam), and begged issue of God, and having four pretended that he, by his prayers, would sons granted them, called their names Abd obtain of God that she might be safely de- Menaf, Abd Shams, Abd'al Uzza, and livered of a son in Adam's likeness, pro- Abd'al Dar, after the names of the four vided they would promise to name him principal idols of the Koreish. And the Abdo'lhareth, or. The servant of al Ha- following words also he supposes to re- reth (which was the devil's name among late to their idolatrous posterity, the angels), instead of Abd'allah, or. The 1 Al Beidawi, Yahya. V. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient, p. 438, & Selden, De Jure Nat. Sec. Hebr. lib. v. c. 8. VII.] AL KORAN. 183 help themselves ? ^^^ And if ye invite them to the true direction, they will not follow you ; it will be equal unto you, whether ye invite them or whether ye hold your peace. ^^^ Verily, the false deities, whom ye invoke be- sides God, are servants like unto you. Call therefore upon them, and let them give you an answer, if ye speak truth. ^^^ Have they feet, to walk with ? Or have they hands, to lay hold with ? Or have they eyes, to see with ? Or have they ears, to hear with ? Say, call upon your companions, and then lay a snare for me, and defer it not ; ^^^ for God is my protector, who sent down the book of the Koran ; and he protecteth the righteous. ^^^ But they whom ye invoke besides him, cannot assist you; neither do they help themselves ; ^^^ and if ye call on them to direct you, they will not hear. Thou seest them look towards thee, but they see not. ^^^ Use indulgence, and command that which is just, and withdraw far from the ignorant. ^^^ And if an evil suggestion from Satan be suggested unto thee to divert thee from thy duty, have recourse unto God; for he heareth and knoweth. 200 Yerily^ they who fear God, when a temptation from Satan assaileth them, remember the divine commands, and behold, they clearly see the danger of sin, and the wiles of the devil. ^^^ But as for the brethren of the devils, they shall continue them in error ; and afterwards they shall not preserve themselves therefrom. ^^^ And when thou bringest not a verse of the Koran unto them, they say. Hast thou not put it together ? Answer, I follow that only which is revealed unto me from my Lord. This book containeth evident proofs from your Lord, and is a direction and mercy unto people who believe. ^^^ And when the Koran is read, attend thereto, and keep silence ; that ye may obtain mercy. ^^* And meditate on thy Lord in thine own mind, with humility and fear, 193 Are servants like unto you,'] Being from the people as they could spare. But subject to the absolute command of God. the passage, taken in this sense, was abro- For the chief idols of the Arabs were the gated by the precept of legal alms, which sun, moon, and stars ^. was given at Medina. 198 Use indulgence.] Or, as the words 202 Hast thou not put it together ?] may also be translated. Take the super- i. e. Hast thou not yet contrived what to abundant overplus : meaning that Moham- say ; or, canst thou obtain no revelation med should accept such voluntary alms from God ? 1 See the Prelimi Disc. p. 18. 184 AL KORAN. [chap. and without loud speaking, evening and morning; and be not one of the negligent. ^^^ Moreover the angels who are with my Lord, do not proudly disdain his service, but they celebrate his praise, and worship him. CHAPTER VIII. INTITLED, THE SPOILS; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ They will ask thee concerning the spoils : Answer, The division of the spoils belongeth unto God and the apostle. Therefore fear God, and compose the matter amicably among you ; and obey God and his apostle, if ye are true believers. ^ Verily the true believers are those whose hearts fear when God is mentioned, and whose faith increaseth when his signs are rehearsed unto them, and who trust in their Lord ; ^ who observe the stated times of prayer, and give alms out of that which we have bestowed on them. ^ These are really believers : they shall have superior degrees of felicity with their Lord, and forgiveness, and an honourable provision. ^ As thy Lord brought thee forth from thy house, with TitUi Spoils,'] This chapter was occa- sioned by the high disputes which happened about the division of the spoils taken at the battle of Bedr ^, between the young men who had fought, and the old nnen who had staid under the ensigns; the former insisting they ought to have the whole, and^the latter that they deserved a share 2. To end the contention, Mo- hammed pretended to have received orders from heaven to divide the booty among them equally, having first taken thereout a fifth part for the purposes which will be mentioned hereafter. Title i Medina.'] Except seven verses, beginning at these words, And call to mind when the unbelievers plotted against thee, &c. Which some think were re- vealed at Mecca. 1 The division of the spoils belongeth unto God and the apostle,] It is related, that Saad Ebn Abi Wakkas, one of the companions, whose brother Omair was slain in this battle, having killed Said Ebn al As, took his sword, and carrying it to Mohammed, desired that he might be permitted to keep it ; but the prophet told him, that it was not his to give away, and ordered him to lay it with the other spoils. At this repulse, and the loss of his brother, Saad was greatly disturbed ; but in a very little while this chapter was revealed, and thereupon Mohammed gave him the sword, saying. You asked this sword of me when I had no power to dispose of it ; but now I have received authority from God to distribute the spoils, you may take it ^. 5 As thy Lord brought thee forth from thy house.] i. e. From Medina. The parti- cle, aSf having nothing in the following words to answer it, Al Beidawi supposes the connexion to be, that the division of See chap. iii. 2 Al Beiddwi, Jallaloddin, ^ Al Beiddwi. vni.] AL KORAN. 185 truth ; and part of the believers were averse to thy directions : ^ they disputed with thee concerning the truth, after it had been made known unto them; no otherwise than as if they had been led forth to death, and had seen it with their eyes. ^ And call to mind when God promised you one of the two parties, that it should be delivered unto you ; and ye desired that the party which was not furnished with arms should be delivered the spoils belonged to the prophet, not- withstanding his followers were averse to it, as they had been averse to the expedi- tion itself. — And part of the believers were averse to thy directions. ~\ For the better under- standing of this passage, it will be neces- sary to mention some farther particulars relating to the expedition of Bedr. Mohammed having received private information (for which he pretended he was obliged to the angel Gabriel) of the approach of a caravan belonging to the Koreish, which was on its return from Syria, with a large quantity of valuable merchandise, and was guarded by no more than thirty, or, as others say, forty men, set out with a party to intercept it. Abu Sofian, who commanded the little convoy, having notice of Mohammed's motions, sent to Mecca for succours ; upon which Abu Jahl, and all the principal men of the city, except only Abu Laheb, marched to his assistance, with a body of nine hundred and fifty men. Mohammed had no sooner received advice of this, than Gabriel descended with a promise that he should either take the caravan, or beat the succours ; whereupon he consulted with his companions which of the two he should attack. Some of them were for setting upon the caravan, saying, that they were not prepared to fight such a body of troops as were coming with Abu Jahl ; but this proposal Mohammed rejected, telling them, that the caravan was at a considerable distance by the sea-side, whereas Abu Jahl was just upon them. The others, however, insisted so obsti- nately on pursuing the first design of falling on the caravan, that the prophet grew angry, but, by the interposition of Abu Beer, Omar, Saad Ebn Obadah, and Mokdad Ebn Amru, they, at length, ac- quiesced to his opinion. Mokdad, in par- ticular, assured him they were all ready to obey his orders, and would not say to him, as the children of Israel did to Moses, Go thou and thy Lord to fight, for we will sit here ^ ; but, Go thou and thy Lord to fight, and we will fight with you. At this Mohammed smiled, and again sat down to consult with them, applying him- self chiefly to the Ansars, or helpers ; because they were the greater part of his forces, and he had some apprehension lest they should not think themselves obliged by the oath they had taken to him at al Akaba 2, to assist him against any other than such as should attack him in Medina. But Saad Ebn Moadh, in the name of the rest, told him that they had received him as the apostle of God, and had promised him obedience, and were, therefore, all to a man, ready to follow him where he pleased, though it were into the sea. Upon which the prophet ordered them, in God's name, to attack the succours, assuring them of the victory ^. 6 They disputed with thee concerning the truth, 8z:c.] That is, concerning their success against Abu Jahl and the Koreish ; notwithstanding they had God's promise to encourage them. — As if they had been led forth to death, &c.] The reason of this great backwardness was, the smallness of their number, in comparison of the enemy, and their being unprepared ; for they were all foot, having but two horses among them, whereas the Koreish had no less than a hundred horse*. 7 When God promised you one of the two parties.^ That is, either the caravan, or the succours from Mecca. Father Marracci, mistaking al ir and al Nafir^ which are appellatives, and signify the caravan and the troop, or body of succours, for proper names, has thence coined two fa- milies of the Koreish never heard of before, which he calls Arienses and Naphirenses ^ — The party which ivas not furnished with arms.~\ Viz. The caravan, which was guarded by no more than forty horse ; whereas the other party was strong and well appointed. 1 Koran, chap. v. 2 ggg ^j^g Prelim. Disc. p. 56, 57- ^ Al Beiddwi, * Idem. V. Abulfed. vit. Moham. p. 56. 5 Marracc. in Ale. p. 297. 186 AL KORAN. [chap. unto you : but God purposed to make known the truth in his words, and to cut off the uttermost part of the unbelievers ; ^ that he might verify the truth, and destroy falsehood, although the wicked were averse thereto. ^ When ye asked assistance of your Lord, and he an- swered you. Verily I will assist you with a thousand angels, following one another in order. ^^ And this God designed only as good tidings for you, and that your hearts might thereby rest secure : for victory is from God alone , and God is mighty and wise. ^^ When a sleep fell on you as a security from him, and he sent down upon you water from heaven, that he might thereby purify you, and take from you the abomination of Satan, and that he might confirm your hearts, and establish your feet thereby. ^^ Also when thy Lord spake unto the angels, saying. Verily, I am with you ; wherefore confirm those who believe. I will cast a dread into the hearts of the unbelievers. Therefore strike off their heads, and strike off all the ends of their fingers. This shall they suffer, because they have resisted God and his apostle : and whosoever shall oppose God and his apostle, verily God will be severe in punishing him. ^^ This shall be your punishment ; taste it therefore : and the infidels 7 But God would make known the sand, into which their feet sunk as they truthf &c.] As if he had said, Your view walked, the enemy having the command was only to gain the spoils of the caravan, of the water ; and that having fallen and to avoid danger ; but God designed asleep, the greater part of them were dis- to exalt his true religion by extirpating turbed with dreams, wherein the devil its adversaries ^. suggested to them, that they could never 9 When ye asked assistance of your expect God's assistance in the battle, since Lordy &c.] When Mohammed's men saw they were cut off from the water, and, they could not avoid fighting, they recom- besides suffering the inconvenience of mended themselves to God's protection ; thirst, must be obliged to pray without and their prophet prayed with great earn- washing, though they imagined themselves estness, crying out, O God ! fulfil that to be the favourites of God, and that they which thou hast promised me : O God ! had his apostle among them. But in the if this party be cut off, thou wilt be no night rain fell so plentifully, that it formed more worshipped on earth. And he con- a little brook; and not only supplied them tinned to repeat these words till his cloak with water for all their uses, but made the fell from off his back 2. sand between them and the infidel army — A thousand angels.^ Which were firm enough to bear them ; whereupon the afterwards reinforced with three thousand diabolical suggestion ceased*, more^. Wherefore some copies, instead 12 Therefore strike off their heads, &c.^ of a thousand read thousands, in the plural. This is the punishment expressly assigned 10 Good tidings.~\ See chap. iii. the enemies of the Mohammedan religion ; 11 When a sleep fell on you, &c.] It though the Moslems did not inflict it on is related, that the spot where Moham- the prisoners they took at Bedr, for which med's little army lay, was a dry and deep they are reprehended in this chapter. * Al Beiddivi. ^ Al Beiddwi. V. Ahulfed, vit. Moham. p. 58. ^ gge chap. iii. ^ Al Beiddwi, VIII.] AL KORAN. 187 shall also suffer the torment of hell-fire. ^* O true believers ! when ye meet the unbelievers marching in great numbers against you, turn not your backs imto them : ^^ for whoso shall turn his back unto them on that day, unless he turneth aside to fight, or retreateth to another party of the faithful, shall draw on himself the indignation of God, and his abode shall be hell ; an ill journey shall it be thither ! ^^ And ye slew not those who were slain at Bedr yourselves, but God slew them. Neither didst thou, O Mohammed ! cast the gravel into their eyes, when thou didst seem to cast it ; but God cast it, that he might prove the true believers by a gracious trial from himself; for God heareth and knoweth. ^^This was done that God might also weaken the crafty devices of the unbelievers. ^^ If ye desire a decision of the mat- ter between us, now hath a decision come unto you : and if ye desist from opposing the apostle, it will be better for you. But if ye return to attack him, we will also return to his assistance ; and your forces shall not be of advantage unto you at all, although they be numerous : for God is with the faithful. ^^ O true believers ! obey God and his apostle, and turn not back from him, since ye hear the admonitions of the Koran. ^^ And be not as those who say. We hear, when they do not hear. ^\ Verily the worst sort of beasts in the sight of God, are the deaf and the dumb, who understand not. ^^ If God, had known any good in them, he would certainly have caused them to hear : And if he had caused them to hear, they would surely have turned back, and have retired afar off. ^^ O true believers ! answer God and his apos- 15 Unless he turneth aside to fight, or from Mecca, took hold of the curtains of retreateth to another party, &c.] That is, the Caaba, saying, O God! grant the vic- if it be not downright running away, but tory to the superior army, the party that done either with design to rally, and at- is most rightly directed, and the most tack the enemy again, or by way of feint honourable 2. ^ or stratagem, or to succour a party which 22 To hearJ] That is, to hearken to is hard pressed, &c. ^ the remonstrance of the Koran. Some 16 God slew them.'] See chap. iii. say, that the infidels demanded of Mo- note, hammed that he should raise Kosai, one — Gravel.] See ibid. of his ancestors, to life, to bear witness to 18 If ye desire a decision, &c.] These the truth of his mission, saying, he was a words are directed to the people of Mecca, man of honour and veracity, and they whom Mohammed derides, because the would believe his testimony : but they are Koreish, when they were ready to set out here told that it would have been in vain ^ 1 Jl Beiddwi. 2 idem. 3 idem. See chap. vi. 188 AL KORAN. [chap. tie, when he iiiviteth you unto that which giveth you life ; and know that God goeth between a man and his heart, and that before him ye shall be assembled. ^^ Be- ware of sedition ; it will not affect those who are ungodly among you particularly, but all of you in general ; and know that God is severe in punishing. ^^ And remember when ye w^ere few, and reputed weak in the land : ye feared lest men should snatch you away ; but God pro- vided you a place of refuge, and he strengthened you with his assistance, and bestowed on you good things, that ye might give thanks. ^^ O true believers ! deceive not God and his apostle ; neither violate your faith, against your own knowledge. ^^ And know that your wealth, and your children, are a temptation unto you ; and that with God is a great reward. ^^ O true believers ! if ye fear God, he will grant you a distinction, and will expiate your sins from you, and will forgive you ; for God is indued with great liberality. ^^And call to mind when the unbe- lievers plotted against thee, that they might either detain 23 God goeth between a man and his heart.~\ Not only knowing the innermost secrets of his heart, but overruling a man's designs, and disposing him either to be- lief or infidelity. 24 Sedition.'] The original word sig- nifies any epidemical crime, which involves a number of people in its guilt ; and the commentators are divided as to its par- ticular meaning in this place. 25 In the land.'] Viz. at Mecca. The persons here spoken to are the Mohdjerin, or refugees, who fled from thence to Me- dina. 26 Deceive not God and his apostle, &c.] Al Beidawi mentions an instance of such treacherous dealing in Abu Lobaba, who was sent by Mohammed to the tribe of Koreidha, then besieged by that prophet for having broken their league with him, and perfidiously gone over to the enemies at the war of the ditch ^, to persuade them to surrender at the discretion of Saad Ebn Moadh, prince of the tribe of Aws, their confederates, which proposal they had re- fused. But Abu Lobaba's family and effects being in the hands of those of Ko- reidha, he acted directly contrary to his commission, and, instead of persuading them to accept Saad as their judge, when they asked his advice about it, drew his hand across his throat, signifying that he would put them all to death. However, he had no sooner done this, than he was sensible of his crime, and going into a mosque, tied himself to a pillar, and re- mained there seven days without meat or drink, till Mohammed forgave him. 27 Your wealth and your children are a temptation unto you.] As they were to Abu Lobaba. 28 Distinction.] i. e. A direction that you may distinguish between truth and falsehood; or success in battle, to distin- guish the believers from the infidels ; or the like. 29 And call to mind when the unbe- lievers plotted against thee, &c.] When the Meccans heard of the league entered into by Mohammed with those of Medina, being apprehensive of the consequence, they held a council, whereat, they say, the devil assisted in the likeness of an old man of Najd. The point under consider- ation being what they should do with Mo- hammed, Abu'lbakhtari was of opinion that he should be imprisoned, and the room walled up, except a little hole, through which he should have necessaries given him, till he died. This the devil opposed, saying, that he might probably be released by some of his own party ^ See Prid. Life of Mah. p. 85. Ahiilf. vit. Moh. p. 76, and the notes to chap, xxxiii. viii.] A L KORAN. 189 thee in bonds, or put thee to death, or expel thee the city ; and they plotted against thee : but God laid a plot against them : and God is the best layer of plots. ^^ And when our signs are repeated unto them, they say, We have heard ; if we pleased we could certainly pronounce a composition like unto this ; this is nothing but the fables of the ancients. ^^ And when they said, O God ! if this be the truth from thee, rain down stones upon us from heaven, or inflict on us some other grievous punishment. ^^ But God was not disposed to punish them while thou wast with them, nor was God disposed to punish them when they asked pardon. ^^ But they have nothing to offer in excuse why God should not punish them, since they hindered the believers from visiting the holy temple, although they are not the guardians thereof. The guar- dians thereof are those only who fear God ; — ^^ but the greater part of them know it not. ^^ And their prayer at the house of God is no other than whistling and clap- ping of the hands. Taste, therefore, the punishment, for that ye have been unbelievers. ^^ They who believe not, expend their wealth to obstruct the way of God : they Hesham Ebn Amru was for banishing temple, in the expedition of al Hodei- him : but his advice also the devil re- biya*. jected, insisting that Mohammed might — Although they are 7iot the guardians engage some other tribes in his interest, thereof.^ Because of their idolatry, and and make war on them. At length Abu indecent deportment there. For other- Jahl gave his opinion for putting him to wise the Koreish had a right to the guar- death, and proposed the manner ; which dianship of the Caaba, and it was con- was unanimously approved i. tinned in their tribe, and in the same — But God laid a plot against them.'\ family, even after the taking of Mecca ^. Revealing their conspiracy to Mohammed, 35 Their prayer at the house of God is and miraculously assisting him to deceive no other than whistling and clapping of the them, and make his escape 2, and after- hands.] It is said that they used to go wards drawing them to the battle of Bedr. round the Caaba naked ^, both men and 30 Fables.'] See chap. vi. women, whistling at the same time through 31 Jnd when they said, Sic] This was their fingers, and clapping their hands, the speech of Al Nodar Ebn al Hareth 3. Or, as others say, they made this noise on 32 When they asked pardon.] Saying, purpose to disturb Mohammed when at God forgive us ! Some of the commen- his prayers, pretending to be at prayers tators, however, suppose the persons who also themselves ^ asked pardon were certain believers, who 36 They who believe not, expend their staid among the infidels : and others think wealth to obstruct the way of God, &c.] the meaning to be, that God would not The persons particularly meant in this punish them, provided they asked pardon, passage were twelve of the Koreish, who 33 Since they hindered the believers gave each of them ten camels every day to from visiting the holy temple.] Obliging be killed for provisions for their army in them to fly from Mecca, and not permit- the expedition of Bedr ; or, according to ting them so much as to approach the others, the owners of the effects brought ^ Al Beiddwi. See the Prelim. Disc. p. 59. 2 gee ibid. ^ ji Beiddwi. * See the Prelim. Disc. p. 62. 5 ^qq ^h. iv. note. 6 ggg ^\^^^ y\\^ ^ Al Beiddwi. 190 AL KORAN. [chap. shall expend it, but afterwards it shall become matter of sighing and regret unto them, and at length they shall be overcome ; — ^^ and the unbelievers shall be gathered to- gether into hell ; — ^^ that God may distinguish the wicked from the good, and may throw the wicked one upon the other, and may gather them all in a heap, and cast them into hell. These are they who shall perish. ^^ Say unto the unbelievers, that if they desist from opposing thee, what is already past shall be forgiven them ; but if they return to attack thee, the exemplary punishment of the former opposers of the prophets is already past, and the like shall be inflicted on them. Therefore fight against them until there be no opposition in favour of idolatry, and the religion be wholly God's. If they desist, verily God seeth that which they do. ^^ But if they turn back, know that God is your patron : he is the best patron, and the best helper. [*X.] ^^And know that whenever ye gain any spoils, a fifth part thereof belongeth unto God, and to the apostle, and his kindred, and the orphans, and the poor, and the traveller : if ye believe in God, and that which we have sent down unto our servant on the day of distinction, on the day whereon the two armies met : and God is almighty. ^^When ye were encamped on the hithermost side of the valley, and they were encamped on the further side, and the caravan was below you ; and if ye had mutually appointed to come to a battle, ye would certainly have declined the appointment ; ^^ but ye by the caravan, who gave great part of some v^rho suppose it was revealed in the them to the support of the succours from expedition against the Jewish tribe of Mecca. It is also said, that Abu Sofian, Kainoka, which happened a little above a in the expedition of Ohod, hired two thou- month after ^. sand Arabs, who cost him a considerable — The day of distinction,'] i. e Of the sum, besides the auxiliaries which he had battle of Bedr; which is so called because obtained gratis ^. it distinguished the true believers from the 41 A fifth part of the spoils belongeth infidels. unto God and his apostle, &c.] According 42 On the hithermost side.] Which was to this law, a fifth part of the spoils is ap- much more inconvenient than the other, propriated to the particular uses here men- because of the deep sand and want of tioned, and the other four-fifths are to be water. equally divided among those who were — And the caravan was below you.'] present at the action ; but in what man- viz. By the sea- side, making the best of ner, or to whom, the first fifth is to be their way to Mecca. distributed, the Mohammedan doctors dif- — Ye would have declined the appoint- fer, as we have elsewhere observed ^. mentJ] Because of the great superiority Though it be the general opinion that this of the enemy, and the disadvantages ye verse was revealed at Bedr, yet there are lay under. * Al Beiddwi. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § vi. ^ Al Beiddwi. 1 VIII.] AL KORAN. 191 were brought to an engagement without any previous appointment, that God might accomplish the thing which was decreed to be done ; ^^ that he who perisheth here- after may perish after demonstrative evidence ; and that he who liveth may live by the same evidence. God both heareth and knoweth. ^^ When thy Lord caused the enemy to appear unto thee in thy sleep, few in number ; and if he had caused them to appear numerous unto thee, ye would have been disheartened, and would have dis- puted concerning the matter: but God preserved you from this; for he knoweth the innermost parts of the breasts of men. '^^ And when he caused them to appear unto you, when ye met, to be few in your eyes ; and diminished your numbers in their eyes ; that God might accomplish the thing which was decreed to be done ; and unto God shall all things return. ^^ O true believers ! when ye meet a party of the infidels, stand firm, and re- member God frequently, that ye may prosper. ^^And obey God and his apostle, and be not refractory, lest ye be discouraged, and your success depart from you ; but persevere with patience, for God is with those who per- severe. ^^ And be not as those who went out of their houses in an insolent manner, and to appear with osten- tation unto men, and turned aside from the way of God : 43 That God might fulfil the thing ing us, that, just before the battle began, which was decreed^ &c.] By granting a the prophet's party seemed fewer than miraculous victory to the faithful, and they really were, to draw the enemy to overthrowing their enemies ; for the con- an engagement ; but that so soon as the viction of the latter, and the confirmation armies were fully engaged, they appeared of the former ^ superior, to terrify and dismay their ad- 45 In thy sleep, &c.] With which vision versaries. It is related, that Abu Jahl, Mohammed acquainted his companions for at first, thought them so inconsiderable a their encouragement. handful, that he said one camel would be — And would have disputed,"] Whether as much as they could all eat *. ye should attack the enemy, or fly. 49 Who went out of their hotises with 46 A7id when he caused them to appear insolence and ostentation^ &c.] These were few in your eyes.] It is said, that Ebn the Meccans, who, marching to the assist- Masud asked the man who was next him, ance of the caravan, and being come as whether he did not see them to be about far as Johfa, were there met by a messen- seventy ; to which he replied, that he took ger from Abu Sofian, to acquaint them, them to be an hundred 2. that he thought himself out of danger, — And diminished your numbers in and therefore they might return home : their eyes.] This seeming a contradiction upon which Abu Jahl, to give the greater to a passage in the third chapter 3, where opinion of the courage of himself, and his it is said that the Moslems appeared to the comrades, and of their readiness to assist infidels to be twice their own number, the their friends, swore that they would not commentators reconcile the matter, by tell- return till they had been at Bedr, and had 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 ideni. 3 p^gg 4g. 4 ji Beiddtvi, Jal- laJo'ddin, Yahyn. 192 AL KORAN. [chap. for God comprehendeth that which they do. ^^ And re- member when Satan prepared their works for them, and said, No man shall prevail against you to-day ; and I will surely be near to assist you. But when the two armies appeared in sight of each other, he turned back on his heels, and said. Verily I am clear of you : I certainly see that which ye see not. ^^ I fear God, for God is severe in punishing. ^^ When the hypocrites, and those in whose hearts there was an infirmity, said, their religion hath deceived these men ; but whosoever confideth in God cannot be deceived ; for God is mighty and wise. ^^ And if thou didst behold when the angels cause the unbe- lievers to die : they strike their faces and their backs, and say unto them. Taste ye the pain of burning. ^^ This shall ye suffer for that which your hands have sent before you; and because God is not unjust towards his servants. ^^ These have acted according to the want of the people of Pharaoh, and of those before them, who disbelieved in the signs of God : therefore God took them away in there drunk wine, and entertained those who should be present, and diverted them- selves with singing women '. The event of which bravado was very fatal, several of the principal Koreish, and Abu Jahl in particular, losing their lives in the expe- dition. 50 When Satan prepared their works for them.'] By inciting them to oppose the prophet. Some understand this passage figura- tively, of the private instigation of the devil, and of the defeating of his, designs, and the hopes with which he had inspired the idolaters. But others take the whole literally, and tell us, that when the Ko- reish, on their march, bethought them- selves of the enmity between them and the tribe of Kenana, who were masters of the country about Bedr, that consideration would have prevailed on them to return, had not the devil appeared in the likeness of Soraka Ebn Malec, a principal person of that tribe, and promised them that they should not be molested ; and that himself would go with them. But when they came to join battle, and the devil saw the angels descending to the assistance of the Moslems, he retired ; and al Hareth Ebn Hesham, who had him then by the hand, asked him whither he was going, and if he intended to betray them at such a junc^ ture ; he answered in the words of this passage, I am clear of you, for I see that which ye see not ; meaning the celestial succours. They say further, that when the Koreish, on their return, laid the blame of their overthrow on Soraka, he swore he did not so much as know of their march till he heard they were routed: and afterwards, when they embraced Mo- hammedism, they were satisfied it was the devil 2. 52 Their religion hath deceived these men.] In tempting them to so great a piece of folly, as to attack so large a body of men with such a handful. 53 When the angels cause the unbe- lievers to die, &c.] This passage is gene- rally understood of the angels who slew the infidels at Bedr, and who fought (as the commentators pretend) with iron maces, which shot forth flames of fire at every stroke ^. Some, however, imagine, that the words hint, at least, at the exami- nation of the sepulchre, which the Mo- hammedans believe every man must un- dergo after death, and will be very terrible to the unbelievers *. 54 Sent before you,] See chap. ii. ^ Al Beiddwi. § iv. p. 90, &c. Idem, JallaW ddin. 3 lidem. * See Prelim. Disc. VIII.] AL KORAN. 193 their iniquity ; for God is mighty and severe in punishing. ^^ This hath come to pass because God change th not his grace, wherewith he hath favoured any people, until they change that which is in their souls ; and for that God both heareth and seeth. ^^ According to the want of the people of Pharaoh, and of those before them, who charged the signs of their Lord with imposture, have they acted : wherefore we destroyed them in their sins, and we drowned the people of Pharaoh ; for they Avere all unjust persons. ^^ Verily the worst cattle in the sight of God are those who are obstinate infidels, and will not believe. ^^ As to those who enter into a league with thee, and afterwards violate their league at every conve- nient opportunity, they fear not God. ^^ If * thou take them in war, disperse, by making them an example, those who shall come after them, that they may be w^arned, ^^ Or, if thou apprehend treachery from any people, throw back their league unto them, with like treatment ; for God loveth not the treacherous. ^^ And think not that the unbelievers have escaped God's vengeance, for they shall not weaken the power of God. ^^ Therefore pre- pare against them what force ye are able, and troops of horse, whereby ye may strike a terror into the enemy of God, and your enemy, and into other infidels besides them whom ye know not, but God knoweth them. And what- soever ye shall expend in the defence of the religion of God, it shall be repaid unto you, and ye shall not be treatly unjustly. ^* And if they incline unto peace, do thou also incline thereto ; and put thy confidence in God, for it is he who heareth and knoweth. ^^ But if they seek to deceive thee, verily God will be thy support. It is he who hath strengthened thee with his help, and with that of the faithful. ^^ He hath united their hearts. If thou hadst expended whatever riches are in the earth, thou couldest not have united their hearts, but God united 59 Who enter into a league with thee^ — That the unbelievers have escaped and afterwards violate their league, &c>] God' s vengeance .'] Viz. Those who made As did the tribe of Koreidha ^, their escape from Bedr. 62 Think not, &c.] Some copies read 66 Thou couldest not have united their it in the third person, Let not the unbe- hearts.'} Because of the inveterate en- lievers think, &c. mity which reigned among many of ' See before, p. 188, and chap, xxxiii. VOL. I. O 194 AL KORAN. [chap, them ; for he is mighty and wise. ^^ O prophet ! God is thy support, and such of the true believers who follow thee. ^^ O prophet ! stir up the faithful to war : if twenty of you persevere with constancy, they shall overcome two hundred ; and if there be one hundred of you, they shall overcome a thousand of those who believe not ; because they are a people which do not understand. ^^ Now hath God eased you, for he knew that ye were weak. If there be an hundred of you who persevere with constancy, they shall overcome two hundred ; and if there be a thousand of you, they shall overcome two thousand, by the permis- sion of God ; for God is with those who persevere. ^^ It hath not been granted unto any prophet, that he should possess captives, until he had made a great slaughter of the infidels in the earth. Ye seek the accidental goods of this world, but God regardeth the life to come ; and God is mighty and wise. ^^ Unless a revelation had been previously delivered from God, verily a severe punish- ment had been inflicted on you, for the ransom which ye the Arab tribes: and therefore this re- conciliation is reckoned by the com- mentators as no inconsiderable miracle, and a strong proof of their prophet's mis- sion. 67 Follow thee.'] This passage, as some say, was revealed in a plain called al Beida, between Mecca and Medina, during the expedition of Bedr ; and, as others say, in the sixth year of the prophet's mission, on the occasion of Omar's embracing Mo- hammedism. 69 Two thousand,'] See Levit. xxvi. 8. Josh, xxiii. 10. 70 Until he had made a great slaughter of infidels^ &c.] Because severity ought to be used where circumstances require it, though clemency be more preferable where it may be exercised with safety. While the Mohammedans, therefore, were weak, and their religion in its infancy, God's pleasure was, that the opposers of it should be cut off, as is particularly directed in this chapter. For which rea- son they are here upbraided with their preferring the lucre of the ransom to their duty. 71 Unless a revelation had previously been delivered^ a great punishment had been inflicted on you for the ransom which ye tooki &c.] That is, had not the ransom been, in strictness, lawful for you to ac- cept by God's having, in general terms, allowed you the spoil, and the captives, ye had been severely punished. Among the seventy prisoners which the Moslems took in this battle, were al Abbas, one of Mohammed's uncles, and Okail, the son of Abu Taleb, and brother of Ali. When they were brought before Moham- med, he asked the advice of his companions what should be done with them. Abu Beer was for releasing them, on their pay- ing of ransom, saying, that they were near relations to the prophet, and God might possibly forgive them on their re- pentance; but Omar was for striking off their heads, as professed patrons of infi- delity. Mohammed did not approve of the latter advice, but observed that Abu Beer resembled Abraham, who interceded for offenders ; and that Omar was like Noah, who prayed for the utter extirpa- tion of the wicked antediluvians ; and thereupon it was agreed to accept a ran- som from them, and their fellow-captives. Soon after which, Omar, going into the prophet's tent, found him and Abu Beer weeping, and asking them the reason of their tears, Mohammed acquainted him, that this verse had been revealed, con- demning their ill-timed lenity towards their prisoners, and that they had narrowly escaped the divine vengeance for it; add- VIII.] AL KORAK 195 took from the captives at Bedr. ^^ Eat, therefore, of vrhat ye have acquired, that which is lawful and good ; for God is gracious and merciful. ^^ O prophet ! say unto the captives who are in your hands, If God shall know any good to be in your hearts, he will give you better than what hath been taken from you ; and he will forgive you, for God is gracious and merciful. ^* But if they seek to deceive thee, verily they have deceived God before ; wherefore he hath given thee power over them : and God is knowing and wise. ^^ Moreover, they who have believed, and have fled their country, and employed their substance, and their persons in fighting for the reli- gion of God, and they who have given the prophet a refuge among them, and have assisted him, these shall be deemed the one nearest of kin to the other. But they who have believed, but have not fled their country, shall have no right of kindred at all with you, until they also ing, that if God had not passed the matter over, they had certainly been destroyed to a man, excepting only Omar, and Saad Ebn Moadh, a person of as great severity, and who was also for putting the prisoners to death ^. Yet did not this crime go ab- solutely unpunished neither : for in the battle of Ohod, the Moslems lost seventy men, equal to the number of prisoners taken at Bedr ^ ; which was so ordered by God, as a retaliation or atonement for the same. 72 Of what ye have acquired.^ i. e. Of the ransom which ye have received of your prisoners. For, it seems, on this rebuke, they had some scruple of conscience whe- ther they might convert it to their own use or not^. 73 If God shall know any good to be in your hearts, he will give you better than what hath been taken from you.'] That is. If ye repent and believe, God will make you abundant retribution for the ransom ye have now paid. It is said that this passage was revealed on the particular account of al Abbas, who, being obliged by Mohammed, though his uncle, to ran- som both himself and his two nephews, Okail and Nawfal Ebn al Hareth, com- plained that he should be reduced to beg alms of the Koreish as long as he lived. Whereupon Mohammed asked him what was to become of the gold which he deli- vered to 0mm al Fadl when he left Mecca, telling her, that he knew not what might befal him in the expedition ; and therefore if he lost his life, she might keep it her- self for the use of her and her children ? Al Abbas demanded who told him this ; to which Mohammed replied, that God had revealed it to him. And upon this al Abbas immediately professed Islamism, declaring that none could know of that affair except God, because he gave her the money at midnight. Some years after, al Abbas, reflecting on this passage, con- fessed it to be fulfilled; for he was then not only possessed of a large substance, but had the custody of the well Zemzem, which, he said, he preferred to all the riches of Mecca *. 74 To deceive thee.] By not paying the ransom agreed on. 75 They shall be deemed the nearest of kin to each other,] And shall consequently inherit one another's substance preferably to their relations by blood. And this, they say, was practised for some time, the Mohajerun and Ansars being judged heirs to one another, exclusive of the deceased's other kindred, till this passage was abro- gated by the following : Those who are related by blood shall be deemed the nearest of kin to each other. ^ See before, p. 188, & chap, xxiii. - See chap. iii. * Idem. V. D'Herbel Bibl. Orient. Art. Abbas. 3 Al BeiddwL o2 196 A L KORAN. [chap. fly. Yet, if they ask assistance of you on account of reli- gion, it belongeth unto you to give them assistance ; except against a people between whom and yourselves there shall be a league subsisting : and God seeth that which ye do. ^^ And as to the infidels, let them be deemed of kin the one to the other. Unless ye do this, there will be a sedition in the earth, and grievous corrup- tion. ^^ But as for them who have believed, and left their country, and have fought for God's true religion, and who have allowed the prophet a retreat among them, and have assisted him, these are really believers ; they shall receive mercy, and an honourable provision. ^^ And they who have believed since, and have fled their country, and have fought with you, these also are of you. And those who are related by consanguinity shall be deemed the nearest of kin to each other, preferably to strangers, according to the book of God ; God knoweth all things. CHAPTER IX. INTITLED, THE DECLARATION OF IMMUNITY ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. ^ A DECLARATION of immunity from God and his apostle unto the idolaters with whom ye have entered into Title — Immunity,'] The reason why the ment of this chapter bearing a near re- chapter had this title appears from the first semblance to that of the preceding, his verse. Some, however, give it other titles ; companions differed about it ; some saying, and particularly that of Repentance, which that both chapters were but one, and, to- is mentioned immediately after. gether, made the seventh of the seven long It is observable, that this chapter alone ones ; and others, that they were two dis- has not the auspicatory form, In the name tinct chapters ; whereupon, to accommodate of the most merciful God, prefixed to it; the dispute, they left a space between the reason of which omission, as some them, but did not interpose the distinction think, was, because these words imply a of the Bismillah ^ concession of security, which is utterly It is agreed, that this chapter was the taken away by this chapter, after a fixed last which was revealed ; and the only time ; wherefore some have called it the one, as Mohammed declared, which was chapter of Punishment. Others say, that revealed entire, and at once, except the Mohammed (who died soon after he had re- hundred and tenth. ceived this chapter) having given no direc- Some will have the two last verses to tion where it should be placed, nor for the have been revealed at Mecca, prefixing the Bismillah to it, as had been 1 A declaration of immunity from God done to the other chapters, and the argu- and his apostle, &c.] Some understand ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, Yahya^ &c. IX.] AL KORAN. 197 league. ^ Go to and fro in the earth securely four months : and know that ye shall not weaken God, and that God will disgrace the unbelievers. ^ And a decla- ration from God, and his apostle, unto the people, on the day of the greater pilgrimage, that God is clear of the idolaters — "^ and his apostle also. Wherefore, if ye repent, this will be better for you ; but if ye turn back, know that ye shall not weaken God : and denounce unto those who believe not, a painful punishment. ^ Except such of the idolaters with whom ye shall have entered into a league, and who, afterwards, shall not fail you in any instance, nor assist any other against you. Where- fore, perform the covenant which ye shall have made with them, until their time shall be elapsed ; for God loveth those who fear him. ^ And when the months wherein ye are not allowed to attack them shall be passed, kill the idolaters wheresoever ye shall find them, and take them this sentence of the immunity or security therein granted to the infidels, for the space of four months ; but others think, that the words properly signify, that Mo- hammed is here declared by God, to be absolutely free, and discharged from all truce or league with them, after the expi- ration of that time ^ : and this last seems to be the truest interpretation. Mohammed's thus renouncing all league with those who would not receive him as the apostle of God, or submit to become tributary, was the consequence of the great power to which he was now arrived. But the pretext he made use of, was the treachery he had met with among the Jewish and idolatrous Arabs ; scarce any keeping faith with him, except Banu Damra, Banu Kenana, and a few others ^, 2 Go to and fro in the earth securely fourmotiths.^ These months were Shawdl, Dhu'lkaada, Dhu'lhajja, aLndMohari'am ; the chapter being revealed in Shawdl. Yet others compute them from the tenth of Dhu'lhajj a fWhen the chapter was published at Mecca, and consequently make them expire on the tenth of the former Rahi^. 3 On the day of the greater pilgrimage.^ Viz. The tenth of Dhu'lhajjaf when they slay the victims at Medina ; which day is their great feast, and completes the cere- monies of the pilgrimage. Some suppose the adjective greater is added here, to distinguish the pilgrimage made at the appointed time from lesser pilgrimages, as they may be called, or visitations of the Caaba, which may be performed at any time of the year ; or else, because the concourse at the pilgrimage this year was greater than ordinary, both Moslems and idolaters being present at it. The promulgation of this chapter was committed by Mohammed to Ali, who rode for that purpose on the prophet's slit-eared camel from Medina to Mecca, and on the day above-mentioned, standing up before the whole assembly at al Akaba, told them, that he was the messenger of the apostle of God unto them ; where- upon, they asking him what was his errand, he read twenty or thirty verses of the chapter to them, and then said, I am commanded to acquaint you with four things : 1. That no idolater is to come near the temple of Mecca after this year; 2. That no man presume to compass the Caaba naked for the future * ; 3. That none but true believers shall enter para- dise ; and, 4. That public faith is to be kept^. 5 Except such of the idolaters who shall not fail you, &c.] So that notwithstand- ing Mohammed renounces all league ivith those who had deceived him, he decWes himself ready to perform his engagements to such as had been true to him. 6 Wherever ye find them,'] Either within or without the sacred territory. ^ Al Beiddwi, before, chap, vii. Idem. ^ Idem, Al Zamaksh. Jallalo' ddin. * See 5 Al Beiddwi, V. Ahulfed, vit. Moh. p. 127, &c. 198 AL KORAN. [chap. prisoners, and besiege them, and lay wait for them in every convenient place. But if they shall repent, and observe the appointed times of prayer, and pay the legal alms, dismiss them freely ; for God is gracious and merci- ful. ^ And if any of the idolaters shall demand pro- tection of thee, grant him protection, that he may hear the word of God ; and afterwards let him reach the place of his security. This shalt thou do, because they are people which know not the excellency of the religion thou preachest. ^ How shall the idolaters be admitted into a league with God, and with his apostle; except those with whom ye entered into a league at the holy temple? So long as they behave with fidelity towards you, do ye also behave with fidelity towards them ; for God loveth those who fear him. ^How can they be admitted into a league with you, since, if they prevail against you, they will not regard in you either consan- guinity or faith ? They will please you with their mouths, but their hearts will be averse from you ; for the greater part of them are wicked doers. ^^ They sell the signs of God for a small price, and obstruct his way ; it is certainly evil which they do. ^^ They regard not in a believer either consanguinity or faith ; and these are the trans- gressors. ^^ Yet, if they repent, and observe the appointed times of prayer, and give alms, they shall be deemed your brethren in religion. We distinctly propound our signs unto people who understand. ^^ But if they violate their oaths, after their league, and revile your religion, oppose the leaders of infidelity (for there is no trust in them), that they may desist from their treachery. ^^ Will ye not fight against people who have violated their oaths, and conspired to expel the apostle of God ; and who, of their own accord, assaulted you the first time ? Will ye 7 And afterwards let him reach the place have violated their oaths, &c.~\ As did the of his security.'] That is, you shall give Koreish in assisting the tribe of Beer him a safe-conduct, that he may return against those of Khozaah *, and laying a home again securely, in case he shall not design to ruin Mohammed, without any think fit to embrace Mohammedism. just provocation ; and as several of the 8 Except those ivith whom ye entered Jewish tribes did, by aiding the enemy ; into a league ySzcJ] These are the persons and endeavouring to oblige the prophet to before excepted. leave Medina, as he had been obliged to 1 4 Will ye not fight against people who leave Mecca 2. 1 See the Prelim. Disc, p. 64. 2 ^/ Beiddwi. IX.] AL KORAN. 199 fear them ? But it is more just that ye should fear God, if ye are true believers. ^^ Attack them, therefore ; God shall punish them by your hands, and will cover them with shame, and will give you the victory over them ; and he will heal the breasts of the people who believe. ^^ And He will take away the indignation of their hearts : for God will be turned unto whom he pleaseth ; and God is knowing and wise. ^^ Did ye imagine that ye should be abandoned, whereas God did not yet know those among you who fought for his religion, and took not any besides God, and his apostle, and the faithful, for their friends ? God is well acquainted with that which ye do. ^^ It is not fitting that the idolaters should visit the temples of God, being witnesses against their own souls of their infidelity. The works of these men are vain ; and they shall remain in hell-fire for ever. ^^ But he only shall visit the temples of God, who believeth in God and the last day, and is constant at prayer, and payeth the legal alms, and feareth God alone. These, perhaps, may become of the number of those who are rightly directed. ^^ Do ye reckon the giving drink to the pilgrims, and the visiting of the holy temple, to be actions as meritorious as those performed by him who believeth in God and the last day, and fighteth for the religion of God ? They shall not be held equal with God : for God directeth not the unrighteous people. ^^ They who have believed, and fled their country, and employed their substance, and their persons, in the defence of God's true religion, shall be in the highest degree of 15 And he will heal the breasts of the unbelievers; for if the faithful will but people who believe, &c.] Viz. Those of perhaps be saved, what can the others Khozaah ; or, as others say, certain fami- hope for^ ? lies of Yaman and Saba, who went to 20 Do ye reckon the giving drink to the Mecca; and there professed Mohamme- pilgrimSihc.^ This passage was revealed dism, but were very injuriously treated by on occasion of some words of al Abbas, the inhabitants ; whereupon they com- Mohammed's uncle ; who, when he was plained to Mohammed, who bade them taken prisoner, being bitterly reproached take comfort, for that joy was approach- by the Moslems, and particularly by his ing 1. nephew Ali, answered. You rip up our ill 19 These, perhaps, may become of the actions, but take no notice of our good number of those who are rightly directed.^ ones: we visit the temple of Mecca, and These words are to warn the believers adorn the Caaba with hangings, and give from having too great a confidence in their drink to the pilgrims (of Zemzem water, own merits, and likewise to deter the I suppose,) and free captives^. ^ Al BeiddwL 2 idem. ^ Idem. 200 AL KORAN. [chap. honour with God ; and these are they who shall be happy. ^^ Their Lord sendeth them good tidings of mercy from him, and good will, and of gardens wherein they shall enjoy lasting pleasure : ^^ they shall continue therein for ever : for with God is a great reward. ^* O true be- lievers ! take not your fathers, or your brethren, for friends, if they love infidelity above faith ; and whosoever among you shall take them for his friends, they will be unjust doers. ^^ Say, If your fathers, and your sons, and your brethren, and your wives, and your relations, and your substance which ye have acquired, and your mer- chandise which ye apprehend may not be sold off, and your dwellings wherein ye delight, be more dear unto you than God, and his apostle, and the advancement of his religion ; wait, until God shall send his command ; for God directeth not the ungodly people. ^^ Now hath God assisted you in many engagements, and particularly at the battle of Honein ; when ye pleased yourselves in your multitude, but it was no manner of advantage unto you, and the earth became too strait for you, notwith- standing it was spacious ; then did ye retreat, and turn your backs. ^^ Afterwards God sent down his security 25 Till God shall send his com- courage was go great, that his uncle, al mand,~\ Or shall punish you. Some sup- Abbas, and his cousin, Abu Sofian Ebn al pose the taking of Mecca to be here in- Hareth, had much ado to prevent his spur- tended ^ ring his mule into the midst of the enemy, 26 The battle of Honein.'] This battle by laying hold of the bridle and stirrup, was fought in the eighth year of the Then he ordered al Abbas, who had the Hejra, in the valley of Honein, which lies voice of a Stentor, to recall his flying about three miles from Mecca towards troops ; upon which they rallied, and the Tayef, beween Mohammed, who had an prophet throwing a handful of dust against army of twelve thousand men, and the the enemy, they attacked them a second tribes of Hawazen and Thakif, whose time, and, by the divine assistance, gained forces did not exceed four thousand. The the victory ^ Mohammedans, seeing themselves so great- — Jnd the earth became too strait for ly superior to their enemies, made sure of you.] For the valley being very deep, the victory ; a certain person, whom some and encompassed by craggy mountains, suppose to have been the prophet himself, the enemy placed themselves in ambush crying out, These can never be overcome on every side, attacking them in the straits by so few. But God was so highly dis- and narrow passages, and from behind the pleased with this confidence, that, in the rocks, with great advantage *. first encounter, the Moslems were put to 27 His security.] The original word is flight 2, some of them running away quite Sakinatf which the commentators interpret to Mecca ; so that none stood their ground in this sense ; but it seems rather to sig- except Mohammed himself, and some few nify the divine presence^ or Shechinah, of his family ; and they say the prophet's appearing to aid the Moslems ' 5 1 Al Beiddwl ^ See Prid. Life of Mah. p. 96, &c. Hotting. Hist. Orient, p. 271, &c. D'Herbel, Bibl. Orient, p. 601. ^ Al Beiddwi^ Jallalo'ddin, Abulfed, vit. Mob. p. 112, &c. * Ebn hhak. ^ See chap. ii. noie. IX.] AL KORAN. 201 upon his apostle, and upon the faithful, and sent down troops of angels which ye saw not ; and he punished those who disbelieved ; and this was the reward of the unbelievers. ^^ Nevertheless, God will hereafter be turned unto whom he pleaseth ; for God is gracious and merci- ful. ^^ O true believers ! verily the idolaters are unclean ; let them not therefore come near unto the holy temple after this year. And if ye fear want, by the cutting off trade and communication with them, God will enrich you of his abundance, if he pleaseth ; for God is knowing and wise. ^^ Fight against them w^ho believe not in God, nor in the last day, and forbid not that which God, and his apostle, have forbidden, and profess not the true religion of those unto whom the scriptures have been delivered, until they pay tribute by right of subjection. ' — Troops of angels.'] As to the num- ber of these celestial auxiliaries, the com- mentators differ : some say they were five thousand ; some, eight thousand ; and others, sixteen thousand ^ 28 Nevertheless God will hereafter turn unto whom he pleaseth.'^ Besides a great number of proselytes, who were gained by this battle, Mohammed, on their request, was so generous as to restore the captives (which were no less than six thousand) to their friends, and offered to make amends himself to any of his men who should not be willing to part with his prisoners ; but they all consented to it 2. 29 After this year.] Which was the ninth year of the Hejra. In consequence of this prohibition, neither Jews, nor Christians, nor those of any other religion, are suffered to come near Mecca to this day. — God will enrich you of his ahundance.'\ This promise, says al Beidawi, was ful- filled by God's sending plenty of rain, and disposing the inhabitants of Tebala and Jorash, two towns in Yaman, to em- brace Islam, who thereupon brought suffi- cient provisions to Mohammed's men ; and also by the subsequent coming in of the Arabs from all quarters to him. 30 Who believe not in God, nor in the last day.] That is, who have not a just and true faith in these matters ; but either believe a plurality of gods, or deny the eternity of hell-torments ^, or the delights of paradise as described in the Koran. For, as it appears, by the following words. the Jews and Christians are the persons here chiefly meant. — By right of subjection.] This I think the true meaning of the words An yadin, which literally signify. By or out of hand, and are variously interpreted ; some supposing they mean that the tribute is to be paid readily, or by their own hands, and not by another ; or that tribute is to be exacted of the rich only, or those who are able to pay it, and not of the poor ; or else, that it is to be taken as a favour, that the Mohammedans are satisfied with so small an imposition, &c. ^. That the Jews and Christians are, ac- cording to this law, to be admitted to protection, on payment of tribute, there is no doubt; though the Mohammedan doc- tors differ as to those of other religions. It is said that Omar at first refused to accept tribute from a Magian, till Abda'l- rahman Ebn Awf assured him, that Mo- hammed himself had granted protection to a Magian, and ordered that the profes- sors of that religion should be included among the people of the book, or those who found their religion on some book which they suppose to be of divine ori- ginal. And it is the more received opinion, that these three religions only ought to be tolerated on the condition of paying tri- bute : others, however, admit the Sabians also. Abu Hanifa supposed people of any religion might be suffered, except the idol- atrous Arabs ; and Malec excepted only apostates from Mohammedism. The least tribute that can be taken Al Beidawi. 2 Idem ^ See chap ii. and chap iii. Al Beidawi. 202 AL KORAN. [chap. and they be reduced low. ^^ The Jews say, Ezra is the son of God : and the Christians say, Christ is the son of God. This is their saying in their mouths : they imitate the saying of those who were unbelievers in former times. May God resist them. How are they infatuated ! ^^ These (the Jews) take their priests and those (the Christians) their monks for their lords, besides God, and Christ the son of Mary ; although they are commanded to worship one God only ; there is no God but he ; far be that from him, which they associate with him ! ^^ They seek to extinguish the light of God with their mouths ; but God willeth no other than to perfect his light, although the infidels be averse thereto. ^^ It is he who hath sent his apostle with the direction, and true religion : that he may from every such person, is generally agreed to be a dinar, or about ten shillings a year ; nor can he be obliged to pay more, unless he consent to it ; and this, they say, ought to be laid as well on the poor as on the rich ^ But Abu Hanifa decided that the rich should pay forty-eight dirhems (twen- ty, and sometimes twenty-five, of which made a dinar) a-year ; one in middling circumstances half that sum ; and a poor man, who was able to get his living, a quarter of it : but that he who was not able to support himself should pay nothing 2. 31 The Jews say^ Ezra is the son of GodJ] This grievous charge against the Jews, the commentators endeavour to sup- port, by telling us that it is meant of some ancient heterodox Jews, or else of some Jews of Medina ; who said so for no other reason, than for that the law being utterly lost, and forgotten, during the Babylonish captivity, Ezra having been raised to life, after he had been dead one hundred years 3, dictated the whole anew to the scribes, out of his own memory ; at which they greatly marvelled, and declared that he could not have done it, unless he were the son of God *. Al Beidawi adds, that the imputation must be true, because this verse was read to the Jews, and they did not contradict it ; which they were ready enough to do in other instances. That Ezra did thus restore, not only the Pentateuch, but also the other books of the Old Testament, by divine revelation, was the opinion of several of the Christian fa- thers, who are quoted by Dr. Prideaux ^, and of some other writers ^ ; which they seem to have first borrowed from a passage in that very ancient apocryphal book, called (in our English Bible) the second book of Esdras ^. Dr. Prideaux ^ tells us, that herein the fathers attributed more to Ezra than the Jews themselves, who sup- pose that he only collected, and set forth a correct edition of the scriptures, which he laboured much in, and went a great way in the perfecting of it. It is not improba- ble, however, that the fiction came origi- nally from the Jews, though they be now of another opinion ; and I cannot fix it upon them by any direct proof. For, not to insist on the testimony of the Moham- medans, (which, yet, I cannot but think of some little weight in a point of this nature,) it is allowed by the most saga- cious critics, that the second book of Ezra was written by a Christian indeed 9; but yet one who had been bred a Jew, and was intimately acquainted with the fables of the Rabbins ^^ ; and the story itself is perfectly in the taste and way of thinking of those men. 32 For their lords.'] See chap. iii. note. 1 V. Reland, de jure militari Mohammedanor. p. 17 & 50. ^ ji Beiddwi. 3 See chap ii. ^ Al Beiddwi, Al Zamakshari, &c. ^ Connect, part i. 1. v. p. 329. * ^ A thanasius junior f in Synopsi S. Script, t. ii. p. 86. Leontius Byzantin. de sectis, p. 428. ^ ch. xiv. 20, &c. ^ Loco citat. » See 2 Esdras ii. 43—47. and vii. 28, &c. ^^^ V. Dodwelli Dissert. Cyprian. Dissert, iv. § ii. Whiston's Essay on the Apostolical Constit. p. 34, 76, and 304, &c. Fabricii Codic. Apocryph. Novi Test, part ii. p. 936, &c. IX.] AL KORAN. 203 cause it to appear superior to every other religion, although the idolaters be averse thereto. ^^ O true believers ! verily many of the priests, and monks, devour the substance of men in vanity, and obstruct the way of God. But unto those who treasure up gold and silver, and employ it not for the advancement of God's true religion, denounce a grievous punishment. ^^ On the day of judgment their treasures shall be intensely heated in the fire of hell, and their foreheads, and their sides, and their backs, shall be stigmatized therewith ; and their tormentors shall say. This is what ye have treasured up for your souls ; taste, therefore, that which ye have trea- sured up. ^^ Moreover, the complete number of months with God, is twelve months, which were ordained in the book of God, on the day whereon he created the heavens and the earth : of these, four are sacred. This is the right religion : therefore deal not unjustly with yourselves therein. But attack the idolaters in all the months as they attack you in all ; and know that God is with those who fear him. ^^ Verily the transferring of a sacred month to another month, is an additional infidelity. The unbelievers are led into an error thereby : they allow a month to be violated one year, and declare it sacred another year, that they may agree in the number of 35 The priests and monks devour the reasonable that you should observe the substance of men^ &c.] By taking of sacred months with regard to those who bribes, says al Beidawi ; meaning, proba- do not acknowledge them to be sacred, but bly, the money they took for dispensing make war against you therein 2. with the commands of God, and by way 38 Verily the transferring of a sacred of commutation. month to another month is an additional 37 The number of months with God is infidelity.'] This was an invention, or twelve months.'] According to this passage, innovation, of the idolatrous Arabs, where- the intercalation of a month every third Or by they avoided keeping a sacred month, second year, which the Arabs had learned when it suited not their conveniency, by of the Jews, in order to reduce their lunar keeping a profane month in its stead ; years to solar years, is absolutely unlaw- transferring, for example, the observance ful. For by this means, they fixed the of Moharram, to the succeeding month time of the pilgrimage, and of the fast of Safar. The first man who put this in Ramadan, to certain seasons of the year practice, they say, was Jonada Ebn Awf, which ought to be ambulatory ^ of the tribe of Kenana^. — In the booJc of God.] viz. The pre- These ordinances relating to the months served table. were promulgated by Mohammed himself, — Four are sacred.] See the Prelim, at the pilgrimage of valediction*. Disc. § vii. — They allow a month to be violated — Attack the idolaters in all the months^ one year, and declare it sacred another as they attack you in all.] For it is not year.] As did Jonada, who made public * See Prid. Life of Mahom, p. 65, &c. and the Prelim. Disc. § iv. and vii. 2 ggg chap. ii. 3 Al Beidawi, Jallalo' ddin. V. Poc. Spec. p. 323, and the Prelim. Disc. § vii. * Abulfed* vit. Moham. p. 132. 204 A L KORAN, [chap. months which God hath commanded to be kept sacred ; and they allow that which God hath forbidden. The evil of their actions hath been prepared for them : for God directeth not the unbelieving people. ^^ O true believers ! what ailed you, that, when it was said unto you. Go forth to fight for the religion of God, ye inclined heavily towards the earth ? Do ye prefer the present life to that which is to come ? But the provision of this life, in respect of that which is to come, is but slender. ^^ Un- less ye go forth when ye are summoned to war, God will punish you with a grievous punishment. *^ And he will place another people in your stead, and ye shall not hurt him at all ; for God is almighty. ^^ If ye assist not the prophet, verily God will assist him, as he assisted him formerly, when the unbelievers drove him out of Mecca, the second of two : when they were both in the cave ; when he said unto his companion. Be not grieved, for God is with us. And God sent down his security upon him, and strengthened him with armies of angels, whom ye saw not. And he made the word of those who believed not, to be abased, and the word of God was exalted ; for God is mighty and wise. ^^ Go forth to battle, both light and heavy, and employ your substance, and your persons^ for the advancement of God's religion. This will proclamation at the assembly of pilgrims, just ripe, and they had much rather have that their gods had allowed Moharram to staid to have gathered them 2. be profane ; whereupon they observed it 41 Another people.^ See chap. v. not ; but the next year he told them that 42 The second of two.'] That is, having the gods had ordered it to be kept only Abu Beer with him. sacred 1. — God is with us.] See Prelim. Disc. 39 When it was said unto you, Go forth § ii. p. 60. to fight for the religion of God, ye inclined — Security.] See before, page 200, heavily towards the earth, &c.] viz. In the note 27. expedition of Tabuc, a town situate about — And he strengthened him with armies half-way between Medina and Damascus, of angels, &c.] Who, as some imagine, which Mohammed undertook against the guarded him in the cave. Or the words Greeks, with an army of thirty thousand may relate to the succours from heaven men, in the ninth year of the Hejra. On which Mohammed pretended to have re- this expedition the Moslems set out with ceived in several encounters; as at Bedr, the great unwillingness, because it was under- war of the ditch, and the battle of Honein. taken in the midst of the summer heats, 43 Both light and heavy.] i. e. Whether and at a time of great drought and scar- the expedition be agreeable or not ; or city ; whereby the soldiers suffered so whether ye have sufficient arms and pro- much, that this army was called the dis- visions, or not ; or whether ye be on horse- tressed army : besides, their fruits were back or on foot, &c. * * Al Beiddwi. ^ Al Belddwi, Jallalo' ddin. V. Abulfed, vit. Moham, p. 123. IX.] AL KORAN. 205 be better for you ; if ye know it. ^^ If it had been a near advantage and a moderate journey, they had surely followed thee ; but the way seemed tedious unto them : and yet they will swear by God, saying, If we had been able, we had surely gone forth with you. They destroy their own souls ; for God knoweth that they are liars. *^ God forgive thee ! why didst thou give them leave to stay at home, until they who speak the truth, when they excuse themselves, had become manifested unto thee, and thou hadst know^n the liars ? ^^ They who believe in God, and the last day, will not ask leave of thee, to be excused from employing their substance, and their per- sons, for the advancement of God's true religion ; and God knoweth those who fear him. ^^ Verily they only will ask leave of thee to stay behind, who believe not in God, and the last day, and whose hearts doubt concern- ing the faith : wherefore they are tossed to and fro in their doubting. ^^ If they had been willing to go forth with thee, they had certainly prepared for that purpose a provision of arms and necessaries : but God was averse to their going forth ; wherefore he rendered them sloth- ful ; and it was said unto them. Sit ye still with those who sit still. ^^ If they had gone forth with you, they had only been a burden unto you, and had run to and fro between you, stirring you up to sedition ; and there would have been some among you, who would have given ear unto them ; and God knoweth the wicked. ^^ They formerly sought to raise a sedition, and they disturbed thy affairs, until the truth came, and the decree of God was made manifest ; although they were averse thereto. ^^ There is of them who saith unto thee. Give me leave to stay behind, and expose me not to temptation. Have 44 If it had been a near advantage and lah Ebn Obba, and his hypocritical adhe- a moderate journey, &c.] That is, had rents, and also three of the Ansars ; for there been no difficulties to surmount in which he is here reprehended. the expedition of Tabuc, and the march 48 With those who sit still.^ i. e. With thither had been short and easy, so that the women and children, and other impo- the plunder might have cost them little or tent people. no trouble, they w^ould not have been so 50 They formerly sought to raise a backward. sedition, &c.] As they did at the battle 45 Why didst thou give them leave to of Ohod *. stay at home, &c.] For Mohammed ex- 51 Expose me not to temptation.!^ By cused several of his men, on their request, obliging me to go, against my will, on an from going on this expedition ; as Abda'l- expedition, the hardships of which may ^ See chap. iii. 206 AL KORAN. [chap. they not fallen into temptation at home ? But hell will surely encompass the unbelievers. ^^ If good happen unto thee, it grieveth them; but if a misfortune befal thee, they say. We ordered our business before ; and they turn their backs, and rejoice at thy mishap. ^^ Say, Nothing shall befal us, but what God hath decreed for us ; he is our patron ; and on God let the faithful trust. ^^ Say, Do ye expect any other should befal us, than one of the two most excellent things : either victory or mar- tyrdom ? But we expect concerning you, that God inflict a punishment on you, either from himself, or by our hands. Wait therefore to see what will be the end of both ; for we will wait with you. ^^ Say, Expend your money in pious uses, either voluntarily, or by constraint, it shall not be accepted of with you: because ye are wicked people. ^^ And nothing hindereth their contributions from being accepted of them, but that they believe not in God, and his apostle, and perform not the duty of prayer, otherwise than sluggishly ; and expend not their money for God's service, otherwise than unwillingly. ^^ Let not, therefore, their riches, or their children, cause thee to marvel. Verily God intendeth only to punish them by these things in this world ; and that their souls may depart while they are unbelievers. ^^ They swear by God that they are of you ; yet they are not of you, but are people who stand in fear. ^^ If they find a place of refuge, or caves, or a retreating-hole, they surely turn towards the same, and, in a headstrong manner, haste thereto. ^^ There is of them also who spreadeth ill reports of thee, in relation to thy distribution of the alms ; yet, if they receive part tempt me to rebel, or to desert. It is i. e. Either by some signal judgment from related, that one Jadd Ebn Kais said, that heaven, or by remitting their punishment the Ansars well knew he was much given to the true believers. to women, and he dared not trust himself 58 That they are of you,'] Viz. Staunch with the Greek girls ; wherefore he desired Moslems. he might be left behind, and he would — Who stand in fear,] Hypocritically assist them with his purse ^ concealing their infidelity, lest ye should 51 Have they not fallen into temptation chastise them, as ye have done the pro- at home ?] Discovering their hypocrisy fessed infidels and apostates ; and yet by their backwardness to go to war for the ready to avow their infidelity, when they promotion of the true religion. think they may do it with safety. 52 We ordered our business before.] 60 There is also of them who spreadeth That is, we took care to keep out of harm's ill reports of thee in relation to thy distri- way, by staying at home. button of the alms^ &c.] This person was b A Either from himself, or by our hands.] Abu'l Jowadh the hypocrite, who said ^ Al Beiddwi, IX.] AL KORAN. 207 thereof, they are well pleased ; but if they receive not a part thereof, behold, they are angry. ^^ But if they had been pleased with that which God and his apostle had given them, and had said, God is our support ; God will give unto us of his abundance, and his prophet also; verily unto God do we make our supplications : it would have been more decent. ^^ Alms are to be distributed only unto the poor, and the needy, and those who are employed in collecting and distributing the same, and unto those whose hearts are reconciled, and for the redemption of captives, and unto those who are in debt, and insolvent, and for the advancement of God's religion, and unto the traveller. This is an ordinance, from God : and God is knowing and wise. ^^ There are some of them who injure the prophet, and say. He is an ear. Answer, He is an ear of good unto you ; he believeth in God, and giveth. credit to the faithful, and is a mercy unto such of you who believe. But they who injure the apostle of God, shall suffer a painful punishment. ^* They swear unto you by God, that they may please you ; but it is more just that they should please God, and his apostle, if they are true believers. ^^ Do they not know that he who opposeth God, and his apostle, shall, without doubt, be punished with the fire of hell ; and shall remain therein for ever ? This will be great ignominy. ^^ The hypocrites are apprehensive lest a Sura should be revealed Mohammed gave them away among the — Whose hearts are reconciled.^ keepers of sheep only ; or, as others sup- That is, who were lately enemies to pose, Ebn Dhi'lkhowaifara, who found the faithful, but have now embraced fault with the prophet's distribution of the Mohammedism, and entered into amity spoils taken at Honein, because he gave with them. For Mohammed, to gain them all among the Meccans, to reconcile their hearts, and confirm them in his and gain them over to his religion and religion, made large presents to the interest ^ chief of the Koreish, out of the spoils at 62 AlmSi &c.] See what is said as to Honein, as has been just now mentioned 2. this point in the Prelim. Disc. § iv. But this law, they say, became of no ob- — The poor, and the needy,'] The ligation when the Mohammedan faith was commentators make a distinction between established, and stood not in need of such these two words in the original. Fakir and methods for its support. MesHn : one, they say, signifies him who 63 He is an ear.] i. e. He hears every is utterly destitute both of money and thing that we say ; and gives credit to all means of livelihood ; the other, one who the stories that are carried to him. is in want indeed, but is able to get some- — He is an ear of good unto you.] thing towards his own support. But to Giving credit to nothing that may do you which of the two words either of these hurt. different significations properly belongs, 66 A Sura.] So the Mohammedans the critics differ. call a chapter of the Koran 3. ^ Al Beiddwi. V. Ahulfed. vit. Moham. p. 118, 119. 2 Ahulfed. vit. Moham. p. 118, 119. 3 See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. p. 67. ^08 A L KORAN. [ciiap. concerning them, to declare unto them that which is in their hearts. Say unto them. Scoff ye ; but God will surely bring to light that which ye fear should be dis- covered. ^^And if thou ask them the reason of this scoffing, they say. Verily we were only engaged in dis- course, and jesting among ourselves. Say, Do ye scoff* at God and his signs, and at his apostle ? ^^ Offer not an excuse ; now are ye become infidels, after your faith. If we forgive a part of you, we will punish a part, for that they have been wicked doers. ^^ Hypocritical men and women are the one of them or the other : they command that which is evil, and forbid that which is just, and shut their hands from giving alms. They have forgotten God ; wherefore he hath forgotten them : verily the hypocrites are those who act wickedly. ^^ God denounceth unto the hypocrites, both men and women, and to the unbelievers, the fire of hell ; they shall remain therein for ever : this will be their sufficient reward ; God hath cursed them, and they shall endure a lasting torment. ^^ As they who have been before you, so are ye. They were superior to you in strength, and had more abundance of wealth, and of children ; and they enjoyed their portion in this world ; and ye also enjoy your portion here, as they who have preceded you enjoyed their portion. And ye engage yourselves in vain discourses, like unto those wherein they engaged themselves. The works of these are vain both in this world, and in that which is to come ; and these are they who perish. ^^ Have they not been ac- quainted with the history of those who have been before them ; of the people of Noah, and of Ad, and of Tha- MUD, and of the people of Abraham, and of the inha- bitants of Madian, and of the cities which were over- thrown? Their apostles came unto them with evident 67 They say^ We were only engaged in of what related to him, or his companions, discourse, &c.] It is related that, in the but were only diverting themselves with expedition of Tabuc, a company of hypo- indifferent discourse, to beguile the tedi- crites, passing near Mohammed, said to ousnessofthe way'. one another, Behold that man ; he would 72 The cities which were overthrown.'] take the strongholds of Syria : away ! Namely, Sodom and Gomorrah, and the away ! which being told the prophet, he other cities which shared their fate, and called them to him, and asked them why are thence called al MotaMfdt, or The they had said so : whereto they replied, Subverted ^. with an oath, that they were not talking 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ See chap. xi. IX ] A L KORAN. 209 » demonstrations : and God was not disposed to treat them unjustly ; but they dealt unjustly with their own souls. ^^And the faithful men, and the faithful women, are friends one to another : they command that which is just, and they forbid that which is evil ; and they are constant at prayer, and pay their appointed alms ; and they obey God and his apostle : unto these will God be merciful ; for he is mighty and wise. ^^ God promiseth unto the true believers, both men and women, gardens through which rivers flow, wherein they shall remain for ever ; and delicious dwellings in gardens of perpetual abode : but good-will from God shall be their most excellent reward. This will be great felicity. ^^ O prophet ! wage war against the unbelievers and the hypocrites, and be severe unto them : for their dwelling shall be hell : an unhappy journey shall it be thither ! ^^ They swear by God that they said not what they are charged with : yet they spake the word of infidelity, and became unbelievers, after they had embraced Islam. And they designed that which they could not effect ; and they did not disapprove of the design for any other reason, than because God, and his apostle, had enriched them, of his bounty. If they repent, it wiJl be better for them ; but, if they re- lapse, God will punish them with a grievous torment, — 74 Gardens of perpetual abode.] Lite- rode by night over the highest part of al Y8i\\y, gardens of Eden ; but the commen- Akaba. But when they were going to tators do not take the word Eden in the execute their design. Hodheifa, who fol- sense which it bears in Hebrew, as has lowed, and drove the prophet's camel, been elsewhere observed ^. which was led by Ammar Ebn Yaser, 76 They swear by God that they said hearing the tread of camels, and the clash- not what they are charged with, &c.] It ing of arms, gave the alarm, upon which is related, that al Jallas Ebn Soweid, hear- they fled. Some, however, suppose the ing some passages of this chapter, which design here meant, was a plot to expel sharply reprehend those who refused to Mohammed from Medina 3. go on the above-mentioned expedition of — Because God, and his apostle, had Tabuc, declared, that if what Mohammed enriched them.^ For Mohammed's re • said of his brethren was true, they were siding at Medina was of great advantage worse than asses. Which coming to the to the place, the inhabitants being gene- prophet's ear, he sent for him, and denied rally poor, and in want of most conve- the words upon oath. But, on the imme- niences of life ; but, on the prophet's diate revelation W this passage, he con- coming among them, they became pos- fessed his fault, and his repentance was sessed of large herds of cattle, and money accepted 2. also. Al Beidawi says, that the above- — They designed what they could not named al Jallas, in particular, having a effect, &c.~\ The commentators tell us, servant killed, received, by Mohammed's that fifteen men conspired to kill Moham- order, no less than ten thousand dirhems, med in his return from Tabuc, by pushing or about three hundred pounds, as a fine him from his camel into a precipice, as he for the redemption of his blood. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. p. 114. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. VOL, I. P 210 AL KORAN. [chap. ^^ in this world and in the next ; and they shall have no patron on earth, nor any protector. ^^ There are some of them who made a covenant with God, saying, Verily if he give us of his abundance, we will give alms, and be- come righteous people. Yet, when he had given unto them of his abundance, they became covetous thereof, and turned back, and retired afar off. ^^ Wherefore he hath caused hypocrisy to succeed in their hearts, until the day whereon they shall meet him ; for that they failed to perform unto God that which they had promised him, and for that they prevaricated. ^^ Do they not know that God knoweth whatever they conceal, and their pri- vate discourses ; and that God is the knower of secrets ? ^^ They who traduce such of the believers as are liberal in giving alms beyond what they are obliged, and those who find nothing to give, but what they gain by their industry : and therefore scoff at them : God shall scoff at them, and they shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^^ Ask forgiveness for them, or do not ask forgiveness for them ; are liberalf &c.] Al Beidawi relates that, Mohammed exhorting his followers to vo- luntary alms, among others, Abda'lrah- raan Ebn Awf gave four thousand dirhems, which was one half of what he had ; Asem 78 There are some of them who made a covenant with God, &c.] An instance of this is given in Thalaba Ebn Hateb, who came to Mohammed, and desired him to beg of God, that he would bestow riches on him. The prophet, at first, advised him rather to be thankful for the little he had, than to covet more, which might become a temptation to him ; but on Tha- laba's repeated request, and solemn pro- mise that he would make a good use of his riches, he was, at length, prevailed on, and preferred the petition to God. Tha- laba, in a short time, grew vastly rich, which Mohammed being acquainted with, sent two collectors to gather the alms. Other people readily paid them, but when they came to Thalaba, and read the in- junction to him out of the Koran, he told them, that it was not alms, but tribute, or next kin to tribute ; and bade them go back till he had better considered of it. Upon which this passage was revealed ; and when Thalaba came afterwards, and brought his alms, Mohammed told him, that God had commanded him not to accept it, and threw dust upon his head, saying, This is what thou hast deserved. He then offered his alms to Abu Beer, who refused to accept them ; as did Omar some years after, when he was Khalifa 81 Who traduce such of the believers as Ebn Adda gave an hundred beasts'-loads of dates ; and Abu Okail, a saa, which is no more than a sixtieth part of a load of the same fruit, but was the half of what he had earned by a night's hard work. This Mohammed accepted ; whereupon the hypocrites said, that Abda'lrahman and Asem gave what they did out of os- tentation, and that God and his apostle might well have excused Abu Okail's mite ; which occasioned this passage. I suppose this collection was made to defray the charge of the expedition of Tabuc ; towards which, as another writer tells us, Abu Beer contributed all that he had, and Othman very largely, viz. as it is said, three hundred camels for slaugh- ter, and a thousand dinars of gold ^. 82 Ask forgiveness for them, &c.] In the last sickness of Abda'llah Ebn Obba, the hypocrite (who died in the ninth year of the Hejra,) his son, named also Ab- da'llah, came and asked Mohammed to beg pardon of God for him ; which he did, and thereupon the former part of this verse was revealed. But the prophet, not taking that for a repulse, said, he would 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 Abulfed. vit. Moham. p. 123. IX.] AL KORAN. J211 it will be equal. If thou ask forgiveness for them seventy times, God will by no means forgive them. This is the divine pleasure, for that they believe not in God, and his apostle ; and God directeth not the ungodly people. ^^ They who were left at home in the expedition of Tabuc, were glad of their staying behind the apostle of God, and were unwilling to employ their substance, and their per- sons, for the advancement of God's true religion : and they said. Go not forth in the heat. Say, The fire of hell will be hotter ; if they understood this. ^* Where- fore let them laugh little, and weep much, as a reward for that which they have done. ^^If God bring thee back unto some of them, and they ask thee leave to go forth to war with thee, say. Ye shall not go forth with me for the future, neither shall ye fight an enemy with me : ye were pleased with sitting at home the first time : sit ye at home, therefore, with those who stay behind. ^^ Neither do thou ever pray over any of them who shall die, neither stand at his grave ; for that they believed not in God, and his apostle, and die in their wickedness. ^^ Let not their riches, or their children, cause thee to marvel : for God intendeth only to punish them there- with in this world ; and that their souls may depart, while they are infidels. ^^ When a Sura is sent down, wherein it is said. Believe in God, and go forth to war with his pray seventy times for him; upon which 86 Neither do thou ever pray over any the latter part of the verse was revealed, of them who shall die.^ This passage was declaring it would be absolutely in vain, also revealed on account of Abda'llah Ebn It may be observed, that the numbers Obba. In his last illness he desired to seven and seventy, and seven hundred, see Mohammed, and when he was come, are frequently used by the eastern writers, asked him to beg forgiveness of God for to signify, not so many precisely, but only him, and requested that his corpse might an indefinite number, either greater or be wrapped up in the garment that was lesser ^ ; several examples of which are to next his body, (which might have the be met with in the scripture 2. same efficacy with the habit of a Francis- 83 Go not forth in the heat.'] This they can,) and that he would pray over him spoke in a scoffing manner to one ano- when dead. Accordingly, when he was ther ; because, as has been observed, the dead, the prophet sent his shirt, or inner expedition of Tabuc was undertaken in a vestment, to shroud the corpse, and was very hot and dry season. going to pray over it, but was forbidden 85 If God bring thee hack unto some of by these words. Some say they were not them^ &c.] That is, if thou return in revealed till he had actually prayed for safety to Medina, to the hypocrites, who him*. are here called some of them who stayed — Neither stand at his grave.] Either behind, because they were not all hypo- by assisting at his funeral, or visiting his crites. The whole number is said to have sepulchre, been twelve 3. 88 Sura.] See before, p. 207, note 66. 1 Al BeiddivL 2 Matth. xviii. 22. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. p 2 212 A L KORAN. [chap. apostle ; those who are in plentiful circumstances among them ask leave of thee to stay behind, and say, Suffer us to be of the number of those who sit at home. ^^ They are well pleased to be with those who stay behind, and their hearts are sealed up : wherefore they do not under- stand. ^^ But the apostle, and those who have believed with him, expose their fortunes and their lives for God's service ; they shall enjoy the good things of either life, and they shall be happy. ^^ God hath prepared for them gardens through which rivers flow; they shall remain therein for ever. This will be great felicity. ^^ And cer- tain Arabs of the desert came to excuse themselves; praying that they might be permitted to stay behind : and they sat at home who had renounced God, and his apostle. But a painful punishment shall be inflicted on such of them as believe not. ^^ In those who are weak, or are afflicted With sickness, or in those who find not wherewith to contribute to the war, it shall be no crime if they stay at home ; provided they behave themselves faithfully towards God, and his apostle. There is no room to lay blame on the righteous ; for God is gracious and merciful. ^^ Nor on those, unto whom, when they came unto thee, requesting that thou wouldest supply them with necessaries for travelling, thou didst answer, I find not wherewith to supply you, returned ; their eyes shedding tears for grief, that they found not wherewith to contribute to the expedition. ^^ But there is reason to blame those who ask leave of thee to sit at home, when they are rich. They are pleased to be with those who stay behind, and God hath sealed up their hearts : where- 92 Certain Arabs of the desert came to verty ; as those of Joheina, Mozeina, and excuse themselves, &c.] These were the Banu Odhra 2. tribes of Asad and Ghatfan, who excused 94 Who requested thee to supply them themselves on account of the necessities with 7iecessaries for traveU'mg, &€.] The of their fVimilies, which their industry only persons here intended were seven men of maintained. But some write, they were the Ansars, who came to Mohammed, and the family of Amer Ebn al Tofail, who begged he would give them some patched said, that if they went with the army, boots and soled shoes, it being impossible the tribe of Tay would take advan- for them to march so barefoot, in such a tage of their absence, and fall upon season ; but he told them he could not their wives and children, and their cat- supply them : whereupon they went away tie 1. weeping. Some, however, say, these were 93 Who find not wherewith to contri- the Banu Mokren ; and others, Abu Musa, bute.^ By reason of their extreme po- and his companions 3. •• „_______—_ ^ J I BcidiuvL ' idem. ^ Idem. IX.] AL KORAN. 213 fore they do not understand. [^XI.] '^^ They will excuse themselves unto you, when ye are returned unto them. Say, Excuse not yourselves ; we will by no means believe you : God hath acquainted us with your behaviour ; and God will observe your actions, and his apostle also : and hereafter shall ye be brought before him who knoweth that which is hidden, and that which is manifest ; and he will declare unto you that which ye have done. ^^ They will swear unto you by God, when ye are returned unto them, that ye may let them alone. Let them alone, therefore, for they are an abomination ; and their dwelling shall be hell; a reward for that which they have de- served. ^^ They will swear unto you, that ye may be well pleased with them ; but if ye be well pleased with them, verily God will not be well pleased with people who pre- varicate. ^^ The Arabs of the desert are more obstinate in their unbelief and hypocrisy ; and it is easier for them to be ignorant of the ordinances of that which God hath sent down unto his apostle: and God is knowing and wise. ^^^ Of the Arabs of the desert there is who reckon- eth that which he expendeth for the service of God, to be as tribute ; and waiteth that some change of fortune may befal you. A change for evil shall happen unto them : for God both heareth and knoweth. ^^^ And of the Arabs of the desert there is who believeth in God, and in the last day ; and esteemeth that which he layeth out for the service of God to be the means of bringing him near unto God, and the prayers of the apostle. Is it not unto them the means of a near approach ? God shall lead them into his mercy ; for God is gracious and mer- ciful. ^^^ As for the leaders, and the first of the Moha- JERiN, and the Ansars, and those who have followed 97 That ye may let them alone.^ And fortune may befal you.'] Hoping that some not chastise them. reverse may afford a convenient oppor- 99 The Arabs of the desert are more tunity of throwing off the burden. obstiriate, &C.'] Because of their wild way 101 J7id of the Arabs.'] The Arabs of life, the hardness of their hearts, their meant, in the former of these two pas- not frequenting people of knowfedge, and sages, are said to have been the tribes of the few opportunities they have of being Asad, Ghatfan, and Banu Tamim ; and instructed ^. those intended in the latter, Abdallah, 100 As tribute.] Or a contribution surnamed Dhu'lbajadin, and his people 2. exacted by force, the payment of which he 102 The leaders, and the first of the can in no wise avoid. Mohdjerm, and the Ansars.] The Mo- — And waifclh, that some change of hajerin, or refugees, were those of Mecca, ^ Al Beiddm. Sec the Prelim. Disc, p, 29 and 36. 2 ji Beiddw'u 214 AL KORAN. [chap. them in well doing ; God is well pleased with them, and they are well pleased in him : and he hath prepared for them gardens watered by rivers ; they shall remain therein for ever. This shall be great felicity. ^^^ And of the Arabs of the desert who dwell round about you, there are hypocritical persons : and of the inhabitants of Me- dina there are some who are obstinate in hypocrisy. Thou knowest them not, O prophet ! but we know them : we will surely punish them twice ; afterwards shall they be sent to a grievous torment. ^^^ And others have acknowledged their crimes. They have mixed a good action with another which is bad : peradventure God will be turned unto them ; for God is gracious and merciful. ^^^ Take alms of their substance, that thou mavest cleanse them, and purify them thereby ; and pray for them ; for thy prayers shall be a security of mind unto them ; and God both heareth and knoweth. ^^^ Do they not know that God accepteth repentance from his servants, and accej)teth alms ; and that God is easy to be reconciled, and merciful ? ^^^ Say unto them. Work as ye will ; but God who fled thence on account of their re- ligion. And the Ansars, or Helpers, were those of Medina, who received Moham- med, and his followers, into their protec- tion, and assisted them against their ene- mies. By the leaders of the Mohajerin are meant those who believed on Moham- med before the Hejra, or early enough to pray towards Jerusalem, from which the Kebla was changed to the temple of Mecca, in the second year of the Hejra; or else such of them as were present at the battle of Bedr. The leaders of the Ansars were those who took the oath of fidelity to him at al Akaba, either the first or the second time ^. 103 Of the Arabs of the desert who dwell round about you^ &c.] i. e. In the neighbourhood of Medina. These were the tribes of Joheina, Mozeina, Aslam, Ashja and Ghifar 2. — We will punish them twice.'} Ei- ther by exposing them to public shame, and putting them to death ; or by either of those punishments and the torment of the sepulchre ; or else by exacting alms of them by way of fine, and giving them corporeal punishment ^. 104 Others have acknowledged their crimes.'] Making no hypocritical excuses for them. These were certain men, who having stayed at home, instead of accom- panying Mohammed to Tabuc, as soon as they heard the severe reprehensions and threats of this chapter against those who had stayed behind, bound themselves to the pillars of the mosque, and swore they would not loose themselves, till they were loosed by the prophet. But when he en- tered the mosque to pray, and was informed of the matter, he also swore that he would not loose them without a particular com- mand from God ; whereupon this passage was revealed, and they were accordingly dismissed*. — They have mixed a good action with a bad.'] Though they were backward in going to war, and held with the hypocrites, yet they confessed their crime and repented. 105 Take alms of their substance, &c.] When these persons were loosed, they prayed Mohammed to take their substance, for the sake of which they had stayed at home, as alms, to cleanse them from their transgression ; but he told them he had no orders to accept any thing from them : upon which this verse was sent down, al- lowing him to take their alms^ 1 Al£cid(h ^ Idem. Idem. Idem. Idem, IX.] AL KORAN. 215 will behold your work, and his apostle also, and the true believers: and ye shall be brought before him who knoweth that which is kept secret, and that which is made public ; and he will declare unto you whatever ye have done. ^^^ And there are others who wait with suspense the de- cree of God ; whether he will punish them, or whether he will be turned unto them : but God is knowing and wise. '^^ There are some who have built a temple to hurt the faithful, and to propagate infidelity, and to foment division among the true believers, and for a lurking-place for him who hath fought against God, and his apostle, in time past ; and they swear, saying. Verily we intended no other than to do for the best : but God is witness that they do certainly lie. ^^^ Stand not up to pray therein for ever. There is a temple founded on piety, from the first day of its building. It is more just that thou stand up to pray therein : therein are men who love to be purified, 108 There are others who wait, &c.] The persons here intended were the three Ansars, whose pardon is granted a little below. 109 There are some who have built a temple to hurt the faithful, &c.] When Banu Amru Ebn Awf had built the temple or mosque of Koba, which will be men- tioned by-and-by, they asked Mohammed to come and pray in it, and he complied with their request. This exciting the envy of their brethren, Banu Gamen Ebn Awf, they also built a mosque, intending that the Imam, or priest, who should officiate there, should be Abu Amer, a Christian monk; but he dying in Syria, they came to Mohammed, and desired he would con- secrate, as it were, their mosque, by pray- ing in it. The prophet accordingly pre- pared himself to go with them, but was forbidden by the immediate revelation of this passage, discovering their hypocrisy and ill design ; whereupon he sent Malec Ebn al Dokhshom, Maan Ebn Addi, Amer Ebn al Sacan, and al Wahsha, the Ethio- pian, to demolish and burn it ; which they performed, and made it a dunghill. Ac- cording to another account, this mosque was built a little before the expedition of Tabuc, with a design to hinder Moham- med's men from engaging therein ; and when he was asked to pray there, he an- swered, that he was just setting out on a journey ; but when he came back, with God's leave, he would do what they de- sired ; but when they applied to him again, on his return, this passage was re- vealed ^ — For a lurking-place for him who hath fought against God, and his apostle, in time past.~\ That is, Abu Amer, the monk, who was a declared enemy to Mohammed, having threatened him at Ohod, that no party should appear in the field against him, but he would make one of them ; and, to be as good as his word, he con- tinued to oppose him till the battle of Honein, at which he was present; and being put to flight with those of Howazen, he retreated into Syria, designing to obtain a supply of troops from the Grecian em- peror, to renew the war ; but he died at Kinnisrin. Others say, that this monk w^as a confederate at the war of the ditch, and that he fled thence into Syria 2. 110 There is a temple founded on piety, &c.] Viz. That of Koba, a place about two miles from Medina, where Mohammed rested four days before he entered that city, in his flight from Mecca, and where he laid the foundation of a mosque ^, which was afterwards built by Banu Amru Ebn Awf. But according to a different tradition, the mosque here meant, was that which Mohammed built at Medina. — Therein are men who love to he pu^ ^ Al Beiddivi, Jallalo' ddin. ^ lidem, ^ lid em, Ebn Shonah. V. Ahulfed, vit. Moham p. 52. Where the translator, taking this passage of the Koran, which is there cited, for the words of his author, has missed the true sense. 216 AL KORAN. [chap. for God loveth the clean. ^^^ Whether, therefore is he better, who hath founded his building on the fear of God, and his good will ; or he who hath founded his building on the brink of a bank of earth, which is washed away by waters, so that it falleth with him into the fire of hell ? God directeth not the ungodly people. "^ Their building which they have built, will not cease to be an occasion of doubting in their hearts, until their hearts be cut in pieces, and God is knowing and wise. ^^^ Verily God hath purchased of the true believers their souls, and their substance, promising them the enjoyment of paradise ; on condition that they fight for the cause of God : whether they slay, or be slain, the promise for the same is assuredly due by the law, and the gospel, and the Koran. And who performeth his contract more faithfully than God ? Rejoice, therefore, in the contract which ye have made. This shall be great happiness. ^^^ The penitent, and those who serve God, and praise him, and who fast and bow down, and worship ; and who command that which is just, and forbid that which is evil, and keep the ordinances of God, shall likewise be rewarded with paradise : wherefore bear good tidings unto the faithful. ^^^ It is not allowed unto the prophet, nor those who are true believers, that r'lfied.'] Al Beidawi says, that Moham- standing ; and others, of the punishment med, walking once with the Mohajenn to they are to expect, either of death in this Koba, found the Ansars sitting at the world, or of the rack of the sepulchre, or mosque-door, and asked them whether the pains of hell. they were believers; and, on their being 115 It is not allowed the prophet — to silent, repeated the question : whereupon pray for idolater 3^810,.'] This passage was Omar answered, that they were believers ; revealed, as some think, on account of Abu and Mohammed demanding whether they Taleb, Mohammed's uncle and great be- acquiesced in the judgment Omar had nefactor; who, on his death-bed, being made of them, they said, Yes. He then pressed by his nephew to speak a word, asked them whether they would be patient which might enable him to plead his cause in adversity, and thankful in prosperity ; to before God, that is, to profess Islam, abso- which they answering in the affirmative, lutely refused. Mohammed, however, told he swore by the Lord of the Caaba, that him, that he would not cease to pray for they were true believers. Afterwards he him, till he should be forbidden by God ; examined them as to their manner of per- which he was by these words. Others forming the legal washings, and particu- suppose the occasion to have been Moham- larly, what they did after easing them- med's visiting his mother Amena*s sepul- selves : they told him that in such a case chre at al Abwa, soon after the taking of they used three stones, and after that Mecca ; for they say, that while he stood washed with water ; upon which he re- at the tomb he burst into tears, and said, peated these words of the Koran to them. I asked leave of God to visit my mother's 112 Until their hearts he cut in pieces^] tomb, and he granted it me ; but when I Some interpret these words of their being asked leave to pray for her, it w^as denied deprived of their judgment and under- me ^ ^ Al Beidawi. IX.] AL KORAN, 217 they pray for idolaters, although they be of kin, after it is become known unto them, that they are inhabitants of hell. ^^^ Neither did Abraham ask forgiveness for his father, otherwise than in pursuance of a promise which he had promised unto him : but when it became known unto him, that he was an enemy unto God, he declared himself clear of him. Verily Abraham was pitiful and compassionate. ^^^ Nor is God disposed to lead people into error, after that he hath directed them, until that which they ought to avoid is become known unto them ; for God knoweth all things. ^^^ Verily unto God belongeth the kingdom of heaven, and of earth ; he giveth life, and he causeth to die ; and ye have no patron or helper be- sides God. ^^^ God is reconciled unto the prophet, and unto the Mohajerin, and the Ansars, who followed him in the hour of distress, after that it had wanted little but that the hearts of a part of them had swerved from their duty ; afterwards was he turned unto them ; for he was compassionate and merciful towards them. ^^^ And he is also reconciled unto the three who were left behind, so 115 After it is become known unto them, that they are inhabitants of hell. ~\ By their dying infidels. For otherwise it is not only lawful, but commendable, to pray for unbelievers, while there are hopes of their conversion. 116 In pursuance of a promise which he had promised him.'] Viz. To pray that God would dispose his heart to repent- ance. Some suppose this was a promise made to Abraham, by his father, that he w^ould believe in God. For the words may be taken either way. — When he knew that he was an enemy of God, he declared himself clear of him.] Desisting to pray for him, when he was assured by inspiration that he was not to be converted ; or after he actually died an infidel. See chap. vi. 117 ^0 leadj)eople into error.] i. e. To consider, or punish them as transgressors. This passage was revealed to excuse those who had prayed for such of their friends as had died idolaters, before it was forbidden; or else, to excuse certain people who had ignorantly prayed towards the first Kebla, and drank wine, &c. 119 God is reconciled unto the prophet, &c.] Having forgiven the crime they committed, in giving the hypocrites leave to be absent from the expedition to Tabuc ; or, for the other sins which they might, through inadvertence, have been guilty of. For the best men have need of repent- ance ^. — In the hour of distress,] Viz. In the expedition of Tabuc ; wherein Moham- med's men were driven to such extremities, that (besides what they endured, by reason of the excessive heat) ten men were obliged to ride by turns on one camel ; and provisions and water were so scarce, that two men divided a date between them, and they were obliged to drink the water out of the camels* stomachs 2. 120 The three who were left behind.] Or, as it may be translated, who were left in suspense, whether they should be par- doned, or not^. These were three An- sars, named Caab Ebn Malec, Helal Ebn Omeyya, and Merara Ebn Rabi, who went not with Mohammed to Tabuc, and were, therefore, on in his return, secluded from the fellowship of the other Moslems ; the prophet forbidding any to salute them, or to hold discourse with them. Under which interdiction they continued fifty days, till, on their sincere repentance, they were, at length, discharged from it, by the revela- tion of this passage ^ 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 Uem. s gge before, p. 215, note 108. * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, Ahidfed. vit. Moh. p. 133, 136. VOL. I, Q 218 A L KORAN. [chap. that the earth became too strait for them, notwithstanding its spaciousness, and their souls became straitened within them, and they considered that there was no refuge from God, otherwise than by having recourse unto him. Then was he turned unto them, that they might repent: for God is easy to be reconciled, and merciful. ^^^ O true believers ! fear God, and be with the sincere. ^^^ There was no reason why the inhabitants of Medina, and the Arabs of the desert, who dwell around them, should stay behind the apostle of God, or should prefer themselves before him. This is unreasonable : because they are not distressed either by thirst, or labour, or hunger, for the defence of God's true religion ! neither do they stir a step, which may irritate the unbelievers ; neither do they receive from the enemy any damage, but a good work is written down unto them for the same; for God sufFereth not the reward of the righteous to perish. ^^^ And they contribute not any sum, either small or great, nor do they pass a valley, but it is written down unto them, that God may reward them with a recompense exceeding that which they have wrought. ^^^ The believers are not obliged to go forth to war all together ; if a part of every band of them go not forth, it is that they may diligently instruct themselves in their religion; and may admonish their people, when they return unto them, that they may take heed to themselves. ^^^ O true believers ! wage war against such of the infidels as are near you ; and let them 122 Or should prefer themselves before exact knowledge of the several points of Mm.] By not caring to share with him their religion, so as to be enabled to in- the dangers and fatigues of war. Al Bei- struct such as by reason of their continual dawi tells us, that after Mohammed had employment in the wars, have no other set out for Tabuc, one Abu Kahithama, means of information. They say, that sitting in his garden, where his wife, a after the preceding passages were revealed, very beautiful woman, had spread a mat reprehending those who had stayed at home for him in the shade, and had set new during the expedition of Tabuc, every man dates and fresh water before him, after a went to war; so that the study of religion, little reflection^ cried out. This is not well, which is rather more necessary for the de- that I should thus take my ease and plea- fence and propagation of the faith, than sure, while the apostle of God is exposed even arms themselves, became wholly laid to the scorching of the sun^beams, and the aside and neglected ; to prevent which, inclemencies of the air ; and immediately for the future, a convenient number are mounting his camel, took his sword and hereby directed to be left behind, that they lance, and went to join the army. may have leisure to prosecute their studies. 124 7/" a part of every hand of them go 125 Such of the infidels as are near you.~\ not forth, &c.] That is, if some of every Either of your kindred or neighbours; for tribe or town, be left behind, the end of these claim your pity and care in the first their being so left, is, that they may apply place, and their conversion ought first to Ihemselves to study, and attain a more be endeavoured. The persons particularly IX.] AL KORAN. 219 find severity in you : and know that God is with those who fear him. ^^^ Whenever a Sura is sent down, there are some of them who say. Which of you hath this caused to increase in faith ? It will increase the faith of those who believe, and they shall rejoice. ^^^ But unto those in whose hearts there is an infirmity, it will add farther doubt unto their present doubt ; and they shall die in their infidelity. ^^^ Do they not see that they are tried every year once or twice ? yet they repent not, neither are they warned. And whenever a Sura is sent down, they look at one another, saying. Doth any one see you ? then do they turn aside. ^^^ God shall turn aside their hearts from the truth ; because they are a people who do not understand. ^^^ Now hath an apostle come unto you of our own nation, an excellent person : it is grievous unto him that ye commit wickedness ; he is careful over you, and compassionate and merciful towards the believers. ^^^ If they turn back, say, God is my support : there is no God but he. On him do I trust ; and he is the Lord of the magnificent throne. meant in this passage, are supposed to — They look at one another, &c.] They have been the Jews of the tribes of Ko- wink at one another to rise, and leave the reidha and Nadhir and those of Khaibar ; prophet's presence, if they think they can or else the Greeks of Syria ^ do it without being observed ; to avoid — Severity.'] Or fierceness in war. hearing the severe and deserved reproofs 128 They are tried every year once or which they apprehend in every new reve- twice.'] i. e- By various kinds of trials ; lation. The persons intended are the or by being called forth to war, and by hypocritical Moslems, being made witnesses of God's miraculous 130 Our own nation.] See chap. iii. protection of the faithful. P- 71j note 165. ' Al Beiddwi, END OF VOL. I. Gilbert & Rivington, Printers, St. John's Square, Clerkenwell. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. Chap. Page 10. Intitled, Jonas ; containing 108 Verses 1 11. Intitled, Hud ; containing 123 Verses 13 12. Intitled, Joseph ; containing 1 J 1 Verses 29 1 3. Intitled, Thunder ; containing 45 Verses 46 14. Intitled, Abraham ; containing 52 Verses . • • • 52 15. Intitled, Al Hejr ; containing 98 Verses 59 16. Intitled, The Bee ; containing 128 Verses 65 17. Intitled, The Night- Journey ; containing 110 Verses 81 18. Intitled, The Cave ; containing 110 Verses 95 19. Intitled, Mary ; containing 98 Verses 109 20. Intitled, T. H. ; containing 135 Verses 118 21. Intitled, The Prophets ; containing 112 Verses 130 22. Intitled, The Pilgrimage ; containing 79 Verses 142 23. Intitled, The True Believers ; containing 120 Verses 152 24. Intitled, Light ; containing 65 Verses • 160 25. Intitled, Al Forkan ; containing 77 Verses 171 26. Intitled, The Poets ; containing 227 Verses 179 27. Intitled, The Ant ; containing 93 Verses 189 28. Intitled, The Story ; containing 87 Verses 199 29. Intitled, The Spider ; containing 68 Verses 210 30. Intitled, The Greeks ; containing 60 Verses 217 31. Intitled, Lokman ; containing 34 Verses 223 32. Intitled, Adoration ; containing 30 Verses 228 33. Intitled, The Confederates ; containing 70 Verses 231 34. Intitled, Saba ; containing 54 Verses 245 35. Intitled, The Creator ; containing 46 Verses 252 36. Intitled, Y. S. ; containing 83 Verses 257 37. Intitled, Those who rank themselves in order; containing 180 Verses 264 38. Intitled, S. ; containing 88 Verses 272 39. Intitled, The Troops ; containing 75 Verses 279 40. Intitled, The True Believer ; containing 86 Verses 287 41. Intitled, Are distinctly explained ; containing 54 Verses 296 42. Intitled, Consultation ; containing 53 Verses 302 43. Intitled, The Ornaments of Gold ; containing ^^ Verses 307 44. Intitled, Smoke ; containing 58 Verses 314 ,45. Intitled, The Kneeling ; containing 37 Verses » • 317 46. Intitled, Al Ahkaf ; containing 35 Verses 320 47. Intitled, Mohammed ; containing 38 Verses , 325 48. Intitled, The Victory ; containing 29 Verses 330 49. Intitled, The Inner Apartments ; containing 18 Verses 335 50. Intitled, K. ; containing 45 Verses 338 51. Intitled, The Dispersing ; containing 60 Verses 342 62. Intitled, The Mountain ; containing 49 Verses 345 53. Intitled, The Star ; containing 62 Verses . . , 347 54. Intitled, The Moon ; containing 55 Verses 351 55. Intitled, The Merciful ; containing 78 Verses 354 56. Intitled, The Inevitahle ; containing 96 Verses 358 57. Intitled, Iron ; containing 29 Verses 362 58. Intitled, She who disputed ; containing 22 Verses 366 59. Intitled, The Emigration ; containing 24 Verses 370 60. Intitled, She who is tried ; containing 13 Verses 374 61 . Intitled, Battle Array ; containing 14 Verses 377 62. Intitled, The Assembly ; containing 1 1 Verses 379 63. Intitled, The Hypocrites ; containing 11 Verses 380 IV CONTENTS. Chap. Page 64. Intitled, Mutual Deceit ; containing 18 Verses 382 65. Intitled, Divorce ; containing 13 Verses 384 Qiy. Intitled, Prohibition ; containing 13 Verses. , 386 67. Intitled, The Kingdom ; containing 30 Verses 389 68. Intitled, The Pen ; containing 52 Verses 391 69. Intitled, The InfaUible ; containing 52 Verses 395 70. Intitled, The Steps ; containing 44 Verses , 397 71. Intitled, Noah ; containing 29 Verses 399 72. Intitled, The Genii ; containing 28 Verses 401 73. Intitled, The Wrapped up ; containing 22 Verses 403 74. Intitled, The Covered ; containing 55 Verses 405 75. Intitled, The Resurrection ; containing 40 Verses 408 76. Intitled, Man ; containing 31 Verses , 410 77- Intitled, Those which are sent ; containing 50 Verses 412 78. Intitled, The News ; containing 40 Verses •••••••..•••• 414 79. Intitled, Those who tear forth ; containing 46 Verses 415 80. Intitled, He frowned ; containing 42 Verses , 417 81. Intitled, The folding up ; containing 28 Verses 419 82. Intitled, The Cleaving in sunder ; containing 19 Verses 420 83. Intitled, Those who give short Measure or Weight ; containing 36 Verses . . 421 84. Intitled, The Rending in sunder ; containing 23 Verses* 423 85. Intitled, The Celestial Signs ; containing 21 Verses 424 ^6. Intitled, The Star which appeared by Night; containing 17 Verses 425 87. Intitled, The Most High ; containing 19 Verses , 426 88. Intitled, The Overwhelming ; containing 26 Verses 427 89. Intitled, The Day-Break ; containing 30 Verses 428 90. Intitled, The Territory ; containing 20 Verses 431 91. Intitled, The Sun ; containing 15 Verses 432 92. Intitled, The Night ; containing 21 Verses ib. 93. Intitled, The Brightness ; containing 11 Verses 433 94. Intitled, Have we not opened ; containing 8 Verses 434 95. Intitled, The Fig ; containing 6 Verses 435 96. Intitled, Congealed Blood ; containing 19 Verses 436 97. Intitled, Al Kadr ; containing 5 Verses 437 98. Intitled, The Evidence ; containing 8 Verses 438 99. Intitled, The Earthquake ; containing 8 Verses 439 100. Intitled, The War-Horses, which run swiftly; containing 11 Verses 440 101. Intitled, The Striking; containing 10 Verses ib. 102. Intitled, The emulous Desire of Multiplying; containing 8 Verses. 441 103. Intitled, The Afternoon ; containing 3 Verses 442 104. Intitled, The Slanderer ; containing 8 Verses ib. 105. Intitled, The Elephant ; containing 5 Verses 443 106. Intitled, Koreish ; containing 4 Verses 445 107. Intitled, Necessaries ; containing 7 Verses 446 108. Intitled, Al Cawtiiar ; containing 3 Verses , ib. 109. Intitled, The Unbelievers ; containing 6 Verses 447 110. Intitled, Assistance ; containing 3 Verses 448 111. Intitled, Abu Laheb ; containing 5 Verses ib. 112. Intitled, The Declaration of God's Unity ; containing 5 Verses 449 113. Intitled, The Day-Break ; containing 5 Verses 450 1 14. Intitled, Men ; containing 6 Verses 451 AL KORAN. CHAPTER X. INTITLED JONAS ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. R. ^ These are the signs of the wise book. ^ It is a strange thing unto the men of Mecca, that we have revealed our will unto a man from among them, saying, Denounce threats unto men if they believe not; and bear good tidings unto those who believe, that on the merit of their sincerity they have an interest with their Lord. The unbelievers say, This is manifest sorcery. ^ Verily your Lord is God, who hath created the heavens and the earth in six days ; and then ascended his throne, to take on himself the government of all things. There is no intercessor, but by his permission. This is God, your Lord ; therefore serve him. Will ye not con- sider ? ^ Unto him shall ye all return, according to the certain promise of God ; for he produceth a creature, and then causeth it to return again; that he may reward Title.'] This prophet is mentioned to- — This is manifest sorcery.'] Meaning wards the end of the chapter. the Koran. According to the reading of 1 A. L. R.] See the Prelim. Disc, some copies, the words may be rendered, § iii. This man (i. e. Mohammed) is no other 3 A man from among them.] And not than a manifest sorcerer, one of the most powerful among them 4 There is no intercessor but hy his per- neither ; so that the Koreish said it was a mission.] These words were revealed to wonder God could find out no other mes- refute the foolish opinion of the idolatrous senger than the orphan pupil of Abu Meccans, who imagined their idols were Taleb i. intercessors with God for them. 1 Al Beiddwi. VOL. II. B 2 AL KORAN. [chap. those who believe, and do that which is right, with equity. But as for the unbelievers, they shall drink boiling water, and they shall suffer a grievous punishment, for that they have disbelieved. ^ It is he who hath ordained the sun to shine by day, and the moon for a light by night ; and hath appointed her stations, that ye might know the number of years, and the computation of time. God hath not created this, but with truth. He explaineth his signs unto people who understand. ^Moreover in the vicissitude of night and day, and whatever God hath created in heaven and earth, are surely signs unto men who fear him. ^ Verily they who hope not to meet us at the last day, and delight in this present life, and rest securely in the same, and who are negligent of our signs ; ^ their dwelling shall be hell-fire, for that which they have deserved. ^^ But as to those who believe, and work righ- teousness, their Lord will direct them because of their faith ; they shall have rivers flowing through gardens of pleasure. ^^ Their prayer therein shall be. Praise be unto thee, O God ! and their salutation therein shall be. Peace ! and the end of their prayer shall be. Praise be unto God, the Lord of all creatures ! ^^ If God should cause evil to hasten unto men, according to their desire of hasten- ing good, verily their end hath been decreed. Wherefore we suffer those who hope not to meet us at the resurrec- tion, to wander amazedly in their error. ^^When evil befalleth a man, he prayeth unto us lying on his side, or sitting, or standing : but when we deliver him from his affliction, he continueth his former course of life, as though he had not called upon us to defend him against the evil which had befallen him. Thus was that which the trans- gressors committed, prepared for them. ^^ We have for- merly destroyed the generations who were before you, O men of Mecca, when they had acted unjustly, and our apostles had come unto them with evident miracles, and they would not believe. Thus do we reward the wicked people. ^^ Afterwards we did cause you to succeed them in the earth; that we might see how ye would act. II Their salutation.^ Either the mu- 13 Lyingy or sittings or standing.'] i.e. tual salutation of the blessed to one ano- in all postures, and at all times, ther, or that of the angels to the blessed. X.] A L KORAN. 3 ^^ When our evident signs are recited unto them, they who hope not to meet us at the resurrection, say. Bring a different Koran from this ; or make some change there- in. Answer, It is not fit for me, that I should change it at my pleasure ; I follow that only which is revealed unto me. Verily I fear, if I should be disobedient unto my Lord, the punishment of the great day. ^^ Say, If God had so pleased, I had not read it unto you, neither had I taught you the same. I have already dwelt among you to the age of forty years, before I received it. Do ye not therefore understand ? ^^ And who is more unjust than he who deviseth a lie against God, or accuseth his signs of falsehood ? Surely the wicked shall not prosper. ^^ They worship besides God, that which can neither hurt them nor profit them ; and they say. These are our in- tercessors with God. Answer, Will ye tell God that which he knoweth not, neither in heaven nor in earth ? Praise be unto him ! and far be that from him, which they associate with him ! ^^ Men were professors of one religion only, but they dissented therefrom; and if a decree had not previously issued from thy Lord, deferring their punishment, verily the matter had been decided between them, concerning which they disagreed. ^^ They say, Unless a sign be sent down unto him from his Lord, we will not believe. Answer, Verily that which is hidden is known only unto God : wait therefore the pleasure of God ; and I also will wait with you. ^^ And when we caused the men of Mecca to taste mercy, after an afflic- tion which had befallen them, behold, they devised a IT To the age of forty years."] For so or companions either in heaven or on old was Mohammed before he took upon earth, since he acknowledgeth none ? him to be a prophet ^ ; during which time 20 Men were professors of one religion his fellow -citizens well knew that he had only, &c.] That is to say, the true reli- not applied himself to learning of any gion, or Islam, which was generally pro- sort, nor frequented learned men, nor had fessed, as some say, till Abel was mur- ever exercised himself in composing verses, dered, or, as others, till the days of Noah, or orations, whereby he might acquire the Some suppose the first ages after the flood art of rhetoric, or elegance of speech 2. A are here intended ; others, the state of flagrant proof, says al Beidawi, that this religion in Arabia, from the time of Abra- book could be taught him by none but God. ham to that of Amru Ebn Lohai, the great 19 Intercessors.'] See the Prelim. Disc, introducer of idolatry into that country. § i. p. 17. 22 And when we caused those of Mecca — Will ye tell God that which he know- to taste mercy after affliction, &c.] For it eth not, &c.] Viz. That he hath equals is said that they were afflicted with a ^ See the Prelim. Disc. p. 50. Abulfed. vit. Moh. c. 7- ^ See the Prelim. Disc. p. 32. 3 Al Belddwi. B 2 4 AL KORAN. [chap. stratagem against our signs. Say unto them, God is more swift in executing a stratagem than ye. Verily our messengers write down that which ye deceitfully de- vise. ^^It is he who hath given you conveniences for travelling by land and by sea ; so that ye be in ships, which sail with them, with a favourable wind, and they rejoice therein. And when a tempestuous wind over- taketh them, and waves come upon them from every side, and they think themselves to be encompassed with inevitable dangers : they call upon God, exhibiting the pure religion unto him, and saying. Verily, if thou deliver us from this peril, we will be of those who give thanks. ^^ But when he hath delivered them, behold, they behave themselves insolently in the earth, without justice. O men, verily the violence which ye commit against your own souls, is for the enjoyment of this present life only ; afterwards unto us shall ye return, and we will declare unto you that which ye have done. ^^ Verily the likeness of this present life is no other than as water, which we send down from heaven, and wherewith the productions of the earth are mixed, of which men eat, and cattle also, until the earth receive its vesture, and be adorned with various plants : the inhabitants thereof imagine that they have power over the same ; but our command cometh unto it by night, or by day, and we render it as though it had been mowen, as though it had not yesterday abounded with fruits. Thus do we explain our signs unto people who consider. ^^God inviteth unto the dwelling of peace, and directeth whom he pleaseth into the right way. ^^ They who do right shall receive a most excellent reward, and a superabundant addition ; neither blackness nor shame shall cover their faces. These shall be the inhabitants of paradise, they shall continue therein dearth for seven years, so that they were fears directing them in such an extre- yery near perishing ; but were no sooner mity, to ask help of him only who could relieved by God's sending them plenty, give it. than they began again to charge Moham- 26 Unto the dwelling of peace.'] viz. Pa- med with imposture, and to ridicule his radise. revelations^. 27 And a superabundant addition.] For 22 Our messengers.] i. e. The guar- their reward will vastly exceed the merit dian angels. of their good works. Al Ghazali supposes 33 Exhibiting the pure religion unto this additional recompense will be the him.] That is, applying themselves to beatific vision 2. God only, and neglecting their idols ; their — Blackness.] See Prelim. Disc. p. 102. I 41 Beiddwi. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. p. 118. X.] AL KORAN. 5 for ever. But they who commit evil shall receive the reward of evil, equal thereunto, and they shall be covered with shame (for they shall have no protector against God), as though their faces were covered with the pro- found darkness of the night. These shall be the inha- bitants of hell-fire ; they shall remain therein for ever. ^^ On the day of the resurrection we will gather them all together : then will we say unto the idolaters, Get ye to your place, ye and your companions : and we will sepa- rate them from one another : and their companions shall say unto them, Ye did not worship us, ^^ and God is a sufficient witness between us and you ; neither did we mind your worshipping of us. ^^ There shall every soul experience that which it shall have sent before it, and they shall be brought before God, their true Lord ; and the false deities which they vainly imagined, shall disap- pear from before them. ^^ Say, Who provideth you food from heaven and earth ? or who hath the absolute power over the hearing and the sight ? and who bringeth forth the living from the dead, and bringeth forth the dead from the living ? and who governeth all things ? They will surely answer, God. Say, Will ye not therefore fear him ? ^^ This is therefore God, your true Lord : and what remaineth there after truth, except error ? How therefore are ye turned aside from the truth ? ^^ This is the word of the Lord verified upon them who do wickedly; that they believe not. ^^ Say, Is there any of your companions who produceth a creature, and then causeth it to return unto himself? Say, God produceth a crea- ture, and then causeth it to return unto himself. How therefore are ye turned aside from his worship ? ^^ Say, Is there any of your companions who directeth unto the truth ? Say, God directeth unto the truth. Whether is he, therefore, who directeth unto the truth, more — Equal tliereu7ito.] i. e. Though the pretended, that God will, at the last day, blessed will be rewarded beyond their de- enable the idols to speak, and that they serts, yet God will not punish any beyond will thus reproach their worshippers, in- their demerits, but treat them with the stead of interceding for them, as they exactest justice. hoped. Some suppose the angels, who 28 And your companions.^ That is, were also objects of the worship of the your idols, or the companions which ye Pagan Arabs, are particularly intended in attributed unto God. this place. — Ye did not worship us.'\ But ye 30 Shall experience'"] Some copies, in- really worshipped your own lusts ; and stead of Tahluy read Tatlu, i. e. shall foU were seduced to idolatry, not by us, but low or meditate upon. by your own superstitious fancies. It is — Before it.'] See chap. ii. note. 6 AL KORAN. [chap. worthy to be followed ; or he who directeth not, unless he be directed ? What aileth you, therefore, that ye judge as ye do ? ^^ And the greater part of them follow an uncertain opinion only ; but a mere opinion attaineth not unto any truth. Verily God knoweth that which they do. ^^ This Koran could not have been composed by any except God ; but it is a confirmation of that which was revealed before it, and an explanation of the scrip- ture; there is no doubt thereof; sent down from the Lord of all creatures. ^^ Will they say, Mohammed hath forged it ? Answer, Bring therefore a chapter like unto it ; and call whom ye may to your assistance, besides God, if ye speak truth. ^^ But they have charged that with falsehood, the knowledge whereof they do not compre- hend, neither hath the interpretation thereof come unto them. In the same manner did those who were before them, accuse their prophets of imposture ; but behold, what was the end of the unjust. ^^ There are some of them who believe therein ; and there are some of them who believe not therein : and thy Lord well knoweth the corrupt doers. ^^ If they accuse thee of imposture, say I have my work, and ye have your work ; ye shall be clear of that which I do, and I will be clear of that which ye do. ^^ There are some of them who hearken unto thee ; but wilt thou make the deaf to hear, although they do not understand ? *^ And there are some of them who look at thee ; but wilt thou direct the blind, although they see not ? ^^ Verily, God will not deal unjustly with men in any respect : but men deal unjustly with their own souls. ^^ On a certain day he will gather them together, as though they had not tarried above an hour of a day : they shall know one another. Then shall they perish 40 There are some of them who believe account of certain Meccans, who seemed therein, &c.] i. e. There are some of them to attend while Mohammed read the Ko- who are inwardly well satisfied of the ran to them, or instructed them in any truth of thy doctrine, though they are so point of religion, but yet were as far from wicked as to oppose it ; and there are being convinced or edified, as if they had others of them who believe it not, through not heard him at all 2. prejudice and want of consideration. Or 44 God will not deal unjustly with men : the passage may be understood in the but they deal unjustly with their own souls.^ future sense, of some who should after- For God deprives them not of their senses, wards believe, and repent, and of others or understanding: but they corrupt and who should die infidels ^ make an ill use of them. 42 There are some of them who hearken 45 As though they had not tarried,'} unto thee ; but wilt thou make the deaf to Either in the world, or in the grave. heary Sec] These words were revealed on — They shall knoiv one another J] As 1 At Beiddivi, ^ Idem. See chap. 5. X.] AL KORAN. 7 who have denied the meeting of God ; and were not rightly directed. ^^ Whether we cause thee to see a part of the punishment wherewith we have threatened them, or whether we cause thee to die before thou see it ; unto us shall they return : then shall God be witness of that which they do. ^^ Unto every nation hath an apostle been sent : and when their apostle came, the matter was decided between them with equity ; and they were not treated unjustly. ^^ The unbelievers say, When will this threatening be made good, if ye speak truth ? ^^ Answer, I am able neither to procure advantage unto myself, nor to avert mischief from me, but as God pleaseth. Unto every nation is a fixed term decreed ; when their term therefore is expired, they shall not have respite for an hour, neither shall their punishment be anticipated. ^^ Say, Tell me ; if the punishment of God overtake you by night, or by day, what part thereof will the ungodly wish to be hastened ? ^^ When it falleth on you, do ye then believe it ? Now do ye believe, and wish it far from you, whereas ye formerly desired it should be hastened ? ^^ Then shall it be said unto the wicked. Taste ye the punishment of eternity ; would ye receive other than the reward of that which ye have wrought ? ^^ They will desire to know of thee, w^hether this be true. Answer, Yea, by my Lord, it is certainly true ; neither shall ye weaken God's power, so as to escape it. ^^ Verily, if every soul which hath acted wickedly had whatever is on the earth, it would willingly redeem itself therewith at the last day. Yet they will conceal their repentance, after they shall have seen the punishment ; and the matter shall be decided between them with equity ; and they shall not be unjustly treated. ^^ Doth not whatsoever is in heaven and on if it were but a little while since they 54 They will conceal their repentance.^ parted. But this will happen during the To hide their shame and regret ^ ; or be- first moments only of the resurrection ; cause their surprise and astonishment will for afterwards the terror of the day will deprive them of the use of speech 3. Some, disturb and take from them all knowledge however, understand the verb which is of one another i. here rendered Will conceal, in the con- 47 The matter was decided between them trary signification, which it sometimes with equity.'] By delivering the prophet, bears ; and then it must be translated, and those who believed on him, and de- They will openly declare their repent- stroying the obstinate infidels. ance, &c. 1 Al Beiddwi, See chap. 6. 2 Jallalo' ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi, 8 AL KORAN. [chap. earth belong unto God? Is not the promise of God true ? But the greater part of them know it not. ^^ He giveth life, and he causeth to die ; and unto him shall ye all return. ^^ O men, now hath an admonition come unto you from your Lord, and a remedy for the doubts which are in your breasts ; and a direction, and mercy unto the true believers. ^^ Say, Through the grace of God, and his mercy : therein therefore let them rejoice : this will be better than what they heap together of worldly riches. ^^ Say, Tell me ; of that which God hath sent down unto you for food, have ye declared part to be lawful, and other part to be unlawful ? Say, Hath God permitted you to make this distinction ? or do ye devise a lie concerning God ? ^^ But what will be the opinion of those who devise a lie concerning God, on the day of the resurrec- tion ? Verily God is endued with beneficence towards mankind; but the greater part of them do not give thanks. ^^ Thou shalt be engaged in no business, neither shalt thou be employed in meditating on any passage of the Koran, nor shall ye do any action, but we will be witnesses over you, when ye are employed therein. Nor is so much as the weight of an ant hidden from thy Lord in earth or in heaven : neither is there any thing lesser than that, or greater, but it is written in the per- spicuous book. ^^ Are not the friends of God, the per- sons on whom no fear shall come, and who shall not be grieved ? ^^ They who believe, and fear God, shall receive good tidings in this life, and in that which is to come. There is no change in the words of God. This shall be great felicity. ^^ Let not their discourse grieve thee ; for all might belongeth unto God; he both heareth and knoweth. ^^ Is not whoever dwelleth in heaven and on earth, subject unto God ? What therefore do they follow, who invoke idols, besides God ? They follow nothing but a vain opinion ; and they only utter lies. ^^ It is he who hath ordained the night for you, that ye may take your rest therein, and the clear day for labour : verily herein are signs unto people who hearken. ^^ They say, God 69 Unlawful.^ See chap. vi. served table, wherein God's decrees are 61 An antf &c.] See chap. iv. recorded. — The perspicuous book.] The pre- 64 Their discourse.'] Viz. The impious and rebellious talk of the infidels. X.] AL KORAN. 9 hath begotten children : God forbid ! He is self-sufficient. Unto him belongeth whatsoever is in heaven and on earth : ye have no demonstrative proof of this. Do ye speak of God that which ye know not ? ^^ Say, Verily they who imagine a lie concerning God, shall not prosper. ^^ They may enjoy a provision in this world ; but after- wards unto us shall they return, and we will then cause them to taste a grievous punishment, for that they were unbelievers. ^^ Rehearse unto them the history of Noah : when he said unto his people, O my people, if my stand- ing forth among you, and my warning you of the signs of God, be grievous unto you ; in God, do I put my trust. Therefore lay your design against me, and assemble your false gods ; but let not your- design be carried on by you in the dark : then come forth against me, and delay not. '^^ And if ye turn aside from my admonitions, I ask not any reward of you for the same ! I expect my reward from God alone, and I am commanded to be one of those who are resigned unto him. ^^ But they accused him of imposture; wherefore we delivered him, and those that were with him in the ark, and we caused them to survive the flood, but we drowned those who charged our signs with falsehood. Behold, therefore, what was the end of those who were warned by Noah. ^^ Then did we send, after him, apostles unto their respective people, and they came unto them with evident demonstrations : yet they were not disposed to believe in that which they had before rejected as false. Thus do we seal up the hearts of the transgressors. ^^ Then did we send after them, Moses and Aaron unto Pharaoh, and his princes, with our signs : but they behaved proudly, and were a wicked people. ^^ And when the truth from us had come unto them, they said. Verily this is manifest sorcery. ^^ Moses said unto them. Do ye speak this of the truth after it hath come unto you? Is this sorcery? but sorcerers shall not prosper. ^^ They said, Art thou come unto us to turn us aside from that religion which we found our 70 Noah.'] See chap vii. their respective people,] As Hud, Saleh, 71 I ask not any reward, &c.] There- Abraham, Lot, and Shoaib, to those fore ye cannot excuse yourselves, by say- of Ad, Thamiid, Babel, Sodom, and Mi- ing that I am burthensome to you. dian. 73 We nent after him, apostles unto 74 Signs.'] See chap. vii. 10 AL KORAN. [chap. fathers practise ; and that ye too may have the command in the land ? But we do not believe you. ^^ And Pharaoh said, Bring unto me every expert magician. ^^And when the magicians were come, Moses said unto them, Cast down that which ye are about to cast down. ^^ And when they had cast down their rods and cords, Moses said unto them, The enchantment which ye have per- formed, shall God surely render vain : for God prospereth not the work of the wicked doers. ^^ And God will verify the truth of his words, although the wicked be averse thereto. ^^ And there believed not any on Moses, except a generation of his people, for fear of Pharaoh and of his princes, lest he should afflict them. And Pharaoh w^as lifted up with pride in the earth, and was surely one of the transgressors. ^^ And Moses said, O my people, if ye believe in God, put your trust in him, if ye be resigned to his will. ^^ They answered. We put our trust in God : O Lord, suffer us not to be afflicted by unjust people ; ^^ but deliver us through thy mercy, from the unbelieving people. ^^ And w^e spake by inspiration unto Moses and his brother, saying. Provide habitations for your people in Egypt, and make your houses a place of worship, and be constant at prayer ; and bear good news unto the true believers. ^^ And Moses said, O Lord, verily thou hast given unto Pharaoh and his people, pompous ornaments, and riches in this present life, O Lord, that they may be seduced from thy way ; O Lord, bring their riches to nought, and harden their hearts ; that they may not believe, until they see their grievous punishment. ^^ God said. Your petition is heard : be ye 82 Except a generation of his people.'] here ordered to dispose their oratories in For when he first began to preach, a few such a manner, that, when they prayed, of the younger Israelites only believed on their faces might be turned tow ards Mecca ; him ; the others not giving ear to him, for which he imagines was the Kebla of Moses, fear of the king. But some suppose the as it is that of the Mohammedans. The pronoun, his^ refers to Pharaoh, and that former commentator adds, that Pharaoh these were certain Egyptians, who, together had forbidden the Israelites to pray to with his wife Asia, believed on Moses ^ God ; for which reason they were obliged SQ A place of worship.'] So Jallalo'ddin to perform that duty privately in their expounds the original word Kebla, which houses. properly signifies that place or quarter to- 87 Ornaments.] As magnificent apparel, wards which one prays. Wherefore al Za- chariots, and the like, makhshari supposes, that the Israelites are 88 Your petition is heard.] The pro- * Jl Beiddwi, X.] AL KORAN. 11 upright therefore, and follow not the way of those who are io-norant. ^^ And we caused the children of Israel to pass through the sea; and Pharaoh and his army followed them in a violent and hostile manner ; until, when he was drowning, he said, I believe that there is no God but he on whom the children of Israel believe ; and I am one of the resigned. ^^ Now dost thou believe, when thou hast been hitherto rebellious, and one of the wicked doers ? ^^ This day will we raise thy body from the bottom of the sea, that thou mayest be a sign unto those who shall be after thee ; and verily a great number of men are negligent of our signs. ^^ And we prepared for the children of Israel an established dwelling in the land of Canaan, and we provided good things for their sustenance : and they differed not in point of religion, until knowledge had come unto them ; verily thy Lord will judge between them on the day of resurrection, con- cerning that wherein they disagreed. ^^ If thou art in a doubt concerning any part of that which we have sent down unto thee, ask them who have read the book of the law before thee. Now hath the truth come unto thee from thy Lord; be not therefore one of those who doubt : ^"^ neither be thou one of those who charge the signs of God with falsehood, lest thou become one of those who perish. ^^ Verily those against whom the word of thy Lord is decreed, shall not believe ; ^^ even, though noun is in the dual number ; the antece- 91 We will raise thy dead body, &c.] dent being Moses and Aaron. The com- Some of the children of Israel doubting mentators say, that in consequence of this whether Pharaoh was really drowned, Ga- prayer, all the treasures of Egypt were briel, by God's command, caused his naked turned into stones i. corpse to swim to shore that they might — Be ye upright.'] Or, as al Beidawi see it 2. The word here translated Body, interprets it, Be ye constant and steady signifying also a coat of mail, some ima- in preaching to the people. The Moham- gine the meaning to be, that his corpse medans pretend that Moses continued in floated armed with his coat of mail, which Egypt no less than forty years, after he they tell us was of gold, by which they knew had first published his mission ; which that it was he. cannot be reconciled to scripture. 92 Until after knowledge had come unto 89 / believe that there is no God but he, them.] i. e. After the law had been re- &c.] These words, it is said, Pharaoh vealed, and published by Moses, repeated often in his extremity, that he 93 Concerning that which we have sent might be heard. But his repentance came down unto thee.] That is, concerning the too late ; for Gabriel soon stopped his truth of the histories which are here mouth with mud, lest he should obtain related. The commentators doubt whe- mercy ; reproaching him at the same time ther the person here spoken to, be Moham- in the words which follow. med himself, or his auditor. » JaUaJoddin. 2 -gee Exod. xiv. 30. 12 AL KORAN. [chap. there come unto them every kind of miracle, until they see the grievous punishment prepared for them. ^^ And if it were not so, some city, among the many which have been destroyed, would have believed ; and the faith of its inhabitants would have been of advantage unto them : but none of them believed, before the execution of their sentence, except the people of Jonas. When they be- lieved, we delivered them from the punishment of shame in this world, and suffered them to enjoy their lives and possessions for a time. ^^ But if thy Lord had pleased, verily all who are in the earth would have believed in general. Wilt thou therefore forcibly compel men to be true believers ? ^^ No soul can believe, but by the per- mission of God : and he shall pour out his indignation on those who will not understand. ^^^ Say, Consider what- ever is in heaven and on earth : but signs are of no avail, neither preachers, unto people who will not believe. ^^^ Do they therefore expect any other than some terrible judgment, like unto the judgments which have fallen on those who have gone before them ? ^^^ Say, Wait ye the issue ; and I also will wait with you : then will we deliver our apostles and those who believe. Thus is it a justice due from us, that we should deliver the true believers. ^^^ Say, O men of Mecca, if ye be in doubt concerning my religion, verily I worship not the idols which ye worship, besides God ; but I worship God, who will cause you to die : and I am commanded to be one of the true believers. ^^^ And it was said unto me. Set thy face towards the true religion, and be orthodox ; and by no 97 The people of Jonas.'] Viz. The in- others say, within forty ^. But when the habitants of Nineveh, which stood on or time drew near, and they saw the heavens near the place where al Mawsel now overcast with a black cloud, which shot stands. This people having corrupted them- forth fire, and filled the air with smoke, selves with idolatry, Jonas, the son of and hung directly over their city, they Mattai (or Amittai, which the Mohamme- were in a terrible consternation, and get- dans suppose to be the name of his mo- ting into the fields with their families ther), an Israelite of the tribe of Benjamin, and cattle, they put on sackcloth, and was sent by God to preach to and reclaim humbled themselves before God, calling them. When he first began to exhort aloud for pardon, and sincerely repenting them to repentance, instead of hearkening of their past wickedness. Whereupon to him, they used him very ill, so that he God was pleased to forgive them, and the was obliged to leave the city, threatening storm blew over 2, them, at his departure, that they should — For a time.'] i. e. Until they died ac- he destroyed within three days, or, as cording to the ordinary course of nature. ^ See Jonah iii. 4. * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, Ahiilfed. See chap. 21 and 37- XI.] AL KORAN. IS means be one of those who attribute companions unto God ; ^^^ neither invoke, besides God, that which can neither profit thee nor hurt thee : for if thou do, thou wilt then certainly become one of the unjust. ^^^ If God afflict thee with hurt, there is none who can relieve thee from it, except he; and if he willeth thee any good, there is none who can keep back his bounty ; he will confer it on such of his servants as he pleaseth ; and he is gracious and merciful. ^^^ Say, O men, now hath the truth come unto you from your Lord. He therefore who shall be directed, will be directed to the advantage of his own soul ; but he who shall err, will err only against the same. I am no guardian over you. ^^^ Do thou, O prophet, follow that which is revealed unto thee : and persevere with patience, until God shall judge, for he is the best judge. CHAPTER XI. INTITLED, hud; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. R. ^ This book, the verses whereof are guarded against corruption, and are also distinctly explained, is a revelation from the wise, the knowing God : ^ that ye serve not any other than God ; verily I am a denouncer Title.'] The story of which prophet is in a clear and perspicuous method, or con- repeated in this chapter. tain evident and demonstrative arguments : 1 A. L. R.\ See the Prelim. Disc. and others, that they comprise judicial 2 The verses whereof are guarded against declarations to regulate both faith and corruption.} According to the various practice '^. senses which the verb Ohkimat, in the — And are also distinctly explained.'] original, may bear, the commentators sug- The signification of the verb Fossilat, gest as many different interpretations, which is here used, being also ambiguous, Some suppose the meaning to be, accord- the meaning of this passage is supposed ing to our version, that the Koran is not to be, either that the verses are distinctly liable to be corrupted ^, as the law and the proposed, or expressed in a clear manner ; gospel have been, in the opinion of the or that the subject matter of the whole Mohammedans : others, that every verse may be distinguished or divided into in this particular chapter is in full force, laws, monitions, and examples; or else and not one of them abrogated : others, that the verses were revealed by par- that the verses of the Koran are disposed eels ^. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. p. 87, 88. ^ ^/ Beiddwi, Jallald' ddin, Al Zamakhs- hariy &c. ' J idem. 14 AL KORAN. [chap. of threats, and a bearer of good tidings, unto you from him ;) ^ and that ye ask pardon of your Lord, and then be turned unto him. He will cause you to enjoy a plen- tiful provision, until a prefixed time : and unto every one that hath merit by good works, will he give his abundant reward. But if ye turn back, verily I fear for you the punishment of the great day : ^ unto God shall ye return ; and he is almighty. ^ Do they not double the folds of their breasts, that they may conceal their designs from him ? When they cover themselves with their garments, doth not he know that which they conceal, and that which they discover ? For he knoweth the innermost parts of the breasts of men. [*XII.] ^ There is no creature which creepeth on the earth, but God provideth its food ; and he knoweth the place of its retreat, and where it is laid up. The whole is written in the perspicuous book of his decrees. ^ It is he who hath created the heavens and the earth in six days, (but his throne was above the waters before the creation thereof,) that he might prove you, and see which of you would excel in works. If thou say. Ye shall surely be raised again, after death ; the unbelievers will say. This is nothing but manifest sorcery. ^ And verily if we defer their punishment unto a deter- mined season, they will say. What hindereth it from falling on us? Will it not come upon them on a day, wherein there shall be none to avert it from them ; and that which they scoffed at shall encompass them ? 6 Do they not double the folds of their Mohammedans happened not till after the breasts?'] Or, as it may be translated, Hejra. Do they not turn away their breasts, &c. 7 The place of its retreat, and where it — Innermost part, Sip.] This passage is laid upJ] i. e. Both during its life, and was occasioned by the words of certain of after its death ; or the repository of every the idolaters, who said to one another, animal before its birth, in the loins and When we let down our curtains (such as wombs of the parents, the women use in the east to screen them- 8 But his throne was above the waters, selves from the sight of the men, when before the creation thereof] For the Mo- they happen to be in the room), and wrap hammedans suppose this throne, and the ourselves up in our garments, and fold up waters whereon it stands, which waters our breasts, to conceal our malice against they imagine are supported by a spirit or Mohammed, how should he come to the wind, were, with some other things, created knowledge of it? Some suppose the pas- before the heavens and earth. This fancy sage relates to certain hypocritical Mos- they borrowed from the Jews, who also lems; but this opinion is generally rejected, say, that the throne of glory then stood in because the verse was revealed at Mecca, the air, and was borne on the face of the and the birth of hypocrisy among the waters by the breath of God's mouth ^ 1 Eashi, ad Genes, i. 2. V. Reland, de relig, Moh. p. 50, &c. XL.] A L KORAN. 15 ^^ Verily, if we cause man to taste mercy from us, and afterwards take it away from him ; he will surely become desperate, and ungrateful. ^^ And if we cause him to taste favour, after an affliction hath befallen him, he will surely say. The evils which I suffered are passed from me ; and he will become joyful and insolent: ^^ except those who persevere with patience, and do that which is right ; they shall receive pardon, and a great reward. ^^ Perad venture thou wilt omit to publish part of that which hath been revealed unto thee, and thy breast will become straitened, lest they say. Unless a treasure be sent down unto him, or an angel come with him, to bear witness unto him, we will not believe. Verily thou art a preacher only; and God is the governor of all things. ^^ Will they say. He hath forged the Koran ? Answer, Bring therefore ten chapters like unto it, forged by your- selves ; and call on whomsoever ye may to assist you, except God, if ye speak truth. ^^ But if they whom ye call to your assistance hear you not ; know that this book hath been revealed by the knowledge of God only, and that there is no God but he. Will ye therefore become Moslems ? ^^ Whoso chooseth the present life, and the pomp thereof, unto them will we give the recompense of their works therein, and the same shall not be diminished unto them. ^^ These are they for whom no other reward is prepared in the next life, except the fire of hell : that which they have done in this life shall perish ; and that which they have wrought shall be vain. ^^ Shall he there- fore be compared with them, who followeth the evident declaration of his Lord, and whom a witness from him attendeth, preceded by the book of Moses, which was revealed for a guide, and out of mercy to mankind? 10 Desperate.'] Casting aside all hopes 15 By the knowledge of God only.'] of the divine favour, for want of patience Or containing several passages wrapped and trust in God. up in dark and mysterious expressions, 14 Ten chapters.] This was the num- which can proceed from, and are per- ber which he first challenged them to fectly comprehended by, none but God 2. compose; but they not being able to do it, 18 A witness from him.] Viz. The he made the matter still easier, challeng- Koran ; or, as others suppose, the angel ing them to produce a single chapter only 1, Gabriel. comparable to the Koran in doctrine and — Preceded by the book of Moses.] eloquence. Which bears testimony thereto. ^ See chap. ii. and chap. x. ^ See chap. iii. 16 AL KORAN. [chap. These believe in the Koran: but whosoever of the con- federate infidels belie veth not therein, is threatened with the fire of hell, which threat shall certainly be executed ; be not therefore in a doubt concerning it ; for it is the truth from thy Lord; but the greater part of men will not believe. ^^ Who is more unjust than he who imagineth a lie concerning God? They shall be set before their Lord at the day of judgment, and the witnesses shall say, These are they who devised lies against their Lord. Shall not the curse of God fall on the unjust ; ^^ who turn men aside from the way of God, and seek to render it crooked, and who believe not in the life to come ? ^^ These were not able to prevail against God on earth, so as to escape punishment; neither had they any pro- tectors besides God : their punishment shall be doubled unto them. They could not hear, neither did they see. ^^ These are they who, have lost their souls ; and the idols which they falsely imagined, have abandoned them. ^^ There is no doubt but they shall be most miserable in the world to come. ^^ But as for those who believe, and do good works, and humble themselves before their Lord, they shall be the inhabitants of paradise ; they shall remain therein for ever. ^^ The similitude of the two parties is as the blind and the deaf, and as he who seeth and heareth : shall they be compared as equal ? Will ye not therefore consider ? ^^ We formerly sent Noah unto his people ; and he said. Verily I am a public preacher unto you ; that ye worship God alone : ^^ verily I fear for you the punishment of the terrible day. ^^ But the chiefs of his people, who believed not, answered. We see thee to be no other than a man like unto us ; and we do not see that any follow thee, except those who are the most abject among us, who have believed on thee by a rash judgment, neither do we perceive any excellence in you above us : but we esteem you to be liars. ^^ Noah said, O my people tell me ; if I have received an evident declaration from my Lord, and he hath bestowed on me 19 ^^The witnesses,'] That is, The 25 Of the two parties.'] i. e. The be- angels, and prophets, and their own mem- lievers and the infidels, bers. 26 Noah.] See chap. 7- 21 Their punishment shall be doubled.] 28 By a rash judgment.] For want of For they shall be punished both in this mature consideration, and moved by the life and in the next. first impulse of their fancy. XI.] AL KORAN. 17 mercy from himself, which is hidden from you, do we com- pel you to receive the same, in case ye be averse thereto ? ^^ O my people, I ask not of you any riches, for my preach- ing unto you: my reward is with God alone. I will not drive away those who have believed : verily they shall meet their Lord at the resurrection ; but I perceive that ye are igno- rant men. ^^ O my people, who shall assist me against God, if I drive them away ? Will ye not therefore consider ? ^^ I say not unto you, The treasures of God are in my power ; neither do I say, I know the secrets of God; neither do T say. Verily I am an angel ; neither do I say of those whom your eyes do contemn, God will by no means bestow good on them; (God best knoweth that which is in their souls ;) for then should I certainly be one of the unjust. ^^ They answered, O Noah, thou hast already disputed with us, and hast multiplied disputes with us ; now there- fore do thou bring that punishment upon us, wherewith thou hast threatened us, if thou speakest truth. ^* Noah said, Verily God alone shall bring it upon you, if he pleaseth : and ye shall not prevail against him, so as to escape the same. ^^ Neither shall my counsel profit you, although I endeavour to counsel you aright ; if God shall please to lead you into error. He is your Lord, and unto him shall ye return. ^^ Will the Meccans say, Mohammed hath forged the Koran ? Answer, If I have forged it, on me be my guilt ; and let me be clear of that which ye are guilty of. ^^ And it w^as revealed unto Noah, saying. Verily none of thy people shall believe, except he who hath already believed : be not therefore grieved for that which they are doing. ^^ But make an ark in our presence, according to the form and dimen- sions which we have revealed unto thee ; and speak not unto me in behalf of those who have acted unjustly ; for they are doomed to be drowned. ^^ And he built the ark ; and so often as a company of his people passed by him, they derided him : but he said. Though ye scofi:' at 30 / will not drive away those who have 32 Angel.'] See chap. 6. believed.'] For this they asked him to do, 39 They derided him.] For building a because they were poor mean people. The vessel in an inland country, and so far same thing the Koreish demanded of from the sea ; and for that he was turned Mohammed, but he was forbidden to com- carpenter, after he had set up for a pro- ply with their request ^ phet 2. ^ See chap. C. 2 yu BeiddwL VOL, II. C 18 AL KORAN, [chap. us now, we will scoff at you hereafter, as ye scoff at us ; ^^ and ye shall surely know on whom a punishment shall be inflicted, which shall cover him with shame, and on whom a lasting punishment shall fall. Thus were they employed until our sentence was put in execution, and the oven poured forth water. And we said unto Noah, Carry into the ark of every species of animals one pair, and thy family, (except him on whom a previous sentence of destruction hath passed,) and those who believe. But there believed not with him, except a few. ^^ And Noah 40 And the oven poured forth water."] Or, as the original literally signifies, boiled over ; which is consonant to what the Rabbins say, that the waters of the deluge were boiling hot. This oven was, as some say, at Cufa^ in a spot whereupon a mosque now stands ; or, as others rather think, in a certain place in India, or else at Ain Warda, in Mesopotamia ^ ; and its exundation was the sign by which Noah knew the flood was coming 2. Some pretend that it was the same oven which Eve made use of to bake her bread in, being of a form different from those we use, having the mouth in the upper part, and that it descended from patriarch to patriarch, till it came to Noah^. It is remarkable that Moham- med, in all probability, borrowed this cir- cumstance from the Persian Magi, who also fancied that the first waters of the deluge gushed out of the oven of a certain old woman, named Zala Cufa *. But the word Tannur^ which is here translated Oven^ also signifying the super- ficies of the earth, or a place whence waters spring forth, or where they are collected, some suppose it means no more in this passage, than the spot or fissure whence the first eruption of waters brake forth. — One pair.'] Or, as the words may also be rendered, and some commentators think they ought, two pair, that is, two males, and two females^ of each species ; wherein they partly agree with divers Jewish and Christian writers ^, who, from the Hebrew expression, .seven and seven, and two and two, the male and his female ^, suppose there went into the ark fourteen pair of every clean, and two pair of every unclean, species. There is a tradition that God gathered together unto Noah all sorts of beasts, birds, and other animals, (it being indeed difficult to conceive how he should come by them all, without some supernatural assistance,) and that as he laid hold on them, his right hand con- stantly fell on the male, and his left on the female ^. — Thy family.] Namely, thy wife; and thy sons, and their wives ^. — Except him on whom a previous sen- tence of destruction hath passed.] This was an unbelieving son of Noah 9, named Canaan ^^, or Yam ^^ ; though others say he was not the son of Noah, but his grandson by his son Ham, or his wife's son by another husband : nay, some pre- tend he was related to him no farther than by having been educated and brought up in his house ^^. The best commentators add, that Noah's wife, named Waila, who was an infidel, was also comprehended in this exception, and perished with her son ^^. — And those who believe.] Noah's family being mentioned before, it is sup- posed that by these words are intended the other believers, who were his prose- lytes, but not of his family : whence the common opinion among the Mohamme- dans, of a greater number than eight being saved in the ark seems to have taken its rise 1*. — There believed not with him except a few.] Viz. his other wife, who was a true believer, his three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japhet, and their wives, and seventy-two persons more ^^. 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Jallalo^ddin, &c. 3 y. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient. Art. Noah. ^ V. Hyde de rel. vet. Persar. and Lord's account of the relig. of the Persees, p. 9. 5 Aben Ezra, Justin Martyr, Origen, &c. ^ Genes, vii. 2. 7 Jallalo'ddin, 8 Al Beiddwi. ^ Yahya, *« Jallalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi. ^^ Ebn Shohnah, 12 Al Zamakhshariy V. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 676. '^ JallaWddin, Al Zamakhs- hari, Al Beiddwi. 1* See chap. vii. ^^ ggg ibid. XI] AL KORAN. 19 said. Embark thereon, in the name of God; while it moveth forward, and while it standeth still ; for my Lord is gracious and merciful. ^^ And the ark swam with them between waves like mountains : and Noah called up to his son, who was separated from him, saying. Embark with us, my son, and stay not with the unbelievers. ^^ He answered, 1 will get on a mountain, which will secure me from the water. Noah replied, There is no security this day from the decree of God, except for him on whom he shall have mercy. And a wave passed between them, and he became one of those who were drowned. ^^ And it was said, O earth, swallow up thy waters; and thou, O heaven, withhold thy rain. And immediately the water abated, and the decree was fulfilled, and the ark rested on the mountain Al Judi ; and it was said. Away with 41 Embark thereon in the name of God, while it moveth forward^ and while it standeth still.'] That is, omit no oppor- tunity of getting on board. According to a different reading, the latter words may be rendered, Who shall cause it to move forward, and to stop, as there shall be occasion. The commentators tell us, that the ark moved forwards, or stood still, as Noah would have it, on his pronouncing only the words. In the name of God ^ It is to be observed, that the more judicious commentators make the dimen- sions of the ark to be the same with those assigned by Moses ^ ; notwithstanding others have enlarged them most extrava- gantly ^, as some Christian writers * have also done. They likewise tell us that Noah was two years in building the ark, which was framed of Indian plane-tree ^ ; that it was divided into three stories^ of which the lower was designed for the beasts, the middle one for the men and women, and the upper for the birds ® ; and that the men were separated from the women by the body of Adam, which Noah had taken into tTie ark 7. This last is a tradition of the eastern Christians ^, some of whom pretended that the matrimonial duty was superseded and suspended during the time Noah and his family were in the ark ^ ; though Ham has been accused of not ob- serving continency on that occasion, his wife, it seems, bringing forth Canaan in the very ark ^^. 42 Between waves like mountains^] The waters prevailing fifteen cubits above the mountains ^^ — His son.~\ See above, note on ver. 40. 44 And the ark rested upon the moun- tain Al Judi.] This mountain is one of those which divide Armenia, on the south, from Mesopotamia, and that part of As- syria which is inhabited by the Curds, from whom the mountains took the name of Cardu, or Gardu, by the Greeks turned into Gordyssi, and other names ^^. Mount Al Judi (which name seems to be a cor- ruption, though it be constantly so written by the Arabs, for Jordi, or Giordi) is also called Thamanin ^^, probably from a town at the foot of it ^^ so named from the num- ber of persons saved in the ark, the word Thamanin signifying eighty , and overlooks the country of Diyar Rabiah, near the cities of Mawsel, Forda, and Jazirat Ebn Omar, which last place one affirms to be but four miles from the place of the ark. ^ Al Beiddwi, &c. ^ idem, &c. ^ Yahya. V. Marracc. in Alcor. p. 340. * Origen. contr. Cels. 1. 4. V. Kircher. de Area Noe. c. 8. ^ A I Beiddwi. V. D'Her- bel. p. 675. 8z: Eutych. p. 34. ^ Al Beiddwi. V. Eutych. annal. p. 34. ^ Yahya, ^ Jacob. Edessenus, apud Barcepham de parad. part 1. c. 14. Eutych. ubi sup. V. etiam Eliezer. pirke c. 23. ^ Ambros. de Noa. & Area, c. 21. ^^ V. Heidegger, Hist. Patriarch, v. 1. p. 409. ^^ Al Beiddwi. 12 gge Bochart. Phaleg. 1. I. c. 3. »3 Geogr. Nub. p, 202. i* V. D' Herbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 404 and 676, & Aga- thiam, I. 14. p. 135. c2 go AL KORAN. [chap the ungodly people ! ^^ And Noah called upon his Lord, and said, O Lord, verily my son is of my family ; and thy promise is true : for thou art the most just of those who exercise judgment. ^^ God answered, O Noah, verily he is not of thy family: this interces- sion of thine for him, is not a righteous work. Ask not of me therefore that wherein thou hast no know- ledge : I admonish tljee, that thou become not one of the ignorant. ^^ Noah said, O Lord, I have recourse unto thee for the assistance of thy grace, that I ask not of thee that wherein I have no knowledge : and unless thou forgive me, and be merciful unto me, I shall be one of those who perish. ^^ It was said unto him, O Noah, come down from the ark, with peace from us, and blessings upon thee, and upon a part of those who are with thee : but as for a part of them, we will suffer them to enjoy and says that a Mohammedan temple was built there with the remains of that vessel, by the Khalif Omar Ebn Abd'alaziz, whom he by mistake calls Omar Ebn al K hat- tab i. The tradition which affirms the ark to have rested on these mountains must have been very ancient, since it is the tradition of the Chaldeans themselves 2. The Chal- dee paraphrasts consent to their opinion ^, which obtained very much formerly, espe- cially among the eastern Christians *. To confirm it, we are told that the remainders of the ark were to be seen on the Gor- dyaean mountains. Berosus and Abydenus both declare there was such a report in their time^ ; the first observing that seve- ral of the inhabitants thereabouts scraped the pitch off the planks as a rarity, and carried it about them for an amulet: and the latter saying, that they used the wood of the vessel against many diseases with wonderful success. The relics of the ark were also to be seen here in the time of Epiphanius, if we may believe him ^. And we are told the emperor Heraclius went from the town of Thamanin up to the mountain Al Judi, and saw the place of the ark ^ There was also formerly a fa- mous monastery, called the monastery of the ark, upon some of these mountains, where the Nestorians used to celebrate a feast-day on the spot where they supposed the ark rested : but in the year of Christ 776, that monastery was destroyed by lightning, with the church, and a numer- ous congregation in it ^. Since which time it seems the credit of this tradition hath declined, and given place to another, which obtains at present, and according to which the ark rested on mount Masis, in Armenia, called by the Turks, Aghir- dagh, or the heavy or great mountain, and situate about twelve leagues south-east of Erivan^. 45 Thy promise is true.'] Noah here challenges God's promise, that he would save his family. 46 He is not of thy family. ~\ Being cut off from it on account of his infidelity. — Righteous work.] According to a different reading, this passage may be ren- dered. For he hath acted unrighteously. 48 Come down from the ark, &c.] The Mohammedans say that Noah went into the ark on the tenth of Rajeb, and came out of it the tenth of al Moharram ; which therefore became a fast. So that the whole time of Noah's being in the ark, according to them, was six months ^®. — With peace f and blessing y on a part of them.] viz. Such of them as continued in their belief. — But as for a part of them.] That * Benjamin. Itiner. p. 61. ^ Berosus, apud Joseph. Antiq. 1. 1. c. 4. ^ On- kelos and Jonathan, in Gen. viii. 4. * V. Eutych. Annal. p. 41. ^ Berosus, apud Joseph, ubi sup. Abydenus, apud Euseb. Praep. Ev. 1. 9. c. 4. ^ Epiph. Haeres. 18. ^ Elmacin, 1. 1. c. 1. ^ V. Chronic. Dionysii patriarch. Ja- cobitar. apud Asseman. Bibl. Orient, t. ii. p. 113. ^ Al Beiddwi. '^^ Ibid. See D'Herbel. ubi. sup. XI.] AL KORAN. ^1 the provision of this world ; and afterwards shall a griev- ous punishment from us be inflicted on them, in the life to come. ^^ This is a secret history, which we reveal unto thee : thou didst not know it, neither did thy people be- fore this. Wherefore persevere with patience ; for the prosperous issue shall attend the pious. ^^ And unto the tribe of Ad we sent their brother Hud. He said, O my people, worship God ; ye have no God besides him : ye only imagine falsehood, in setting up idols and interces- sors of your own making. ^^ O my people, I ask not of you, for this my preaching, any recompense : my recom- pense do I expect from him only, who hath created me. Will ye not therefore understand ? ^^ O my people, ask pardon of your Lord ; and be turned unto him : he will send the heaven to pour forth rain plentifully upon you ; and he will increase your strength by giving unto you farther strength : therefore turn not aside to commit evil. ^^They answered, O Hud, thou hast brought us no proof of what thou sayest ; therefore, we will not leave our gods for thy saying, neither do we believe thee. ^^ We say no other than that some of our gods have afflicted thee with evil. He replied. Verily I call God to witness, and do ye also bear witness, that I am clear of that which ye associate with God, besides him. ^^ Do ye all there- fore join to devise a plot against me, and tarry not ; ^^ for I put my confidence in God, my Lord and your Lord. There is no beast, but he holdeth it by its forelock : verily my Lord proceedeth in the right way. ^^ But if ye turn back, I have already declared unto you that with which I was sent unto you ; and my Lord shall substitute ano- ther nation in your stead ; and ye shall not hurt him at all: for my Lord is guardian over all things. ^^And when our sentence came to be put in execution, we de- ls, such of his posterity as should depart the time of the drought, as well as their from the true faith, and fall into ido- lands 2. latr y . 54 Have afflicted thee with evil.'] Or mad- 50 Hud.'] See chap. vii. ness ; having deprived thee of thy reason 52 He will send you rain plentifully.] for the indignities thou hast offered them. For the Adites were grievously distressed 56 There is no beast, but he holdeth it by by a drought for three years ^ its forelock.] That is, he exerciseth an — And will increase your strerigth.] By absolute power over it ; a creature held giving you children ; the wombs of their in this manner, being supposed to be re- wives being also rendered barren, during duced to the lowest subjection. ' See the notes to chap. vii. * Al Beiddwi, 22 AL KORAN. [chap. livered HuD, and those who had believed with him, through our mercy ; and we delivered them from a griev- ous punishment. ^^ And this tribe of Ad wittingly re- jected the signs of their Lord, and were disobedient unto his messengers, and they followed the command of every rebellious perverse person. ^^ Wherefore they were fol- lowed in this world by a curse, and they shall be followed by the same on the day of resurrection. Did not Ad disbelieve in their Lord ? Was it not said. Away with Ad, the people of Hud ? ^^ And unto the tribe of Tha- MUD we sent their brother Saleh. He said unto them, O my people, worship God ; ye have no God besides him. It is he who hath produced you out of the earth, and hath given you an habitation therein. Ask pardon of him therefore, and be turned unto him ; for my Lord is near, and ready to answer. ^^ They answered, O Saleh, thou wast a person on whom we placed our hopes before this. Dost thou forbid us to worship that which our forefathers worshipped ? But we are certainly in doubt concerning the religion to which thou dost invite us, as justly to be suspected. ^^ Saleh said, O my people, tell me ; if I have received an evident declaration from my Lord, and he hath bestowed on me mercy from himself; who will protect me from the vengeance of God, if I be disobedient unto him ? For ye shall not add unto me, other than loss. ^^ And he said, O my people, this she- camel of God is a sign unto you ; therefore dismiss her freely, that she may feed in God's earth, and do her no harm, lest a swift punishment seize you. ^^ Yet they killed her; and Saleh said. Enjoy yourselves in your dwellings for three days, after which ye shall be destroyed. This is an infallible prediction. ^^ And when our decree came to be executed, we delivered Saleh, and those who believed with him, through our mercy, from the disgrace of that day ; for thy Lord is the strong, the mighty God, 58 And those who believed with himJ] prudence, and other good qualities, which Who were in number four thousand^. we observed in thee; but thy dissenting 61 Saleh.'] See chap. vii. from us in point of religious worship has 62 We had placed our hopes on thee frustrated those hopes 2. before this,] Designing to have made 65 For three days.] viz. Wednesday, thee our prince, because of the singular Thursday, and Friday ^. See chap. vii. 1 At BeiddwL 2 idem. s idem. XI.] AL KORAN. 2 a ^^ But a terrible noise from heaven assailed those who had acted unjustly ; and in the morning they were found in their houses, lying dead and prostrate ; ^^ as though they had never dwelt therein. Did not Thamud disbelieve in their Lord ? Was not Thamud cast far aw^ay ? ^^ Our messengers also came formerly unto Abraham, with good tidings. They said. Peace be upon thee. And he an- swered, And on you be peace ! and he tarried not, but brought a roasted calf ^^ And when he saw that their hands did not touch the meat, he misliked them, and entertained a fear of them. But they said. Fear not : for we are sent unto the people of Lot. ^^ And his wife Sarah was standing by, and she laughed ; and we pro- mised her Isaac, and after Isaac, Jacob. ^^ She said, Alas ! shall I bear a son, who am old ; this my husband also being advanced in years? Verily this would be a wonderful thing. ^^ The angels answered. Dost thou wonder at the effect of the command of God ? The mercy of God and his blessings be upon you, the family of the house : for he is praise- worthy, and to be glorified. ^^ And when his apprehension had departed from Abra- ham, and the good tidings of Isaac's birth had come unto him, he disputed with us concerning the people of Lot : 69 Our messengers.~\ These were the covering themselves, and ridding Abra- angels, who were sent to acquaint Abra- ham and herself of their apprehensions ; ham with the promise of Isaac, and to and another, that it was at the approach- destroy Sodom and Gomorrah. Some of ing destruction of the Sodomites, (a very the commentators pretend they were probable motive in one of her sex !) Some twelve, or nine, or ten, in number ; but however interpret the original word dif- others, agreeably to scripture, say they ferently, and will have it that she did not were but three, viz. Gabriel, Michael, and laugh, but that her courses, which had Israfil ^ stopped for several years, came upon her 70 He entertained a fear of them.'] Ap- at this time, as a previous sign of her prehending they had some ill design against future conception ^. him, because they would not eat with him, 72 Shall I bear a son who am old, my — We are sent unto the people of Lot] husband also being advanced in years?] Being angels, whose nature needs not the Al Beidawi writes, that Sarah was then support of food 2. ninety or ninety-nine years old, and Abra- 71 Sarah was standing by.] Either be- ham an hundred and twenty. hind the curtain or door of the tent; or 73 The family of the house.] Or the else waiting upon them. stock whence all the prophets were to — Jnd she laughed.] The commen- proceed for the future. Or the expression tators are so little acquainted with scrip- may perhaps refer to Abraham and Is- ture, that, not knowing the true occasion mael's building the Caaba, which is often of Sarah's laughter, they strain their in- called, by way of excellence, The house, ventions to give some reason for it. One 74 He disputed with us concerning the says, that she laughed at the angels dis- people of Lot.] That is, he interceded 1 Idem. Jallalo' ddin. See Gen. xviii. 2 ^i Beidawi, ^ Idem. Jallalo'ddin^ Al ZamaJchshari. 24 AL KORAN. [chap, for Abraham was a pitiful, compassionate, and devout person. ^^ The angels said unto him, O Abraham, abstain from this ; for now is the command of thy Lord come, to put their sentence in execution, and an inevitable punishment is ready to fall upon them. ^^ And when our messengers came unto Lot, he was troubled for them, and his arm was straitened concerning them, and he said. This is a grievous day. ^^ And his people came unto him, rushing upon him : and they had formerly been guilty of wickedness. Lot said unto them, O my people, these my daughters are more lawful for you : therefore fear God, and put me not to shame by wronging my guests. Is there not a man of prudence among you? ^^They answered, Thou knowest that we have no need of thy daughters ; and thou well knowest what we would have. ^^ He said. If I had strength sufficient to oppose you, or I could have recourse unto a powerful support, I would certainly do it. ^^ The angels said, O Lot, verily we are the messengers of thy Lord ; they shall by no means come in unto thee. Go forth therefore with thy family, in some part of the night, and let not any of you turn back : but as for thy wife, that shall happen unto her with us for them ^. JaDalo'ddin, instead seeing his distress, struck them on the face of the numbers mentioned by Moses, says, with one of his wings, and blinded them : so that Abraham first asked whether God that they moved off, crying out for help, and would destroy those cities if three hundred saying that Lot had magicians in his house, righteous persons were found therein, and — But as for thy wife^ &c.] This so fell successively to two hundred, forty, seems to be the true sense of the passage; fourteen, and at last came to one: but but, according to a different reading of the there was not one righteous person to be vowel, some interpret it. Except thy wife ; found among them, except only Lot and the meaning being, that Lot is here com- his family. manded to take his family with him, ex- 76 He was troubled for them.^ Because cept his wife. Wherefore the commenta- they appeared in the shape of beautiful tors cannot agree whether Lot's wife went young men, which must needs tempt those forth with him or not ; some denying it, of Sodom to abuse them ^. and pretending that she was left behind, — His arm was straitened concerning and perished in the common destruction ; them.~\ i. e. He knew himself unable to and others affirming it, and saying, that protect them against the insults of his when she heard the noise of the storm, townsmen. and overthrow of the cities, she turned 80 The angels said, 0 Lot, — they shall back, lamenting their fate, and was imme- hy no means come in unto thee. ^ Al Beidawi diately struck down and killed by one of says, that Lot shut his door, and argued the stones mentioned a little lower ^ ; a the matter with the riotous assembly from punishment she justly merited for her in- behind it ; but at length they endeavoured fidelity, and disobedience to her hus- to get over the wall: whereupon Gabriel, band*. IV. Gen. xviii. 23, &c. ^ Jalkilo'ddin, Al Beiddwl. V. Joseph. Ant. 1. I.e. H, ^ lidem interpretcs. ^ See chap. Ixvi. XI.] AL KORAN. 25 which shall liappen unto them. Verily the prediction of their punishment shall be fulfilled in the morning : is not the morning near ? ^^ And when our command came, we turned those cities upside down, and we rained upon them stones of baked clay, one following another, ^^ and being marked, from thy Lord ; and they are not far dis- tant from those who act unjustly. ^^ And unto Madian we sent their brother Shoaib: he said, O my people, w orship God ; ye have no God but him : and diminish not measure and weight. Verily I see you to be in a happy condition : but I fear for you the punishment of the day which will encompass the ungodly. ^^ O my people, give full measure, and just weight ; and diminish not unto men aught of their matters ; neither commit injustice in the earth, acting corruptly. ^^ The residue which shall remain unto you as the gift of God, after ye shall have done justice to others, will be better for you, than wealth gotten by fraud ; if ye be true believers. ^^ I am no guardian over you. ^^ They answered, O Shoaib, do thy prayers enjoin thee, that ^ve should leave the gods which our fathers worshipped ; or that we should not do what we please with our substance? Thou only, it seems, art the wise person, and fit to direct. ^^ He said, O my people, tell me ; If I have received an evident declara- tion from my Lord, and he hath bestowed on me an excellent provision, and I will not consent unto you in that which I forbid you ; do I seek any other than your 81 We turned those cities upside down.~\ — Arid they are not far distant from For they tell us, that Gabriel thrust his those who act unjustly,'] This is a kind of wing under them, and lifted them up so threat to other wicked persons, and parti- high, that the inhabitants of the lower cularly to the infidels of Mecca, who de- heaven heard the barking of the dogs, and served, and might justly apprehend, the the crowing of the cocks ; and then invert- same punishment. ing them, threw them down to the earth i. 83 Shoaib.] See chap. vii. — Stones of baked clay.] The kiln — I see you to be in a happy condition.] wherein they were burned some imagine That is, enjoying plenty of all things ; and to have been hell. therefore having the less occasion to de- 82 And being marked.] i. e. As some fraud one another, and being the more suppose, streaked with white and red, or strongly bound to be thankful and obe- having some other peculiar mark to dis- dient unto God. tinguish them from ordinary stones. But 87 That we should not do what we please the common opinion is, that each stone with our substance.] For this liberty they had the name of the person who was to imagined was taken from them, by his be killed by it written thereon 2. The prohibition of false weights and mea- army of Abraha al Ashram was also de- sures, or to diminish or adulterate their stroyed by the same kind of stones. coin ^. ^ Jallalo' ddin, Al Beiddwi, ^ lidem. ^ Al Beiddwi, 26 A L KORAN. [chap. reformation to the utmost of my power ? My support is from God alone ; on him do I trust, and unto him do I turn me. ^^ O my people, let not your opposing of me, draw on you a vengeance like unto that which fell on the people of Noah, or the people of Hud, or the people of Saleh : neither was the people of Lot far distant from you. ^^ Ask pardon therefore of your Lord ; and be turned unto him ; for my Lord is merciful, and loving. ^^ They answ^ered, O Shoaib, we understand not much of what thou sayest ; and we see thee to be a man of no power among us : if it had not been for the sake of thy family, we had surely stoned thee, neither couldest thou have prevailed against us. ^^ Shoaib said, O my peoj)le, is my family more worthy in your opinion, than God ? and do ye cast him behind you with neglect? Verily my Lord comprehendeth that which ye do. ^^ O my people, do ye work according to your condition ; I will surely work according to my duty. ^^ And ye shall certainly know on whom will be inflicted a punishment which shall cover him with shame, and who is a liar. Wait therefore the event ; for I also will wait it with you. ^^ Wherefore when our decree came to be executed, we delivered Shoaib and those who believed with him, through our mercy : and a terrible noise from heaven assailed those who had acted unjustly ; and in the morning they were found in their houses lying dead and prostrate, ^^ as though they had never dwelt therein. Was not Madian removed from off the earth, as Thamud had been removed ? ^^ And we formerly sent Moses with our signs, and manifest power, ^^ unto Pharaoh and his princes : but they followed the command of Pharaoh ; although the command of Pha- 89 Neither was the people of Lot far which disqualified him for the prophetic distant from you. ] For Sodom and Go- office. niorrah were situate not a great way from — For the sake of thy family.'] i. e. For you, and their destruction happened not the respect we bear to thy family and re- many ages ago ; neither did they deserve lations, whom we honour as being of our it, on account of their obstinacy and wick- religion, and not for any apprehension we edness, much more than yourselves. have of their power to assist you against 91 A man of no power.] The Arabic us. The original word, here translated word Daif Weak, signifying also, in the Family, signifies any number from three Hamyaritic dialect. Blind, some suppose to seven or ten, but not more ^ that Shoaib was so, and that the Midian- 93 My duty.] See chap. vi. ites objected that to him, as a defect 97 Moses.] See chap. vii. * Al Beiddwi. XI.] AL KORAN. 27 RAOH did not direct them aright. ^^ Pharaoh shall pre- cede his people on the day of resurrection, and he shall lead them into hell-fire: an unhappy way shall it be which they shall be led. ^^^ They were followed in this life by a curse, and on the day of resurrection miserable shall be the gift which shall be given them. ^^^ This is a part of the histories of the cities, which we rehearse unto thee. Of them there are some standing ; and others which are utterly demolished. ^^^ And we treated them not unjustly, but they dealt unjustly with their own souls: and their gods which they invoked, besides God, were of no advantage unto them at all, when the decree of thy Lord came to be executed on them, neither were they any other than a detriment unto them. ^^^ And thus was the punishment of thy Lord inflicted, when he punished the cities which were unjust ; for his punishment is griev- ous and severe. ^^* Verily herein is a sign unto him who feareth the punishment of the last day : that shall be a day whereon all men shall be assembled, and that shall be a day whereon witness shall be borne : ^^^ we defer it not, but to a determined time. ^^^ When that day shall come, no soul shall speak to excuse itself, or to intercede for another, but by the permission of God. Of them one shall be miserable, and another shall be happy. ^^^ And they who shall be miserable, shall be thrown into hell-fire ; there shall they wail and bemoan themselves. ^^^ They shall remain therein so long as the heavens and the earth shall endure ; except what thy Lord shall please to remit of their sentence ; for thy Lord afFecteth that which he pleaseth. ^^^ But they who shall be happy, shall be ad- mitted into paradise ; they shall remain therein so long as 101 Demolished.'} Literally, 7nown shall endure.'\ This is not to be strictly down : the sentence presenting the dif- understood, as if either the punishment ferent images of corn standing and cut of the damned should have an end, or the down, which is also often used by the sacred heavens and the earth should endure for writers. ever; the expression being only used by 107 There shall they wail and bemoan way of image or comparison, which needs themselves.'] The two w^ords in the original not agree in every point with the thing signify properly, the vehement drawing in signified. Some, however, think the fu- and expiration of one's breath, which is ture heavens and earth, into which the usual to persons in great pain and anguish ; present shall be changed, are here and particularly the reciprocation of the meant ^. voice of an ass, when he brays. — Remit, &c,} See the Prelim. Disc. 108 So long as the heavens and the earth § iv. ' Al Beiddwi. 28 AL KORAN. [chap. the heavens and the earth endure ; besides what thy Lord shall please to add unto their bliss ; a bounty which shall not be interrupted. ^^^ Be not therefore in doubt con- cerning that which these men worship : they worship no other than what their fathers worshipped before them ; and we will surely give them their full portion, not in the least diminished. ^^^ We formerly gave unto Moses the book of the law ; and disputes arose among his people concerning it : and unless a previous decree had proceeded from thy Lord, to bear with him during this life, the matter had been surely decided between them. And thy people are also jealous and in doubt concerning the Koran. ^^^ But unto every one of them will thy Lord render the reward of their works ! for he well knoweth that which they do. ^^^ Be thou stedfast, therefore, as thou hast been commanded ; and let him also be steadfast who shall be converted with thee, and transgress not : for he seeth that which ye do. ^^^ And incline not unto those who act unjustly, lest the fire of hell touch you : for ye have no protectors, except God ; neither shall ye be as- sisted against him. ^^^ Pray regularly morning and even- ing, and in the former part of the night, for good works drive away evils. This is an admonition unto those who consider : ^^^ wherefore persevere with patience ; for God suifereth not the reward of the righteous to perish. 117 "W^CTe such of the generations before you endued with understanding and virtue, who forbad the acting corruptly in the earth, any more than a few only of those whom we delivered ? But they who were unjust followed the delights which they enjoyed in this world, and were wicked doers : "^ and thy Lord was not of such a disposition as to de- stroy the cities unjustly, while their inhabitants behaved 115 Morning and evening.'] Literally, sires and appetites, and placing their whole i7i the two extremities of the day. felicity therein. — And in the former part of the night.'] — Wicked doers.] Al Beidawi says, That is, after sunset, and before supper ; that this passage gives the reason why the when the Mohammedans say their fourth nations were destroyed of old ; viz. for their prayer, called by them Saldt al moghreb, violence and injustice, their following their or the evening prayer ^. own lusts, and for their idolatry and unbelief. 117 Followed the delights which they 118 Unjustly.] Or as the commentator enjoyed in this world.] Making it their just named explains it,for their idolatry only, sole business to please their luxurious de- when they observedjustice in other respects. * Al Beidawi. XII.] AL KORAN. 29 themselves uprightly. ^^^ And if thy Lord pleased, he would have made all men of one religion ; but they shall not cease to differ among themselves, unless those on v^hom thy Lord shall have mercy : and unto this hath he created them ; for the word of thy Lord shall be fulfilled, when he said. Verily I will fill hell altogether with genii and men. ^^^ The whole which we have related of the histories of our apostles do we relate unto thee, that we may confirm thy heart thereby ; and herein is the truth come unto thee, and an admonition, and a warning unto the true believers. ^^^ Say unto those who believe not, Act ye according to your condition ; we surely will act according to our duty : ^^^ and wait the issue ; for we certainly wait it also. ^^^ Unto God is known that which is secret in heaven and earth ; and unto him shall the whole matter be referred. Therefore worship him, and put thy trust in him ; for thy Lord is not regardless of that which ye do. 121 DutyJ] See chap. vi. CHAPTER XIL INTITLED, JOSEPH; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God, ' A. L. R. ^ These are the signs of the perspicuous book ; ^ which we have sent down in the Arabic tongue, that peradventure ye might understand. ^ We relate unto thee a most excellent history, by revealing unto thee this Koran, whereas thou wast before one of the negligent. Title.'] The Koreish, thinking to puz- the Ajaredites and the Maimunians, as zle Mohammed, at the instigation, and by apocryphal and spurious, the direction, of certain Jewish Rabbins, 1 A. L. R.] See the Prelim. Disc, demanded of him how Jacob's family hap- 4 This Koran.] Or this particular chap- pened to go down into Egypt ; and that ter. For the word Koran, as has been he would relate to them the history of elsewhere observed 2, properly signifying Joseph, with all its circumstances : where- no more than a reading, or lecture, is often upon he pretended to have received this used to denote, not only the whole volume, chapter from heaven, containing the story but any distinct chapter, or section of of that patriarch ^. It is said, however, it. to have been rejected by two Mohamme- — One of the negligent.] i e. So far dan sects, branches of the Kharejites, called from being acquainted with the story, that 1 Jl Beiddwi. 2 Prclim. Disc. § iii. p. 66. 30 A L KORAN. [chap. ^ When Joseph said unto his father, O my father, verily I saw in my dream eleven stars, and the sun and the moon ; I saw them make obeisance unto me. ^ Jacob said, O my child, tell not thy vision to thy brethren, lest they devise some plot against thee ; for the devil is a professed enemy unto man : ^ and thus, according to thy dream, shall thy Lord choose thee, and teach thee the interpretation of dark sayings, and he shall accomplish his favour upon thee and upon the family of Jacob, as he hath formerly accomplished it upon thy fathers Abraham and Isaac ; for thy Lord is knowing and wise. ^ Surely in the history of Joseph and his brethren there are signs of God's providence to the inquisitive ; ^ when they said to one another, Joseph and his brother are dearer to our father than we, who are the greater number : our father certainly maketh a wrong judgment. ^^ Wherefore slay Joseph, or drive him into some distant or desert part of the earth, and the face of your father shall be cleared towards you; and ye shall afterwards be people of in- tegrity. " One of them spoke and said. Slay not Joseph, but throw him to the bottom of the well ; and some travellers will take him up, if ye do this. ^^ They said unto Jacob, O father, why dost thou not intrust Joseph with us, since we are sincere well-wishers unto him? it never so much as entered into thy all difficulties respecting either religion or thoughts : a certain argument, says al justice. Beidawi, that it must have been revealed 9 His brother.'] Viz. Benjamin ; his to him from heaven. brother by the same mother. 5 His father.'] Who was Jacob, the 10 The face of your father shall be son of Isaac, the son of Abraham ^. cleared towards you.] Or, he will settle — Eleven stars.] The commentators his love wholly upon you, and ye will give us the names of these stars, (which 1 have no rival in his favour, think it needless to trouble the reader 11 One of them, &:c.] This person, as with,) as Mohammed repeated them at some say, was Judah, the most prudent the request of a Jew, who thought to and noble-minded of them all ; or, ac- entrap him by the question ^. cording to others, Reuben, whom the 6 Lest they devise some plot against Mohammedan writers call Rubil ^. And thee.] For they say, Jacob, judging that both these opinions are supported by the Joseph's dream portended his advance- account of Moses, who tells us, that Reuben ment above the rest of the family, justly advised them not to kill Joseph, but to apprehended his brethren's envy might throw him into a pit, privately intending tempt them to do him some mischief. to release him*, and that afterwards Judah, 7 The interpretation of dark sayings.] in Reuben's absence, persuaded them not That is, of dreams ; or, as others suppose, to let him die in the pit, but to sell him to of the profound passages of scripture, and the Ishmaelites ^. ^ A I Beidawi, &c. ^ Idem. Al Zamakhshari, ^ Al Beidawi. * Gen. xxxvii. 21, 22. ^ Ibid. v. 26, 27. 1 XII.] AL KORAN, 31 ^" Send him with us to-morrow, into the field, that he may divert himself, and sport, and we will be his guardians. ^* Jacob answered. It grieveth me that ye take him away ; and I fear lest the wolf devour him while ye are negligent of him. ^^ They said, Surely if the wolf devour him, when there are so many of us, we shall be weak indeed. ^^ And when they had carried him with them, and agreed to set him at the bottom of the well, they executed their design : and we sent a revelation unto him, saying, Thou shalt hereafter declare this their action unto them ; and they shall not perceive thee to be Joseph. ^^ And they came to their father at even, weeping, and said, ^^ Father, we went and ran races with one another, and we left Joseph with our baggage, and the wolf hath devoured him ; but thou wilt not believe us, although we speak the truth. ^^ And they produced his inner garment stained with false 13 That he may divert himself , &c.] Some copies read, in the first person, plural. That we may divert ourselves, &c. 14 Lest the ivolf devour him*'] The reason why Jacob feared this beast in par ticular, as the commentators say, was either because the land was full of wolves ; or else because Jacob had dreamed he saw Joseph devoured by one of those creatures ^. 15 We shall he weak indeed.] i. e. It will be an instance of extreme weakness and folly in us, and we shall be justly blamed for his loss. 16 At the bottom of the well.'] This well, say some, was a certain well near Jerusalem, or not far from the river Jor- dan ; but others call it the well of Egypt, or Midian. The commentators tell us, that when the sons of Jacob had gotten Joseph with them in the field, they began to abuse and beat him so unmercifully, that they had killed him, had not Judah, on his crying out for help, insisted on the promise they had made, not* to kill him, but to cast him into the well. Whereupon they let him down a little way ; but as he held by the sides of the well, they bound him, and took off his inner garment, designing to stain it with blood, to deceive their father. Joseph begged hard to have his garment returned him, but to no pur- pose, his brothers telling him, with a sneer, that the eleven stars and the sun and the moon might clothe him and keep him company. When they had let him down half-way, they let him fall thence to the bottom ; and there being water in the well, (though the scripture says the con- trary,) he was obliged to get upon a stone, on which as he stood weeping, the angel Gabriel came to him with the revelation mentioned immediately 2. — We sent a revelation unto him.] Joseph being then but seventeen years old, al Beidawi observes, that herein he re- sembled John the Baptist and Jesus, who were also favoured with the divine com- munication very early. The commenta- tors pretend that Gabriel also clothed him in the well with a garment of silk of paradise. For they say, that when Abra- ham was thrown into the fire by Nimrod ^, he was stripped ; and that Gabriel brought this garment, and put it on him ; and that from Abraham it descended to Jacob, who folded it up, and put it into an amulet, which he hung about Joseph's neck, whence Gabriel drew it out*. 18 And ran races, &c.] These races they used by way of exercise ; and the commentators generally understand here that kind of race wherein they also showed their dexterity in throwing darts, which is still used in the east. ^ A I Beidawi, Jallalo* ddirt, Al Zamakhshari. * Al Beiddwi, Al Zamakhshari. 2 lidem. 3 See chap. xxi. 32 AL KORAN. [chap. blood. Jacob answered, Nay, but ye yourselves have contrived the thing for your own sakes ; however, patience is most becoming, and God's assistance is to be implored to enable me to support the misfortune which ye relate. ^^ And certain travellers came, and sent one to draw water for them : and he let down his bucket, and said. Good news ! this is a youth. And they concealed him, that they might sell him as a piece of merchandise : but God knew that which they did. ^^ And they sold him for a mean price, for a few pence, and valued him lightly. ^^ And the Egyptian who bought him, said to his wife. Use him honourably ; peradventure he may be serviceable to us, or we may adopt him for our son. Thus did we 19 Ye yourselves have contrived the thing, &c.] This Jacob had reason to suspect, because, when the garment was brought to him, he observed, that though it was bloody, yet it was not torn ^. 20 Certain travellers.'] Viz. a caravan or company travelling from Midian to Egypt, who rested near the well three days after Joseph had been thrown into it. — They sent one to draw water, &c.] The commentators are so exact as to give us the name of this man, who, as they pre- tend, was Malec Ebn Dhor, of the tribe of Khozaah 2. — He let down his bucket.] And Jo- seph, making use of the opportunity, took hold of the cord, and was drawn up by the man. — Good news.] The original words are, Ya hoshra : the latter of which some take for the proper name of the water- drawer's companion, whom he called to his assistance : and then they must be translated, O Boshra. — They concealed him, &c.] The ex- positors are not agreed whether the pro- noun, they, relates to Malec and his com- panions, or to Joseph's brethren. They who espouse the former opinion say, that those who came to draw water, concealed the manner of their coming by him from the rest of the caravan, that they might keep him to themselves ; pretending that some people of the place had given him to them to sell for them in Egypt. And they who prefer the latter opinion, tell us, that Judah carried victuals to Joseph every day while he was in the well, but not finding him there on the fourth day, he acquainted his brothers with it : whereupon they all went to the caravan, and claimed Joseph as their slave, he not daring to discover that he was their brother, lest something worse should befal him ; and at length they agreed to sell him to them ^. 21 They sold him for a mean price, &c.] Namel}'^, twenty or twenty-two dirhems, and those not of full weight neither ; for having weighed one ounce of silver only, the remainder was paid by tale, which is the most unfair way. of payment ^. 22 The Egyptian who bought him.] His name was Kitfir, or Itfir, (a corruption of Potiphar;) and he was a man of great consideration, being superintendent of the royal treasury ^. The commentators say, that Joseph came into his service at seventeen, and lived with him thirteen years j and that he was made prime minister in the thirty- third year of his age, and died at an hun- dred and twenty. They who suppose Joseph was twice sold, differ as to the price the Egyptian paid for him : some saying it was twenty dinars of gold, a pair of shoes, and two white garments ; and others, that it was a large quantity of silver, or of gold. — His wife.] Some call her Rail; but the name she is best known by, is that of Zuleikha. — Or we may adopt him.] Kitfir hav- ing no children. It is said that Joseph gained his master's good opinion so sud- denly by his countenance; which Kitfir, who, they pretend, had great skill in phy- siognomy, judged to indicate his prudence and other good qualities. ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 Idem. ' Idem. Idem. Idem. XII.] AL KORAN. 33 prepare an establishment for Joseph in the earth, and we tanght him the interpretation of dark sayings : for God is well able to effect his purpose ; but the greater part of men do not understand. ^^ And when he had attained the age of strength, we bestowed on him wisdom, and knowledge ; for thus do we recompense the righteous. ^^ And she, in whose house he was, desired him to lie with her ; and she shut the doors, and said. Come hither. He answered, God forbid ! Verily my lord hath made my dwelling with him easy ; and the ungrateful shall not prosper. ^^ But she resolved within herself to enjoy him, and he would have resolved to enjoy her, had he not seen the evident demonstration of his Lord. So we turned away evil and filthiness from him, because he was one of our sincere servants. ^^ And they ran to get one before the other to the door : and she rent his inner garment behind. And they met her lord at the door. She said. What shall be the reward of him who seeketh to commit evil in thy family, but imprisonment, and a painful punish- ment? ^^ And Joseph said. She asked me to lie with her. And a witness of her family bore witness, saying, If his garment be rent before, she speaketh truth, and he is a liar : ^^ but if his garment be rent behind, she lieth, and he is a speaker of truth. ^^ And when her husband saw that his garment was torn behind, he said, This is a 24 My lord.'] Viz. Kitfir. But others master, appeared to him: but the more understand it to be spoken of God. general opinion is, that it was the appa- 25 Had he not seen the evident deinon- rition of his father Jacob, who bit his fin- st ration of his Lord.'\ That is, had he not gers' ends; or, as some write, struck him seriously considered the filthiness of whore- on the breast; whereupon his lubricity dom, and the great guilt thereof. Some, passed out at the ends of his fingers ^. however, suppose that the words mean For this fable, so injurious to the cha- some miraculous voice or apparition, sent racter of Joseph, the Mohammedans are by God to divert Joseph from executing obliged to their old friends the Jews 2, the criminal thoughts which began to who imagine that he had a design to lie possess him. For they say, that he was with his mistress, from these words of so far tempted with his mistress's beauty Moses ^, And it came to pass — that Joseph and enticing behaviour, that he sat in her went into the house to do his business, &c. lap, and even began to undress himself, 26 They ran to the door."] He flying when a voice called to him, and bid him from her, and she running after to detain beware of her; but he taking no notice of him. this admonition, though it was repeated 27 A witness of her family.'] Viz. A three times, at length the angel Gabriel, cousin of hers, who was then a child in or, as others will have it, the figure of his the cradle^. ^ Al jBeiddwiy al Zamakhsharif Jallalo' ddi7i, Yahya. ^ Talm. Babyl. Sed. Nashim, p. 36. V. Bartolocc. Bibl. Rabb. part. iii. p. 509. ^ Qenes. xxxix. 11. ^ Supra citati interpretes. VOL. II. D • 34 AL KORAN. [chap. cunning contrivance of your sex : for surely your cunning is great. ^^ O Joseph, take no farther notice of this affair : and thou, O woman, ask pardon for thy crime ; for thou art a guilty person. ^^ And certain women said publicly in the city. The nobleman's wife asked her servant to lie with her ; he hath inflamed her breast with his love, and we perceive her to be in a manifest error. ^^ And when she heard of their subtle behaviour, she sent unto them, and prepared a banquet for them, and she gave to each of them a knife ; and she said unto Joseph, Come forth unto them. And when they saw him, they praised him greatly ; and they cut their own hands, and said, O God ! this is not a mortal ; he is no other than an angel, deserving the highest respect. ^^ And his mistress said. This is he, for whose sake ye blamed me : I asked him to lie with me, but he hath constantly refused. But if he do not perform that which I command him, he shall surely be cast into prison, and he shall be made one of the contemptible. ^* Joseph said, O Lord, a prison is more eligible unto me than the crime to which they invite me ; but unless thou turn aside their snares from me, I shall youthfully incline unto them, and I shall become one of the foolish. ^^ Wherefore his Lord heard him, and turned aside their snare from him ; for he both heareth and knoweth. ^^ And it seemed good unto them, even 31 Certain women^ &c.] These women, the pronoun to it here (which possibly the whose tongues were so free with Zuleikha's Latin translators did not observe) abso- character on this occasion, were five in lutely overthrows that interpretation, number, and the wives of so many of the — They cut their own handsJ] Through king's chief officers, viz. his chamberlain, extreme surprise at the wonderful beauty his butler, his baker, his jailer, and his of Joseph ; which surprise Zuleikha fore- herdsman *. seeing, put knives into their hands, on 32 She sent unto them.'] The number purpose that this accident might happen, of all the women invited was forty, and Some writers have observed, on occasion among them were the five ladies above- of this passage, that it is customary in the mentioned 2. east for lovers to testify the violence of — They praised him greatly.'] The old their passion by cutting themselves, as a Latin translators have strangely mistaken sign that they would spend their blood in the sense of the original word Acbarnaho, the service of the person beloved ; which which they render Menstruates sunt / and is true enough ; but I do not find that any then rebuke Mohammed for the indecency, of the commentators suppose these Egyp- crying out demurely in the margin, O tian ladies had any such design. foedum Sf obscoenum prophetam ! Erpenius^ 36 It seemed good unto them,] That is, thinks that there is not the least trace to Kitfir and his friends. The occasion of of such a meaning in the word : but he is Joseph's imprisonment is said to be, either mistaken ; for the verb Cabara, in the that they suspected him to be guilty, not- fourth conjugation, which is here used, withstanding the proofs which had been has that import ; though the subjoining of given of his innocence; or else that Zu- 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 idem. 3 jj^ ^q^^ ^^ Ylhi, Josephi. XII.] AL KORAN. 35 after they had seen the signs of his innocency, to imprison him for a time. ^^ And there entered into the prison with him two of the king's servants. One of them said, It seemed to me in my dream that 1 pressed wine out of grapes. And the other said, It seemed unto me in my dream that I carried bread on my head, whereof the birds did eat. Declare unto us the interpretation of our dreams, for we perceive that thou art a beneficent per- son. ^^ Joseph answered. No food wherewith ye may be nourished shall come unto you, but I will declare unto you the interpretation thereof, before it come unto you. This knowledge is a part of that which my Lord hath taught me : for I have left the religion of people who believe not in God, and who deny the life to come ; ^^ and I follow the religion of my fathers, Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob. It is not lawful for us to associate any thing with God. This knowledge of the divine unity hath been given us of the bounty of God towards us, and towards mankind ; but the greater part of men are not thankful. ^^ O my fellow-prisoners, are sundry lords better, or the only true and mighty God ? ^^ Ye worship not, besides him, other than the names which ye have named, ye and your fathers, concerning which God hath sent down no autho- ritative proof: yet judgment belongeth unto God alone; who hath commanded that ye worship none besides him. This is the right religion : but the greater part of men know it not. ^^ O my fellow-prisoners, verily the one of you shall serve wine unto his lord, as formerly; but the other shall be crucified, and the birds shall eat from off his head. The matter is decreed concerning which ye seek to be informed. And Joseph said unto him, whom he judged to be the person who should escape of the two, leikha desired it, feigning to deceive her dare unto you the interpretation thereof husband, that she wanted to have Joseph before it come unto you.'] The meaning of removed from her sight, till she could con- this passage seems to be, either that Jo- quer her passion by time ; though her seph, to show he used no arts of divination real design was, to force him to com- or astrology, promises to interpret their pliance. dreams to them immediately even before 37 Two of the king's servants.] Viz. they should eat a single meal : or else, he His chief butler and baker; who were ac- here offers to prophesy to them before- cused of a design to poison him. hand, the quantity and quality of the vic- — One of them.] Namely, the butler, tuals which should be brought them, as a 38 No food wherewith ye may be nour- test of his skill. ished, shall come unto you, but I will de- 41 Names.] See chap. vii. D 2 36 AL KORAN. [chap. Remember me in the presence of thy lord. But the devil caused him to forget to make mention of Joseph unto his lord, wherefore he remained in the prison some years. ^^ And the king of Egypt said. Verily I saw in my dream seven fat kine, which seven lean kine devoured ; and seven green ears of corn, and other seven withered ears. O nobles, expound my vision unto me, if ye be able to interpret a vision. ^^ They answered, they are confused dreams : neither are we skilled in the interpretation of such kind of dreams. ^^ And Joseph's fellow-prisoner, who had been delivered, said, (for he remembered Joseph after a certain space of time,) I will declare unto you the interpretation thereof; wherefore let me go unto the person who will interpret it unto me. And he went to the prison, and said, ^^ O Joseph, thou man of veracity, teach us the interpretation of seven fat kine, which seven lean kine devoured ; and of seven green ears of corn, and other seven withered ears, which the king saw in his dream ; that I mav return unto the men who have sent me, that peradventure they may understand the same. ^^ Joseph answered. Ye shall sow seven years as usual : and the corn which ye shall reap, do ye leave in its ear, except a little whereof ye may eat. ^^ Then shall there come, after this, seven grievous years of famine, which shall consume what ye shall have laid up as a provision for the same, except a little which ye shall have kept. ^^ Then shall there come, after this, a year wherein men shall have plenty of rain, and wherein they shall 42 But the devil caused him to forget to 43 The Icing of Egypt. ^ This prince, mention Joseph unto his lord.'] According as the oriental writers generally agree, was to the explication of some, who take the Riydn, the son of al Walid the Amale- pronoun, him^ to relate to Joseph, this kite^, who was converted by Joseph to passage may be rendered, But the devil the worship of the true God, and died in caused him (i. e. Joseph) to forget to the lifetime of that prophet. But some make his application unto his lord ; and pretend that the Pharaoh of Joseph and to beg the good offices of his fellow~pri- of Moses, were one and the same person, soner for his deliverance, instead of rely- and that he lived (or rather reigned) four ing on God alone, as it became a prophet, hundred years *. especially, to have done ^. 47 Ye shall leave the corn in the ear, — Some years.~\ The original word &c.] To preserve it from the weevil ^. signifying any number, from three to nine, 49 Wherein men shall have plenty of or ten ; the common opinion is, that Jo- rain.~\ Notwithstanding what some an- seph remained in prison seven years ; cient authors write to the contrary ^, it though some say he was confined no less often rains in winter in the Lower Egypt ; than twelve years 2. and even snow has been observed to fall ^ Al Belddwi. ^ Idem, JallaWddin. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. p. 9, 10. * Al Beicldwi. See chap. vii. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ PlatOy in Timaeo. Pomp. Mela, XII.] AL KORAN. 37 press wine and oil. ^^ And when the chief butler had reported this, the king said. Bring him unto me. And when the messenger came unto Joseph, he said. Return unto thy lord, and ask of him, what was the intent of the women who cut their hands, for my Lord well knoweth the snare which they laid for me. ^^ And when the women were assembled before the king, he said unto them, What was your design, when ye solicited Joseph to unlawful love ? They answ^ered, God be praised ! we know not any ill of him. The nobleman's wife said. Now is the truth become manifest : I solicited him to lie with me ; and he is one of those who speak truth. ^^ And when Joseph was acquainted therewith, he said. This discovery hath been made that my lord might know that I was not unfaithful unto him in his absence, and that God directeth not the plot of the deceivers. [*XIII.] ^^ Neither do I absolutely justify myself: since every soul is prone unto evil, except those on whom my Lord shall shew mercy ; for my Lord is gracious and merciful. ^^ And the king said. Bring him unto me : I will take him into my own peculiar service. And when Joseph was brought unto the king, and he had discoursed with at Alexandria, contrary to the express — The snare which they had laid for assertion of Seneca ^ In the upper Egypt, me.'] Endeavouring, both by threats and indeed, towards the cataracts of Nile, it persuasions, to entice me to commit folly rains very seldom 2. Some, however, sup- with my mistress. pose I hat the rains here mentioned, are 53 Neither do I absolutely justify my-^ intended of those which should fall in self] According to a tradition of Ebn Ethiopia, and occasion the swelling of the Abbas, Joseph had no sooner spoken the Nile, the great cause of the fertility of foregoing words, asserting his innocency, Egypt; or else of those which should fall than Gabriel said to him. What! not in the neighbouring countries, which were when thou wast deliberating to lie with also afflicted with famine during the same her ? Upon which Joseph confessed his time. frailty*. 50 Return unto thy lord, and ask of 54 And when Joseph ivas brought unto him, &c.] Joseph, it seems, cared not to the king, &c.] The commentators say, get out of prison, till his innocence was that Joseph being taken out of prison, publicly known and declared. It is ob- after he had washed and changed his served by the commentators, that Joseph clothes, w-as introduced to the king, whom does not bid the messenger move the king he saluted in the Hebrew tongue ; and on to inform himself of the truth of the affair, the king's asking what language that was, but bids him directly to ask the king, to he answered, that it was the language of incite him to make the ^proper inquiry his fathers. This prince, they say, un- with the greater earnestness. They also derstood no less than seventy languages, observe that Joseph takes care not to men- in every one of which he discoursed with tion his mistress, out of respect and gra- Joseph, who answered him in the same ; titude for the favours he had received while at which the king greatly marvelling, de- in her house ^. sired him to relate his dream, which he ^ Nat. qusest. 1. 4. 2 ggg Greaves' Descr. of the Pyramids, p. 74, &c. Rai/s Collection of Travels, t. ii. p. 92. ^ ^i Beiddwi, &c. ■* Idem. 38 AL KORAN. [chap. him, he said, Thou art this day firmly established with us, and shalt be intrusted with our affairs. ^^ Joseph an- swered. Set me over the store-houses of the land ; for I will be a skilful keeper thereof. ^^ Thus did we establish Joseph in the land, that he might provide himself a dwelling therein, where he pleased. We bestow our mercy on whom we please, and we suffer not the reward of the righteous to perish : ^'^ and certainly the reward of the next life is better, for those who believe, and fear God. ^^ Moreover, Joseph's brethren came, and went in unto him ; and he knew them, but they knew not him. ^^ And when he had furnished them with their provisions, he said. Bring unto me your brother, the son of your did, describing the most minute circum- stances ; whereupon the king placed Jo- seph by him on his throne, and made him his Wazir, or chief minister. Some say that his master Kitfir dying about this time, he not only succeeded him in his place, but, by the king's command, mar- ried the widow, his late mistress, whom he found to be a virgin, and who bare him Ephrahim and Manasses^. So that, ac- cording to this tradition, she is the same woman who is called Asenath by Moses. This supposed marriage, which authorized their amours, probably encouraged the Mohammedan divines to make use of the loves of Joseph and Zuleikha, as an alle- gorical emblem of the spiritual love be- tween tbe Creator and the creature, God and the soul ; just as the Christians apply the song of Solomon to the same mystical purpose 2. 58 Moreover^ Joseph's brethren earner &c.] Joseph, being made Wazir, governed with great wisdom ; for he not only caused justice to be impartially administered, and encouraged the people to industry and the improvement of agriculture during the seven years of plenty, but began and per- fected several works of great benefit ; the natives at this day ascribing to the patri- arch Joseph almost all the ancient works of public utility throughout the kingdom; particularly the rendering the province of al Feyyum, from a standing pool or marsh, the most fertile and best cultivated land in all Egypt ^ When the years of famine came, the effects of which were felt not only in Egypt, but in Syria and the neigh- bouring countries, the inhabitants were obliged to apply to Joseph for corn, which he sold to them ; first for their money, jewels, and ornaments, then for their cattle and lands, and at length for their persons; so that all the Egyptians, in general, be- came slaves to the king; though Joseph, by his consent, soon released them, and returned them their substance. The dearth being felt in the land of Canaan, Jacob sent all his sons, except only Benjamin, into Egypt for corn. On their arrival, Joseph (who well knew them) asked them who they were, saying he suspected them to be spies ; but they told him they came only to buy provisions, and that they were all the sons of an ancient man named Jacob, who was also a prophet. Joseph then asked how many brothers there were of them ; and they answered, Twelve ; but that one of them had been lost in a desert. Upon which he inquired for the eleventh brother, there being no more than ten of them pre- sent. They said, he was a lad, and with their father, whose fondness for him would not suffer him to accompany them in their journey. At length Joseph asked them, who they had to vouch for their veracity ; but they told him they knew no man who could vouch for them in Egypt. Then, replied he, one of you shall stay be- hind with me as a pledge, and the others may return home with their provisions ; and when ye come again, ye shall bring your younger brother with you, that I may know ye have told me the truth. Where- upon, it being in vain to dispute the mat- ter, they cast lots who should stay behind, and the lot fell upon Simeon. When they departed, Joseph gave each of them a camel, and another for their bro- ther 4. 1 Al Beiddwi, Kitah Tafasir, &c. ^ V. Golii not. in Alfragan. p. 175, &c, Voy, torn, ii p. 205, & tom. iii, p. 53. 2 V. D'Herbeloi, Bibl. Orient, art. Jousouf. Klrcher. (Edip. /Egypt, vol. i. p. 8. Lucas ^ xil Beiddwi, XII.] AL KORAN. 39 father : do ye not see that I give full measure, and that I am the most hospitable receiver of guests ? ^^ But if ye bring him not unto me, there shall be no corn measured unto you from me, neither shall ye approach my pre- sence. ^^ They answered, We will endeavour to obtain him of his father, and we will certainly perform what thou requirest. ^^ And Joseph said to his servants. Put their money, which they have paid for their corn, into their sacks, that they may perceive it, when they shall be re- turned to their family : peradventure they will come back unto us. ^^And when they were returned unto their father, they said, O father, it is forbidden to measure out corn unto us any more, unless we carry our brother Ben- jamin with us : wherefore send our brother ^with us, and we shall have corn measured unto us ; and we will cer- tainly guard him from any mischance. ^^ Jacob answered, Shall I trust him with you with any better success than I trusted your brother Joseph with you heretofore ? But God is the best guardian ; and he is the most merciful of those who shew mercy. ^^ And when they opened their provisions, they found their money had been returned unto them ; and they said, O father, what do we desire further ? This our money hath been returned unto us; we will there- fore return, and provide corn for our family : we will take care^ of our brother; and we shall receive a camel's bur- then more than we did the last time. This is a small quantity. ^^ Jacob said, I will by no means send him with you, until ye give me a solemn promise, and swear by God, that ye will certainly bring him back unto me, unless ye be encompassed by some inevitable impediment. And when they had given him their solemn promise, he said, God is witness of what we say. ^^ And he said. My sons, enter not into the city by one and the same gate ; but enter by diiferent gates. But this precaution will be 62 Their money. ^ The original word now brought was not sufficient for the sup- signifying not only money, but also goods port of their families, so that it was neces- bartered or given in exchange for other sary for them to take another journey ; or merchandise ; some commentators tell us, else that a camel's load more or less was they paid for their corn, not in money, but but a trifle to the king of Egypt. Some in shoes and dressed skins i. suppose these to be the words of Jacob, 65 Thisisasmallqumitity.'] The mean- declaring it was too mean a consideration ing may be, either that the corn they had to induce him to part with his son. ^ Al BeiddwL 40 A L KORAN. [chap. of no advantage unto you against the decree of God ; for judgment belongeth unto God alone : in him do I put my trust, and in him let those confide who seek in whom to put their trust. ^^ And when they entered the city, as their father had commanded them, it was of no advantage unto them against the decree of God ; and the same served only to satisfy the desire of Jacob's soul, which he had charged them to perform : for he was endued with knowledge of that which we had taught him ; but the greater part of men do not understand. ^^ And when they entered into the presence of Joseph, he received his brother Benjamin as his guest, and said. Verily I am thy brother: be not therefore afflicted for that which they have committed against us. ^^ And when he had furnished them with their provisions, he put his cup in his brother Benjamin's sack. Then a crier cried after them, saying, O company of travellers, ye are surely thieves. ^^ They said, (and turned back unto them,) What is it that ye miss ? ^^ They answered, We miss the prince's cup : and unto him. who shall produce it, shall be given a camel's load of corn ; and I will be surety for the same. ^^ Jo- seph's brethren replied, By God, ye do well know, that we came not to act corruptly in the land, neither are we thieves. ^^ The Egyptians said. What shall be the re- ward of him who shall appear to have stolen the cup, if ye be found liars ? ^^ Joseph's brethren answered. As to the reward of him, in whose sack it shall be found, let him become a bondman in satisfaction for the same : thus 69 He received Ms brother Benjamin as of him whom he had lost ; to which Ben- Ms guest, &c.] It is related that Joseph, jamin replied, Who can find a brother having invited his brethren to an enter- comparable unto thee ? yet thou art not tainment, ordered them to be placed two the son of Jacob and Rachel. And upon and two together ; by which means, Ben- this Joseph discovered himself to him ^ j^min, the eleventh, was obliged to sit 7^ His cup.l Some imagine this to be alone, and, bursting into tears, said, If my a measure holding a Sad, (or about a gal- brother Joseph were alive, he would have Ion,) wherein they used to measure corn, sat with me. Whereupon Joseph ordered or give water to the beasts. But others him to be seated at the same table with take it to be a drinking-cup of silver or himself; and when the entertainment was gold. over, dismissed the rest, ordering that they 73 Ye well know thai we came not to act should be lodged two and two in a house ; corruptly, &c.] Both by our behaviour but kept Benjamin in his own apartment, among you ; and our bringing again our where he passed the night. The next day money, which was returned unto us with-. Joseph asked him, whether he would ac- out our knowledge, cept of himself for his brother, in the room Tb Thus do ive reward those who are ^ Al Beiddwi. XII.] AL KORAN. 41 do we reward the unjust, who are guilty of theft. '^^ Then he began by their sacks, before he searched the sack of his brother ; and he drew out the cup from his brother's sack. Thus did we furnish Joseph with a stratagem. It was not lawful for him to take his brother for a bondman, by the law of the king of Egypt, had not God pleased to allow it, according to the offer of his brethren. We exalt to degrees of knowledge and honour whom we please : and there is one who is knowing above all those who are endued with knowledge. ^^ His brethren said. If Benja- min be guilty of theft, his brother Joseph hath been also guilty of theft heretofore. But Joseph concealed these things in his mind, and did not discover them unto them : and he ^aid within himself. Ye are in a worse condition than us two ; and God best knoweth what ye discourse about. ^^ They said unto Joseph, Noble lord, verily this lad hath an aged father : wherefore take one of us in his stead ; for we perceive that thou art a beneficent person. ^^ Joseph answered, God forbid that we should take any other than him with whom we found our goods ; for then should we certainly be unjust. And when they despaired of obtaining Benjamin, they retired to confer privately together. ^^ And the elder of them said. Do ye not know that your father hath received a solemn promise from you, in the name of God ; and how perfidiously ye behaved heretofore towards Joseph ? Wherefore I will guilty of theft. ~\ This was the method of take him from her, she contrived the fol- punishing theft, used by Jacob and his lowing stratagem to keep him. Having a family : for among the Egyptians it was girdle which had once belonged to Abra- punished in another manner. ham, she girt it about the child, and then 76 He began by their sacks, &c.] Some pretending she had lost it, caused strict suppose this search was made by the per- search to be made for it : and it being at son whom Joseph sent after them ; others, length found on Joseph, he was adjudged, by Joseph himself, when they were brought according to the above-mentioned law of back to the city. the family, to be delivered to her as her — It was not lawful for him to take his property. Some, however, say, that Jo- br other for a bondman, by the law of Egypt. ^ seph actually stole an idol of gold, which For there the thief was not reduced to ser- belonged to his mother's father, and de- vitude, but was scourged, and obliged to stroyed it ; a story probably taken from restore the double of what he had stolen ^. Rachel's stealing the images of Laban : and 77 His brother Joseph hath been guilty others tell us that he once stole a goat, or of theft heretofore.^ The occasion of this a hen, to give to a poor man 2. suspicion, it is said, was, that Joseph 80 The elder of them.~\ Viz. Reuben, having been brought up by his father's But some think Simeon or Judah to be sister, she became so fond of him, that here meant ; and instead of the elder, in- when he grew up, and Jacob designed to terpret it, the most prudent of them. ' Jl Beiddwif Jallalo'ddin. - Jallalo'ddin, 42 AL KORAN. [chap. by no means depart the land of Egypt, until my father give me leave to return unto him, or God maketh known his will to me ; for he is the best judge. ^^ Return ye to your father, and say, O father, verily thy son hath com- mitted theft ; we bear witness of no more than what we know, and we could not guard against what we did not foresee : ^^ and do thou inquire in the city, where we have been, and of the company of merchants with whom we are arrived, and thou wilt find that we speak the truth. ^^ And when they were returned, and had spoken thus to their father, he said. Nay, but rather ye yourselves have contrived the thing for your own sakes ; but patience is most proper for me ; peradventure God will restore them all unto me ; for he is knowing and wise. ^* And he turned from them and said, O how I am grieved for Joseph ! And his eyes became white with mourning, he being oppressed with deep sorrow. ^^ His sons said. By God, thou wilt not cease to remember Joseph, until thou be brought to death's door, or thou be actually destroyed by excessive affliction. ^^ He answered, I only represent my grief, which I am not able to contain, and my sorrow unto God ; but I know, by revelation from God, that which ye know not. ^^ O my sons, go and make inquiry after Joseph and his brother ; and despair not of the mercy of God ; for none despaireth of God's mercy, except the unbelieving people. ^^ Wherefore Joseph's brethren re- turned into Egypt: and when they came into his presence, they said. Noble lord, the famine is felt by us and our family, and we are come with a small sum of money : yet give unto us full measure, and bestow corn upon us as alms ; for God rewardeth the alms-givers. ^^ Joseph 83 Peradventure God will restore them yet alive ; of which some tell us he was alii &c.] i. e. Joseph, Benjamin, and Si- assured by the angel of death in a dream ; meon. though others suppose he depended on the 84 His eyes became white.'] That is, completion of Joseph's dream, which must the pupils lost their deep blackness, and have been frustrated had he died before became of a pearl colour, (as happens in his brethren had bowed down before him 2. suffusions,) by his continual weeping; S^ A small sum of money .] Their money which very much weakened his sight, being clipped and adulterated. Some, or, as some pretend, made him quite however, imagine they did not bring mo- blind ^ ney, but goods to barter, such as wool and 86 / know by revelation from God, that butter, or other commodities of small ivhich ye know not.] Viz. That Joseph is value 3. ' Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. XII.] AL KORAN. 43 said unto them. Do ye know what ye did unto Joseph and his brother, when ye were ignorant of the conse- quences thereof? ^^ They answered, Art thou really Jo- seph ? He replied, I am Joseph ; and this is my brother. Now hath God been gracious unto us. For whoso feareth God, and persevereth with patience, shall at length find relief; since God will not suffer the reward of the right- eous to perish. ^^ They said, By God, now hath God chosen thee above us ; and we have surely been sinners. ^^ Joseph answered, Let there be no reproach cast on you this day. God forgiveth you; for he is the most merciful of those who shew mercy. ^^ Depart ye with this my inner garment, and throw it on my father's face ; and he shall recover his sight : and then come unto me with all your family. ^^And when the com- pany of travellers was departed from Egypt, on their journey towards Canaan, their father said unto those who were about him, -Verily I perceive the smell of Joseph ; although ye think that I dote. ^^ They answer- ed. By God, thou art in thy old mistake. ^^ But when the messenger of good tidings was come with Joseph's inner garment, he threw it over his face ; and he reco- vered his eye-sight. And Jacob said, Did I not tell you 89 Do ye know what ye did unto Joseph 93 My inner garment.~\ Which the and his brother, &c.] The injury they did commentators generally suppose to be the Benjamin^ was the separating him from same garment with which Gabriel invested his brother ; after which they kept him him in the well ; which having originally in so great subjection, that he durst not come from paradise, had preserved the speak to them, but with the utmost submis- odour of that place, and was of so great sion. Some say that these words were virtue as to cure any distemper in the occasioned by a letter which Joseph's bre- person who was touched with it ^. thren delivered to him from their father, 94 I perceive the smell of Joseph.~\ This requesting the releasement of Benjamin, was the odour of the garment above- and by their representing his extreme mentioned, brought by the wind to Ja- affliction at the loss of him and his brother, cob, who smelt it, as is pretended, at the The commentators observe that Joseph, distance of eighty parasangs * ; or, as to excuse his brethren's behaviour towards others will have, three or eight days' jour- him, attributes it to their ignorance, and ney ofF^. the heat of youth ^ 95 Thou art in thy old mistake,^ Being 90 Art thou really Joseph ?] They say led into this imagination by thy excessive that this question was not the effect of a love of Joseph. bare suspicion that he was Joseph, but that 96 The messenger of good tidings.^ viz. they actually knew him, either by his Judah, who, as he had formerly grieved face and behaviour; or by his fore-teeth, his father, by bringing him Joseph's coat which he shewed in smiling; or else by stained with blood, now rejoiced him as putting off his tiara, and discovering a much, by being the bearer of this vest, and whitish mole on his forehead -. the news of Joseph's prosperity ^. ^ Al BeiddwL ^ Idem. ^ Xdem, Jallalo' ddin. * Idem. '' Jidlalo'ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. 44 AL KORAN. [chap. that I knew from God that which ye knew not ? ^^ They answered, O father, ask pardon of our sins for us, for we have surely been sinners. ^^ He replied, I will surely ask pardon for you of my Lord ; for he is gracious and mer- ciful. ^^And when Jacob and his family arrived in Egypt, and were introduced unto Joseph, he received his parents unto him, and said, Enter ye into Egypt, by God's favour, in full security. ^^^And he raised his parents to the seat of state, and they, together with his brethren, fell down and did obeisance unto him. And he said, O my father, this is the interpretation of my vision, which I saw heretofore ; now hath my Lord rendered it true. And he hath surely been gracious unto me, since he took me forth from the prison, and hath brought you hither from the desert ; after that the devil had sown discord between me and my brethren ; for my Lord is gracious unto whom he pleaseth ; and he is the knowing, the wise God. ^^^ O Lord, thou hast given me a part of the kingdom, and hast taught me the interpretation of dark sayings. The Creator of heaven and earth ! thou art my protector in this world, and in that which is to come : make me to die a Moslem, and join me with the righteous. ^^^This is a secret history which we reveal unto thee, O Mohammed, although thou wast not present with the brethren of Joseph when they concerted their 98 I will ask pardon for you, ^c.'\ De- father and mother, after they had bowed ferring it, as some fancy, till he should down to him, and not before 2. see Joseph, and have his consent. 101 Make me to die, &c.] The Mo- — His parents."] Viz. His father, and hammedan authors write, that Jacob dwelt Leah, his mother's sister, whom he looked in Egypt twenty-four years, and at his on as his mother after Rachel's death ^. death ordered his body to be buried in Al Beidawi tells us, that Joseph sent Palestine by his father ; which Joseph carriages and provisions for his father, and took care to perform ; and then returning his family; and that he and the king of into Egypt, died twenty- three years after. Egypt went forth to meet them. He adds, They add, that such high disputes arose that the number of the children of Israel among the Egyptians concerning his bu- who entered Egypt with him, was seventy- rial, that they had like to have come to two; and that when they were led out blows; but at length they agreed to put thence by Moses, they were increased to his body into a marble coffin, and to sink six hundred thousand five hundred and it in the Nile ; out of a superstitious ima- seventy men, and upwards, besides the old gination, that it might help the regular people and children. increase of the river, and deliver them \{){i And he raised his parents to the seat from famine, for the future: but when of state, and they, together with his bre- Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt, he threiif fell down, and did obeisance unto took up the coffin, and carried Joseph's him.] A transposition is supposed to be bones with him into Canaan, where he in these words, and that he seated his buried them by his ancestors^. * Al Bciddwi. See Gen. xxxvii. 10. - Idem. ^ Al Beiddivi. xii.] AL KORAN. 45 design, and contrived a plot against him. ^^^But the greater part of men, although thou earnestly desire it, will not believe. ^^^ Thou shalt not demand of them any reward for thy publishing the Koran ; it is no other than an admonition unto all creatures. ^^^ And how many signs soever there be of the being, unity, and providence of God, in the heavens and the earth ; they will pass by them, and will retire afar off from them. ^^^And the greater part of them believe not in God, without being also guilty of idolatry. ^^^ Do they not believe that some overwhelming affliction shall fall on them as a punish- ment from God ; or that the hour of judgment shall over- take them suddenly, while they consider not its approach ? ^^^ Say unto those of Mecca, This is my way : I invite you unto God, by an evident demonstration ; both I and he who followeth me ; and praise be unto God ! I am not an idolater. ^^^ We sent not any apostles before thee, except men unto whom we revealed our will, and whom we chose out of those who dwelt in cities. Will they not go through the earth, and see what hath been the end of those who have preceded them ? But the dwelling of the next life shall surely be better for those who fear God. Will they not therefore understand? ^^^ Their predecessors were borne with for a time, until, when our apostles despaired of their conversion, and they thought that they were liars, our help came unto them, and we delivered whom we pleased ; but our vengeance was not turned away from the wicked people. ^^^ Verily, in the histories of the prophets and their people, there is an instructive example unto those who are endued with un- derstanding. The Koran is not a new-invented fiction ; but a confirmation of those scriptures which have been revealed before it, and a distinct explication of every thing necessary, in respect either to faith or practice, and a direction and mercy unto people who believe. 106 Without being also guilty of ido- 109 Of those wJw dwelt in cities.^ And latry.~\ For this crime Mohammed charges not of the inhabitants of the deserts: be- not only on the idolatrous Meccans, but cause the former are more knowing and also the Jews and Christians; as has been compassionate, and the latter more igno- already observed more than once. rant and hardhearted ^. ^ Al Beiddwi. See the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. 3G. 46 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER XIII. INTITLED THUNDER ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. M. R. ^ These are the signs of the book of the Koran : and that which hath been sent down unto thee from thy Lord is the truth ; but the greater part of men will not believe. ^ It is God who hath raised the heavens without visible pillars; and then ascended his throne, and compelled the sun and the moon to perform their services : every of the heavenly bodies runneth an ap- pointed course. He ordereth all things. He sheweth his signs distinctly, that ye may be assured ye must meet your Lord at the last day. ^ It is he who hath stretched forth the earth, and placed therein stedfast mountains and rivers ; and hath ordained therein of every fruit two different kinds. He causeth the night to cover the day. Herein are certain signs unto people who consider. ^ And in the earth are tracts of land of different natures, though bordering on each other ; and also vineyards, and seeds, and palm-trees springing several from the same root, and singly from distinct roots. They are watered with the same water, yet we render some of them more excellent than others to eat. Herein are surely signs unto people who understand. ^ If thou dost wonder at the infidels' denying the resurrection, surely wonderful is their say- ing. After we shall have been reduced to dust, shall we be restored in a new creature ? ^ These are they who believe not in their Lord ; these shall have collars on their necks, and these shall be the inhabitants of hell- Title — Thunder,] This word occurs in sour, black and white, small and large, the fifteenth verse. &c. ^ Title — Mecca,'] Or, according to some 5 Lands of different nature.] Some copies, at Medina. tracts being fruitful, and others barren ; 1 A, L. M. R.] The meaning of these some plain, and others mountainous ; some letters is unknown. Of several conjee- proper for corn, and others for trees, &c, ^ tural explications which are given of them, 7 These shall have collars on their necks.] the following is one : 1 am the most wise The collar here mentioned is an engine and knowing God. something like a pillory, but light enough 4 Two different kinds.] As sweet and for the criminal to walk about with. Bc- 1 Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. ^ Idem. XIII.] AL KORAN. 47 fire : therein shall they abide for ever. ^ They will ask of thee to hasten evil rather than good ; although there have already been examples of the divine vengeance be- fore them. Thy Lord is surely endued with indulgence towards men, notwithstanding their iniquity; but thy Lord is also severe in punishing. ^The infidels say, Unless a sign be sent down unto him from his Lord, we will not believe. Thou art commissioned to be a preacher only, and not a worker of miracles : and unto every peo- ple hath a director been appointed. ^^ God knoweth what every female beareth in her womb ; and what the wombs want or exceed of their due time, or number of young. With him is every thing regulated according to a deter- mined measure. ^^ He knoweth that which is hidden, and that which is revealed. He is the great, the most high. ^^ He among you who concealeth his words, and he who proclaimeth them in public ; he also who seeketh to hide himself in the night, and he who goeth forth openly in the day ; is equal in respiect to the knowledge of God. ^^ Each of them hath angels mutually succeed- ing each other, before him, and behind him ; they watch him by the command of God. Verily God will not change his grace which is in men, until they change the disposi- tion in their souls by sin. When God willeth evil on a people, there shall be none to avert it ; neither shall they have any protector beside him. ^^ It is he who causeth the lightning to appear unto you, to strike fear and to raise hope, and who formeth the pregnant clouds. ^^ The THUNDER celebrateth his praise, and the angels also, for fear of him. He sendeth his thunderbolts, and striketh sides the hole to fix it on the neck, there 13 Waich him.'] See the Prelim. Disc, is another for one of the hands, which is § iv. thereby fastened to the neck i. And in 14 To raise hope.'] Thunder and light- this manner the Mohammedans suppose ning being the sign of approaching rain : the reprobates will appear at the day of a great blessing, in the eastern countries judgment 2. Some understand this pas- more especially. sage figuratively, of the infidels' being 15 The thunder celebrateth ?iis praise.] bound in the chains of error and obsti- Or causeth those who hear it to praise him, nacy ^ Some commentators tell us, that by the 8 They will ask of thee to hasten evil word thunder, in this place, is meant the rather than good.] Provoking and daring angel who presides over the clouds, and thee to call down the divine vengeance on drives them forwards with twisted sheets them for their impertinency. of fire *. 1 V. Char din, Voy. de Perse, t. ii. p. 229. 2 gge chap. v. ^ Al Beiddwi. * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. 48 AL KORAN. [chap. therewith whom he pleaseth, while they dispute concern- ing God, for he is mighty in power. ^^ It is he who ought of right to be invoked ; and the idols which they invoke besides him, shall not hear them at all ; otherwise than as he is heard, who stretched forth his hands to the water, that it may ascend to his mouth, when it can- not ascend thither : the supplication of the unbelievers is utterly erroneous. ^'^ Whatsoever is in heaven and on earth, w^orshippeth God voluntarily or of force : and their shadows also, morning and evening. ^^ Say, Who is the Lord of heaven and earth ? Answer, God. Say, Have ye therefore taken unto yourselves protectors be- beside him, who are unable either to help or to defend themselves from hurt ? Say, Shall the blind and the see- ing be esteemed equal ? or shall darkness and light be accounted the same ? or have they attributed companions unto God who have created as he hath created, so that their creation bear any resemblance unto his ? Say, God is the creator of all things ! he is the one, the victorious God. ^^ He causeth water to descend from heaven, and the brooks flow according to their respective measure, and the floods bear the floating froth : and from the metals which they melt in the fire, seeking to cast ornaments or vessels for use, there ariseth a scum like unto it. Thus God setteth forth truth and vanity. But the scum is thrown oiF, and that which is useful to mankind remaineth on the earth. Thus doth God put forth parables. ^^ Unto 15 While they dispute concerning God.] the missionary, Who is this apostle; and This passage was revealed on the follow- what is God ? Is he of gold, or of silver, ing occasion. Amer Ebn al Tofail, and or of brass? Upon which a thunderbolt Arbad Ebn Rabiah, the brother of Labid, struck off his skull and killed him. went to Mohammed with an intent to kill 17 Whatsoever is in heaven and on earth, him; and Amer began to dispute with worshippeth God voluntarily or of force. ^ him concerning the chief points of his The infidels and devils themselves being doctrine, while Arbad, taking a compass, constrained to humble themselves before went behind him to despatch him with his him, though against their will, when they sword : but the prophet, perceiving his are delivered up to punishment, design, implored God's protection; where- — And their shadows also, morning and upon Arbad was immediately struck dead evening.~\ This is an allusion to the in- by thunder, and Amer was struck with a creasing and diminishing of the shadows pestilential boil, of which he died in a according to the height of the sun ; so that short time, in a miserable condition ^ when they are the longest, which is in the Jallalo'ddin, however, tells another morning and the evening, they appear story, saying, that Mohammed having sent prostrate on the ground, in the posture of one to invite a certain man to embrace his adoration, religion, the person put this question to * Jl Beiddwi. V. Golii not. in Adagia Arab, adject, ap. Gram. Erpenii, p. 99. XIII.] A L KORAN. 49 those who obey their Lord shall be given the most ex- cellent reward : but those who obey him not, although they were possessed of whatever is in the whole earth, and as much more, they would give it all for their ransom. These will be brought to a terrible account : their abode shall be in hell ; an unhappy couch shall it be ! ^^ Shall he, therefore, who knoweth that what hath been sent down unto thee from thy Lord is truth, be rewarded as he who is blind ? ^^ The prudent only will consider ; who fulfil the covenant of God, and break not their contract ; ^^ and who join that which God hath commanded to be joined, and who fear their Lord, and dread an ill account ; ^^ and who persevere out of a sincere desire to please their Lord, and observe the stated times of prayer, and give alms out of what we have bestowed on them, in secret and openly, and who turn away evil with good: ^^ the reward of these shall be paradise, gardens of eternal abode, which they shall enter ; and also whoever shall have acted uprightly, of their fathers, and their wives, and their posterity : and the angels shall go in unto them by every gate, saying, ^^ Peace be upon you, because ye have en- dured with patience : how excellent a reward is paradise ! ^^ But as for those who violate the covenant of God, after the establishment thereof, and who cut in sunder that which God hath commanded to be joined, and act cor- ruptly in the earth, on them shall a curse fall, and they shall have a miserable dwelling in hell. ^^ God giveth provision in abundance unto whom he pleaseth, and is sparing unto whom he pleaseth. Those of Mecca re- joice in the present life ; although the present life, in respect of the future, is but a precarious provi- sion. ^^ The infidels say, Unless a sign be sent down unto him from his Lord, we will not believe. Answer, Verily God will lead into error whom he pleaseth, and will direct unto himself him who repenteth, and those who believe, and whose hearts rest securely in the medi- tation of God. ^^ Shall not men's hearts rest securely in 23 JVho join that which God hath tice of their duty, both towards God and commanded to be joined.'] By believing man i. in all the prophets without exception, 25 Gardens of eternal abode.] Literally, and joining thereto the continual prac- gardens of Eden, See chap. ix. ^ Jl Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, Yahya. VOL. II. E 50 A L KORAN. [chap. the meditation of God ? ^^ They who believe, and do that which is right, shall enjoy blessedness, and partake of a happy resurrection. ^^ Thus have we sent thee to a nation which other nations have preceded, unto whom prophets have likewise been sent, that thou mayest re- hearse unto them that which we have revealed unto thee, even while they believe not in the merciful God. ^^ Say unto them, He is my Lord ; there is no God but he : in him do I trust, and unto him must I return. ^^ Though a Koran were revealed, by which mountains should be removed, or the earth cleaved in sunder, or the dead be caused to speak, it would be in vain. But the matter belongeth wholly unto God. Do not, therefore, the be- lievers know, that if God pleased, he would certainly direct all men ? Adversity shall not cease to afflict the unbelievers for that which they have committed, or to sit down near their habitations, until God's promise come : for God is not contrary to the promise. ^^ Apostles be- fore thee have been laughed to scorn ; and I permitted the infidels to enjoy a long and happy life : but afterwards I punished them ; and how severe was the punishment which I inflicted on them ! ^^ Who is it therefore that standeth over every soul, to observe that which it com- mitteth? They attribute companions unto God. Say, Name them: will ye declare unto him that which he knoweth not in the earth ? or will ye name them in out- ward speech only ? But the deceitful procedure of the 34 Though a Kordn were revealed^ by are spoken to Mohammed, and then they which mountains should be removed, &c.] must be translated in the second person, These are miracles which the Koreish re- Nor shalt thou cease to sit down, &c. For quired of Mohammed ; demanding that he they say this verse relates to the idolaters would, by the power of his Koran, either of Mecca, who were afflicted with a series remove the mountains from about Mecca, ofmisfortunes for their ill usage of their pro- that they might have delicious gardens in phet, and were also continually annoyed their room ; or, that he would oblige the and harassed by his parties, which fre- wind to transport them with their mer- quently plundered their caravans, and chandize to Syria; (according to which drove off their cattle ; himself sitting down tradition the words here translated, or the with his whole army near the city in the earth cleaved in sunder, should be ren- expedition of al Hodeibiya 2. dered, or the earth be travelled over in an — Until God's promise come.~\ i. e. Till instant;) or else raise to life Kosai Ebn death and the day of judgment overtake Kelab ^ and others of their ancestors, to them; or, according to the exposition in bear witness to him; whereupon this pas- the preceding note, until the taking of sage was revealed. Mecca ^. — Or to sit down near their habitations.'] 36 In outward speech only.] That is, It is supposed by some, that these words calling them the companions of God, with- > See chap. viii. ^ ji Beiddwi. ^ Idem. XIII.] A L KORAN, 51 infidels was prepared for them ; and they are turned aside from the right path : for he whom God shall cause to err, shall have no director. ^^ They shall suffer punishment in this life ; but the punishment of the next shall be more grievous : and there shall be none to protect them against God. ^^ This is the description of paradise, which is pro- mised to the pious. It is watered by rivers ; its food is perpetual, and its shade also : this shall be the reward of those who fear God. But the reward of the infidels shall be hell-fire. ^^ Those to whom we have given the scrip- tures, rejoice at what hath been revealed unto thee. Yet there are some of the confederates who deny part thereof. Say unto them. Verily I am commanded to worship God alone ; and to give him no companion : upon him do I call, and unto him shall I return. ^^ To this purpose have we sent down the Koran, a rule of judgment, in the Arabic language. And verily if thou follow their desires, after the knowledge which hath been given thee, there shall be none to defend or protect thee against God. ^^ We have formerly sent apostles before thee, and bestowed on them wives and children; and no apostle had the power to come with a sign, unless by the permission of God. Every a^e hath its book of revelation : God shall abolish and shall confirm what hjB^leaseth. With him is the original of the book. ^^ Moreover, whether we cause thee to see any part of that punishment wherewith we have out being able to assign any reason, or 41 And bestowed on them wives and give any proof, why they deserve to be children.^ As we have on thee. This sharers in the honour and worship due passage was revealed in answer to the re- from mankind to him ^. preaches which were cast on Mohammed 39 2%ose to whom we have given the on account of the great number of his scriptureSf &c.] Viz. The first proselytes wives. For the Jews said, That if he was to Mohammedism from Judaism and Chris- a true prophet, his care and attention would tianity, or the Jews and Christians in be employed about something else than general, who were pleased to find the Ko- women, and the getting of children *. It ran so consonant to their own scriptures 2. may be observed, that it is a maxim with — Some of the confederates, ^c,'\ That the Jews, that nothing is more repugnant is, such of them as had entered into a con- to prophecy than carnality ^. federacy to oppose Mohammed: as did — The original of the hook. '] Literally, Caab Ebn al Ashraf, and the Jews who the mother of the book ; by which is meant followed him ; and al Seyid al Najrani, al the preserved table, from which all the Akib, and several other Christians ; who written revelations which have been from denied such parts of the Koran as contra- time to time published to mankind, accord- dieted their corrupt doctrines and tradi- ing to the several dispensations, are tran- tions ^ scripts. ^AlBeiddwi. 2 ggg ^y^ap. iii. ^ Idem. ^ Jallalo'ddin, Yahya. ^ V. Maimon, More Nev. part. 2. c. 36, &c. E 2 5^ AL KORAN. [chap. threatened them, or whether we cause thee to die before it be inflicted on them, verily unto thee belongeth preach- ing only, but unto us inquisition. ^^ Do they not see that we come into their land, and straiten the borders thereof, by the conquests of the true believers ? When God judgeth, there is none to reverse his judgment : and he will be swift in taking an account. ^^ Their predecessors formerly devised subtle plots against their prophets ; but God is master of every subtle device. He knoweth that which every soul deserveth : and the infidels shall surely know whose will be the reward of paradise. ^^ The un- believers will say. Thou art not sent of God. Answer, God is a suflScient witness between me and you, and he who understandeth the scriptures. 45 The unbelievers,^ The persons intended in this passage, it is said, were the Jewish doctors ^. * Al BeiddwL CHAPTER XIV. INTITLED, ABRAHAM ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. R. ^ This book have we sent down unto thee, that thou mayest lead men forth from darkness into light, by the permission of their Lord, into the glorious and laud- able way. ^ God is he unto whom belongeth whatsoever is in heaven and on earth : and woe be to the infidels, because a grievous punishment waiteth them ; ^ who love the present life above that which is to come, and turn men aside from the way of God, and seek to render it crooked : these are in an error far distant from the truth. ^ We have sent no apostle but with the language of his people, that he might declare their duty plainly unto Title — Abraham.'] Mention is made of plainly unto them.~\ That so they might this patriarch towards the end of the not only perfectly and readily understand chapter. those revelations themselves, but might 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. also be able to translate and interpret rhem 5 That he might declare their duty unto others ^. ^ Al Beiddwi, XIV.] A L KORAN. 53 them ; for God causeth to err whom he pleaseth, and directeth whom he pleaseth ; and he is the mighty, the wise. ^ We formerly sent Moses with our signs, and commanded him, saying, Lead forth thy people from darkness into light, and remind them of the favours of God : Verily therein are signs unto every patient and grateful person. ^ And call to mind when Moses said unto his people. Remember the favour of God towards you, when he delivered you from the people of Pharaoh : they grievously oppressed you ; and they slew your male children, but let your females live : therein was a great trial from your Lord. ^ And when your Lord declared, by the mouth of Moses, saying. If ye be thankful, I will surely increase my favours towards you; but if ye be ungrateful, verily my punishment shall be severe. ^ And MosES said. If ye be ungrateful, and all who are in the earth likewise ; verily God needeth not your thanks, though he deserveth the highest praise. ^^Hath not the history of the nations your predecessors reached you; namely, of the people of Noah, and of Ad, and of Thamud, and of those who succeeded them, whose num- ber none knoweth except God ? Their apostles came unto them with evident miracles ; but they clapped their hands to their mouths out of indignation, and said. We do not believe the message with which ye pretend to be sent ; and we are in a doubt concerning the religion to which ye invite us, as justly to be suspected. ^^ Their apostles answered. Is there any doubt concerning God, the creator of heaven and earth ? He inviteth you to the true faith, that he may forgive you part of your sins, and may respite your punishment, by granting you space to repent, until an appointed time. They answered, Ye are 6 The favours of God.^ Literally, the 11 Part of your sins.^ That is, such of days of God; which ma}^ also be trans- them as were committed directly against lated, the battles of God, (the Arabs using God, which are immediately cancelled by the word day to signify a remarkable en- faith, or embracing Islam ; but not the gagement, as the Italians do Giornata, and crimes of injustice and oppression, which the French Journee,) or his wonderful acts were committed against man ^ : for, to manifested in the various success of former obtain remission of these last, besides nations in their wars ^. faith, repentance, and restitution accord- 7 Females live,'] See chap. 7- ing to a man's ability, are also neces- 10 Thamud.] See ibid. sary. 1 Al Beiddwi. » Idem. 54 AL KORAN. [chap. but men like unto us: ye seek to turn us aside from the gods which our fathers worshipped ; wherefore bring us an evi- dent demonstration, by some miracle, that ye speak truth. ^^ Their apostles replied unto them. We are no other than men like unto you ; but God is bountiful unto such of his servants as he pleaseth ; ^^ and it is not in our power to give you a miraculous demonstration of our mission, unless by the permission of God ; in God therefore let the faithful trust. And what excuse have we to allege, that we should not put our trust in God, since he hath directed us our paths ? Wherefore we will certainly suffer with patience the per- secution wherewith ye shall afflict us : in God therefore let those put their confidence who seek in whom to put their trust. ^*And those who believed not, said unto their apostles. We will surely expel you out of our land, or ye shall return unto our religion. And their Lord spake unto them by revelation, saying. We will surely destroy the wicked doers ; ^^ and we will cause you to dwell in the earth after them. This shall be granted unto him who shall dread the appearance at my tribunal, and shall fear my threatening. ^^ And they asked assistance of God, and every rebellious perverse person failed of success. ^^ Hell lieth unseen before him, and he shall have filthy water given him to drink : ^^ he shall sup it up by little and little, and he shall not easily let it pass his throat, because of its nauseousness. Death also shall come upon him from every quarter, yet he shall not die ; and before him shall there stand prepared a grievous torment. *^ This is the likeness of those who believe not in their Lord. Their works are as ashes, which the wind violently scattereth in a stormy day ; they shall not be able to obtain any solid advantage from that which they have wrought. This is an error most distant from truth. ^" Dost thou not see that God hath created the heavens 16 They asked assistance of God.'\ The the preceding, but is spoken of the people of commentators are uncertain whether these Mecca, who begged rain in a great drought were the prophets who begged assistance with which they were afflicted at the prayer against their enemies, or the infidels, who of their prophet, but could not obtain it^. called for God's decision between them- 17 Filthy water."] Which will issue selves and them; or both. And some from the bodies of the damned, mixed with suppose this verse hath no connexion with purulent matter and blood. ^ Al Beiddwi. XIV.] A L KORAN. 55 and the earth in wisdom ? If he please, he can destroy you, and produce a new creature in your stead : neither will that be difficult with God. ^*And they shall all come forth into the presence of God at the last day : and the weak among them shall say unto those who behaved themselves arrogantly, Verily we were your followers on earth ; will ye not therefore avert from us some part of the divine vengeance ? They shall answer. If God had directed us aright, we had certainly directed you. It is equal unto us whether we bear our torments impatiently, or whether we endure them with patience ; for we have no way to escape. ^^ And Satan shall say, after judgment shall have been given. Verily God promised you a promise of truth ; and I also made you a promise ; but I deceived you. Yet I had not any power over you to compel you ; but I called you only, and ye answered me : wherefore accuse not me, but accuse yourselves. I cannot assist you : neither can ye assist me. Verily I do now renounce your having associated me with God heretofore. A grievous punishment is prepared for the unjust. ^^ But they who shall have believed, and wrought righteousness, shall be introduced into gardens wherein rivers flow ; they shall remain therein for ever, by the permission of their Lord ; and their salutation therein shall be. Peace ! ^'^ Dost thou not see how God putteth forth a parable, representing a good word as a good tree, whose root is firmly fixed in the earth, and whose branches reach unto heaven ; which bringeth forth its fruit in all seasons, by the will of its Lord ? God propoundeth parables unto men, that they may be instructed. ^^ And the likeness 21 The weak shall say unto those who blame your own folly in obeying and trust- hehave arrogantly.^ i.e. The more simple ing to me, who had openly professed my- and inferior people shall say to their teach- self your irreconcilable enemy. ers and princes who seduced them to idol- — I do now renounce your having asso- atry, and confirmed them in their obstinate dated me with God heretofore.^ Or, I do infidelity. now declare myself clear of your having — If God had directed us aright, we obeyed me preferably to God, and wor- had certainly directed you."] That is, We shipped idols at my instigation. Or the made the same choice for you as we did words may be translated, I believed not for ourselves ; and had not God permitted heretofore in that being with whom ye did us to fall into error, we had not seduced associate me ; intimating his first disobe- you. dience in refusing to worship Adam at 22 Wherefore accuse not me, &c.] Lay God's command ^ not the blame on my temptations, but 23 Peace.^ See chap. x. ^ Al Beiddwi, 56 AL KORAN. [chap. of an evil word is as an evil tree ; which is torn up from the face of the earth, and hath no stability. ^^ God shall confirm them Avho believe, by the steadfast word of faith, both in this life and in that which is to come : but God shall lead the wicked into error ; for God doth that which he pleaseth. ^'^ Hast thou not considered those who have changed the grace of God to infidelity, and cause their people to descend into the house of perdition, namely, into hell ? ^^ They shall be thrown to burn therein ; and an unhappy dwelling shall it be. ^^ They also set up idols as co-partners with God, that they might cause men to stray from his path. Say unto them. Enjoy the plea- sures of this life for a time ; but your departure hence shall be into hell-fire. ^^ Speak unto my servants who have believed, that they be assiduous at prayer, and give alms out of that which we have bestowed on them, both privately and in public, before the day cometh wherein there shall be no buying or selling, neither any friendship. ^^ It is God who hath created the heavens and the earth ; and causeth water to descend from heaven, and by means thereof produceth fruits for your sustenance : and by his command he obligeth the ships to sail in the sea for your service : and he also forceth the rivers to supply your 25 Evil word.~\ What is particularly them ; as he did the Meccans, who, though intended in this passage by the good word, God had placed them in the sacred terri- and the evil word, the expositors differ, tory, and given them the custody of the But the first seems to mean the profession Caaba, and abundant provision of all ne- of God's unity, the inviting others to the cessaries and conveniences of life, and had true religion, or the Koran itself ; and the also honoured them by the mission of latter, the acknowledging a plurality of Mohammed, yet, in return for all this, gods, the seducing of others to idolatry, became obstinate unbelievers, and perse- or the obstinate opposition of God's pro- cuted his apostle ; for which they were not phets ^. only punished by a famine of seven years, 2f> And in that which is to come.'] Jal- but also by the loss and disgrace they lalo'ddin supposes the sepulchre to be here sustained at Bedr ; so that they who had understood ; in which place when the true before been celebrated for their prosperity, believers come to be examined by the two were now stripped of that, and become angels concerning their faith, they will conspicuous only for their infidelity 3. If answer properly, and without hesitation ; this be the drift of the passage, it could not which the infidels will not be able to have been revealed at Mecca, as the rest do 2. of the chapter is agreed to be ; wherefore 27 Hast thou not considered those who some suppose this verse and the next to have changed the grace of God to infidelity ^ have been revealed at Medina. &c.] That is, who requite his favours 31 He ohligeth.'] The word used here, with disobedience and incredulity. Or, and in the following sentences, is Sakhk- whose ingratitude obliged God to deprive hara, which signifies forcibly to press into them of the blessings he had betowed on any service *. * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, ^ See the Prelim. Disc, § iv. p. 90. ^ Al Beiddwi. * See chap. ii. p. 25, note 166. XIV.] AL KORAN. 57 uses ; ^^ he likewise compelleth the sun and the moon, which diligently perform their courses, to serve you ; and hath subjected the day and the night to your service. 33 jj^ giveth you of every thing which ye ask him ; and if ye attempt to reckon up the favours of God, ye shall not be able to compute the same. Surely man is unjust and ungrateful. ^* Remember when Abraham said, O Lord, make this land a place of security ; and grant that I and my children may avoid the worship of idols ; ^^ for they, O Lord, have seduced a great number of men. ^^ Whoever therefore shall follow me, he shall be of me ; and whosoever shall disobey me; verily thou wilt be gracious and merciful. ^^ O Lord, I have caused some of my offspring to settle in an unfruitful valley, near thy holy house, O Lord, that they may be constant at prayer. Grant, therefore, that the hearts of some men may be affected with kindness toward them ; and do thou bestow on them all sorts of fruits, that they may give thanks. ^^ O Lord, thou knowest whatsoever we conceal, and whatsoever we publish : for nothing is hidden from God, either on earth or in heaven. Praise be unto God, who hath given me, in my old age, Ismael and Isaac : for my Lord is the hearer of supplication. ^^ O Lord, grant that I may be an observer of prayer, and a part of my posterity also, O Lord ; and receive my supplication. 34 This land.'] Viz. The territory of out of doors ; whereupon he sent them to Mecca. See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. the territory of Mecca, where God caused — And my children.'] This prayer, it the fountain of Zemzem to spring forth seems, was not heard as to all his pos- for their relief, in consideration of which, terity, particularly as to the descendants of the Jorhamites, who were the masters of Ismael ; though some pretend that these the country, permitted them to settle latter did not worship images, but only among them 2. paid a superstitious veneration to certain — The hearts of some men^ &c.] Had stones, which they set up, and compassed, he said the hearts of men absolutely, the as representations of the Caaba ^ Persians and Romans would also have 36 Thou wilt he gracious and merciful.] treated them as friends; and both the That is, by disposing him to repentance. Jews and Christians would have made But Jallalo'ddin supposes these words were their pilgrimages to Mecca ^. spoken by Abraham before he knew that — Bestow on them fruits.] This God would not pardon idolatry. part of the prayer was granted ; Mecca 37 Some of my offspring.] i.e. Ismael being so plentifully supplied, that the and his posterity. The Mohammedans fruits of spring, summer, and autumn, say, that Hagar, his mother, belonged to are to be found there at one and the Sarah, who gave her to Abraham ; and same time '*. that on her bearing him this son, Sarah 39 And a part of my posterity.] For became so jealous of her, that she pre- he knew by revelation that some of them vailed on her husband to turn them both would be infidels. 1 Al Beiddwi. See the Prelim. Disc. § i. p. 23, 24. 2 ^/ BeiddwL 3 Idem, Jallalo'ddin. * lidem. 58 AL KORAN. [chap. O Lord, forgive me and my parents, and the faithful on the day whereon an account shall be taken. *^ Think not, O prophet, that God is regardless of what the ungodly do. *^ He only deferreth their punishment unto the day whereon men's eyes shall be fixed : ^^ they shall hasten forward at the voice of the angel calling to judg- ment, and shall lift up their heads ; they shall not be able to turn their sight from the object whereon it shall be fixed, and their hearts shall be void of sense through excessive terror. ^^ Wherefore do thou threaten men with the day whereon their punishment shall be inflicted on them, and whereon those who have acted unjustly shall say, O Lord, give us respite unto a term near at hand ; ^^ and we will obey thy call, and we will follow thy apostles. But it shall be answered unto them. Did ye not swear heretofore, that no reverse should befal you ? ^^ yet ye dwelt in the dwellings of those who had treated their own souls unjustly ; and it appeared plainly unto you how we had dealt with them ; and we propounded their destruction as examples unto you. ^^ They employ their utmost subtilty to oppose the truth ; but their subtilty is apparent unto God, who is able to frustrate their designs ; although their subtilty were so great, that the mountains might be moved thereby. ^^ Think not therefore, O prophet, that God will be contrary to his promise of assistance, made unto his apostles ; for God is mighty, able to avenge. •^^ ThejdayjwilL.ci3inB^.„.w^ earth shall be chai^ into other heavens ; and men shall^come forth from their 39 Forgive me and my parents.'] Abra- — And it appeared plainly unto you ham put up this petition to God before he how we had dealt with them."] Not only knew that his parents were the enemies of by the histories of those people revealed in God ^ Some suppose his mother was a the Koran, but also by the monuments true believer, and therefore read it in the remaining of them (as the houses of the singular. And my father. Others fancy Thamudites), and the traditions preserved that by his parents the patriarch here among you of the terriblejudgments which means Adam and Eve 2. befel them. 44 That no reverse should befal you,] i. e. 48 When the earth shall be changed into That ye should not taste of death, but con- another earth, and the heavens into other tinue in this world for ever; or that ye should heavens.] This the Mohammedans sup- not after death be raised to judgment ^. pose will come to pass at the last day ; the Ab The dwellings of those who had treated earth becoming white and even, or, as their own souls unjustly.] Wz.Oiihe k6\ies some will have it, of silver; and the and Thamudites. heavens of gold*. ^ See chap. ix. ^ Jallalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi. ^ Al Beiddwi, J allalo' ddin , Al Zamahhsharij Yahya. ^ lidem. V. Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 101. XV.] AL KORAN. 69 graves to appear before the only, the mighty God. ^^ And thoiLiEi]OS3^ Mtfixa^^^Jitheir^m^ shall cover their faces: ^Hhat GoD may reward every soul according to what it shall have deserved ; for God is swift in taking an account. ^^ This is a sufficient admo- nition unto men, that they may be warned thereby, and that they may know that there is but one God ; and that those who are endued with understanding may con- sider. CHAPTER XV. INTITLED, HEJR; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. * A. L. R. ^ These are the signs of the book, and of the perspicuous Koran. [*XIV.] ^The time may come when the unbelievers shall wish that they had been Moslems. ^ Suffer them to eat, and to enjoy themselves in this world; and let hope entertain them: but they shall hereafter know their folly. ^ We have not destroyed any city, but a fixed term of repentance was appointed them. ^ No nation shall be punished before their time shall be come ; neither shall they be respited after. ^ The Meccans say, O thou to whom the admonition hath been sent down, thou art certainly possessed with a devil: ^ wouldest thou not have come unto us with an attendance of angels, if thou hadst spoken truth ? ^ Answer, We send not down the angels unless on a just occasion : nor should Title — HejrJ] Al Hcjr is a territory in 7 The admonition,'] i. e. The revela- the province of Hejaz, between Medina tions which compose the Koran, and Syria, where the tribe of ThamCid 9 A just occasion,] When the Divine dwelt ^ ; and is mentioned towards the end Wisdom shall judge it proper to use their of the chapter. ministry, as in bearing his revelations to 1 A, L, R.] See the Prelim. Disc, the prophets, and the executing his sen- § iii. tence on wicked people ; but not to humour 3 When the unbelievers shall wish that you with their appearance in visible they had been Moslems.] Viz. When they shapes, which, should your demand be corn- shall see the success and prosperity of the plied with, would only increase your con- true believers; or when they shall come to fusion, and bring God's vengeance on you die ; or at the resurrection. the vsooiier. 1 See Prelim. Disc. p. 8. 60 A L KORAN. [cijap. they be then respited any longer. ^^ We have surely sent down the Koran ; and we will certainly preserve the same from corruption. ^^ We have heretofore sent apostles before thee, among the ancient sects : ^^ and there came no apostle unto them, but they laughed him to scorn. ^^ In the same manner will we put it into the hearts of the wicked Meccans to scoff at their prophet : ^^ they shall not believe on him ; and the sentence of the nations of old hath been executed heretofore. ^^ If we should open a gate in the heaven above them, and they should ascend thereto all the day long, they would surely say. Our eyes are only dazzled : or rather we are a people deluded by enchantments. ^^ We have placed the twelve signs in the heaven, and have set them out in various figures for the observation of spectators : ^^ and w^e guard them from every devil driven away with stones ; ^^ except him who listeneth by stealth, at whom a visible flame is darted. ^^ We have also spread forth the earth, and thrown thereon stable mountains ; and we have caused every kind of vegetable to spring forth in the same, according to a determinate weight : ^^ and we have pro- vided therein necessaries of life for you, and for him whom ye do not sustain. ^^ There is no one thing but the storehouses thereof are in our hands : and we distribute not the same otherwise than in a determinate measure. ^^ We also send the winds driving the pregnant clouds, and we send down from heaven water, whereof we give you to drink, and which ye keep not in store. ^^ Verily 10 From corruption,'] See the Prelim, birth of Mohammed they were forbidden Disc. § iv. the other four *. 15 Jnd they should ascend thereto.'] — Stones,] See chap. iii. i.e. The incredulous Meccans themselves ; 18 At whom a visible flame is darted,] or, as others rather think, the angels in For when a star seems to fall or shoot, visible forms. the Mohammedans suppose the angels, 17 We guard them from every devil, 8ic,] who keep guard in the constellations, For the Mohammedans imagine that the dart. them at the devils who approach too devils endeavour to ascend to the constel- near. lations, to pry into the actions, and over- 20 And for him whom ye do not sustain,'] hear the discourse, of the inhabitants of Viz. Your family, servants, and slaves, heaven, and to tempt them. They also whom ye wrongly imagine that ye feed pretend that these evil spirits had the yourselves ; though it is God who pro- liberty of entering any of the heavens till vides for them as well as you 2 : or, as the birth of Jesus, when they were ex- some rather think, the animals, of whom eluded three of them ; but that on the men take no care ^ ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Jallalo' ddin. XV.] A L KORAN. 61 \v^^ive Jlfej^ M^ w^^^ and we are the heirs of all things. ^^ We know those among you who go before ; and we know those who stay behind. ^^ And thy Lord shall gather them together at the last day ; for he is knowing and wise. ^^ We^creatjei^ of dried clay^^^^^ of black mud forme^^jnto shape : ^^ and we had before created the devil, of subtile fire. ^^ And remember when thy Lord said unto the angels, Verily I am about to create man of dried clay, of black mud. wrought into shape : ^^ when therefore I shall have completely formed him, and shall have breathed of my spirit into him, do ye fall down and worship him. ^^ And all the angels wor- shipped Adam together, ^^ except Eblis, who refused to be with those who worshipped him. ^^ And God said unto him, O Eblis, what hindered thee from being with those who wm^shippe"d"AbTM? answered, llTp not fit that I should worship man, whom thou hast created of dried clayroT Hack mud, wrought into shape. ^^ God said. Get thM'^Tnierefi)re liencej fo thou shalt be driven away with stones : ^''^ and a curse shall be on thee, until the day of judgment. ^^^ The devil said, O Lord, give me respite until the day of resurrection. ^^ God answered, Verily thou shalt be one of those who are respited until the day of the appointed time. ^^ The devil replied, O Lord, because thou hast seduced me, I will surely tempt them to disobedience in the earth ; and I will seduce them all ; ^^ except such of them as shall be thy chosen servants. ^^ God said. This is the right way with me. ^^ Verily as to my servants, thou shalt have no power over them ; but over those only who shall be seduced, and who shall follow thee. ^^ And hell is surely denounced unto them all : "^^ it hath seven gates : unto 23 The heirs of all things.'] i. e. x\lone Mohammed's followers, on seeing a very surviving, w^hen all creatures shall be dead beautiful woman at prayers behind the and annihilated. prophet ; some of them going out of the 24 We know those among you who go mosque before her, to avoid looking on her before, and those who stay behind.] What more nearly ; and others staying behind, these words particularly drive at, is uncer- on purpose to view her ^. tain. Some think them spoken of the 26 Created, &c.] See chap. ii. different times of men's several entrance 31 Eblis.] See ibid, and chap. 7. into this world, and their departure out of 40 This is the right way with me.] Viz. it ; others of the respective forwardness The saving of the elect, and the utter and backwardness of Mohammed's men in reprobation of the wicked, according to my battle ; and a third says, the passage was eternal decree, occasioned by the different behaviour of 43 Gates, Bzc] See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. At Beiddwi. 62 AL KORAN. [chap. every gate a distinct company of them shall be assigned. ^* But those who fear God shall dwell in gardens, amidst fountains. ^^ The angels shall say unto them, Enter ye therein in peace and security. *^ And we will remove all grudges from their breasts ; they shall be as brethren, sitting over-against one another on couches : *^ weariness shall not affect them therein, neither shall they be cast out thence for ever. ^^ Declare unto my servants that I am the gracious, the merciful God ; ^^ and that my punishment is a grievous punishment. ^^ And relate unto them the history of Abraham's guests. ^^ When they went in unto him, and said. Peace be unto thee ; he answered, Verily we are afraid of you ; ^^ and they replied, Fear not ; we bring thee the promise of a wise son. ^^ He said, Do ye bring me the promise of a son now old age hath overtaken me ? what is it therefore that ye tell me ? ^* They said. We have told thee the truth ; be not there- fore one of those who despair. ^^ He answered. And who despaireth of the mercy of God, except those who err ? ^^ And he said, What is your errand therefore, O messengers of God ? ^^ They answered. Verily we are sent to destroy a wicked people : ^^ but as for the family of Lot, we will save them all, except his wife ; ^^ we have decreed that she shall be one of those who remain be- hind to be destroyed with the infidels. ^^ And when the messengers came to the family of Lot, ^^ he said unto them. Verily ye are people who are unknown to me. ^^ They answered. But we are come unto thee to execute that sentence, concerning which your fellow-citizens doubted : ^^ we tell thee a certain truth ; and we are messengers of veracity. ^^ Therefore lead forth thy family in some time of the night ; and do thou follow behind them ; and let none of you turn back ; but go whither ye are commanded. 46 We will remove all grudges from their which might be construed a sign of con- breasts.l That is, all hatred and ill-will tempt. which they bore each other in their life- 50 Abraham's guests.'] See chap. xi. time ^ ; or, as some choose to expound it, 51 We are afraid of you.] What occa- all envy or heartburning on account of the sioned Abraham's apprehension was, either different degrees of honour and happiness their sudden entering without leave, or to which the blessed will be promoted, their coming at an unseasonable time ; or according to their respective merits. else their not eating with him. — Sitting over-against one another.] 64 Whither ye are commanded.] Wbich Never turning their backs to one another 2; was into Syria, or into Egypt ^. ^ See chap. vii. ^ JallaWddin. ^ At Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. XV.] AL KORAN. 63 ^^ And we gave him this command, because the utmost remnant of those people was to be cut off in the morning : ^^ And the inhabitants of the city came unto Lot, rejoicing at the news of the arrival of some strangers. ^^ And he said unto them, Verily these are my guests : wherefore do not disgrace me by abusing them ; ^^ but fear God, and put me not to shame. ^^ They answered, Have we not forbidden thee from entertaining or protecting any man ? ^^ Lot replied. These are my daughters : therefore rather make use of them, if ye be resolved to do what ye purpose. ^^ As thou livest they wander in their folly. ^^ Wherefore a terrible storm from heaven assailed them at sun-rise ; ^^ and we turned the city upside down ; and we rained on them stones of baked clay. ^^ Verily herein are signs unto men of sagacity : ^^ and those cities were punished, to point out a right way for men to walk in. ^^ Verily herein is a sign unto the true believers. ^^ The inhabitants of the wood near Midian were also ungodly ; '^^ wherefore we took vengeance on them. And both of them were destroyed, to serve as a manifest rule for men to direct their actions by. ^^ And the inhabitants of Al Hejr likewise heretofore accused the messengers of God of imposture : ^^ and we produced our signs unto them, but they retired afar off from the same. ^\ And they hewed houses out of the mountains to secure themselves. ^^ But a terrible noise from heaven assailed them in the morning : ^^ neither was what they had wrought of any advantage unto them. ^^ We have not created the heavens and the earth, and whatever is contained between them, otherwise than injustice: and the hour of judgment shall surely come. Wherefore, O Mohammed, forgive thy people with a gracious forgiveness. ^^ Verily thy Lord is the creator of thee and of them, and knoweth what is 71 They wander, &c.] Some will have 78 We took vengeance on them.'] De- these words spoken by the angels to Lot; stroying them for their incredulity and others by God to Mohammed. disobedience, by a hot, suffocating wind 2. 'JT The inhabitants of the wood.] To whom 79 The inhabitants of al Hejr.'] Who Shoaib was also sent ; as well as to the in- were the tribe of Thamud ^. habitants of Midian. Abu'lfeda says these 84 Forgive, &c.] This verse, it is said, people dwelt near Tabuc, and that they was abrogated by that of the Sword, were not of the same tribe with Shoaib \ ^ See also Geogr. Nub. p. 110. * ji Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. ^ See chap. vii. and Prelim. Disc. p. 8. 64 AL KORAN. [chap. most expedient. ^^ We have already brought unto thee seven verses which are frequently to be repeated, and the glorious Koran. ^^ Cast not thine eyes on the good things which we have bestowed on several of the unbe- lievers, so as to covet the same ; neither be thou grieved on their account. ^^ Behave thyself with meekness to- wards the true believers ; and say, I am a public preacher. ^^ If they believe not, we will inflict a like punishment on them, as we have inflicted on the dividers, ^^ who distin- guished the Koran into different parts ; ^^ for by thy Lord, we will demand an account from them all, ^^ of that which they have wrought. ^^ Wherefore publish that which thou hast been commanded, and withdraw from the idolaters. ^^ We will surely take thy part against the scoflers, ^^ who associate with God another god ; they shall surely know their folly. ^^ And now we well know 86 Seven verses^ 8fc.'] That is, the first chapter of the Koran, which consists of so many verses : though some suppose the seven long chapters ^ are here intended. 87 Cast not thine eyes on the good things which we have bestowed on several of the unbelievers J &c.] That is, Do not envy or covet their worldly prosperity, since thou hast received in the Koran a blessing, in comparison whereof, all that we have bestowed on them, ought to be contemned as of no value. Al Beidawi mentions a tradition, that Mohammed meeting at Adhriat (a town of Syria) seven caravans very richly laden, belonging to some Jews of the tribes of Koreidha and al Nadir, his men had a great mind to plunder them, saying. That those riches would be of great service for the propagation of God's true religion. But the prophet represented to them, by this passage, that they had no reason to repine, God having given them the seven verses, which were infi- nitely more valuable than those seven caravans ^. 89 The dividers.'] Some interpret the original word, the obstructors^ who hin- dered men from entering Mecca, to visit the temple, lest they should be persuaded to embrace Islam ; and this, it is said, was done by ten men who were all slain at Bedr. Others translate the word, Who hound themselves by oath ; and suppose certain Thamudites, who swore to kill Saleh by night, are here meant. But the sentence more probably relates to the Jews and Christians, who (say the Mohamme- dans) receive some part of the scriptures, and reject others ; and also approved of some passages of the Koran, and disap- proved of others, according to their preju- dices ; or else to the unbelieving Meccans, some of whom called the Koran, a piece of witchcraft ; others, flights of divination ; others, old stories ; and others, a poetical composition ^. 94 We will take thy part against the scoffers.] This passage, it is said, was re- vealed on account of five noble Koreish, whose names were al Walid Ebn al Mog- heira, al As Ebn Wayel, Oda Ebn Kais, al Aswad Ebn Abd Yaghuth, and al Aswad Ebn al Motalleb. These were inveterate enemies of Mohammed, continually perse- cuting him, and turning him into ridicule : wherefore at length Gabriel came, and told him that he was commanded to take his part against them ; and on the angel's making a sign towards them one after another, al Walid passing by some arrows, one of them hitched in his garment, and he, out of pride, not stooping to take it off, but walking forward, the head of it cut a vein in his heel, and he bled to death. Al As was killed with a thorn, which struck him into the sole of his foot, and caused his leg to swell to a monstrous size. Oda died with violent and perpetual sneezing. Al Aswad Ebn Abd Yaguth run his head against a thorny tree, and killed himself, and al Aswad Ebn al Mo- talleb was struck blind *. ^ See chap. ix. 2 Al Beidawi. ^ Idem, Jallalo' ddin. * Al Beiddwi. XVI.] AL KORAN. 65 that thou art deeply concerned on account of that which they say : ^^ but do thou celebrate the praise of thy Lord; and be one of those who worship : ^^ and serve thy Lord, until death shall overtake thee. 98 Death.] Literally, That which is certain. CHAPTER XVI. INTITLED, THE BEE ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ THE sentence of God will surely come to be executed ; wherefore do not hasten it. Praise be unto him ! and far be that from him which they associate with him ! ^ He shall cause the angels to descend with a revelation by his command, unto such of his servants as he pleaseth, saying, preach that there is no God, except myself; therefore fear me. ^ He hath created the heavens and the earth to manifest his justice ; far be that from him which they associate with him ! ^ He hath created man of seed ; and yet behold he is a professed disputer against the resurrec- tion. ^ He hath likewise created the cattle for you : from them ye have wherewith to keep yourselves warm, and other advantages ; and of them do ye also eat. ^ And they are likewise a credit unto you, when ye drive them home in the evening, and when ye lead them forth to feed in the morning : ^ arid they carry your burdens to a distant country, at which ye could not otherwise arrive, unless with great difficulty to yourselves: for your Lord is compassionate and merciful. ^ And he hath also created horses, and mules, and asses, that ye may ride thereon, and for an ornament unto you ; and he likewise createth Title— Bee.~\ This insect is mentioned with a rotten bone, and asked him whether about the middle of the chapter. it was possible for God to restore it to life ^, Title — Mecca.^ Except the three last 5 Ye have wherewith to keep yourselves verses. warm.'] Viz. Their skins, wool, and hair, 4 Behold he is a professed disputer which serve you for clothing. against the resurrection.] The person 6* J credit unto you.] Being a grace particula ly intended in this place, was to your court-yards, and a credit to you in Obba Ebn Khalf, who came to Mohammed the eyes of your neighbours ^. * ^l Beiddwi. - ^ Idem. VOL. II. F 66 A L KORAN. [chap. other things which ye know not. ^ It appertaineth unto God, to instruct men in the right way ; and there is who turneth aside from the same : but if he had pleased, he would certainly have directed you all. ^^ It is he who sendeth down from heaven rain-water, whereof ye have to drink, and from which plants, whereof ye feed your cattle, receive their nourishment. ^^ And by means thereof he causeth corn, and olives, and palm-trees, and grapes, and all kinds of fruits, to spring forth for you. Surely herein is a sign of the divine power and wisdom unto people who consider. ^^ And he hath subjected the night and the day to your service ; and the sun, and the moon, and the stars, which are compelled to serve by his command. Verily herein are signs unto people of understanding. ^^ And he hath also given you dominion over whatever he hath created for you in the earth, distinguished by its different colour. Surely herein is a sign unto people who reflect. ^* It is he who hath subjected the sea unto you, that ye might eat fish thereout, and take from thence ornaments for you to wear: and thou seest the ships ploughing the waves thereof, that ye may seek to enrich yourselves of his abundance, by commerce ; and that ye might give thanks. ^^ And he hath thrown upon the earth mountains firmly rooted, lest it should move with you, and also rivers, and paths, that ye might be directed : ^^ and he hath likewise ordained marks whereby men may know their way; and they are directed by the stars. ^^ Shall God therefore, who createth, be as he who createth not? Do ye not therefore consider? ^^If ye attempt to reckon up the favours of God, ye shall not be 13 Distinguished by its different co- Mohammedans suppose that the earth, lour.'] That is, of every kind ; the va- when first created, was smooth and equal, rious colour of things being one of their and- thereby liable to a circular motion as chief distinctions ^ well as the celestial orbs : and that the 14 Fish.] Literally /res^i flesh; by angels asking, who could be able to stand which fish is meant, as being naturally on so tottering a frame, God fixed it the more fresh, and sooner liable to corrup- next morning by throwing the mountains lion, than the flesh of birds and beasts, on il. The expression is thought to have been 16 And they are directed by the stars.] made use of here the rather, because the Which are their guides not only at sea, production of such fresh food from salt but also on land, when they travel by water is an instance of God's power 2. night through the deserts. The stars which — Ornaments.] As pearls and coral. they observe for this purpose are either the 15 Lest it should move with you.] The Pleiades, or some of those near the pole. 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. XVI.] AL KORAN. 67 able to compute their number. God is surely gracious and merciful ; ^^ and God knowetli that which ye conceal, and that which ye publish. ^^ But the idols which ye invoke, besides God, create nothing, but are themselves created. ^^ They are dead, and not living ; neither do they understand when they shall be raised. ^^ Your God is one God. As to those who believe not in the life to come, their hearts deny the plainest evidence, and they proudly reject the truth. ^^ There is no doubt but God knoweth that which they conceal, and that which they discover ; verily he lovetli not the proud. ^^ And when it is said unto them, What hath your Lord sent down unto Mohammed ? they answer. Fables, of ancient times. ^^ Thus are they given up to error, that they may bear their own burthens without diminution on the day of re- surrection, and also a part of the burthens of those whom they caused to err, without knowledge. Will it not be an evil burthen which they shall bear ? ^^ Their prede- cessors devised plots heretofore ; but God came unto their building, to overthrow it from the foundations ; and the roof fell on them from above, and a punishment came upon them, from whence they did not expect. ^^ Also on the day of resurrection he will cover them with shame ; and will say, Where are my companions, concerning whom ye disputed ? Those unto whom knowledge shall have been« given, shall answer, This day shall shame and misery fall upon the unbelievers. ^^ They whom the angels shall cause to die, having dealt unjustly with their own souls, shall offer to make their peace in the article of death, saying, We have done no evil. But the angels 21 When they shall be raised.'] i. e. At heaven, and wage war with the inhabitants what time they or their worshippers shall of that place ; but God frustrated his at- he raised to receive judgment. tempt, utterly overthrowing the tower by 26 God overthrew their building, &c.] a violent wind and earthquake *. Some understand this passage figuratively, 27 Those unto whom knoivledge shall have of God's disappointing their wicked de- been given.] Viz. The prophets, and the signs: but others suppose the words lite- teachers and professors of God's unity or rally relate to the tower which Nimrod the angels. (whom the Mohammedans will have to be 28 Shall offer to make their peace.] the son of Canaan, the son of Ham, and Making their submission, and humbly ex- so the nephew of Cush, and not his son) cusing their evil actions, as proceeding built in Babel, and carried to an immense from ignorance, and not from obstinacy or height (five thousand cubits, say some), malice^, foolishly purposing thereby to ascend to . 1 Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddiru V. D'Herbelot, Bibl. Orient. Art. Nimrod. 2 lidem Interp. F 2 68 AL KORAN. [chap. shall reply, Yea ! verily God well knowetli that which ye have wrought : ^^ wherefore enter the gates of hell, therein to remain for ever ; and miserable shall be the abode of the proud. ^^ And it shall be said unto those who shall fear God, What hath your Lord sent down ? They shall answer, Good : unto those who do right, shall be given an excellent reward in this world ; but the dwelling of the next life shall be better; and happy shall be the dwelling of the pious ! ^^ namely, gardens of eternal abode, into which they shall enter ; rivers shall flow beneath the same ; therein shall they enjoy whatever they wish. Thus will God recompense the pious. ^^Unto the righteous whom the angels shall cause to die, they shall say, Peace be unto you ; enter ye into paradise, as a reward for that which ye have wrought. ^^ Do the unbelievers expect any other than that the angels come unto them, to part their souls from their bodies ; or that the sentence of thy Lord come to be executed on them ? So did they act who were before them : and God was not unjust towards them in that he destroyed them ; but they dealt unjustly with their own souls : ^^ the evils of that which they com- mitted reached them ; and the divine judgment, which they scoffed at, fell upon them. ^^ The idolaters say. If God had pleased, we had not worshipped any thing be- sides him, neither had our fathers : neither had we for- bidden any thing without him. So did they who were before them. But is the duty of the apostles any other than public preaching ? ^^ We have heretofore raised up in every nation an apostle to admonish them, saying, Worship God, and avoid Taghut. And of them there were some whom God directed, and there were others of them who were decreed to go astray. Wherefore go through the earth, O tribe of Koreish, and see what hath been the end of those who accused their apostles of imposture. ^^ If thou, O prophet, dost earnestly wish for their direction ; verily God will not direct him whom he 31 Gardens of eternal abode.] Lite- idolatry, and superstitious abstaining from Yd\\y f gardens of Eden. See chap. ix. certain cattle^, by pretending that had 35 If God had pleased we had not wor- these things been disagreeable to God, he shipped any beside him, &c.] This they would not have suffered theni to bepractised. spoke in a scoffing manner, justifying their 36 Taghut.'] See chap. ii. 1 See chap. vi. XVI.] AL KORAN. 69 hath resolved to lead into error ; neither shall they have any helpers. ^^ And they swear most solemnly by God, saying God will not raise the dead. ^^ Yea, the promise thereof is true : but the greater part of them know it not. He will raise them, that he may clearly shew them the truth concerning which they now disagree, and that the unbelievers may know that they are liars. ^^ Verily our speech unto any thing, when we will the same, is, that we only say unto it. Be ; and it is. *^ As for those who have fled their country for the sake of God, after they had been unjustly persecuted, we will surely provide them an excellent habitation in this world ; but the re- ward of the next life shall be greater ; if they knew it. ^^They who persevere patiently, and put their trust in their Lord, shall not fail of happiness in this life, and in that which is to come. ^^ We have not sent any be-" fore thee, as our apostles, other than men, unto whom we spake by revelation. Inquire therefore of those who have the custody of the scriptures, if ye know not this to be truth. ^^We sent them with evident miracles, and written revelations; and we have sent down unto thee this Koran, that thou mayest declare unto mankind that which hath been sent down unto them, and that they may consider. ^^ Are they who have plotted evil against their prophet secure that God will not cause the earth to cleave under them, or that a punishment will not come upon them from whence they do not expect ; ^^ or that he will not chastise them while they are busied in travelling from one place to another, and in traffick ; (for they shall not be able to elude the power of God ;) ^^ or that he will not chastise them by a gradual destruction ? But your Lord is truly gracious and merciful in granting you re- 41 Who had fled their country after they — If they knew it.'] It is uncertain had been unjustly persecuted.'] Some sup- whether the pronoun they relates to the pose the prophet, and the companions of infidels, or to the true believers. If to the his flight in general, are here intended : former, the consequence would be, that others suppose that those are particularly they would be desirous of attaining to the meant in this place, who after Moham- happiness of the Mohajerin, by professing med'sdeparture,wereimprisoned at Mecca, the same faith; if to the latter, the know- on account of their having embraced his ledge of this is urged as a motive to pa- religion, and suffered great persecution tience and perseverance ^. from the Koreish ; as Belal, Soheib, Khab- 43 Men.^ See chap. vii. and chap. xii. bab, Ammar, Abes, Abu'l Jandal, and 44 This Koran.] Literally, this admo- SohaiU. nition^ ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ idem. ^ g^e the Prelim. Disc. § iii. p. 67. 70 ^ AL KORAN. [chap. spite. *^ Do they not consider the things which God hath created ; whose shadows are cast on the right hand and on the left, worshipping God, and become contracted ? ^^ Whatever nioveth, both in heaven and on earth, wor- shippeth God, and the angels also; and they are not elated with pride, so as to disdain his service : ^^ they fear their Lord, who is exalted above them, and perform that which they are commanded. ^^ God said, Take not unto yourselves two gods ; for there is but one God : and re- vere me. ^^ Unto him belongeth whatsoever is in heaven and on earth ; and unto him is obedience eternally due. Will ye therefore fear any besides God ? ^^ Whatever favours ye have received, are certainly from God ; and when evil afflicteth you, unto him do ye make your sup- plication ; ^^ yet, when he taketh the evil from off you, behold, a part of you give a companion unto their Lord, to shew their ingratitude for the favours we have be- stowed on them. ^^ Delight yourselves in the enjoyments of this life : but hereafter shall ye know that ye cannot escape the divine vengeance. ^^ And they set apart unto idols which have no knowledge, a part of the food which we have provided for them. By God, ye shall surely be called to account for that which ye have falsely devised. ^^ They attribute daughters unto God ; (far be it from him !) but unto themselves children of the sex which they desire. ^^ And when any of them is told the news of the birth of a female, his face becometh black, and he is deeply afflicted: ^^he hideth himself from the people, because of the ill tidings which have been told him; considering within himself whether he shall keep it with disgrace, or whether he shall bury it in the dust. Do they not make an ill judgment ? ^^ Unto those who be- 48 God.'] See chap. xiii. 57 Daughters,] See the Prelim. Disc. 56 Idols which have no knowledge.] Or, p, 20. Al Beidawi says, that the tribes which they know not ; foolishly imagining of Khozaah and Kenana, in particalar, that they have power to help them, or used to call the angels the daughters of interest with God to intercede for God. them. — Of the sex which they desire.] Viz. As to the ancient Arabs setting apart a Sons ; for the birth of a daughter was certain portion of the produce of their looked upon as a kind of misfortune among lands for their idols, and their superstitious the Arabs ; and they often used to put abstaining from the use of certain cattle, them to death by burying them alive ^ in honour to the same, see chap, v and vi, 58 His face becometh black.] Viz. and the notes there. Clouded with confusion and sorrow. ^ See chap. Ixxxi. XVI.] AL KORAN. 71 lieve not in the next life, the similitude of evil ought to be applied, and unto God the most sublime similitude : for he is mighty and wise. ^^ If God should punish men for their iniquity, he would not leave on the earth any moving thing : but he giveth them respite unto an ap- pointed time ; and when their time shall come, they shall not be respited an hour, neither shall their punishment be anticipated. ^^ They attribute unto God that which they dislike themselves, and their tongues utter a lie ; namely, that the reward of paradise is for them. There is no doubt but that the fire of hell is prepared for them, and that they shall be sent thither before the rest of the wicked. ^^ By God, we have heretofore sent messengers unto the nations before thee : but Satan prepared their works for them ; he was their patron in this world ; and in that which is to come they shall suffer a grievous tor- ment. ^^ We have not sent down the book of the Koran unto thee, for any other purpose, than that thou shouldest declare unto them that truth concerning which they dis- agree and for a direction and mercy unto people who be- lieve. ^^ God sendeth down water from heaven, and causeth the earth to revive after it hath been dead. Verily herein is a sign of the resurrection unto people who hearken. ^^ Ye have also in cattle an example of instruction: we give you to drink of that which is in their bellies, a liquor between digested dregs, and blood, namely, pure milk, which is swallowed with pleasure by those who drink it. ^^ And of the fruit of palm-trees, and of grapes, ye obtain an inebriating liquor, and also 60 Similitude,'] This passage condemns Or, He is the patron of them (viz. the the Meccans' injudicious and blasphemous Koreish) this day, &c. application of such circumstances to God 66 A liquor between digested dregSy and as were unworthy of him, and not only blood.'] The milk consisting of certain derogatory to the perfections of the Deity, particles of the blood, supplied from the but even disgraceful to man ; while they finer parts of the aliment. Ebn Abbas arrogantly applied the more honourable says, that the grosser parts of the food circumstances to themselves. subside into excrement, and that the finer 62 They attribute unto God that which parts are converted into milk, and the they dislike themselves.] By giving him finest of all into blood. daughters, and associates in power and — Pure milk.] Having neither the honour ; by disregarding his messengers ; colour of the blood, nor the smell of the and by setting apart the better share of excrements. the presents and offerings for their idols, 67 And of the fruits of palm -trees) and and the worse for him i. of grapes^ ye obtain an inebriating liquor, 63 He was their patron in this world.] and also good nourishment,] Not only 1 Al Beiddwi, 72 A L KORAN. [chap. good nourishment. Verily herein is a sign unto people who understand. ^^ Thy Lord spake by inspiration unto THE BEE, saying, Provide thee houses in the mountains, and in the trees, and of those materials wherewith men build hives for thee : ^^ then eat of every kind of fruit, and walk in the beaten paths of thy Lord. There pro- ceedeth from their bellies a liquor of various colour; wherein is a medicine for men. Verily herein is a sign unto people who consider. ^^ God hath created you, and he will hereafter cause you to die : and some of you shall have his life prolonged to a decrepit age, so that he shall forget whatever he knew ; for God is wise and powerful. ^^ God causeth some of you to excel others in worldly possessions ; yet they who are caused to excel, do not give their wealth unto the slaves whom their right hands possess, that they may become equal sharers therein. Do they therefore deny the beneficence of God ? ^^ God hath ordained you wives from among yourselves, and of your wives hath granted you children and grand-children ; and hath bestowed on you good things for food. Will they therefore believe in that which is vain, and ungratefully deny the goodness of God ? ^^ They worship, besides wine, which is forbidden, but also lawful useful remedy in several distempers, par- food, as dates, raisins, a kind of honey ticularly those occasioned by phlegm, flowing from the dates, and vinegar. There is a story that a man came once to Some have supposed that these words Mohammed, and told him that his brother allow the moderate use of wine ; but the was afflicted with a violent pain in his contrary is the received opinion ^ belly : upon which the prophet bade him 68 Houses.^ So the apartments which give him some honey. The fellow took the bee builds are here called, because of his advice; but soon after coming again, their beautiful workmanship, and the ad- told him that the medicine had done his mirable contrivance, which no geometri- brother no manner of service. Moham- cian can excel ^. nied answered. Go and give him more 69 And walk in the beaten paths of thy honey, for God speaks truth, and thy bro- Lord.^ I. e. The ways through which, by ther's belly lies. And the dose being re- Goo's power, the bitter flowers passing peated, the man, by God's mercy, was the bee's stomach become honey ; or, the immediately cured ^ methods of making honey, which he has 71 They give not their wealth unto their taught her by instinct; or else the ready slaves y &c.^ These words reprove the idol- way home from the distant places to which atrous Meccans, who could admit created that insect flies ^, beings to a share of the divine honour, — A liquor of various colour,'] Viz. though they suffered not their slaves to Honey ; the colour of which is very dif- share with themselves in what God had ferent, occasioned by the different plants bestowed on them ^ on which the bees feed : some being white, ^2 From among yourselves.'] That is, some yellow, some red, and some black *. of your own nations and tribes. Some — Wherein is a medicine for men.] think ihe formation of Eve from Adam is The same being not only good food, but a here intended. * See chap. ii. 2 ji Beiddwi, ^ Idem. * Idem. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. XVI .] ^ AL KORAN. 73 God, idols which possess nothing wherewith to sustain them, either in heaven or on earth ; and have no power. ^^ Wherefore liken not any thing unto God : for God knoweth, but ye know not. ^^God propoundeth as a parable a possessed slave, who hath power over nothing, and him on whom we have bestowed a good provision from us, and who giveth alms thereout both secretly and openly : shall these two be esteemed equal ? God forbid ! But the greater part of them know it not. ^^ God also propoundeth as a parable two men; one of them born dumb, who is unable to do or understand any thing, but is a burthen unto his master ; whithersoever he shall send him, he shall not return with any good success ; shall this man, and he who hath his speech and understanding, and who commandeth that which is just, and followeth the right way, be esteemed equal ? ^^ Unto God alone is the secret of heaven and earth known. And the business of the last hour shall be only as the twinkling of an eye, or even more quick : for God is almighty. ^^ God hath brought you forth from the wombs of your mothers ; ye knew nothing, and he gave you the senses of hearing and seeing, and understandings, that ye might give thanks. ^^ Do they not behold the fowls which are enabled to fly in the open firmament of heaven ? none supporteth them except God. Verily herein are signs unto people wlio^ believe. ^^ God hath also provided your houses for habit- ations for you ; and hath also provided you tents of the skins of cattle, which ye find light to be removed on the day of your departure to new quarters, and easy to be 74 Liken 7iot any thing unto God.'] Or family abundantly, and also assisteth others propound no similitudes or comparisons who have need, both in public and in between him and his creatures. One argu- private 2. ment the Meccans employed in defence of 76 God also propoundeth as a parable their idolatry, it seems, was, that the wor- two metif &c.] The idol is here again re- ship of inferior deities did honour to God; presented under the image of one who, by in the same manner as the respect shown a defect in his senses, is a useless burthen to the servants of a prince, does honour to to the man who maintains him ; and God, the prince himself^. under that of a person completely quali- 75 God propoundeth as a parable a pos- fied either to direct or execute any useful sessed slave, &c.] The idols are here undertaking. Some suppose the compari- likened to a slave, who is so far from having son is intended of a true believer and an any thing of his own, that he is himself in infidel. the possession of another ; whereas God is 77 The hisiness of the last hour.] That as a rich free man, who provideth for his is. The resurrection of the dead. * At Beiddwi. ^ Idem, JallaWddin, 74 AL KORAN. [chap. pitched on the day of your sitting down therein : and of their wool, and their fur, and their hair, hath he supplied you with furniture and household stuff for a season. ®^ And God hath provided for you, of that which he hath created, conveniences to shade you from the sun, and he hath also provided you places of retreat in the moun- tains, and he hath given you garments to defend you from the heat, and coats of mail to defend you in your wars. Thus doth he accomplish his favour towards you, that ye may resign yourselves unto him. ^^ But if they turn back; verily thy duty is public preaching only. ^^ They acknow- ledge the goodness of God, and afterwards they deny the same, but the greater part of them are unbelievers. ^* On a certain day we will raise a witness out of every nation : then they who shall have been unbelievers shall not be suffered to excuse themselves, neither shall they be re- ceived into favour. ^^ And when they who shall have acted unjustly, shall see the torment prepared for them (it shall not be mitigated unto them, neither shall they be respited) ; ^^ and when those who shall have been guilty of idolatry shall see their false gods; they shall say, O Lord, these are our idols which we invoked, besides thee. But they shall return an answer unto them, saying. Verily ye are liars. ^^And on that day shall the wicked offer submission unto God; and the false deities which they imagined shall abandon them. ^^As for those who shall have been infidels, and shall have turned aside others from the way of God, we will 81 Conveniences to shade you from the their worship and thanks to their idols, by sun.'] As trees, houses, tents, mountains, whose intercession they imagine blessings &c. are obtained. — Places of retreat in the mountains.'] — But the greater part of them are un- Viz. Caves and grottoes, both natural and believers.] Absolutely denying God's pro- artificial, vidence, either through ignorance, or per- — To defend you from the heat.] Al verseness. Beidawi says, that one extreme, and that 84 A witness.] See chap. iv. the most insupportable in Arabia, is here 86 Their false gods.] Literally, their put for both ; but Jallalo'ddin supposes companions. that by heat, we are in this place to under- — Ye are liars.] For that we are not stand cold. the companions of God, as ye imagined ; 83 They acltnowledge the goodness of neither did ye really serve us, but your God. and afterwards deny the same.] Con- own corrupt affections and lusts ; nor yet fessing God to be the author of all the were ye led into idolatry by us, but ye blessings they enjoy ; and yet directing fell into it of your own accord ^ Al Beiddwi, XVI.] AL KORAN. 75 add unto them punishment upon punishment, because they have corrupted others. ^^ On a certain day we will raise up in every nation a witness against them from among themselves ; and we will bring thee, O Moham- med, as a witness against these Arabians. We have sent ^ down unto thee the book of the Koran, for an explica- tion of every thing necessary both as to faith and prac- tice, and a direction, and mercy, and good tidings unto the Moslems. ^^ Verily God commandeth justice, and the doing of good, and the giving unto kindred what shall be necessary ; and he forbiddeth wickedness, and iniquity, and oppression : he admonisheth you that ye may remem- ber. ^^ Perform your covenant with God, when ye enter into covenant with him ; and violate not your oaths, after the ratification thereof; since ye have made God a wit- ness over you. Verily God knoweth that which ye do. ^^ And be not like unto her who undoeth that which she hath spun, untwisting it after she hath twisted it strongly ; taking your oaths between you deceitfully, because one party is more numerous than another party. Verily God only tempteth you therein ; and he will make that mani- fest unto you, on the day of resurrection, concerning which ye now disagree. ^^ If God had pleased, he would surely have made you one people : but he will lead into error whom he pleaseth, and he will direct whom he pleaseth; and ye shall surely give an account of that 90 Remember, &c.] This verse, which Mohammed by his followers, is chiefly in-' was the occasion of the conversion of 0th- tended here. man Ebn Matun, the commentators say, 92 Be not like her who undoeth that containeth the whole which it is a man's which she hath spun, &c.] Some suppose duty either to perform or to avoid ; and is that a particular woman is meant in this alone a sufficient demonstration of what is passage, who used (like Penelope) to undo said in the foregoing verse. Under the at night the work which she had done in three things here commanded, they under- the day. Her name, they say, was Reita stand the belief of God's unity, without Bint Saad Ebn Teym, of the tribe of Ko- inclining to atheism, on the one hand, or reish 2. polytheism, on the other ; obedience to — Taking your oaths deceitfully, he- the commands of God; and charity to- cause one party is more numerous than wards those in distress. And under the another,'] Of this insincerity in their al- three things forbidden, they comprehend liances the Koreish are accused ; it being all corrupt and carnal affections ; all false usual with them, when they saw the ene- doctrines and heretical opinions ; and all mies of their confederates to be superior injustice towards man ^. in force, to renounce their league with their 91 Perform your covenant with God.] old friends, and strike up one with the By persevering in his true religion. , Some others ^. think that the oath of fidelity taken to 93 One people.] Or, of one religion. 1 Al Beiddwi, * Idem. ^ Idem. 76 A L KORAN. [chap. which ye have done. ^^ Therefore take not your oaths be- tween you deceitfully, lest your foot slip, after it hath been stedfastly fixed, and ye taste evil in this life, for that ye have turned aside from the way of God ; and ye suffer a grievous punishment in the life to come. ^^ And sell not the covenant of God for a small price ; for with God is a better recompense prepared for you, if ye be men of understanding. ^^ That which is with you will fail ; but that which is with God is permanent ; and we will surely reward those who shall persevere according to the utmost merit of their actions. ^^ Whoso worketh righteousness, whether he be male or female, and is a true believer, we will surely raise him to a happy life ; and we will give them their reward according to the utmost merit of their actions. \When thou readest the Koran, have recourse unto God, that he may preserve thee from Satan driven away with stones : ^^ he hath no power over those who believe, and who put their confidence in their Lord ; ^^^ but his power is over those only who take Jiini for their patron, and who give companions unto God.V^^ When we substitute in the Koran an abrogating verse in lieu of a verse abrogated, (and God best knoweth the fitness of that which he revealeth,) the infidels say. Thou art only a forger of these verses : but the greater part of them know not truth from falsehood. ^^^ Say, The holy spirit hath brought the same down from thy Lord with truth ; that he may confirm those who believe, and for a direction and good tidings unto the Moslems. ^^^ We also know that they say, Verily, a certain man teacheth him to compose the Koran. The tongue of the person 95 Sell not the covenant of God for a sured them that those words were put into small price, ~\ That is, Be not prevailed on his mouth by the devil ; and to prevent any to renounce your religion, or your engage- such accident for the future, he is here ments with your prophet, by any promises taught to beg God's protection before he or gifts of the infidels. For it seems the entered on that duty ^, Hence the Mo- Koreish, to tempt the poorer Moslems to hammedans, before they begin to read any apostatize, made them offers, not very con- part of this book, repeat these words, I siderable indeed, but such as they ima- have recourse unto God for assistance gined might be worth their acceptance '. against Satan driven away with stones. 98 When thou readest the Koran, have 102 The holy spirit,'] Viz. Gabriel. See recourse unto God, &c.] Mohammed one chap. ii. day reading in the Koran, uttered a horrid 103 A certain man teacheth him, &c.] blasphemy, to the great scandal of those This was a great objection made by the who were present, as will be observed in Meccans to the authority of the Koran : another place ^ ; to excuse which, he as- for when Mohammed insisted, as a proof * Al Beiddwi. ^ In not. ad cap. xxii. ^ Jallalo' ddin, Al Beiddwi, Yahya, &c. XVI.] AL KORAN. 77 unto whom they incline, is a foreign tongue ; but this, wherein the Koran is written, is the perspicuous Arabic of its divine original, that it was impos- sible a man so utterly unacquainted with learning as himself, could compose such a book, they replied, that he had one or more assistants in the forgery ; but as to the particular person or persons, suspected of this confederacy, the traditions differ. One says it was Jabar, a Greek servant to Amer Ebn al Hadrami, who could read and write welU; another, that they were Jabar and Yesar, two slaves, who followed the trade of sword-cutlers at Mecca, and used to read the pentateuch and gospel, and had often Mohammed for their audi- tor, when he passed that way ^. Another tells us, it was one A'lsh, or Yai'sh, a do- mestic of Haweiteb Ebn Abd al Uzza, who was a man of some learning, and had embraced Mohammedism ^. Another sup- poses it was one Kais, a Christian, whose house Mohammed frequented *; another, that it was Addas, a servant of Otba Ebn Rabia ^ ; and another, that it was Salman the Persian ^. According to some Christian writers '^, Abdallah Ebn Salam, the Jew, who was so intimate with Mohammed, (named by one, according to the Hebrew dialect, Ab- dias Ben Salon, and by another, Abdala Celen) was assisting to him in the com- piling his pretended revelations. This Jew Dr. Prideaux confounds with Salman the Persian, who was a very ditferent man, as a late author ^ has observed be- fore me ; wherefore, and for that we may have occasion to speak of Salman here- after, it may be proper to add a brief ex- tract of his story, as told by himself. He was of a good family of Ispahan, and in his younger years left the religion of his country to embrace Christianity ; and tra- velling into Syria, was advised, by a cer- tain monk of Amuria, to go into Arabia ; where a prophet was expected to arise about that time, who should establish the religion of Abraham, arid whom he should know, among other things, by the seal of prophecy between his shoulders. Salman performed the journey, and meeting with Mohammed at Koba, where he rested in his flight to Medina, soon found him to be the person he sought, and professed Is- lam 9. The general opinion of the Christians however is, that the chief help Mohammed had in the contriving his Koran, was from a Nestorian monk named Sergius, sup- posed to be the same person with the monk Boheira, with whom Mohammed in his younger years had some conference at Bosra, a city of Syria Damascena, where that monk resided '^. To confirm which supposition, a passage has been produced from an Arab writer ^*, who says that Bo- heira's name in the books of the Chris- tians is Sergius : but this is only a con- jecture : and another ^^ tells us, his true name was Said, or Felix, and his surname Boheira. But be that as it will, if Bo- heira and Sergius were the same man, I find not the least intimation in the Mo- hammedan writers, that he ever quitted his monastery to go into Arabia (as is sup- posed by the Christians) ; and his ac- quaintance with Mohammed at Bosra was too early to favour the surmise of his as- sisting him in the Koran, which was com- posed long after ; though Mohammed might, from his discourse, gain some know- ledge of Christianity, and of the scriptures, which might be of use to him therein. From the answer given in this passage of the Koran, to the objection of the in- fidels, viz. that the person suspected by them to have a hand in the Koran, spoke a foreign language, and therefore could not, with any face of probability, be sup- posed to assist in a composition written in the Arabic tongue, and with so great ele- gance, it is plain this person was no Ara- bian. The word Ajami, which is here used, signifies any foreign or barbarous language in general ; but the Arabs ap- plying it more particularly to the Persian, it has been thence concluded by some, that Salman was the person ; however, if it be true, that he came not to Mohammed till after the Hejra, either he could not be the man here intended, or else this verse must have been revealed at Medina, con- trary to the common opinion. ^ Jl Zamakhshari, Al BeiddwU Yahya. Prid. Life of Mah. p. 32. ^ ijdem. 2 A I Zamakhshariy Al Beiddwi, See * JallaWddin. ^ Al Zamak. Yahya, ^ Al Zamakh. Al BeiddwL ^ Ricardi Confut. legis Saracenicae, c. 13. Joh. Andreas, de confus. sectae Mahometanse, c. 2. See Prid. Life of Mah. p. 33, 34. ^ Gagnier, not. in Abulf. vit. Moh. p. 74. ^ Ex Ebn Ishak. V. Gagnier, ibid. '° See Prid. ubi sup. p. 35, &c. Gagnier, ubi sup. p. 10, II. J/arracc. de Alcor. p. 37. ^^ At Masudi. ^- Ahul Hasan al Becrl in Koran. 78 AL KORAN. [chap. tongue. ^^* Moreover, as for those who believe not in the signs of God, God will not direct them, and they shall suffer a painful torment : ^^^ verily they imagine a falsehood who believe not in the signs of God, and they are really the liars. ^^^ Whoever denieth God, after he hath believed, except him who shall be compelled against his will, and whose heart continueth stedfast in the faith, shall be severely chastised : but whoever shall voluntarily profess infidelity, on those shall the indignation of God fall, and they shall suffer a grievous punishment. ««^^^^ This shall be their sentence, because they have loved the pre- sent life above that which is to come, and for that God directeth not the unbelieving people. ^^^ These are they whose hearts, and hearing, and sight, God hath sealed up ; and these are the negligent : ^^^ there is no doubt, but that in the next life they shall perish. "^ Moreover thy Lord will be favourable unto those who have fled their 106 Except him who shall he compelled against his willy &c.J These words were added for the sake of Ammar Ebn Yaser, and some others, who, being taken and tortured by the Koreish, renounced their faith out of fear, though their hearts agreed not with their mouths ^ It seems, Am- mar wanted the constancy of his father and mother, Yaser, and Sommeya, who underwent the like trial, at the same time, with their son, and resolutely refusing to recant, were both put to death ; the in- fidels tying Sommeya between two camels, and striking a lance through her privy parts 2. When the news was brought to Mohammed, that Ammar had denied the faith, he said, it could not be, for that Ammar was full of faith from the crown of his head to the sole of his foot, faith being mixed and incorporated with his very flesh and blood ; and when Ammar himself came weeping to the prophet, he wiped his eyes, saying. What fault was it of thine, if they forced thee ? But though it be here said, that those who apostatize in appearance only, to avoid death or torments, may hope for pardon from God, yet it is unanimously agreed by the Mohammedan doctors, to be much more meritorious and pleasing in the sight of God, courageously and nobly to persist in the true faith, and rather to suffer death itself than renounce it, even in words. Nor did the Moham- medan religion want its martyrs, in the strict sense of the word : of which I will here give two instances, besides the above- mentioned. One is that of Khobaib Ebn Ada, who being perfidiously sold to the Koreish, was by them put to death in a cruel manner, by mutilation, and cutting off his flesh piecemeal ; and being asked, in the midst of his tortures, whether he did not wish Mohammed was in his place, answered, I would not wish to be with my family, my substance, and my children, on condition that Mohammed was only to be pricked with a thorn ^. The other is that of a man who was put to death by Moseilama, on the following occasion. That false prophet having taken two of Mohammed's followers, asked one of them what he said of Mohammed. The man answered, That he was the apostle of God. And what sayest thou of me ? added Mosei- lama; to which he replied. Thou also art the apostle of God ; whereupon he was imme- diately dismissed in safety. But the other, having returned the same answer to the for- mer question, refused to give any to the last, though required to do it three several times, but pretended to be deaf, and was therefore slain. It is related that Mo- hammed, when the story of these two men was told him, said. The first of them threw himself on God's mercy; but the latter professed the truth ; and he shall find his account in it *. 110 Those who have fled their country, after having suffered persecution ^ &c.] As 1 Al Beiddwij Al Zamakh. Yahya. * Al Beiddwi. 2 Al Beiddwi, ^ Ebn Shohnah, XVI.] AL KORAN. 79 country, after having suffered persecution, and been com- pelled to deny the faith by violence, and who have since fought in defence of the true religion, and have persevered with patience ; verily unto these will thy Lord be gracious and merciful, after they shall have shewn their sincerity. ^^^ On a certain day shall every soul come to plead for itself, and every soul shall be repaid that which it shall have wrought ; and they shall not be treated unjustly. "^ God propoundeth as a parable a city which was secure and quiet, unto which her provisions came in abundance from every side ; but she ungratefully denied the favours of God ; wherefore God caused her to taste the extreme famine, and fear, because of that which they had done. ^^^Andnowis an apostle come unto the inhabitants of Mecca from among themselves ; and they accuse him of imposture : wherefore a punishment shall be inflicted on them, while they are acting unjustly. ^^* Eat of what God hath given you for food, that which is lawful and good ; and be thankful for the favours of God, if ye serve him. ^^^ He hath only forbidden you that which dieth of itself, and blood, and swine's flesh, and that which hath been slain in the name of any, besides God. But unto him who shall be compelled by necessity to eat of these things, not lusting, nor wilfully transgressing, God will surely be gracious and merciful. ^^^ And say not that wherein your tongues utter a lie : This is lawful, and this is unlawful ; that ye may devise a lie concerning God : for they who devise a lie concerning God, shall not prosper. ^^^ They shall have small enjoyment in this did Ammar, who made one in both the 112 God propoundeth as a parable a flights. Some, reading the verb with dif- city, &c.] This example is applied to ferent vowels, render the last words. After every city which, having received great having persecuted the true believers ; and blessings from God, becometh insolent and instance in al Hadrami, who obliged a unthankful, and is therefore chastised by servant of his to renounce Mohammedism some signal judgment ; or rather to Meccaj by force, but afterwards together with that in particular, on which the calamities servant, professed the same faith, and fled threatened in this passage, viz. both with for it ^. famine and sword, were inflicted ^. 111 Every soul shall come to plead for 115 Besides God.'] See chap. v. itself,'] That is. Every person shall be 116 And say not — This is lawful, and solicitous for his own salvation, not con- this is unlauful.] Allowing what God cerning himself with the condition of hath forbidden, and superstitiously ab- another, but crying out. My own soul, my staining from what he hath allowed. See own soul 2. chap. vi. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. 80 A L KORAN. [chap. world, and in that which is to come they shall suffer a grievous torment. ^^^ Unto the Jews did we forbid that which we have told thee formerly : and we did them no injury in that respect ; but they injured their own souls. ^^^ Moreover thy Lord will be favourable unto those who do evil through ignorance ; and afterwards repent and amend : verily unto these will thy Lord be gracious and merciful after their repentance. ^^^ Abraham was a model of true religion, obedient unto God, orthodox, and was not an idolater : ^^^ he was also grateful for his benefits : wherefore God chose him, and directed him into the right way. ^^^ And we bestowed on him good in this world; and in the next he shall surely be one of the righteous. ^^^ We have also spoken unto thee, O Mo- hammed, by revelation, saying. Follow the religion of Abraham, who was orthodox, and was no idolater. ^^^ The sabbath was only appointed unto those who differed with their prophet concerning it ; and thy Lord will surely judge between them, on the day of resurrection, as to that concerning which they differed. ^^^ Invite men unto the way of thy Lord by wisdom and mild exhortation ; and dispute with them in the most condescending man- ner : for thy Lord well knoweth him who strayeth from his path, and he well knoweth those who are rightly directed. ^^^ If ye take vengeance on any, take a ven- 118 Formerly.'] Viz. In the 6th chapter, hammed's uncle, being slain at the battle — They injured their own souls.] i. e. of Ohod. For the infidels having abused They were forbidden things which were his dead body, by taking out his bowels, in themselves indifferent, as a punishment and cutting off his ears and his nose, when for their wickedness and rebellion. Mohammed saw it, he swore that if God 123 And was not an idolater.] This was granted him success, he would retaliate to reprehend the idolatrous Koreish, who those cruelties on seventy of the Koreish ; pretended that they professed the religion but he was by these words forbidden to of Abraham. execute what he had sworn, and accord- 124 Who differed with their prophet con- ingly made void his oath 2. Abu'lfeda cerning it.] These were the Jews ; who makes the number on which Mohammed being ordered by Moses to set apart Friday swore to wreak his vengeance, to be but (the day now observed by tl^e Mohamme- thirty ^ ; but it may be observed by the dans) for the exercise of divine worship, way, that the translator renders the pas- refused it, and chose the sabbath-day, be- sage in that author, God hath revealed cause on that day God rested from his unto me that I shall retaliate, &c. instead works of creation : for which reason they of, If God grant me victory over the Ko- were commanded to keep the day they had reish, I will retaliate, &c. reading Lain chosen in the strictest manner *. adhharni, for adhfarni ; God, far from 126 If ye take vengeance^ &c.] This putting this design into the prophet's head passage is supposed to have been revealed by a revelation, expressly forbidding him at Medina, on occasion of Hamza, Mo- to put it in execution. 1 Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. 2 Hdem. 3 Abirif. Vit. Moham. p, 68. XVII,] AL KORAN. 81 geance proportionable to the wrong which hath been done you ; but if ye suffer wrong patiently, verily this will be better for the patient. ^^^ Wherefore do thou bear opposition with patience ; but thy patience shall not be practicable, unless with God's assistance. And be not thou grieved on account of the unbelievers ; neither be thou troubled for that which they subtilely devise ; ^^^ for God is with those who fear him, and are upright. 126 The patient.'] Here, says al Bei- Mohammed, who was of all men the most dawi, the Koran principally points at conspicuous for meekness and clemency. CHAPTER XVII. INTITLED, THE NIGHT JOURNEY ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. [*XV.]/\ ^ Praise be unto him who transported his servant by night from the sacred temple of Mecca to the farther temple of Jerusalem, the circuit of which we have blessed, that we might shew him some of our signs ; for God is he who heareth, and seeth. ^ And we gave unto Moses the book of the law, and appointed the same to be a direction unto the children of Israel, commanding Title — Night journey, — The reason of ral mistakes in the relation of Dr. Prideaux, this inscription appears in the first words ; and in other writers. some intitle the chapter, the children of It is a dispute among the Mohammedan Israel. divines, whether their prophet's night- Title — Mecca.'] Some except eight journey was really performed by him cor- verses,beginning at these words: It wanted porally, or whether it was only a dream little but that the infidels had seduced or vision. Some think the whole was no thee, &c. more than a vision ; and allege an express 1 Who transported his servant by night tradition of Moawiyah 3, one of Moham# from the sacred temple of Mecca to the farther med's successors, to that purpose. Others temple of Jerusalem.] From whence he suppose he was carried bodily to Jerusa- was carried through the seven heavens to lem, but no farther : and that he ascended the presence of God, and brought back thence to heaven in spirit only. But the again to Mecca the same night. received opinion is, that it was no vision, This journey of Mohammed to heaven but that he was actually transported in the is so well known, that I may be pardoned body to his journey's end; and if any im- if I omit the description of it. The Eng- possibility be objected, they think it a lish reader may find it in Dr. Prideaux's sufficient answer to say, that it might life of Mahomet ^ and the leariied in Abu'l- easily be effected by an omnipotent feda 2, whose annotator has corrected seve- agent *. * Page 43, &c. See also Morgan's Mahometism explained, vol. 2. ^ vit. Moham. cap. 19. ^ V. ibid. c. 18. * Al BeiddwL VOL. II. G 82 AL KORAN. [chap. them, saying, Beware that ye take not any other patron besides me. ^ O posterity of those whom we carried in the ark with Noah ; verily he was a grateful servant. ^ And we expressly declared unto the children of Israel in the book of the law, saying, Ye will surely commit evil in the earth twice, and ye will be elated with great inso- lence. ^ And when the punishment threatened for the first of those transgressions came to be executed, we sent against you our servants, endued with exceeding strength in war, and they searched the inner apartments of your houses : and the prediction became accomplished. ^ After- wards we gave you the victory over them, in your turn, and we granted you increase of wealth and children, and we made you a more numerous people, saying, ^ If ye do well, ye will do well to your own souls ; and if ye do evil, ye will do it unto the same. And when the punish- ment threatened for your latter transgression came to be executed, we sent enemies against you, to afflict you, 3 O posterity of those, &c.] The com- mentators are put to it to find out the connexion of these words with the fore- going. Some think the accusative case is here put for the vocative, as I have translated it : and others interpret the words thus, Take not for your patrons, besides me, the posterity of those, &c. meaning mortal men. 4 Ye will surely commit evil in the earth twice.~\ Their first transgression was their rejecting the decisions of the law, their putting Isaiah to death i, and their im- prisoning of Jeremiah 2 : and the second, was their slaying of Zachariah, and John the Baptist, and their imagining the death of Jesus 3. 5 We sent against you our servants, &c.] These were Jalut, or Goliath, and his forces * ; or Sennacherib the Assyrian ; or else Nebuchadnezzar, whom the eastern writers call Bakhtnasr, (which was how- ever only his surname, his true name being Gudarz, or Raham,) the governor of Baby- lon under Lohorasp, king of Persia^, who took Jerusalem, and destroyed the tem- ple. 6 Afterwards we gave you the victory over them, &c.] By permitting David to kill Goliath; or by the miraculous defeat of Sennacherib's army; or for that God put it into the heart of Bahman, the son of Isfandiyar, when he succeeded his grandfather Lohorasp, to order Kiresh, or Cyrus, then governor of Babylon, to send home the Jews from their captivity, under the conduct of Daniel ; which he accord- ingly did, and they prevailed against those whom Bakhtnasr had left in the land 6. 7 We sent enemies against you, to afflict 2/OM.] Some imagine the army meant in this place was that of Bakhtnasr ^ ; but others say the Persians conquered the Jews this second time by the arms of Gudarz, (by whom they seem to intend Antiochus Epiphanes,) one of the succes- sors of Alexander at Babylon. It is related that the general in this expedition, enter- ing the temple, saw blood bubbling up on the great altar, and asking the reason of it, the Jews told him it was the blood of a sacrifice, which had not been accepted of God ; to which he replied, that they had not told him the truth, and ordered a thousand of them to be slain on the altar; but the blood not ceasing, he told them, that if they would not confess the truth, he would not spare one of them ; where- upon they acknowledged it was the blood ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Jallalo^ ddin. Yahya. ^ Al Zamakhshari, Al Beiddwi ^ Yahya, Jallalo^ddin, ^ I idem ^ Jallalo'ddin, ^ lidem. XVII.] AL KORAN. 83 . and to enter the temple, as they entered it the first time, and utterly to destroy that which they had conquered. ^ Peradventure your Lord will have mercy on you here- after: but if ye return to transgress a third time, we also will return to chastise you ; and we have appointed hell to be the prison of the unbelievers. ^ Verily this Koran directeth unto the way which is most right, and declareth unto the faithful, who do good works, that they shall receive a great reward ; ^^ and that for those who believe not in the life to come, we have prepared a grievous punishment. ^^ Man prayeth for evil, as he prayeth for good ; for man is hasty. ^^ We have ordained the night and the day for two signs of our power : after- wards we blot out the sign of the night, and we cause the sign of the day to shine forth, that ye may endeavour to obtain plenty from your Lord, by doing your business therein, and that ye may know the number of years, and the computation of time ; and every thing necessary have we explained by a perspicuous explication. ^^The fate of John : and the general said, Thus hath your Lord taken vengeance on you ; and then cried out, O John, my Lord and thy Lord knoweth what hath befallen thy people for thy sake ; wherefore let thy blood stop, by God's permission, lest I leave not one of them alive ; upon which the blood immediately stopped ^. These are the explications of the com- mentators, wherein their ignorance in an- cient history is sufficiently manifest; though perhaps Mohammed himself, in this latter passage, intended the destruction of Jeru- salem by the Romans. 8 But if ye return to transgress a third timef we also will return to chastise you.'] And this came accordingly to pass : for the Jews being again so wicked as to reject Mohammed, and conspire against his life, God delivered them into his hands ; and he exterminated the tribe of Koreidha, and slew the chiefs of that of al Nadir, and obliged the rest of the Jewish tribes to pay tribute ^. 1 1 Man prayeth for evil, as he prayeth for good.] Out of ignorance, mistaking evil for good ; or making wicked impreca- tions on himself, and others, out of passion and impatience. — Man is hasty.] Or inconsiderate, not weighing the consequence of what he asks. It is said that the person here meant is Adam, who, when the breath of life was breathed into his nostrils, and had reached so far as his navel, though the lower part of his body was, as yet, but a piece of clay, must needs try to rise up, and got an ugly fall by the bargain. But others pretend the passage was revealed on the following occasion. Mohammed committed a certain captive to the charge of his wife, Sawda bint Zamaa, who, moved with compassion at the man's groans, unbound him, and let him escape : upon which the prophet, in the first emotions of his anger, wished her hand might fall off; but immediately com- posing himself, said aloud, O God, I am but a man, therefore turn my curse into a blessing ^ 13 The fate.] Literally, the bird, which is here used to signify a man's fortune or success : the Arabs, as well as the Greeks and Romans, taking omens from the flight of birds, which they supposed to portend good luck, if they flew from the left to the right ; but if from the right to the left, the contrary. The like judgment they also made when certain beasts passed before them. 1 A I Beiddwl. 2 Idem. Jallalo^ddin, g2 84 AL KORAN. [chap of every man have we bound about his neck ; and we will produce unto him on the day of resurrection, a book wherein his actions shall be recorded ; it shall be offered him open, and the angels shall say unto him, ^^ Read thy book ; thine own soul will be a sufficient accomptant against thee this day. ^^ He who shall be rightly directed, shall be directed to the advantage only of his own soul ; and he who shall err, shall err only against the same : neither shall any laden soul be charged with the burthen of another. We did not punish any people, until we had first sent an apostle to warn them. ^^ And when we resolved to destroy a city, we commanded the inhabitants thereof, who lived in affluence, to obey our apostle ; but they acted corruptly therein : wherefore the sentence was justly pronounced against that city ; and we destroyed it with an utter destruction. ^^ And how many generations have we consumed since Noah ? ^^ for thy Lord sufficiently knoweth and seeth the sins of his servants. ^^ Whosoever chooseth this transitory life, we will bestow on him therein beforehand that which we please ; on him, namely, whom we please : afterwards will we appoint him hell for his abode ; he shall be thrown into the same to be scorched, covered with ignominy, and utterly rejected from mercy. ^^ But whosoever chooseth the life to come, and directeth his endeavour towards the same, being also a true be- liever ; the endeavour of these shall be acceptable unto God. On all will we bestow the blessings of this life, both on these and on those, of the gift of thy Lord ; for the gift of thy Lord shall not be denied unto any. ^^ Behold, how we have caused some of them to surpass others in wealth and dignity : but the next life shall be more considerable in degrees of honour, and greater in excellence. ^^ Set not up another god with the true God, lest thou sit down in disgrace, and destitute. ^^ Thy Lord hath commanded that ye worship none besides him ; and that ye shew kindness unto your parents, whether the one of them, or both of them, attain to old age with thee. Wherefore say not unto them. Fie on you ! neither reproach them, but speak respect- is Have we hound about his neck.~\ 23 With thee.~\ That is, receiving Like a collar, which he cannot by any their support and maintenance from means get off. See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. thee. xvji.] A L KORAN. 85 fully unto them ; ^^ and submit to behave humbly towards them, out of tender affection, and say, O Lord, have mercy on them both, as they nursed me when I was little. ^^ Your Lord well knoweth that which is in your souls ;' whether ye be men of integrity : and he will be gracious unto those who sincerely return unto him. ^^ And give unto him who is of kin to you his due, and also unto the poor, and the traveller. ^^ And waste not thy sub- stance profusely: for the profuse are brethren of the devils ; and the devil was ungrateful unto his Lord. ^^ But if thou turn from them in expectation of the mercy* which thou hopest from thy Lord ; at least, speak kindly unto them. ^^ And let not thy hand be tied up to thy neck ; neither open it with an unbounded expansion, lest thou become worthy of reprehension, and be reduced to poverty. ^^ Verily thy Lord will enlarge the store of whom he pleaseth ; and will be sparing unto whom he pleaseth ; for he knoweth and regardeth his servants. ^^ Kill not your children for fear of being brought to want ; we will provide for them and for you : verily the killing them is a great sin. ^^ Draw not near unto forni- cation ; for it is wickedness, and an evil way. ^^ Neither slay the soul which God hath forbidden you to slay, unless for a just cause; and whosoever shall be slain unjustly, we have given his heir power to demand satis- faction ; but let him not exceed the bounds of moderation in putting to death the murderer in too cruel a manner, 24 Submit to behave humbly ^ &c.] Liter- defer thy charity till God shall grant thee ally, Lower the wing of humility, &c. hetter ability. 26 His due.~\ That is, friendship and 29 Let not thy hand be tied up, neither affection, and assistance in time of need. open it with an unbounded expansion."] i. e. 27 For the profuse are brethren of the Be neither niggardly nor profuse, but devils.'] Prodigality, and squandering observe the mean between the two ex- away one's substance in folly or luxury, tremes, wherein consists true liberality 2. being a very great sin. The Arabs were 31 Kill not your children, &c.] See particularly guilty of extravagance in kill- chap. vi. and chap. Ixxxi. ing camels, and distributing them by lot, 33 Urdessfor a just cause,] The crimes merely out of vanity and ostentation; for which a man may justly be put to which they are forbidden by this passage, death are these : apostacy, adultery, and and commanded to bestow what they could murder ^. spare on their poor relations, and other — We have given his heir power to indigent people ^. demand satisfaction.] It being at the 28 If thou turn from them in expecta- option of the heir, or next of kin, either tion, &c.] That is, if thy present circum- to take the life of the murderer, or to ac- stances will not permit thee to assist others, cept of a line in lieu of it*. 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 Idem. 3 Idem, * See chap, ii. 86 AL KORAN. [chap. or by revenging his friend's blood on any other than the person who killed him ; since he is assisted by this law. ^^And meddle not with the substance of the orphan, unless it be to improve it until he attain his age of strength : and perform your covenant ; for the perform- ance of your covenant shall be inquired into hereafter. ^^ And give full measure, when you measure aught : and weigh with a just balance. This will be better, and more easy for determining every man's due. ^^ And follow not that whereof thou hast no knowledge ; for the hearing, and the sight, and the heart, every of these shall be examined at the last day. ^^ Walk not proudly in the land, for thou canst not cleave the earth, neither shalt thou equal the mountains in stature. ^^ All this is evil, and abominable in the sight of thy Lord. ^^ These precepts are a part of the wisdom which thy Lord hath revealed unto thee. Set not up any other god as equal unto God, lest thou be cast into hell, reproved and rejected. ^^ Hath your Lord preferably granted unto you sons, and taken for himself daughters from among the angels ? Verily, in asserting this, ye utter a grievous saying. ^^ And now have we used various arguments and repetitions in this Koran, that they may be warned ; yet it only rendereth them more disposed to fly from the truth. ^^ Say unto the idolaters. If there were other gods with him, as ye say, they would surely seek an occasion of making some attempt against the possessor of the throne. God forbid ! and far, very far, be that from him which they utter ! ^^ The seven heavens praise him, and the earth, and all who are therein : ** neither is 33 Since he is assisted, &c.] Some believe true, or at least probable. Some refer the pronoun, he, to the person slain, interpret the words, Accuse not another of for the avenging whose death this law was a crime whereof thou hast no knowledge ; made ; some to the heir, who has a right supposing they forbid the bearing false granted him to demand satisfaction for his witness, or the spreading or giving credit friend's blood ^ ; and others, to him who to idle reports of others^. shall be slain by the heir, if he carry his 40 Daughters^] See chap. xvi. vengeance too far 2. 42 They would make some attempt 34 Jge, &c.] See chap. iv. against the possessor of the throne.^ i. e. 35 More easy for determinifig, &c.] Or They would in all probability contend more advantageous in the end ^. with God for superiority, and endeavour 36 Follow not that whereof thou hast no to dethrone him, in the same manner knowledge.'] i. e. Vain and uncertain opi- as princes act with one another on nions, which thou hast not good reason to earth. * Yahya. ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ Al Beiddwi, al Zamakhshari, "* lidem. XVII.] A L KORAN. 87 there any thing which doth not celebrate his praise ; but ye understand not their celebration thereof: he is gra- cious and merciful. ^^ When thou readest the Koran, we place between thee and those who believe not in the life to come, a dark veil ; ^^ and we put coverings over their hearts, lest they should understand it, and in their ears thickness of hearing. ^^ And when thou makest mention, in repeating the Koran, of thy Lord only, they turn their backs, flying the doctrine of his unity. ^^ We well know with what design they hearken, when they hearken unto thee, and when they privately discourse together : when the ungodly say. Ye follow no other than a madman. ^^ Behold ! what epithets they bestow on thee. But they are deceived : neither can they find any just occasion to reproach thee. ^^ They also say. After we shall have become bones and dust, shall we surely be raised a new creature ? ^^ Answer, Be ye stones, or iron, or some creature more improbable in your opinions to be raised to life. But they will say. Who shall restore us to life ? Answer, He who created you the first time : and they will wag their heads at thee, saying. When shall this be? Answer, Perad venture it is nigh. ^^ On that day shall God call you forth from your sepul- chres, and ye shall obey, with celebration of his praise ; and ye shall think that ye tarried but a little while. ^^ Speak unto my servants, that they speak mildly unto the unbelievers, lest ye exasperate them ; for Satan soweth discord among them, and Satan is a declared enemy unto man. ^^ Your Lord well knoweth you : if he pleaseth, he will have mercy on you ; or, if he pleaseth, he will punish you : and we have not sent thee to be a steward over them. 47 Of thy Lord only.^ Not allowing 54 Your Lord well knoweth you^ &c.] their gods to be his associates, nor praying These words are designed as a pattern for their intercession with him. the Moslems to follow, in discoursing with 52 Ye shall obey with celeh-ation of his the idolaters; by which they are taught to praise.'] The dead, says al Beidawi, at use soft and dubious expressions, and not his call, shall immediately rise, and shak- to tell them directly that they are doomed ing the dust off their heads, shall say, to hell-fire ; which, besides the presump- Praise be unto thee, O God. tion in offering to determine the sentence — That ye tarried.] Viz. In your of others, would only make them more graves, or in the world. irreconcilable enemies ^. 1 AlBeiddwL 88 A L KORAN. [chap. ^^ Thy Lord well knoweth all persons in heaven and on earth. We have bestowed peculiar favours on some of the prophets, preferably to others ; and we gave unto David the psalms. ^^ Say, Call upon those whom ye imagine to be gods besides him ; yet they will not be able to free you from harm, or to turn it on others. ^^ Those whom ye invoke, do themselves desire to be ad- mitted to a near conjunction with their Lord ; striving which of them shall approach nearest unto him : they also hope for his mercy, and dread his punishment ; for the punishment of thy Lord is terrible. ^^ There is no city, but we will destroy the same before the day of resur- rection, or we will punish it with a grievous punishment. ^^ This is written in the book of our eternal decrees. ^^ Nothing hindered us from sending thee with miracles, except that the former nations have charged them with imposture. We gave unto the tribe of Thamud, at their demand, the she-camel visible to their sight ; yet they dealt unjustly with her : and we sent not a prophet with miracles, but to strike terror. ^^ Remember when we said unto thee. Verily thy Lord encompasseth men by his knowledge and power. We have appointed the vision which we shewed thee, and also the tree cursed in the 55 The Lord well knoweth all persons^ by Abu Becr*s bearing testimony to the &c.] And may choose whom he pleases truth of it ^, The word vision, here used, for his ambassador. This is an answer to is urged by those who take this journey to the objections of the Koreish, that Mo- have been no more than a dream, as a hammed was the orphan pupil of Abu plain confirmation of their opinion. Some, Taleb, and followed by a parcel of naked however, suppose the vision meant in this and hungry fellows ^ passage was not the night journey, but the — The psalms.'] Which were a greater dream Mohammed saw at al Hodeibiya, honour to him than his kingdom : and wherein he seemed to make his entrance wherein Mohammed and his people are into Mecca ^ ; or that at Bedr ^ ; or else a foretold by these words among others 2; vision he had relating to the family of The righteous shall inherit the earth ^. Ommeya, whom he saw mount his pulpit, 57 Those whom ye invoke.] Viz. The and jump about in it like monkeys ; upon angels and prophets, who are the servants which he said, This is their portion in this of God as well as yourselves. world, which they have gained by their 60 Thamud.] See chap. vii. profession of Islam ^ But if any of these 61 The vision which we shewed thee, he] latter expositions be true, the verse must Mohammed's journey to heaven is gene- have been revealed at Medina. rally agreed to be intended in this place, — The cursed tree.] Called al Zak^ which occasioned great heats and debates kum^ which springs from the bottom of among his followers, till they were quieted hell ^ 1 AlBeiddtvi. ^ V. Marrac. in Ale. p. 28, &c. Prid. Life of Mah. p. 122. 3 Psal. xxxvii. 28. Al Beiddwi. * V. Abulf. vit. Moh. p. 39, & not. ibid. Prid. Life of Mah. p. 50. and Prelim. Disc. § ii. ^ See Kor. chap, xlviii. ^ gee chap. viii. 7 At Beiddwi. ^ See chap, xxxvii. XVII.] AL KORAN. 89 Koran, only for an occasion of dispute unto men, and to strike them with terror ; but it shall cause them to trans- gress only the more enormously. ^^ And remember when we said unto the angels, Worship Adam, and they all worshipped him, except Eblis, who said, Shall I worship him whom thou hast created of clay ? ^^ And he said. What thinkest thou, as to this man whom thou hast honoured above me? Verily, if thou grant me respite until the day of resurrection, I will extirpate his offspring, except a few. ^^ God answered. Be gone ; I grant thee respite: but whosoever of them shall follow thee, hell shall surely be your reward ; an ample reward for your demerits ! ^^ And entice to vanity such of them as thou canst, by thy voice ; and assault them on all sides, with thy horsemen and thy footmen ; and partake with them in their riches and their children ; and make them promises (but the devil shall make them no other than deceitful promises) : ^^ as to my servants, thou shalt have no power over them ; for thy Lord is a sufficient protector of those who trust in him. ^^ It is your Lord who driveth forward the ships for you in the sea, that ye may seek to enrich yourselves of his abundance by commerce ; for he is mer- ciful towards you. ^^ When a misfortune befalleth you at sea, the false deities whom ye invoke are forgotten by you, except him alone : yet when he bringeth you safe to dry land, ye retire afar off from him, and return to your idols ; for man is ungrateful. ^^ Are ye therefore secure that he will not cause the dry land to swallow you up, or that he will not send against you a whirlwind, driving the sands to overwhelm you? Then shall ye find none to protect you. ^® Or are ye secure that he will not cause you again to commit yourselves to the sea another time, and send against you a tempestuous wind, and drown you; for that ye have been ungrateful? Then shall je find none to defend you against us in that distress. ^* And 64 Demerits.^ See chap. ii. and vii. and to spend it in supporting vice and 65 With thy horsemen and with thy superstition ; and tempting them to inces- footmen.~\ i. e. With all thy forces. tuous mixtures, and to give their children — And partake with them in their names in honour of their idols, as Abd riches, and their children.'] Instigating Yaghuth, Abd' al Uzza, &c. ^ them to get wealth by unlawful means, 68 Ungrateful,'] See chap. x. 1 Al Beiddwi. 90 AL KORAN. [chap. now have we honoured the children of Adam by sundry pecuh'ar privileges and endowments ; and we have given them conveniences of carriage by land and by sea, and have provided food for them of good things ; and we have preferred them before many of our creatures which we have created, by granting them great prerogatives. ^^ On a certain day we will call all men to judgment with their respective leader : and whosoever shall have his book given him into his right hand, they shall read their book with joy and satisfaction : and they shall not be wronged a hair. '^^ And whoever hath been blind in this life, shall be also blind in the next, and shall wander more widely from the path of salvation. ^* It wanted little but the unbelievers had tempted thee to swerve from the instructions which we had revealed unto thee, that thou shouldest devise concerning us a different thing ; and then would they have taken thee for their friend : ^^ and unless we had con- firmed thee, thou hadst certainly been very near inclining unto them a little. ^^ Then would we surely have caused thee to taste the punishment of life, and the punishment of death ; and thou shouldest not have found any to protect thee against us. ^^ The unbelievers had likewise almost caused thee to depart the land, that they might have ex- 72 Their respective leader,"] Some in- that if the other Arabs asked him the terpret this of the prophets sent to every reason of tliese concessions, he should say, people ; others, of the various religions that God had commanded him so to do \ professed in the world ; others, of the According to which explication it is plain books which shall be given to every man this verse must have been revealed long at the resurrection, containing a register after the Hejra. of their good and bad actions ^, Some, however, will have the passage — Book,] See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. to have been revealed at Mecca, on occa- — A hair,] See chap. iv. sion of the Koreish ; who told Mohammed 74 It wanted little but the unbelievers they would not suffer him to kiss the black had seduced theCf &c.] These are gene- stone in the wall of the Caaba, unless he rally supposed to have been the tribe of also visited their idols, and touched them Thakif, the inhabitants of al Tayef, who with his hand, to show his respect, insisted on Mohammed's granting them 76 The punishment of life and the punish- ^overal very extraordinary privileges, as ment of death.] i.e. Both of this life and the terms of their submission to him ; for the next. Some interpret the first of the they demanded that they might be free punishment in the next world, and the from the legal contribution of alms, and latter of the torture of the sepulchre *. from observing the appointed times of 77 Th^ unbelievers had likewise almost prayer ; that they might be allowed to caused thee to depart the land, &c.] The keep their idol AUat for a certain time 2, commentators differ as to the place where and that their territory might be declared this passage was delivered, and the occa- a place of security, and not be violated, sion of it. Some think it was revealed at like that of Mecca, &c. And they added, Mecca, and that it refers to the violent * Al Beiddwi, 2 gge the Prelim. Disc. p. 21. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallald' ddin. V. Abulf, vit. Moham. p. 126, &c. ^ ^/ Beiddwi, XVII.] AL KORAN. 91 pelled thee thence : but then should they not have tarried therein after thee, except a little while. ^^ This is the method of dealing which we have prescribed ourselves in respect to our apostles, whom we have already sent before thee : and thou shalt not find any change in our prescribed method. ^^ Regularly perform thy prayer at the declen- sion of the sun, at the first darkness of the night, and the prayer of day-break ; for the prayer of day-break is borne witness unto by the angels. ^^ And watch some part of the night in the same exercise, as a work of supe- rerogation for thee; peradventure thy Lord will raise thee to an honourable station. ^^ And say, O Lord, cause me to enter with a favourable entry ; and cause me to come forth with a favourable coming forth ; and grant me from thee an assisting power. ^^ And say. Truth is come, and falsehood is vanished : for falsehood is of short enmity which the Koreish bore Moham- med, and their restless endeavours to make him leave Mecca ^ ; as he was at length obliged to do. But as the persons here spoken of seem not to have prevailed in their project, others suppose that the verse was revealed at Medina, on the following occasion. The Jews, envious of Moham- med's good reception and stay there, told him, by way of counsel, that Syria was the land of the prophets, and that if he was really a prophet, he ought to go thither. Mohammed seriously reflecting on what they had said, began to think they had advised him well ; and actually set out and proceeded a day's journey in his way to jSyria ; whereupon God acquainted him with their design by the revelation of this verse, and he returned to Medina 2, — Then should they not have tarried therein after thee, except a little whileJ] This was fulfilled according to the former of the above-mentioned explications, by the loss of the Koreish at Bedr ; and according to the latter, by the great slaughter of the Jews of Koreidha and al Nadir ^. 79 At the declension of the sun,'\ i. e. At the time of noon prayer, when the sun declines from the meridian ; or, as some choose to translate the words, at the setting of the sun, which is the time of the first evening prayer. — At the first darkness of the night,"] The time of the last evening prayer. — The prayer of day-break,] Lite- rally the reading of the day -break ; whence some suppose the reading of the Koran at that time is here meant. — By the angels.] Viz. The guardian- angels, who, according to some, are relieved at that time ; or else the angels appointed to make the change of night into day, &c. *. 80 An honourable station.] According to a tradition of Abu Horeira, the honour- able station here intended is, that of inter- cessor for others ^ 81 Cause me to enter with a favourable entry, and cause me to come forth with a favourable coming forth,] That is. Grant that I may enter my grave with peace, and come forth from it, at the resurrection, with honour and satisfaction. In which sense this petition is the same with that of Balaam, Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his ^. But as the person here spoken to is ge- nerally supposed to be Mohammed, the commentators say he was commanded to pray in these words for a safe departure from Mecca, and a good reception at Me- dina ; or for a sure refuge in the cave, where he hid himself when he fled from Mecca ^; or (which is the more common opinion) for a victorious entrance into Mecca, and a safe return thence ^ 82 Say, Truth is come, and falsehood is vanished, &c.] These words Mohammed repeated when he entered the temple of Mecca, after the taking of that city, and * Al Beiddwi. ^ Numb, xxiii. 10. ^ Idem, Jallalo' ddin, ^ lidem. '^ Idem. ^ Idem. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § ii. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo*ddin, 92 A L KORAN. [chap. continuance. ^^ We send down of the Koran that which is a medicine and mercv unto the true beh* overs, but it shall only increase the perdition of the unjust. ^^ When we bestow favours on man, he retireth and withdraweth himself ungratefully from us ; but when evil toucheth him, he despaireth of our mercy. ^^ Say, Every one acteth after his own manner : but your Lord best knoweth who is most truly directed in his way. ^^ They will ask thee concerning the spirit : answer ; The spirit was created at the command of my Lord : but ye have no knowledge given unto you, except a little. ^^ If we pleased, we should certainly take away that which we have revealed unto thee : in such case thou couldest not find any to assist thee therein against us, ^^ unless through mercy from thy Lord ; for his favour towards thee hath been great. ^^ Say, Verily, if men and genii were purposely assembled, that they might produce a book like this Koran, they could not produce one like unto it, although the one of them assisted the other. ^® And we have variously propounded unto men in this Koran, every kind of figurative argument; but the greater part of men refuse to receive it, merely out of infidelity. ^^ And they say. We will by no means believe on thee, until thou cause a spring of water to gash forth for us out of the cleansed it of the idols ; a great number of nein ^, and to give them an account of the which are said to have fallen down on his soul of man ; adding, that if he pretended touching them with the end of the stick he to answer all the three questions, or could held in his hand ^. answer none of them, they might be sure 85 Every one acleth after his own man- he was no prophet ; but if he gave an an- ner.~\ i. e. According to his judgment or swer to one or two of the questions, and opinion, be it true or false ; or according to was silent as to the other, he was really a the bent of his mind, and the natural con- prophet. Accordingly, when they pro- stitution of his body *. pounded the questions to him, he told 86 Concerning the spirit.'] Or the soul them the two histories, but acknowledged of man. Some interpret it of the angel his ignorance as to the origin of the human Gabriel, or of the divine revelation ^, soul ^. — The spirit was created at the com- — Ye have no knowledge given unto youy mand of my Lord.] Viz. By the word Kun, except a little.] All your knowledge being i. e. Be ; consisting of an immaterial sub- acquired from the information of your stance, and not generated, like the body, senses, which must necessarily fail you in But, according to a different opinion, this spiritual speculations, without the assist- passage should be translated. The spirit is ance of divine revelation 7, of those things, the knowledge of which 87 We should certaiiily take away that thy Lord hath reserved to himself. For which we have revealed.] Viz. The Koran; it is said that the Jews bid the Koreish ask by razing it both from the written copies, Mohammed to relate the history of those and the memories of men. who slept in the cave *, and of Dhu'lkar- 91 Until thou cause a spring of water to * At Beiddwif JallaW ddin. V. Gagnier, Vie de Mahomet, torn. ii. p. 127. ^ -^^ Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ See the next chapter. ^ See ibid. ^ AlBeiddwi. ^ Idem. XVII.] AL KORAN. 93 earth ; ^^ or thou have a garden of palm-trees and vines, and thou cause rivers to spring forth from the midst thereof in abundance ; ^^ or thou cause the heaven to fall down upon us, as thou hast given out, in pieces ; or thou bring down God and the angels to vouch for thee ; ^^ or thou have a house of gold ; or thou ascend by a ladder to heaven : neither will we believe thy ascending thither alone, until thou cause a book to descend unto us, bearing witness of thee, which we may read. Answer, My Lord be praised ! Am I other than a man, sent as an apostle? '^^ And nothing hindereth men from believing, when a direction is come unto them, except that they say, Hath God sent a man for his apostle ? ^^ Answer, if the angels had walked on earth as familiar inhabitants thereof, we had surely sent down unto them from heaven an angel for our apostle. ^^ Say, God is a sufficient witness be- tween me and you : for he knoweth and regardeth his servants. ^^ Whom God shall direct, he shall be rightly directed ; and whom he shall cause to err, thou shalt find none to assist, besides him. And we will gather them together on the day of resurrection, creeping on their faces, blind, and dumb, and deaf: their abode shall be hell ; so often as the fire thereof shall be extinguished, we will rekindle a burning flame to torment them. ^^ This shall be their reward, because they disbelieve in our signs, and say. When we shall have been reduced to bones and dust, shall we surely be raised new creatures ? ^^^ Do they not perceive that God, who created the heavens and the earth, is able to create other bodies like their present ? And he hath appointed them a limited term, there is no doubt thereof: but the ungodly reject the truth, merely out of unbelief. ^^^ Say, If ye possessed the trea- sures of the mercy of my Lord, ye would surely refrain gush forth^ &:c.] This and the following 98 So often as the fire shall he extin- miracles were demanded of Moham- guished, we will rekindle it to torment them.^ med by the Koreish, as proofs of his mis- i. e. When the fire shall go out or abate for bion. want of fuel, after the consumption of the 94 Thy ascending thither alone.~\ As skins and flesh of the damned, we will add thou pretendest to have done in thy night- fresh vigour to the flames by giving them journey; but of which no man was wit- new bodies •. ness. 100 ^ limited term."] Of life or resur- 98 ^/iwr/, &c.] See the Prelim. Disc. §iv. rection. * Al Bciddwi. See chap. iv. p. 88. 94 AL KORAN. [chap. from using them, for fear of spending them: for man is covetous. ^^^ We heretofore gave unto Moses the power of working nine evident signs. And do thou ask the children of Israf:l as to the story of Moses; when he came unto them, and Pharaoh said unto him, Verily I esteem thee, O Moses, to be deluded by sor- cery. ^^^ Moses answered, Thou well knowest that none hath sent down these evident signs, except the Lord of heaven and earth ; and I surely esteem thee, O Pharaoh, a lost man. ^^^ Wherefore Pharaoh sought to drive them out of the land ; but we drowned him, and all those who were with him. ^^^And we said unto the children of Israel, after his destruction. Dwell ye in the land : and when the promise of the next life shall come to be ful- filled, we will bring you both promiscuously to judgment. 106 -yy-^ have sent down the Koran, with truth, and it hath descended with truth : and we have not sent thee otherwise than to be a bearer of good tidings, and a de- nouncer of threats. ^^^ And we have divided the Koran, revealing it by parcels, that thou mightest read it unto men with deliberation ; and we have sent it down, caus- ing it to descend as occasion required. ^^^ Say, Whether ye believe therein, or do not believe, verily those who have been favoured with the knowledge of the scriptures which were revealed before it, when the same is rehearsed unto them, fall down on their faces, worshipping, and say. Our Lord be praised, for that the promise of our 101 For fear of spending them.'] That or murder, nor practise sorcery or usury, is, lest they should be exhausted. nor accuse an innocent man to take away 102 Nine signs.^ These were the his life, or a modest woman of whoredom, changing his rod into a serpent, the making nor desert the army ; to which he added his hand white and shining, the producing the observing of the sabbath, as a tenth locusts, lice, frogs, and blood, the dividing commandment, but which peculiarly re- of the Red Sea, the bringing water out of garded the Jews : upon which answer, it the rock, and the shaking of mount Sinai is said, the Jew kissed the prophet's hands over the children of Israel. In lieu of and feet 2. the three last some reckon the inundation — Do you ask the children of Israel, &c.] of the Nile, the blasting of the corn, and Some think these words are directed to scarcity of the fruits of the earth ^ These Moses, who is hereby commanded to de- words, however, are interpreted by others, mand the children of Israel of Pharaoh, not of nine miracles, but of nine command- that he might let them go with him. ments, which Moses gave his people, and 107 By parcels, &c.] See the Prelim, were thus numbered up by Mohammed Disc. § iii. himself to a Jew, who asked him the ques- 108 On their faces,~\ Literally, on their tion, viz. That they should not be guilty chins, of idolatry, nor steal, nor commit adultery * 41 Beiddwiy Jallaloddnu 2 jj Beiddwi. xviii.] AL KORAN. 95 Lord is surely fulfilled ! And they fall down on their faces, weeping ; and the hearing thereof increaseth their humility. ^^^ Say, Call upon God, or call on the Merci- ful : by whichsoever of the two names ye invoke him, it is equal ; for he hath most excellent names. Pronounce not thy prayer aloud, neither pronounce it with too low a voice, but follow a middle way between these : ^^^ and say. Praise be unto God, who hath not begotten any child ; who hath no partner in the kingdom, nor hath any to protect him from contempt : and magnify him by pro- claiming his greatness. 109 Call on God or the Merciful, &c.] with too low a voice, &c.] Neither so loud The infidels hearing Mohammed say, O that the infidels may overhear thee, and God, and O Merciful, imagined the Mer- thence take occasion to blaspheme and ciful was the name of a deity different scoff; nor so softly as not to be heard by from God, and that he preached the wor- the assistants. Some suppose that by the ship of two; which occasioned this passage, word prayer, in this place, is meant the See chap. vii. reading of the Koran. 109 Pronounce not thy prayer aloud, nor CHAPTER XVIII. INTITLED, THE CAVE ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. * Praise be unto God, who hath sent down unto his ser- vant the book of the Koran, and hath not inserted there- in any crookedness, but hath made it a straight rule : ^ that he should threaten a grievous punishment unto the unbelievers, from his presence ; and should bear good tidings unto the faithful, who work righteousness, that they shall receive an excellent reward, namely, paradise, ^ wherein they shall remain for ever : ^ and that he should warn those who say, God hath begotten issue ; of which matter they have no knowledge, neither had their fathers. A grievous saying it is, which proceedeth from their mouths : they speak no other than a lie. ^ Perad venture thou wilt kill thyself with grief after them, out of thy earnest zeal for their conversion, if they believe not in Title — Cave,'] The chapter is thus in- Title — Mecca.'] Some except one verse, scribed because it makes mention of the which begins thus, Behave thyself with cave wherein the seven sleepers concealed constancy, &c, themselves. 96 AL KORAN. [chap. this new revelation of the Koran. ^Verily we have ordained whatsoever is on the earth for the ornament thereof, that we might make trial of men, and see which of them excelleth in works : ^ and we will surely reduce whatever is thereon to dry dust. ^ Dost thou consider that the companions of the cave, and Al Rakim, were one of our signs, and a great miracle ? ^ When the young men took refuge in the cave, they said, O Lord, grant us mercy from before thee, and dispose our business for us to a right issue. ^^ Wherefore we struck their ears with deafness, so that they slept without disturbance in the cave for a great number of years : " then we awaked them, that w^e might know which of the two parties was more exact in computing the space which they had remained there. ^^ We will relate unto thee their history with truth. Verily they were young men who had believed in their Lord ; and we had abundantly directed them ; *^ and we fortified their hearts with constancy when they stood before the tyrant : and they said, Our Lord is the Lord of heaven and earth : we will by no means call on any god besides him ; for then should we surely utter an extravagance. ^^ These our fellow-people have taken other gods, besides him ; although they bring no demon- 8 The companions of the cave.^ These and others (who seem to come nearer the were certain Christian youths, of a good true signification) that it was a brass plate, family in Ephesus, who, to avoid the per- or stone table, placed near the mouth of secution of the emperor Decius, by the the cave, on which the names of the young Arab writers called Decianus, hid them- men were written. selves in a cave, where they slept for a There are some, however, who take the great number of years ^. companions of Al Rakim to be different This apocryphal story — for Baronius ^ from the seven sleepers : for they say the treats it as no better ; and Father Mar- former were three men, who were driven racci ^ acknowledges it to be partly false, by ill weather into a cave for shelter, and or at least doubtful, though he calls Hot- were shut in there by the falling down of tinger a monster of impiety, and the off- a vast stone, which stopped up the cave's scum of heretics, for terming it a fable *, — mouth ; but on their begging God's mercy, was borrowed by Mohammed from the and their relating each of them a meri - Christian traditions ^, but has been em- torious action which they hoped might bellished by him and his followers with entitle them to it, were miraculously de- several additional circumstances^. livered by the rock's rending in sunder to — Al RakimJ] What is meant by this give them passage ^. word the commentators cannot agree. Some 11 The two parties.'] Viz. of the sleepers will have it to be the name of the moun- themselves, or others, who were divided in tain, or the valley, wherein the cave was ; opinion as to the length of their stay in some say it was the name of their dog ; the cave. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, &c. ^ ifj Martyrol. ad 27 Julii. ^ j^ Alcor. p. 425. & in Prodr. part iv. p. 103. * Hotting. Hist. Orient, p. 40. * Greg. Turon. & Simeon. Metaphrast. « V. D'Herh. Bibl. Q/ient. p. 189. ^ Al Beiddtuif ex trad. Nooman Ebn Bashir. XVIII.] AL KORAiNT. 97 strative argument for them : and who is more unjust than he who deviseth a lie concerning God ? ^^ And they said the one to the other, When ye shall separate yourselves from them, and from the deities which they worship, except God, fly into the cave : your Lord will pour his mercy on you abundantly, and will dispose your business for you to advantage. ^^ And thou mightest have seen the sun, when it had risen, to decline from their cave towards the right hand ; and when it went down, to leave them on the left hand : and they were in the spacious part of the cave. This was one of the signs of God. Whomsoever God shall direct, he shall be rightly di- rected; and whomsoever he shall cause to err, thou shalt not find any to defend or to direct. ^^ And thou wouldest have judged them to have been awake, while they were sleeping ; and w^e caused them to turn themselves to the right hand, and to the left. And their dog stretched forth his fore legs in the mouth of the cave. ^^ If thou hadst come suddenly upon them, verily thou wouldest have turned thy back and fled from them, and thou wouldest have been filled with fear at the sight of them. 15 Except God.'\ For they, like other which opinion is supported by reading, as idolaters, worshipped the true God and some do, Calebohom, their dog's master, idols also ^, instead of Calbohom, their dog ^. Jalla- 16 The sun declined from their cave, &c.] lo'ddin adds, that the dog behaved as his Lest it should be offensive to them, the masters did, in turning himself, in sleep- cave opening towards the south 2. ing, and in waking. — In the spacious part of the cave.'] i. e. The Mohammedans have a great respect In the midst of it, where they were in- for this dog, and allow him a place in para- commoded neither by the heat of the sun, dise with some other favourite brutes : nor the closeness of the cave ^. and they have a sort of proverb, which 17 Thou wouldest have judged them to they use in speaking of a covetous person, have been awake.] Because of their hav- that he would not throw a bone to the dog ing their eyes open, or their frequent of the seven sleepers: nay, it is said that turning themselves from one side to the they have the superstition to write his other *. name, which they suppose to be Katmir — And they turned themselves, &c.] (though some, as is observed above, think Lest their lying so long on the ground he was called al Rakim), on their letters should consume their flesh 5. which go far, or which pass the sea, as a — Their dog.] This dog had followed protection, or kind of talisman, to preserve them as they passed by him, when they them from miscarriage '^. fled to the cave, and they drove him away ; 18 Thou wouldest have been filled with whereupon God caused him to speak, and fear at the sight of them.] For that God he said, I love those who are dear unto had given them terrible countenances, or God ; go to sleep, therefore, and I will else because of the largeness of their bo- guard you. But some say it was a dog dies, or the horror of the place, belonging to a shepherd who followed them. It is related that the Khalif Moawiyah, and that the dog followed the shepherd ; in an expedition he made against Natolia, * Al Beiddwi. 2 idem. ^ idem. * Idem. ^ Idem, JaU laWddin. ^ Idem. ^ /.^ Roque, Voy. de I'Arabie heur. p. 74. V. D'Her- hel. ubi sup. VOL. II. H 98 AL KORAN. [chap. And so we awaked them from their sleep, that they might ask questions of one another. ^^ One of them spake, and said, How long have ye tarried here ? They answered. We have tarried a day, or part of a day. The others said. Your Lord best knoweth the time ye have tarried : and now send one of you with this your money into the city, and let him see which of its inhabitants hath the best and cheapest food, and let him bring you provision from him ; and let him behave circumspectly, and not discover you to any one. ^^ Verily, if they come up against you, they will stone you, or force you to return to their religion ; and then shall ye not prosper for ever. ^^ And so we made their people acquainted with what had happened to them ; that they might know that the pro- mise of God is true, and that there is no doubt of the last hour; when they disputed among themselves con- cerning their matter. ^^ And they said. Erect a building over them: their Lord best knoweth their condition. Those who prevailed in their affair answered. We will surely build a chapel over them. ^^ Some say. The sleepers were three; and their dog was the fourth: and others say. They were five ; and their dog was the sixth ; guess- passed by the cave of the seven sleepers, the souls only should be raised; others, and would needs send somebody into it, that they should be raised v^rith the body : notwithstanding Ebn Abbas remonstrated or, concerning the sleepers, after they were to him the danger of it, saying, That a really dead ; one saying, that they were better man than him (meaning the pro- dead ; and another, that they were only phet) had been forbidden to enter it, and asleep ; or else concerning the erecting a repeated this verse ; but the men the Kha- building over them, as it follows in the lif sent in, had no sooner entered the cave, next words ; some advising a dwelling- than they were struck dead by a burning housetobebuilt there, and others a temple 3. wind ^. 22 Those who prevailed said, We will 19 Your Lord best knoweth the time ye build a chapel over them.'] When the have tarried.] As they entered the cave young man, who was sent into the city, in the morning, and waked about noon, went to pay for the provision he had they at first imagined they had slept half bought, his money was so old, being the a day, or a day and a half at most ; but coin of Decianus, that they imagined he when they found their nails and their hair had found a treasure, and carried him be- grown very long, they used these words ^. fore the prince, who was a Christian, and — Ttito the city.] Which some com- having heard his story, sent some with mentators suppose was Tarsus. him to the cave, who saw and spoke to the 21 That there is no doubt of the last others : after which they fell asleep again, hour.] The long sleep of these young and died; and the prince ordered them to men, and their waking after so many years, be buried in the same place, and built a being a representation of the state of those chapel over them. who die, and are afterwards raised to 23 Some say, They were three, &c.] li^e. This was the opinion of al Seyid, a Ja- — Concerning their matter.] i. e. Con- cobite Christian of Najran. cerning the resurrection ; some saying that — Others say, They ivere five, &c.] 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 [dem. 3 i^em. xviii.] AL KORAN. 99 ing at a secret matter : and others say, They were seven ; and their dog was the eighth. Say, My Lord best knoweth their number : none shall know them, except a few. ^^ Wherefore dispute not concerning them, unless with a clear disputation, according to what hath been revealed unto thee : and ask not any of the Christians concerning them. ^^ Say not of any matter, I will surely do this to-morrow ; unless thou add, If God please. And remember thy Lord, when thou forgettest, and say. My Lord is able to direct me with ease, that I may draw near unto the truth of this matter rightly. ^^ And they remained in their cave three hundred years, and nine years over. ^^ Say, God best knoweth how long they continued there : unto him are the secrets of heaven and earth known ; do thou make him to see, and to hear. The inhabitants thereof have no protector besides him ; neither doth he suffer any one to have a share in the establishment or knowledge of his decree. ^^ Read that which hath been revealed unto thee, of the book of thy Lord, without presuming to make any change therein : there is none who hath power to change his words ; and thou shalt not find any to fly to, besides him, if thou Which was the opinion of certain Chris- 26 Three hundred and nine years.'] Jal- tians, and particularly of a Nestorian pre- lalo'ddin supposes the whole space was late. three hundred solar years, and that the — Others say, They were seven, &c.] odd nine are added to reduce them to And this is the true opinion ^. lunar years. 25 Say not of any matter, I will do this Some think these words are introduced to-morrow ; unless thou add, If God please.] as spoken by the Christians, who differed It is said, that when the Koreish, by the among themselves about the time ; one direction of the Jews, put the three ques- saying it was three hundred years, and tions above-mentioned to Mohammed, he another, three hundred and nine years ^. bid them come to him the next day, and The interval between the reign of Decius, he would give them an answer ; but added and that of Theodosius the younger, in not, If it please God; for which reason he whose time the sleepers are said to have had the mortification to wait above ten awaked, will not allow them to have slept days, before any revelation was vouch- quite two hundred years ; though Mo- safed him concerning those matters, so hammed is somewhat excusable, since the that the Koreish triumphed, and bitterly number assigned by Simeon Metaphrastes* reproached him as a liar ; but at length is three hundred and seventy-two years. Gabriel brought him directions what he 27 Do thou make him to see, and to should say ; with this admonition, how- hear.] This is an ironical expression, in- ever, that he should not be so confident timating the folly and madness of man's for the future ^. presuming to instruct God ^. — Remember thy Lord, &c.] i. e. Give 28 Read that which hath been revealed the glory to him, and ask pardon for thy unto thee, without malnng any cha?ige omission, in case thou forget to say. If it therein.] As the unbelievers would per- please God. suade thee to do ^. 1 Al Beidawi, Jallalo'ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem, * Ubi sup, ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. ^ Idem. H 2 100 A L KORAN. [chap. attempt it. ^^ Behave thyself with constancy towards those who call upon their Lord morning and evening, and who seek his favour ; and let not thine eyes be turned away from them, seeking the pomp of this life; neither obey him whose heart we have caused to neglect the remembrance of us, and who followeth his lusts, and leaveth the truth behind him. ^^ And say. The truth is from your Lord ; wherefore let him who will, believe, and let him who will, be incredulous. We have surely prepared for the unjust hell-fire, the flame and smoke w^hereof shall surround them like a pavilion : and if they beg relief, they shall be relieved with water like molten brass, w^hich shall scald their faces : O how miserable a potion, and how unhappy a couch ! ^^ As to those who believe, and do good works, we will not sufter the reward of him who shall work righteousness to perish : ^^ for them are prepared gardens of eternal abode, which shall be watered by rivers ; they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold, and shall be clothed in green garments of fine silk and brocades ; reposing themselves therein on thrones. O how happy a reward, and how easy a couch ! ^^ And propound unto them as a parable two men : on the one of whom we had bestowed two vineyards, and had surrounded them with palm-trees, and had caused corn to grow between them. ^* Each of the gardens brought forth its fruit every season, and failed not at all : and we caused a river to flow in the midst thereof : and he had 29 Let not thine eyes be turned away that two particular persons are here meant. from them, &c.] That is, Despise not the One says that they were two Israelites, and poor believers, because of their meanness ; brothers, who had a considerable sura left nor honour the rich, because of their them by their father, which they divided wealth and grandeur. between them ; and that one of them, — Whose heart we have caused to neg- being an unbeliever, bought large fields led the remembrance of m5.] The person and possessions with his portion ; while more particularly intended here, it is said, the other, who was a true believer, dis- was Ommeya Ebn Khalf, who desired posed of his to pious uses ; but that, in the Mohammed to discard his indigent com- end, the former was ruined, and the latter panions, out of respect to the Koreish. prospered. Another thinks they were two See chap. vi> men of the tribe of Makhzum : the one 32 Gardens of eternal abode.~\ Lite- named al Aswad Ebn Abd'al Ashadd, an YdWy^ of Eden. See chap. ix. infidel: and the other, Abu Salma Ebn 33 Two men.'] Though these seem to be Abd'allah, the husband of Omm Salma, general characters only, designed to repre- (whom the prophet married after his sent the different end of the wicked, and death,) and a true believer^. of the good ; yet it is supposed, by some, ^ Al Beiddwi, XVIII.] AL KORAN. 101 great abundance. ^^ And he said unto his companion, by way of debate, I am superior to thee in wealth, and have a more powerful family. ^^ And he went into his garden, being guilty of injustice against his own soul, and said, I do not think that this garden will decay for ever; ^^ neither do I think that the last hour will come : and although I should return unto my Lord, verily I shall find a better garden than this in exchange. ^^ And his companion said unto him, by way of debate, Dost thou not believe in him who created thee of the dust, and afterwards of seed ; and then fashioned thee into a perfect man ? ^^ But as for me, God is my Lord ; and I will not associate any other deity with my Lord. ^^ And when thou enterest thy garden, wilt thou not say. What God pleaseth shall come to pass ; there is no power but in God alone ? ^^ Although thou seest me to be inferior to thee in wealth and number of children, my Lord is well able to bestow on me a better gift than thy garden, and to shoot his arrows against the same from heaven, so that it shall become barren dust : ^^ or its water may sink deep into the earth, that thou canst not draw thereof. ^^ And his possessions were encompassed with destruction, as his companion had forewarned him : wherefore he began to turn down the palms of his hands, out of sorrow and regret for that which he had expended thereon ; for the vines thereof were fallen down on their trails : and he said. Would to God that I had not associated any other deity with my Lord ! ^* And he had no party to assist him besides God, neither was he able to defend himself against his vengeance. ^^ In such case protection be- longeth of right unto God alone ; he is the best rewarder, and the best giver of success. ^^ And propound to them a similitude of the present life. It is like water which we send down from heaven ; and the herb of the earth is mixed therewith ; and after it hath been green and flourishing, in the morning it becometh dry stubble, which 36 And he weyit into Ms garden."] Car- 37 / shall find a better garden in ex-' rying his companion with him, out of change.'] Vainly imagining that his pros- ostentation, and to mortify him with the parity was not so much the free gift of God, view of his large possessions ^. as due to his merit 2. 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 i(|em. 102 AL KORAN. [chap. the winds scatter abroad; and God is able to do all things. ^^ Wealth and children are the ornament of this present life ; but^ood works, which are permanent, are better in the sight of tt^TjORD, with respect to the re-^ warJ, and better^ith respect ton5ope7"~~^^^~0ira^^ day \ve^ill causeHtlie^ mountains to pass away, and thou shalt see the earth appearing plain and even ; and we will gather mankind together, and we will not leave any one of them behind. ^^ And they shall be set before thy Lord in distinct order, and he shall say unto them. Now are ye come unto us naked, as we created you the first time ; but ye thought that we should not perform our promise anto you. ^^ And the book wherein every one's actions are recorded shall be put into his hand ; and thou shalt see the wicked in great terror, because of that which is written therein, and they shall say, Alas for us ! what meaneth this book ? It omitteth neither a small action nor a great one, but it compriseth the same ; and they shall find that which they have wrought present before their eyes : and thy Lord will not deal unjustly with any one. ^^ Remember when we said unto the angels. Wor- ship ye Adam : and they all worshipped him, except Eblis, who was one of the genii, and departed from the com- mand of his Lord. Will ye therefore take him and his offspring for your patrons besides me, notwithstanding they are your enemies ? Miserable shall such a change be to the ungodly ! ^^ I called not them to be present at the creation of the heavens and of the earth, nor at the crea- tion of themselves, neither did I take those seducers for my assistants. ^^ On a certain day, God shall say unto the idolaters. Call those whom ye imagined to be my companions to protect you : and they shall call them, but they shall not answer them ; and we will place a valley of 48 The mountains shall pass away,~\ occasion of his rebellion, and call him the For, being torn up by the roots, they father of the genii, whom he begat after shall fly in the air, and be reduced to his fall ^ ; it being a constant opinion atoms 1. among the Mohammedans, that the angels 51 Eblis.'] See chap. ii. and chap. vii. are impeccable, and do not propagate their — Who was one of the genii.] Hence species ^. some imagine the genii are a species of 53 A valley of destruction between them.] angels. Others suppose the devil to have i. e. Between the idolaters and their false been originally a genius, which was the gods. Some suppose the meaning is no * A I Beiddwi. See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ Jallalo'ddin, &c. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. xviii.] AL KORAN. 103 destruction between them ; ^^ and the wicked shall see hell-fire ; and they shall know that they shall be thrown into the same, and they shall find no way to avoid it. ^^ And now have we variously propounded unto men, in this Koran, a parable of every kind ; but man cavilleth at most things therein. ^^ Yet nothing hindereth men from believing, now a direction is come unto them, and from asking pardon of their Lord, excepting that they wait until the punishment of their predecessors come to be inflicted on them, or that the chastisement of the next life come upon them publicly. ^^ We send not our mes- sengers but to bear good tidings, and to denounce threats. Those who believe not, dispute with vain arguments, that they may thereby render the truth of no effect : and they hold my signs, and the admonitions which have been made them, in derision. ^^ And who is more unjust than he who hath been acquainted with the signs of his Lord, and retireth afar off* from the same, and forgetteth that which his hands have formerly committed ? ^^ Verily we have cast veils over their hearts, lest they should under- stand the Koran, and into their ears thickness of hearing: if thou invite them to the true direction, yet will they not therefore be directed for ever. ^^ Thy Lord is gra- cious, endued with mercy; if he would have punished them for that which they have committed, he would doubtless have hastened their punishment : but a threat hath been denounced against them, and they shall find no refuge, besides him. ^^ And those former cities did we destroy when they acted unjustly ; and we gave them previous warning of their destruction. ^^ And remember when MosES said unto his servant Joshua, the son of Nun, I will not cease to go forward, until I come to the place where the two seas meet ; or I will travel for a long space of time. ^^ But when they were arrived at more, than that God will set them at towns of the Adites, Thamudites, Sodom- variance and division. ites, &c. 60 A threat hath been denounced against 62 For a long space of time.'] The ori- them.'] Viz. of their calamity at Bedr, ginal word properly signifies the space of (for the Koreish are the infidels here in- eighty years and upwards.] To explain tended,) or their punishment at the resur- this long passage, the commentators tell rection ^ the following story. They say that Moses 61 Those former cities.] That is, the once preaching to the people, they admired 1 Al Beiddwi. 104 - AL KORAN. [chap. the meeting of the two seas, they forgot their fish, which they had taken with them ; and the fish took its way freely in the sea. ^^ And when they had passed beyond that place, Moses said unto his servant, Bring us our dinner ; for now are we fatigued with this our journey. ^^ His servant answered, Dost thou know what has be- fallen me ? When we took up our lodging at the rock, verily 1 forgot the fish : and none made me to forget it, except Satan, that I should not remind thee of it. And the fish took its way in the sea in a wonderful manner. ^^ Moses said. This is what we sought after. And they both went back, returning by the way they came. ^^ And coming to the rock they found one of our servants, unto whom we had granted mercy from us, and whom we had taught wisdom from before us. ^^ And Moses said unto him. Shall I follow thee, that thou mayest teach me part of that which thou hast been taught, for a direction unto me ? ^^ He answered, Verily his knowledge and eloquence so much, ablution at the fountain of life (of which that they asked him whether he knew any immediately), some of the water happened man in the world who was wiser than him- to be sprinkled on the fish, which imme- self; to which he answered in the nega- diately restored it to life^. tive ; whereupon God, in a revelation, — The fish took its way freely in the having reprehended him for his vanity seaJ] The word here translated freely, (though some pretend that Moses asked signifying also a pipe ox arched canal iox God the question of his own accord), ac- conveyance of water, some have imagined quainted him that his servant al Kedr was that the water of the sea was miraculously more knowing than he ; and at Moses's kept from touching the body of the fish, request told him he might find that person which passed through it as under an arch*. at a certain rock, where the two seas met; 67 One of our servants.^ This person, directing him to take a fish with him in a according to the general opinion, was the basket, and that where he missed the fish, prophet al Kedr ; whom the Mohamme- that was the place. Accordingly Moses dans usually confound with Phineas, Elias, set out, with his servant Joshua, in search and St. George, saying that his soul passed of al Kedr ; which expedition is here de- by a metempsychosis successively through scribed ^. all three. Some, however, say his true 63 The meeting of the two seasJ] Viz. name was Balya Ebn Malcan, and that he Those of Persia and Greece. Some fancy lived in the time of Afridun, one of the that the meeting of Moses and al Kedr is ancient kings of Persia, and that he pre- here intended, as of two seas of know- ceded Dhu'lkarnein, and lived to the time ledge 2. of Moses. 'J'hey suppose al Khedr, having — They forgot their fish, &c.] Moses found out the fountain of life, and drunk forgot to inquire concerning it, and Joshua thereof, became immortal; and that he forgot to tell him when he missed it. It is had therefore this name, from his flourish- said, that when they came to the rock, ing and continual youth ^. Moses falling asleep, the fish, which was Part of these fictions they took from the roasted, leaped out of the basket into the Jews, some of whom also fancy Phineas sea. Some add, that Joshua, making the was Elias ^. ^ Al Beiddwi, Al Zamakhshari, Al Bokhari, in Sonna, &c. ^ lidem. ^ lidem. * lidem. ^ lidem. V. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient. Art. Khedher. Septemcastrens. de Turcar. moribus. Busbeq. Epist. 1. p. 93, &c. Hotting. Hist. Orient, p. 58, &c. 99, &c. 292, &c. 6 R. Levi Ben Gerson in append. 1. 1. Reg. 1. 27- xviii.] AL KORAN. 105 thou canst not bear with me : ^^ for how canst thou patiently suffer those things, the knowledge whereof thou dost not comprehend ? ^^ Moses replied. Thou shalt find me patient, if God please ; neither will I be disobedient unto thee in any thing. ^^ He said, If thou follow me, therefore, ask me not concerning any thing, until I shall declare the meaning thereof unto thee. ^^ So they both went on by the sea-shore, until they went up into a ship : and he made a hole therein. And Moses said unto him, Hast thou made a hole therein, that thou mightest drown those who are on board ? Now hast thou done a strange thing. ^^He answered. Did I not tell thee that thou couldest not bear with me ? ^^ Moses said. Rebuke me not, because I did forget ; and impose not on me a diffi- culty in what I am commanded. ^^ Wherefore they left the ship, and proceeded, until they met with a youth ; and he slew him. Moses said. Hast thou slain an inno- cent person, without his having killed another? Now hast thou committed an unjust action. [*XVI.] ^^ He answered. Did I not tell thee that thou couldest not bear with me? ^^ Moses said, If I ask thee concerning any thing hereafter, suffer me not to accompany thee : now hast thou received an excuse from me. ^^ They went for- ward, therefore, until they came to the inhabitants of a certain city, and they asked food of the inhabitants there- of; but they refused to receive them. And they found therein a wall, which was ready to fall down ; and he set it upright. Whereupon Moses said unto him. If thou wouldest, thou mightest doubtless have received a reward for it. ^^ He answered, This shall be a separation between me and thee : but I will first declare unto thee the signi- fication of that which thou couldest not bear with pa- tience. ^^ The vessel belonged to certain poor men, who did their business in the sea : and I was minded to render 73 He made a hole in the ship.'] For tioch ; or, as some rather think, Obollah, al Khedr took an ax, and knocked out two near Basra ; or else Bajirwan, in Armenia^, of her planks ^. — He set it upright.] By only stroking 76 He slew him.] By twisting his neck it with his hand: though others say he round, or dashing his head against a wall, threw it down and rebuilt it*, or else by throwing him down, and cutting 81 Certain poor 7nen.] They were ten his throat ^. brothers, five of whom were past their 79 A certain city.] This city was An- labour by reason of their age ^. * Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. * Idem. ^ Idem. 106 A L KORAN. [chap. it unserviceable, because there was a king behind them, who took every sound ship by force. ^^ As to the youth, his parents were true believers ; and we feared lest he, being an unbeliever, should oblige them to suffer his per- verseness and ingratitude: ^^ wherefore we desired that their Lord might give them a more righteous child in exchange for him, and one more affectionate towards them. ^^ And the wall belonged to two orphan youths in the city, and under it was a treasure hidden which be- longed to them ; and their father was a righteous man : and thy Lord was pleased that they should attain their full age, and take forth their treasure, through the mercy of. thy Lord. And I did not what thou hast seen of mine own will, but of God's direction. This is the in- terpretation by that which thou couldest not bear with patience. ^^ The Jews will ask thee concerning Dhu'l- KARNEiN. Answer, I will rehearse unto you an account of him. ^^ We made him powerful in the earth, and we gave liim means to accomplish every thing he pleased. ^^ And he followed his way, until he came to the place where the sun setteth ; and he found it to set in a spring of black mud: and he found near the same a certain 81 A 'king.'\ Named Jaland Ebn Kar- which is most probable, by reason of his kar, or Minwar Ebn Jaland al Azdi 1, who great valour. Several modern writers^ reigned in Oman. See Poc. Spec. p. 42. rather suppose the surname was occasioned 83 That their Lord might give them a by his being represented in his coins and more righteous child, &c.] It is said that statues with horns, as the son of Jupiter they had afterwards a daughter, who was Ammon ; or else by his being compared the wife and the mother of a prophet ; by the prophet Daniel to a he-goat ^ ; and that her son converted a whole na- though he is there represented with but tion 2. one horn ''. 84 Two orphans.'] Their names were, There are some good writers, however, Asram and Sarim ^. who believe the prince intended in this 85 Dhu' Ikarnein.'] or, The two-horned, passage of the Koran, was not Alexander The generality of the commentators '* sup- the Grecian, but another great conqueror pose the person here meant to be Alex- who bore the same name and surname, ander the Great, or, as they call him. Is- and was much more ancient than he, being cander at Rumi, king of Persia and Greece : contemporary with Abraham, and one of but there are very different opinions as to the kings of Persia of the first race ^ ; or the reason of this surname. Some think as others suppose, a king of Yaman, named it was given him because he was king of Asaab Ebn al Rayesh ^. the East and of the West, or because he had They all agree he was a true believer ; made expeditions to both those extreme but whether he was a prophet or not, is a parts of the earth ; or else because he had disputed point. two horns on his diadem, or two curls 87 He found the sun to set in a spring of hair, like horns on his forehead ; or, of black mud.~\ That is, it seemed so to ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. * Idem, Zamakhshari, Jallalo' ddin, Yahya. ^ Scaliger, de Emend, temp. L' Empereur, not. in Jachiad. Dan. viii. 5. Got. in Alfrag. p. 58, &c. ^ Schickard. Tarikh reg. Pers. p. 73. ^ See Dan. viii. ^ Abu'lfeda. Khondernir, Tarikh Montakhab, &c. V. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient. Art. Escander. ^ Ex trad. Ebn Abbas. V. Poc. Spec. p. 58. 1 XVIII.] AL KORAN. 10^ people. ^^And we said, O Dhu'lkarnein, either punish this people, or use gentleness towards them. ^^ He an- swered, Whosoever of them shall commit injustice, we will surely punish him in this world ; afterwards shall he return unto his Lord, and he shall punish him with a severe punishment. ^^ But whosoever believeth, and doth that which is right, shall receive the most excellent re- ward, and we will give him in command that which is easy. ^^ Then he continued his way, until he came to the place where the sun riseth ; and he found it to rise on certain people, unto whom we had not given any thing wherewith to shelter themselves therefrom. ^^ Thus it was ; and we comprehended with our knowledge the forces which were with him. ^^ And he prosecuted his journey from south to north, until he came between the two mountains, beneath which he found certain people, who could scarce understand what was said. ^^ And they said, O Dhu'lkarnein, verily Gog and Magog waste the land; shall we therefore pay thee tribute, on con- him, when he came to the ocean, and saw nothing but water ^. — A certain people.~\ An unbelieving nation, who were clothed in the skins of wild beasts, and lived upon what the sea cast on shore 2, 88 Either punish them or use them with gentleness.'] For God gave Dhu'lkarnein his choice, either to destroy them for their infidelity, or to instruct them in the true faith ; or, according to others, either to put them to the sword, or to take them captives ; but the words which follow con- firm the former interpretation, by which it appears, he chose to invite them to the true religion, and to punish only the dis- obedient and incredulous. 91 The place where the sun riseth.~\ i. e. That part of the habitable world on which the sun first rises. — And he found it to rise on a certain people, &c.] Who had neither clothes nor houses, their country not bearing any buildings, but dwelt in holes underground, into which they retreated from the heat of the sun^. Jallalo'ddin says they were the Zenj, a black nation lying south-west of Ethiopia. They seem to be the Tro- glodytes of the ancients. 93 The two mountains."] Between which Dhu'lkarnein built the famous rampart mentioned immediately, against the irrup- tions of Gog and Magog- These moun- tains are situate in Armenia and Adher- bijan, or according to others, much more northwards, on the confines of Turkestau*. The relation of a journey taken to this rampart, by one who was sent on purpose to view it by the Khalif al Walthec, may be seen in D'Herbelot ^. — Who could scarce understand what was said.] By reason of the strangeness of their speech, and their slowness of ap- prehension ; wherefore they were obliged to make use of an interpreter ^. 94 Gog and Magog waste the land.] The Arabs call them Yajuj and Majuj, and say they are two nations or tribes descended from Japhet, the son of Noah, or as others write, Gog is a tribe of the Turks, and Magog of those of Gilan ^, the Geli and Gelse of Ptolemy and Strabo ^. It is said these barbarous people made their irruptions into the neighbouring countries in the spring, and destroyed and carried off all the fruits of the earth, and some pretend they were man-eaters^. ^ A I Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. ^ Bibl. Orient. Art. Jagiouge. supra. 2 lidem. 6 Al Beiddwi. ^ lidem. ^ Idem, 4 A I Beiddwi. V. D'Herhel. ubi V. Gol, in Alfrag. p. 207- ^ Al Beiddwi. 108 A L KORAN. [chap. dition that thou build a rampart between us and them ? ^^ He answered, The power wherewith my Lord hath strengthened me, is better than your tribute : but assist me strenuously, and I will set a strong wall between you and them. ^^ Bring me iron in large pieces, until it fill up the space between the two sides of these mountains. And he said to the workmen. Blow with your bellows, until it make the iron red hot as fire. ^^ And he said further. Bring me molten brass, that I may pour upon it. ^^ Wherefore, when this w^all was finished, Gog and Ma- gog could not scale it, neither could they dig through it. ^^And Dhu'lkarnein said. This is a mercy from my Lord : but when the prediction of my Lord shall come to be fulfilled, he shall reduce the wall to dust ; and the prediction of my Lord is true. ^^^ On that day we will suffer some of them to press tumultuously like waves on others ; and the trumpet shall be sounded, and we will gather them in a body together. ^^^ And we will set hell on that day, before the unbelievers ; ^^^ whose eyes have been veiled from my remembrance, and who could not hear my words. ^^^ Do the unbelievers think that I will not punish them, for that they take my servants for their protectors besides me? Verily we have prepared hell for the abode of the infidels. ^^^ Say, Shall we declare unto you those whose works are vain, whose endeavour, in the present life hath been wrongly directed, and who think they do the work which is right ? ^^^ These are they who believe not in the signs of the Lord, or that they shall be assembled before him : wherefore their works are vain ; and we will not allow them any weight on the 98 This wallf &c.] The commentators was built of stones joined by cramps of say the wall was built in this manner, iron, on which they poured melted brass They dug till they found water ; and hav- to fasten them ^ ing laid the foundation of stone and melted 99 When the prediction of my Lord shall brass, they built the superstructure of come to be fulfilled, &c.] That is, When large pieces of iron, between which they the time shall come for Gog and Magog to laid wood and coals, till they equalled the break forth from their confinement ; which height of the mountains; and then, setting shall happen some time before the resur- fire to the combustibles, by the help of rection ^. large bellows, they made the iron red-hot, 100 To press tumultuously like waves, and over it poured melted brass, which &c.] These words represent either the filling up the vacancies between the pieces violent irruption of Gog and Magog, or of iron, rendered the whole work as firm the tumultuous assembly of all creatures, as a rock. Some tell us that the whole men, genii, and brutes, at the resurrection. 1 Al Beiddwi, &c. ^ gee the Prelim. Disc. § iv. XIX.] AL KORAN. 109 clay of resurrection. ^^^ This shall be their reward, namely, hell ; for that they have disbelieved, and have held my signs and my apostles in derision. ^^^ But as for those who believe, and do good works, they shall have the gar- dens of paradise for their abode ; ^^^ they shall remain therein for ever ; they shall wish for no change therein. ^^^ Say, If the sea were ink, to write the words of my Lord, verily the sea would fail, before the words of my Lord would fail ; although we added another sea like unto it as a farther supply. ^^^ Say, Verily I am only a man as ye are. It is revealed unto me that your God is one only God : let him therefore who hopeth to meet his Lord, work a righteous work ; and let him not make any other to partake in the worship of his Lord. CHAPTER XIX. INTITLED, MARY ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ C. H. Y. A. S. ^ A commemoration of the mercy of thy Lord towards his servant Zacharias. ^ When he called upon his Lord, invoking him in secret, and said, ^ O Lord, verily my bones are weakened, and my head is become white with hoariness, and I have never been unsuccessful in my prayers, to thee, O Lord. ^ But now I fear my nephews, who are to succeed after me, for my wife is barren : ^ wherefore give me a suc- cessor of my own body from before thee, who may be my heir, and may be an heir of the family of Jacob ; and Title — Mary.'] Several circumstances people in the true religion, they should relating to the Virgin Mary being men- seduce them to idolatry ^ And some com- tioned in this chapter, her name was pitch- mentators imagine that he made this prayer ed upon for the title. in private, lest his nephews should over- Title — Mecca,'] Except the verse of hear him. Adoration. 6 And may he an heir of the family of 1 C, H. Y.A.S.] See the Prelim. Jacob.] Viz. In holiness and knowledge ; Disc. § iii. or in the government and superintendence 2 Zacharias.] See chap. iii. of the Israelites. There are some who 5 1 fear my nephews^ &c.] These were suppose it is not the patriarch who is here his brother's sons, who were very wicked meant, but another Jacob, the brother of men ; and Zacharias was apprehensive lest, Zacharias; or of Imran Ebn Mathan, of after his death, instead of confirming the the race of Solomon ^. ^ Al Beiddwif Jallalo' ddin. 2 Udem. 110 A L KORAN. [chap. grant, O Lord, that he may be acceptable unto thee. ^ And the angel answered him, O Zacharias, verily we bring thee tidings of a son, whose name shall be John : we have not caused any to bear the same name before him. ^ Zacharias said. Lord, how shall I have a son, seeing my wife is barren, and I am now arrived at a great age, and am decrepit ? ^ The angel said, So shall it be : thy Lord saith. This is easy with me ; since I created thee heretofore, when thou wast nothing. ^^ Za- charias answered, O Lord, give me a sign. The angel replied. Thy sign shall be, that thou shalt not speak to men for three nights, although thou be in perfect health. ^^ And he went forth unto his people, from the chamber, and he made signs unto them, as if he should say. Praise ye God in the morning and in the evening. ^^ And we said unto his son, O John, receive the book of the law, with a resolution to study and observe it. ^^ And we bestowed on him wisdom, when he w^as yet a child, and mercy from us, and purity of life ; ^^ and he was a devout person, and dutiful towards his parents, and was not proud or rebellious. ^^ Peace be on him the day whereon he was born, and the day whereon he shall die, and the day whereon he shall be raised to life. ^^ And remember in the book of the Koran the story of Mary ; when she retired from her family to a place towards3EiI^stX2I^ 7 We have not caused any to bear that 11 He made signs unto themJ] Some name before him,'] For he was the first say he wrote the following words on the who bore the name of John, or Yahya, (as ground, the Arabs pronounce it;) which fancy 13 And purity of life,'] Or, as the word seems to be occasioned by the words of St. also signifies, the love of alms-deeds. Luke misunderstood, that none of Zacha- 16 To a place towards the east.] Viz. rias's kindred was called by that name ^ : To the eastern part of the temple ; or to for otherwise John, or, as it is written in a private chamber in the house, which Hebrew, Johanan, was a common name opened to the east; whence, says al Bei- among the Jews. dawi, the Christians pray towards that Some expositors avoid this objection, by quarter, observing, that the original word Samiyyan There is a tradition, that when the Vir- signifies, not only one who is actually gin was grown to years of puberty, she called by the same name, but also one used to leave her apartment in the temple, who, by reason of his possessing the like and retire to Zacharias's house to her aunt, qualities and privileges, deserves, or may when her courses came upon her ; and so pretend to, the same name. soon as she was clean, she returned again S I am arrived at a great age, &c.] The to the temple ; and that at the tim^ of the Mohammedan traditions greatly differ as angel's visiting her, she was at her aunt's to the age of Zacharias at this time : we on the like occasion, and was sitting to have mentioned one already ^ : Jallalo'ddin wash herself, in an open place, behind a says, he was an hundred and twenty, and veil, to prevent her being seen ^. But his wife ninety-eight; and the Sonna takes others more prudently suppose the design notice of several other opinions. of her retirement was to pray *. 1 Luke i. 61. ^ Chap. ii. note. ^ Yahya, Al Beiddwi. * Al Zamakh, XIX.] AL KORAN. Ill took a veij_to_cmiceal^^ h^^ and we sent our spirit Gabriel unto her, and he appeared unto her nTlTie" shape of a perfect man. ^^ She said, I fly for refuge unto the merciful God, that he may defend me from thee : if thou fearest him, thou wilt not approach me. ^^ He answered. Verily I am the messenger of thy Cord, aSd~am sent to give thee a holy son. ^^ She said, How shall I have a son, seeing a man hath not touched me, and I am no harlot ? ^^ Gabriel replied. So shall it be : thy Lord saith. This is easy with me ; and we will perform it, that we may ordain him for a sign unto men, and a mercy from us : for it is a thing which is decreed. ^^ Whejrefore she conceived him : and^she retired aside with him in her womb to a distant place; ^^and the pains of child-birth came upon her near the trunk of a paTm-tree. She said. Would to God I had died before this, and had become a thing forgotten, and lost in oblivion ! And he who was beneath her called to her, saying. Be not grieved ; now hath God provided a rivulet IT In the shape of a man.'] Like a full- grown but beardless youth. Al Beidawi, not contented with having given one good reason why he appeared in that form, viz. to moderate her surprise, that she might hear his message with less shyness, adds, that perhaps it might be to raise an emo- tion in her, and assist her conception. 22 She conceived.] For Gabriel blew into the bosom of her shift, which he opened with his fingers ^, and his breath reaching her womb, caused the concep- tion 2. The age of the Virgin Mary at the time of her conception was thirteen, or, as others say, ten ; and she went six, seven, eight, or nine months with him, according to different traditions : though some say the child was conceived at its full growth of nine months, and that she was delivered of him within an hour after ^. — To a distant place.] To conceal her delivery, she went out of the city by night to a certain mountain. 23 Her pains came upon her near the trunk of a palm-tree.] The palm to which she fled, that she might lean on it in travail, was a withered trunk, without any head or verdure, and this happened in the winter season ; notwithstanding which, it miraculously supplied her with fruits for her refreshment*; as is mentioned imme- diately. It has been observed, that the Moham- medan account of the delivery of the Virgin Mary, very much resembles that of Latona, as described by the poets ^, not only in this circumstance of their laying hold on a palm-tree ^, (though some say Latona embraced an olive-tree, or an olive and a palm, or else two laurels,) but also in that of their infants' speaking ; which Apollo is fabled to have done in the womb '^. — He who was beneath her.] This some imagine to have been the child him- self; but others suppose it was Gabriel, who stood somewhat lower than she did ^. According to a different reading, this pas- sage may be rendered. And he called to her from beneath her, &c. And some refer the pronoun, translated Jier, to the palm-tree ; and then it should be beneath it, &c. ^ Yahya. 2 JallaWddin^ Jl Beidawi. 3 ^/ Beidawi, Yahya* 4 lidem, Al ZamaJch. ^ V. Sikii not. in Evang. Infant, p. 9. 21, &c. ^ Homer. Hymn, in Apoll. CalUmach. Hymn, in Delum. '^ CaUimach. ibid. See Kor. chap. 3. ^ Al Beidawi, Jallalo'ddin. 112 AL KORAN. [chap. under thee ; ^^ and do thou shake the body of the palm- tree, and it s|iall let fall ripe dates upon thee, ready gathered. ^^ And eat, and drink, and calm thy mind. Moreover, if thou see any man, and he question thee, say, Verily I have vowed a fast unto the Merciful ; wherefore I will by no means speak to a man this day. ^^ So she brought the child to her people, carrying him in her arms. And they said unto her, O Mary, now hast thou done a strange thing. ^^O sister of Aaron, thy father was not a bad man, neither was thy mother a harlot. ^^ But she made signs unto the child to answer them ; and they said. How shall we speak to him who is an infant in the cradle ? ^^ Whereupon the child said, , Verily I am the servant of God ; he hath given me the -book of the gospel, and hath appointed me a prophet. ^^ And he hath made me blessed, wheresoever I shall be ; and hath commanded me to observe prayer, and to give alms, so long as I shall live ; and he hath made me dutiful towards my mother, and hath not made me proud, or unhappy. ^^ And peace be on me the day whereon 1 was born, and the day whereon I shall die, and the day whereon I shall be raised to life. ^^ This was Jesus the son of Mary ; the Word of truth, concerning whom they doubt. ^^It is not meet for Gop, that he should have 24 Shake the palm-tree^ and it shall let his sister, either because she was of the fall ripe dates, &c.] And accordingly she Levitical race (as by her being related to had no sooner spoken it, than the dry Elizabeth it should seem she was), or by trunk revived, and shot forth green leaves, way of comparison. Others say that it and a head loaded with ripe fruit. was a different person of that name who 25 Calm thy mind»~\ Literally, thine was contemporary with her, and conspi- eye» cuous for his good or bad qualities, and — / have vowed a fast, &c.] During that they likened her to him either by which she was not to speak to any body, way of commendation, or of reproach 2, unless to acquaint them with the reason 8rc. of her silence ; and some suppose she did 29 Whereupon the child said, ! am the that by signs. servant of God.~\ These were the first 27 O sister ofAaronJ] Several Christian words which were put into the mouth of writers think the Koran stands convicted Jesus, to obviate the imagination of his of a manifest falsehood in this particular, partaking of the divine nature, or having but I am afraid the Mohammedans may a right to the worship of mankind, on avoid the charge ^ ; as they do by several account of his miraculous speaking so soon answers. Some say the Virgin Mary had after his birth 3. really a brother, named Aaron, who had 32 The word of truth.'] This expres- the same father but a different mother, sion may either be referred to Jesus, as Others suppose Aaron, the brother of Mo- the V/ord of God ; or to the account just ses, is here meant; but say Mary is called given of him. * See chap. iii. ^ Al Zamakh. Al Beiddwi, Jallalo* ddin, Yahya, &c. 3 Al Beiddwi, &c. XIX.] AL KORAN. 113 any son : God forbid ! When he clecreeth a thing, he only saith unto it. Be ; and it is. ^* And verily God is my Lord, and your Lord ; wherefore serve him : this is the right way. ^^ Yet the sectaries differ among them- selves concerning Jesus ; but woe be unto those who are unbelievers, because of their appearance at the great day. ^^ Do thou cause them to hear, and do thou cause them to see, on the day whereon they shall come unto us to be judged ; but the ungodly are this day in a manifest error. And do thou forewarn them of the day of sighing, when the matter shall be determined while they are now sunk in negligence, and do not believe. ^^ Verily we will inherit the earth, and whatever creatures are therein ; and unto us shall they all return. ^^ And remember Abraham in the book of the Koran ; for he was one of great veracity, and a prophet. ^^ When he said unto his father, O my father, why dost thou M^orship that which heareth not, neither seeth, nor profiteth thee at all ? ^^ O my father, verily a degree of knowledge hath been bestowed on me which hath not been bestowed on thee : wherefore follow me ; I will lead thee into an even way. ^^ O my father, serve not Satan ; for Satan was rebellious unto the Merciful. ^^ O my father, verily I fear, lest a punishment be inflicted on thee from the Merciful, and thou become a companion of Satan. ^^ His father answered. Dost thou reject my gods, O Abraham ? If thou forbear not, I will surely stone thee : wherefore leave me for a long time. ^^ Abraham rej)lied, Peace be on thee : I will ask pardon for thee of my Lord : for he is gracious unto me. ^^ And I will separate myself from you, and from the idols which ye invoke besides God ; and I will call upon my Lord : it may be that I shall not be unsuccessful in calling on my Lord, 36 Do thou cause them to ?iear, and to to the unbelievers, of what they shall then see, &c.] These words are variously ex- liear and see ; or else a command to Mo- pounded : some taking them to express hammed to lay before them the terrors of admiration ^ at the quickness of those that day 2. senses in the wicked, at the day of judg- 37 f^e will inherit the earth, &c.] ment, when they shall plainly perceive the i. e. Alone surviving, when all creatures torments prepared for them, though they shall be dead and annihilated. See have been deaf and blind in this life; and chap. xv. others suppose the words contain a threat 39 His father, 8lc.'\ See chap. vi. ^ See chap, xviii. ^ AlBeiddwi. VOL. II. I 114 AL KORAN. [chap. as ye are in calling upon them. ^^And when he had separated himself from them, and from the idols which they worshipped besides God, we gave him Isaac and Jacob ; and we made each of them a prophet ; ^^ and we bestowed on them, through our mercy, the gift of prophecy, and children, and wealth ; and we caused them to deserve the highest commendations. ^^ And remember Moses in the book of the Koran : for he was sincerely upright, and was an apostle and a prophet. ^^ And we called unto him from the right side of mount Sinai, and caused him to draw near, and to discourse privately with us. ^^ And we gave him, through our mercy, his brother Aaron, a prophet, for his assistant. ^^ Remember also Ismael in the same book : for he was true to his promise ; and was an apostle, and a prophet. ^^ And he commanded his family to observe prayer, and to give alms ; and he was acceptable unto his Lord. ^^ And remember Edris in the same book ; for he was a just person, and a prophet : ^^ and we exalted him to a high place. ^^ These are they unto whom God hath been bounteous, of the prophets of the posterity of Adam, and of those whom we carried in the ark with Noah ; and of the posterity of Abraham, and of Israel, arid of those whom we have directed and chosen. When the 46 When he had separated himself from father of Noah, who had that surname them."] By flying to Harran, and thence from his great knowledge ; for he was to Palestine. favoured with no less than thirty books of 47 We caused them to deserve the highest divine revelations, and was the first who commendations,'] Literally, we granted wrote with a pen, and studied the sciences them a lofty tongue of truth. of astronomy and arithmetic, &c. ^ 49 And to discourse privately with us.] The learned Bartolocci endeavours to Or, as some expound it. And we raised him shew, from the testimonies of the ancient on high ; for, say they, he was raised to Jews, that Enoch, surnamed Edris, was a so great an elevation, that he heard the very different person from*^the Enoch of creaking of the pen writing on the table of Moses, and many ages younger*. God's decrees^. 54 And we exalted him. to a high place.] 51 He was true to his promise.] Being Some understand by this the honour of celebrated on that account; and particu- the prophetic office, and his familiarity larly for his behaving with that resignation with God : but others suppose his transla- and constancy which he had promised his tion is here meant, for they say that he was father, on his receiving God's command taken up by God into heaven at the age to sacrifice him 2 : for the Mohammedans of three hundred and fifty, having first say it was Ishmael, and not Isaac, whom suffered death, and been restored to life ; he was commanded to offer. and that he is now alive in one of the 53 Edris.] Or Enoch, the great- grand- seven heavens, or in paradise ^ ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddiny &c. 4 Barfol. Bibl. Rabb. part 2. p. 845. ^ lidem, Abu'lfeda, XIX.] A L KORAN. 115 signs of the Merciful were read unto them, they fell down worshipping, and wept : ^^ but a succeeding gene- ration have come after them, who neglect prayer, and follow their lusts ; and they shall surely fall into evil : ^^ except him who repenteth, and believeth, and doth that which is right : these shall enter paradise, and they shall not in the least be wronged: ^^ gardens of perpetual abode shall be their reward, which the Merciful hath promised unto his servants, as an object of faith ; for his promise will surely come to be fulfilled. ^^ Therein shall they hear no vain discourse, but peace ; and their pro- vision shall be prepared for them therein morning and evening, ^^ This is paradise, which we will give for an inheritance unto such of our servants as shall be pious. ^^ We descend not from heaven, unless by the command of thy Lord : unto him belongeth whatsoever is before us, and whatsoever is behind us, and whatsoever is in the intermediate space ; neither is thy Lord forgetful of thee. ^^ He is the Lord of heaven and earth, and of what- soever is between them : wherefore worship him, and be constant in his worship. Dost thou know any named like him ? ^^ Man saith. After I shall have been dead, shall I really be brought forth alive from the grave ? ^^ Doth not man remember that we created him heretofore, when he w^as nothing ? ^^ But by the Lord we will surely assemble them and the devils to judgment ; then will we set them round about hell on their knees : ^^ afterwards 59 Peace.'] i. e. Words of peace and at their entrance into paradise : and that comfort ; or, the salutations of the an- their meaning is, We take up our abode gels ^, &c. here at the command and through the 61 We descend not from heaven, unless mercy of God alone, who ruleth all things, by the command of thy Lord, &c.] These past, future, and present; and who is not are generally supposed to have been the forgetful of the works of his servants ^. words of the angel Gabriel, in answer to 62 Dost thou know any named like him ?] Mohammed's complaint for his long delay That is. Deserving, or having a right to of fifteen, or, according to another tradi- the name and attributes of God. tion, of forty days, before he brought him 63 Man saith.] Some suppose a par- instructions what solution he should give ticular person is here meant, namely, Obba to the questions which had been asked Ebn Khalf *. him concerning the sleepers, Dhu'lkar- 65 We will assemble them and the nein, and the spirit 2. devils.] It is said that every infidel will Others, however, are of opinion, that appear at the day of judgment, chained to they are the words which the godly will use the devil who seduced him ^. ^ See chap. x. 2 ggg before, chap, xviii. * Al Beiddwi, * See chap. xvi. s ji Beiddwi. I 2 116 AL KORAN. [chap. we will draw forth from every sect such of them as shall have been a more obstinate rebel against the Merciful; ^^ and we best know which of them are more worthy to be burned therein. ^^ There shall be none of you but shall approach near the same : this is an established decree with thy Lord. ^^ Afterwards we will deliver those who shall have been pious, but we will leave the ungodly therein on their knees. ^^ When our manifest signs are read unto them, the infidels say unto the true believers, Which of the two parties is in the more eligible con- dition, and formeth the more excellent assembly? ^^ But how many generations have we destroyed before them, which excelled them in wealth, and in outward appear- ance ? ^^ Say, Whosoever is in error, the Merciful will grant him a long and prosperous life ; ^^ until they see that with which they are threatened, whether it be the punishment of this life, or that of the last hour; and hereafter they shall know who is in the worse condition, and the weaker in forces. ^* God shall more fully direct those who receive direction ; ^^ and the good works which remain for ever, are better in the sight of thy Lord than worldly possessions, in respect to the reward, and more eligible in respect to the future recompense. ^^ Hast thou seen him who believeth not in our signs, and saith, I shall surely have riches and children bestowed on me ? 66 We will separate from every sect Mm the passage over the narrow bridge which who shall have heen a more obstinate rebel is laid over helH. against the Merciful.'] Hence, says al 70 Which of the two parties, &c.] Viz. Beidawi, it appears, that God will pardon Of us, or of you. When the Koreish were some of the rebellious people. But per- unable to produce a composition to equal haps the distinguishing the unbelievers the Koran, they began to glory in their into different classes, in order to consign wealth and nobility, valuing themselves them to different places and degeees of highly on that account, and despising the torment, is here meant. followers of Mohammed. 67 We best know which are more worthy 76 Hast thou seen him who believeth to be burned in hell.'] Viz. The more not, &c.] This passage was revealed on obstinate and perverse, and especially the account of al As Ebn Wayel, who being- heads of sects, who will suffer a double indebted to Khabbab, when he demanded punishment from their own errors, and the money, refused to pay it, unless he their seducing of others. would deny Mohammed ; to which pro- 68 There is none of you but shall ap- posal Khabbab answered, that he would proach the same.] For the true believers never deny that prophet, neither alive nor must also pass by or through hell, but the dead, nor when he should be raised to life fire will be damped, and the flames abated, at the last day. Therefore (replied al As), so as not to hurt them, though it will lay when thou art raised again, come to me, hold on the others. Some, however, sup- for T shall then have abundance of riches, pose, that the words intend no more than and children, and I will pay you 2. 1 /It Beidawi. See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. p. 107. ^ ^l Beidawi, Jallalo'ddin. XIX.] AL KORAN. 117 ^"^ Is he acquainted with the secrets of futurity ; or hath he received a covenant from the Merciful that it shall be so ? ^^ By no means. We will surely write down that which he saith ; and increasing we will increase his punishment : ^^ and we wdll be his heir as to that which he speaketh of, and on the last day he shall appear before us alone and naked. ^^ They have taken other gods, besides God, that they may be a glory unto them. ^^ By no means. Hereafter shall they deny their worship ; and they shall become adversaries unto them. ^^ Dost thou not see that we send the devils against the infidels to incite them to sin by their instigations ? ^^ Wherefore be not in haste to call down destruction upon them ; for we number unto them a determined number of days of respite. ^^ On a certain day we will assemble the pious before the Merciful in an honourable manner, as am- bassadors come into the presence of a prince ; ^^ but we will drive the wicked into hell, as cattle are driven to water : ^^ they shall obtain no intercession, except he only who hath received a covenant from the Merciful. ^^ They say. The Merciful hath begotten issue. ^^ Now have ye uttered an impious thing : ^^ it wanteth little but that on occasion thereof the heavens be rent, and the earth cleave in sunder, and the mountains be overthrown and fall, ^^ for that they attribute children unto the Merciful ; ^^ whereas it becometh not God to beget children. ^^ Verily there is none in heaven or on earth, but shall approach the Merciful as his servant. ^^ He encompasseth them by his knowledge and power, and numbereth them with an exact computation : ^^ and they 79 We will inherit what he speaketh o/.] who shall be a subject properly disposed i. e. He shall be obliged to leave all his to receive that favour, by having professed wealth and his children behind him at his Islam. Or the words may also be trans- death, lated, according to another exposition, 81 Hereafter shall they deny their wor- They shall not obtain the intercession of shipf &c.] Viz. At the resurrection ; when any, except the intercession of him, &c. the idolaters shall disclaim their idols, and Or else, None shall be able to make inter- the idols their worshippers, and shall mu- cession for others, except he who shall tually accuse one another i. have received a covenant (or permission) — Adversaries.^ Or, the contrary ; that from God ; i. e. who shall be qualified for is to say, a disgrace instead of an honour. that office by faith and good works, ac- 86 They shall obtain no intercession, cording to God's promise ; or shall have except he oyily who hath received a covetiant special leave given him by God for that from the Merciful.'] That is, except he purpose 2. See chap, vi, and chap. x. '^ At Beiddwi. See chap. ii. 118 A L KORAN. [chap. shall all come unto him on the day of resurrection, destitute both of helpers and followers. ^^ But as for those who believe, and do good works, the Merciful will bestow on them love. ^^ Verily we have rendered the Koran easy for thy tongue, that thou mayest thereby declare our promises unto the pious, and mayest thereby denounce threats unto contentious people. ^^ And how many generations have we destroyed before them ? Dost thou find one of them remaining ? ^^ Or dost thou hear so much as a whisper concerning them ? 95 Love.'] Viz. The love of God, and pised at Mecca, on account of their faith, all the inhabitants of heaven. Some sup- by the promise of their gaining the pose this verse was revealed to comfort love and esteem of mankind in a short the Moslems, who were hated and des- time. CHAPTER XX. INTITLED T. H. ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^T.H. ^ We have not sent down the Koran unto thee, that thou shouldest be unhappy ; ^ but for an admonition unto him who feareth God : ^ being sent down from him who created the earth, and the lofty heavens. ^ The Merciful sitteth on his throne : ^ unto him belongeth whatsoever is in heaven and on earth, and whatsoever is between them, and whatsoever is under the earth. ^ If thou pronounce thy prayers with a loud voice, know that it is not necessary in Title — T. H."] The signification of these Beatitude ; and the latter for Haiwiyat, letters, which, being prefixed to the chap- the name of the lower apartment of hell, ter, are therefore taken for the title, is Tah is also an interjection, commanding uncertain ^ Some, however, imagine they silence, and may properly enough be used stand for Ya rajol, i. e. O man ! which in this place. interpretation, seeming not easily to be 2 We have not sent down the Koran unto accounted for from the Arabic, is by a thee that thou shouldest be unhappy.] Either certain tradition deduced from the Ethio- by reason of thy zealous solicitude for pic 2; or for Ta, i.e. Tread; telling us the conversion of the infidels, or thy that Mohammed, being employed in watch- fatiguing thyself by watching and other ing and prayer the night this passage was religious exercises : for it seems the revealed, stood on one foot only, but was Koreish urged the extraordinary fatigues hereby commanded to ease himself by he underwent in those respects as the setting both feet to the ground. Others consequences of his having left their re- fancy the first letter stands for Tuba, ligion ^. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. 2 Moham.' Ebn Abd. at Baki, ex trad. Acremae Ebn i^bi Sofian. -^ Al Beiddwi. XX.] AL KORAN. 119 respect to God ; for he knowetli that which is secret, and what is yet more hidden. ^ God ! there is no god but he : he hath most excellent names. ^ Hast thou been informed of the history of Moses ? ^^ When he saw fire, and said unto his family, Tarry ye here ; for I perceive fire : peradventure I may bring you a brand thereout, or may find a direction in our way by the fire. ^^ And when he was come near unto it, a voice called unto him, saying, O Moses ! ^^ verily I am thy Lord : wherefore put off thy shoes ; for thou art in the sacred valley Towa. ^^ And I have chosen thee ; therefore hearken with atten- tion unto that which is revealed unto thee. ^^ Verily I am God ; there is no god beside me : wherefore worship me, and perform thy prayer in remembrance of me. ^^ Verily the hour cometh : I will surely manifest the same, that every soul may receive its reward for that which it hath deliberately done. ^^ Let not him who believeth not therein, and who folio weth his lust, prevent thee from believing in the same, lest thou perish. ^^ Now what is that in thy right hand, O Moses ? ^^ He answered. It is my rod whereon I lean, and with which I beat down leaves for my flock ; and I have other uses for it. ^^ God said unto him. Cast it down, O Moses. ^^ And he cast it down, and behold it became a serpent, which ran about. ^^ God said. Take hold on it, and fear not : we will reduce 8 Names.'] See chap. vii. and chap, nearer approach, he found burning in a xvii. green bush 2. 9 Moses.'] The relation of the story of 12 Put off thy shoes.] This was a mark Moses, which takes up the greatest part of of humility and respect : though some this chapter, was designed to encourage fancy there was some uncleanness in the Mohammed, by his example, to discharge shoes themselves, because they were made the prophetic office with firmness of mind, of the skin of an ass not dressed ^. as being assured of receiving the like as- 18 And I have other uses for it.] As sistance from God : for it is said this chap- to drive away wild beasts from my flock, ter was one of the first that was re- to carry my bottle of water on, to stick up vealed '. and hang my upper garment on to shade 10 Whe7i he saw fire, &c.] The com- me from the sun ; and several other uses mentators say, that Moses, having obtained enumerated by the commentators. leave of Shoaib, or Jethro, his father-in- 20 It became a serpent.] Which was at law, to visit his mother, departed with his first no bigger than the rod, but afterwards family from Midian towards Egypt ; but swelled to a prodigious size *. coming to the valley of Towa, wherein 21 Takeholdonit, andfearnot.^ When mount Sinai stands, his wife fell in labour, Moses saw the serpent move about with and was delivered of a son, in a very dark great nimbleness, and swallow stones and and snowy night: he had also lost his trees, he was greatly terrified and fled way, and his cattle were scattered from from it; but recovering his courage at him ; when on a sudden he saw a fire by these words of God, he had the boldness the side of a mountain, which, on his to take the serpent by the jaws ^. ^ Jl Beiddivi. ^ idem. ^ idem. * Idem. ^ Idem. 120 A L KORAN. [chap. it to its former condition. ^^ And put thy right hand under thy left arm: it shall come forth white, without any hurt. ^^ This shall be another sign : that we may shew thee some of our great signs. ^^ Go unto Pharaoh ; for he is exceedingly impious. ^^ Moses answered, Lord, enlarge my breast, and make what thou hast commanded me easy unto me ; ^^ and loose the knot of my tongue that they may understand my speech. ^^ And give me a counsellor of my family; namely, Aaron, my brother. ^^ Gird up my loins by him, and make him my colleague in the business ; ^^ that we may praise thee greatly, and may remember thee often : ^^ for thou regardest us. ^^ God replied. Now hast thou obtained thy request, O MosES : ^^ and we have heretofore been gracious unto thee, another time ; ^^ when we revealed unto thy mother, that which was revealed unto her ; saying, ^^ Put him into the ark, and cast him into the river, and the river shall throw him on the shore ; and my enemy and his enemy shall take him and bring him up : and I bestowed on thee love from me ; that thou mightest be bred up under my eye. ^^ When thy sister went and said. Shall 22 White, &c.] See chap. vii. 34 Put him into the ark^ &c.] The 2b* Loose the knot of my tongue, Sec] commentators say that his mother accord- For Moses had an impediment in his ingly made an ark of the papyrus, and speech, which was occasioned by the fol- pitched it, and put in some cotton ; and lowing accident. Pharaoh one day carry- having laid the child therein, committed it ing him in his arms, when a child, he to the river, a branch of which went into suddenly laid hold of his beard, and Pharaoh's garden ; that the stream carried plucked it in a very rough manner, which the ark thither into a fishpond, at the head put Pharaoh into such a passion, that he of which Pharaoh was sitting, with his ordered him to be put to death : but Asia, wife Asia, the daughter of Mozahem ; and his wife, representing to him that he was that the king, having commanded it to be but a child, who could not distinguish be- taken up and opened, and finding in it a tween a burning coal and a ruby, he beautiful child, took a fancy to it, and ordered the experiment to be made ; and a ordered it to be brought up ^. live coal and a ruby being set before Mo- Some writers mention a miraculous pre- ses, he took the coal, and put it into his servation of Moses before he was put into mouth, and burnt his tongue ; and there- the ark ; and tell us, that his mother upon he was pardoned. This is a Jewish having hid him from Pharaoh's officers in story a little altered ^ an oven, his sister, in her mother's ab- 27 A counsellor.^ The Arabic word is sence, kindled a large fire in the oven Wazir, which signifies one who has the to heat it, not knowing the child was chief administration of affairs under a there, but that he was afterwards taken prince. out unhurt ^. 33 When we revealed unto thy mother, — / bestowed on thee love from me.^ &c.] The commentators are not agreed That is, I inspired the love of thee into by what means this revelation was made; the hearts of those who saw thee, and par- whether by a private inspiration, by a ticularly into the heart of Pharaoh, dream, by a prophet, or by an angel. 35 When thy sister went, &c.] The Mo- 1 v. Shalsh. Hakkab. p. 11. 2 ji BeiddwL 3 Abu'lfeda, &c. XX.] AL KORAN. 121 I bring you unto one who will nurse the child ? So we returned thee unto thy mother, that her mind might be set at ease, and that she might not be afflicted. ^^ And thou slowest a soul, and we delivered thee from trouble ; and we proved thee by several trials : and afterwards thou didst dwell some years among the inhabitants of Madian. Then thou camest hither according to our decree, O Mo- ses ; ^^ and I have chosen thee for myself ; ^^ wherefore go thou and thy brother with my signs ; and be not negli- gent in remembering me. ^^ Go ye unto Pharaoh, for he is exceedingly impious : ^^ and speak mildly unto him ; perad venture he will consider, or will fear our threats. ^' They answered, O Lord, verily we fear lest he be pre- cipitately violent against us, or lest he transgress more exorbitantly. ^^ God replied. Fear not ; for I am with you : I will hear and will see. ^^ Go ye therefore unto him, and say. Verily we are the messengers of thy Lord ; wherefore send the children of Israel with us, and do not afflict them. Now are we come unto thee with a sign from thy Lord : and peace be upon him who shall follow the true direction. ^"^ Verily it hath been revealed unto us, that a punishment shall be inflicted on him who shall charge us with imposture, and shall turn back. ^^ And when they had delivered their message, Pharaoh said, Who is your Lord, O Moses ? ^^ He answered. Our Lord is he who giveth all things ; he hath created them, and directeth them by his providence. ^"^ Pha- raoh said, What therefore is the condition of the former generations ? ^^ Moses answered. The knowledge thereof hammedans pretend that several nurses — We proved thee by various trials.~\ were brought, but the child refused to take For he was obliged to abandon his country the breast of any, till his sister Miriam, who and his friends, and to travel several days^ went to learn news of him, told them she in great terror and want of necessary pro- would find a nurse, and broughthis mother ^ visions, to seek a refuge among strangers; 36 Thou slewest a soul, and we delivered and was afterwards forced to serve for hire thee from trouble.^ Moses killed an Egyp- to gain a livelihood, tian, in defence of an Israelite, and escaped — Some years.^ i. e. Ten *. the danger of being punished for it, by 38 Go thou and thy brother.'] Aaron flying to Midian, which was eight days' being by this time come out to meet his journey distant from Mesr 2. brother, either by divine inspiration, or The Jews pretend he was actually im- having notice of his design to return to prisoned for the fact, and condemned to be Egypt ^. beheaded; but that when he should have 47 What is the condition of the former suffered, his neck became as hard as ivory, generations ?] Viz. As to happiness or and the sword rebounded on the execu- misery after death, tioner 3. 2 Idem. 3 Shalsh. Hakkab. p. 11. ^ Al Beiddwi. s i^^^^ 122 AL KORAN. [chap. is with my Lord, in the book of his decrees : my Lord erreth not, neither doth he forget. ^^ It is he who hath spread the earth as a bed for you, and hath made you paths therein ; and who sendeth down rain from heaven, whereby we cause various kinds of vegetables to spring forth ; saying, ^^ Eat of part, and feed your cattle with other part thereof. Verily herein are signs linto those who are endued with understanding. ^^ Out of the ground have we created you ; and to the same will we cause you to return, and we will bring you forth from thence another time. ^^ And we showed Pharaoh all our signs which we had empowered Moses to perform : but he accused him of imposture, and refused to believe ; ^^ and he said. Art thou come unto us, that thou mayest dispossess us of our land by thy enchantments, O Moses ? ^^ Verily we will meet thee with the like enchantments : wherefore fix an appointment between us and thee ; we will not fail it, neither shalt thou, in an equal place. ^^ Moses an- swered. Let your appointment be on the day of your solemn feast ; and let the people be assembled in open day. ^^ And Pharaoh turned away from Moses, and gathered together the most expert magicians, to execute his stratagem ; and then came to the appointment. ^^ Mo- ses said unto them. Woe be unto you ! Do not devise a lie against God, lest he utterly destroy you by some judgment : for he shall not prosper who deviseth lies. ^^ And the magicians disputed concerning their aifair among themselves, and discoursed in private : ^^ and they said. These two are certainly magicians : they seek to dispossess you of your land by their sorcery ; and to lead away with them your chiefest and most considerable men. ^^ Wherefore collect all your cunning, and then come in order : for he shall prosper this day who shall be superior. ^^ They said, O Moses, whether wilt thou cast down thy rod first, or shall we be the first who cast down our rods ? ^^ He answered. Do ye cast down your rods first. And behold, their cords and their rods appeared unto him, by bK> The day of your solemn feast. ^ Which 62 Their cords and their rods seemed was probably the first day of their new unto him, by their enchantments, to run year. about like serpents.'] They rubbed them 57 Do not devise a lie against God.] over with quicksilver, which, being wrought By saying the miracles performed in his upon by the heat of the sun, caused them name are the effects of magic. to move ^ See chap. vii. ^ Jl Beiddwi. XX.] A L KORAN. 123 their enchantment, to run about like serpents : ^^ where- fore Moses conceived fear in his heart. ^* But we said unto him. Fear not ; for thou shalt be superior ? ^^ there- fore cast down the rod which is in thy right hand ; and it shall swallow up the seeming serpents which they have made : for what they have made is only the deceit of an enchanter ; and an enchanter shall not prosper whither- soever he cometh. ^^ And the magicians, when they saw the miracle which Moses performed, fell down and wor- shipped, saying. We believe in the Lord of Aaron and of Moses. ^^ Pharaoh said unto them. Do ye believe in him before I give you permission ? Verily this is your master, who hath taught you magic. ^^ But I will surely cut off your hands and your feet on the opposite sides ; and I will crucify you on trunks of palm-trees : and ye shall know which of us is more severe in punishing, and can longer protract your pains. ^^ They answered, We will by no means have greater regard unto thee, than unto those evident miracles which have been shown us, or than unto him who hath created us. Pronounce therefore that sentence against us which thou art about to pronounce : for thou canst only give sentence as to this present life. Verily we believe in our Lord, that he may forgive us our sins, and the sorcery which thou hast forced us to exercise : for God is better to reward, and more able to prolong punishment, than thou. ^^ Verily whosoever shall appear before his Lord on the day of judgment, polluted with crimes, shall have hell for his reward ; he shall not die therein, neither shall he live. '^^ But whoever shall appear before him, having been a true believer, and shall have worked righteousness ; for these are prepared the highest degrees of happiness ; ^^ namely, gardens of perpetual abode, which shall be watered by rivers ; they shall remain therein for ever : and this shall be the re- ward of him who shall be pure. ^^ And we spake by revelation unto Moses, saying. Go forth with my servants out of Egypt by night ; and smite the waters with thy rod, and make them a dry path through the sea : be not 72 Gardens of perpetual ahode.~\ Lite- expositors add, that the sea was divided ra]\y, gardens of Eden. into twelve separate paths, one for each 73 // dry path through the seaJ] Tlie tribe ^ : a fable borrowed from the Jews 2. 1 Al Beiddwi. Abulfed. in Hist. 2 y. /j, Ellezer, Pirke, c. 42. 124 AL KORAN. [chap. apprehensive of Pharaoh's overtaking thee ; neither be thou afraid. ^^ And when Moses had done so, Pharaoh followed them with his forces ; and the waters of the sea which overwhelmed them, overwhelmed them. And Pharaoh caused his people to err, neither did he direct them aright. ^^ Thus, O children of Israel, we delivered you from your enemy ; and we appointed you the right side of mount Sinai to discourse with Moses, and to give him the law: and we caused manna and quails to descend upon you, ^^ saying. Eat of the good things which we have given you for food ; and transgress not therein, lest my indignation fall on you : ^^ and on whomsoever my indignation shall fall, he shall go down headlong into perdition. ^^ But I will be gracious unto him who shall repent and believe, and shall do that which is right ; and who shall be rightly directed. ^^ What hath caused thee to hasten from thy people, O Moses, to receive the law? ^^ He answered. These follow close on my footsteps ; but I have hastened unto thee, O Lord, that thou mightest be well pleased with me. ^^ God said, We have already made a trial of thy people, since thy departure ; and al Sameri hath seduced them to idolatry. ^^ Wherefore Moses returned unto his people 76 Transgress not therein.'] By ingra- a proselyte, but a hypocritical one, and titude, excess, or insolent behaviour. originally of Kirman, or some other coun- 79 What hath caused thee to hasten from try. His true name was Moses, or Musa, thy people t 8z;c.] • For Moses, it seems, Ebn Dhafar ^, outwent the seventy elders, who had been Selden is of opinion that this person chosen, in obedience to the divine com- was no other than Aaron himself (who was mand, to accompany him to the mount ^; really the maker of the calf), and that he and appeared before God, while they were is here called al Sameri, from the Hebrew at some, though no great distance behind verb Shamar, to keep * ; because he was him. the keeper or guardian of the children of 81 Since thy departure.'] They conti- Israel during his brother's absence in the nued in the worship of the true God for mount; which is a very ingenious conjec- the first twenty days of Moses' absence, ture, not absolutely inconsistent with the which, by taking the nights also into their text of the Koran (though Mohammed reckoning, they computed to be forty, and seems to have mistaken al Sameri for at their expiration concluded they had the name of a different person) ; and stayed the full time which Moses had com- offers a much more probable origin of that manded them, and so fell into the worship appellation, than to derive it, as the Mo- of the golden calf 2. hammedans do, from the Samaritans, who — Al Sameri.] This was not his proper were not formed into a people, nor bore name ; but he had this appellation, be- that name, till many ages after, cause he was of a certain tribe among the 82 Moses returned unto his people.] Viz. Jews called Samaritans, (wherein the Mo- After he had completed his forty days' hammedans strangely betray their igno- stay in the mount, and had received the ranee in history ;) though some say he was law 5. 1 See chap, ii., chap, vii., &c. ^ Al BeiddwL ^ Idem. •* Selden de Diis, Syris, Synt. 1. c. 4. ^ Al BeiddwL XX.] AL KORAN. 125 in greatli wrath, and exceedingly afflicted. ^^ And he said, O my people, had not your Lord promised you a most excellent promise? Did the time of my absence seem long unto you ? Or did ye desire that indignation from your Lord should fall on you, and therefore failed to keep the promise which ye had made me ? ^^ They answered, We have not failed in what we promised thee of our own authority : but we were made to carry in several loads of gold and silver, of the ornaments of the people, and we cast them into the fire ; and in like man- ner AL Sameri also cast in what he had collected ; ^^ and he produced unto them a corporeal calf, which lowed. ^^ And AL Sameri and his companions said, This is your god, and the god of Moses ; but he hath forgotten him, and is gone to seek some other. ^^ Did they not there- fore see that their idol returned them no answer, and was not able to cause them either hurt or profit ? ^^ And Aaron had said unto them before, O my people, verily ye are only proved by this calf; for your Lord is the Merciful : wherefore follow me, and obey my command. ^^ They answered. We will by no means cease to be de- voted to its worship, until Moses return unto us. ^^ And when MosES was returned, he said, O Aaron, what hindered thee, when thou sawest that they went astray, that thou didst not follow me ? Hast thou therefore been disobedient to my command ? ^^ Aaron answered, O son of my mother, drag me not by my beard, nor by the 83 A most excellent promised] i. e. The It is observable that the Mohammedans law, containing a light and certain direc- generally suppose the cast metal's coming tion to guide you in the right way. forth in the shape of a calf, was beside the 84 The orfiaments of the people,^ These expectation of al Sameri, who had not ornaments were rings, bracelets, and the made a mould of that figure ; and that like, which the Israelites had borrowed of when Aaron excuses himself to his brother, the Egyptians, under pretence of decking in the Pentateuch, he seems as if he would themselves out for some feast, and had persuade him it was an accident 2. not returned to them; or, as some think, 85 Which lowed.~\ See verse 94, and what they had stripped from the dead also the account given of the calf in bodies of the Egyptians, casj: on shore by chap. ii. the sea ; and al Sameri, conceiving them 90 That thou didst not follow me.'] By unlawful to be kept, and the occasion of these words Moses reprehends Aaron for much wickedness, persuaded Aaron to let not seconding his zeal in taking arms him collect them from the people ; which against the idolaters ; or, for not coming being done, he threw them all into the after him to the mountain, to acquaint him fire, to melt them down into one mass ^. with their rebellion. 1 Jl Beiddwi. V. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 650. and Kor. chap. ii. 2 gge Exod. xxxii. 24. 126 AL KORAN. [chap. hair of my head. ^^ Verily I feared lest thou shouldest say, Thou hast made a division among the children of Israel, and thou hast not observed my saying. ^^ Moses said unto al Sameki, What was thy design, O Sameri ? ^^ He answered, I saw that which they saw not ; wherefore I took a handful of dust from the footsteps of the mes- senger of God and I cast it into the molten calf ; for so did my mind direct me. ^^ Moses said, Get thee gone ; for thy punishment in this life shall be, that thou shalt say unto those who shall meet thee. Touch me not : and a threat is denounced against thee of more terrible pains in the life to come, which thou shalt by no means escape. And behold now thy god, to whose worship thou hast continued assiduously devoted : verily we will burn it ; and we will reduce it to powder, and scatter it in the sea. ^^ Your God is the true God, besides whom there is no other god : he comprehended all things by his knowledge. ^^ Thus do we recite unto thee, O Mohammed, relations of what hath passed heretofore ; and we have given thee an admonition from us. ^^ He who shall turn aside from it, shall surely carry a load of guilt on the day of resurrec- tion ; ^^ they shall continue thereunder for ever ; and a 92 Lest thou shouldest say. Thou hast 95 Thou shalt say to those who shall made a division among the children of Israel, meet 'thee, Touch me not,'\ Lest they in- and hast not kept my saying.'] i. e. Lest, feet thee with a burning fever : for that if I had taken arms against the worship- was the consequence of any man's touch- pers of the calf, thou shouldest say that I ing him, and the same happened to the had raised a sedition ; or, if I had gone persons he touched ; for which reason he after thee, thou shouldest blame me for was obliged to avoid all communication abandoning my charge, and not waiting with others, and was also shunned by them, thy return to rectify what was amiss. wandering in the desert like a wild beast 2. 94 I saw that which they saw not.] Or, Hence it is concluded that a tribe of I knew that which they knew not, viz. Samaritan Jews, said to inhabit a certain that the messenger sent to thee from God, isle in the Red Sea, are the descendants was a pure spirit, and that his footsteps of our al Sameri ; because it is their pecu- gave life to whatever they touched ; being liar mark of distinction, at this day, to use no other than the angel Gabriel, mounted the same words, viz. Lamesas, that is, on the horse of life ; and therefore I made Touch me not, to those they meet ^. It is use of the dust of his feet to animate the not improbable that this story may owe its molten calf. It is said, al Sameri knew rise to the known hatred borne by the Sa- the angel, because he had saved and taken maritans to the Jews, and their supersti- care of him when a child, and exposed by tious avoiding to have any commerce with his mother for fear of Pharaoh 1. them, or any other strangers *. — A handful of dust.] Taken from the — We will burn it.] Or, as the word track of the horse that the angel Gabriel may also be translated. We will file it rode : this dust made the calf low as if down ; but the other is the more received alive. See verse 85. interpretation. 1 Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. ^ lidem. ^ V. Geogr. Nub. p. 45. * V. Selden, ubi sup. XX.] A L KORAN. 127 grievous burthen shall it be unto them on the clay of resurrection. ^^^ On that day the trumpet shall be sounded ; and we will gather the wicked together on that day, having grey eyes. ^^^ They shall speak with a low voice to one another, saying, Ye have not tarried above ten days. ^^^ We well know what they will say ; when the most conspicuous among them for behaviour shall say, Ye have not tarried above one day. ^^^ They will ask thee concerning the mountains : Answer, My Lord will reduce them to dust, and scatter them abroad ; ^^^ and he will leave them a plain equally extended : ^^^ thou shalt see no part of them higher or lower than another. ^^^ On that day mankind shall follow the angel, who will call them to judgment, none shall have power to turn aside from him ; and their voices shall be low before the Mer- ciful, neither shalt thou hear any more than the hollow sound of their feet. ^^^ On that day the intercession of none shall be of advantage unto another, except the intercession of him to whom the Merciful shall grant permission, and who shall be acceptable unto him in what he saith. ^^^ God knoweth that which is before them, and that which is behind them; but they comprehend not the same by their knowledge : ^^^ and their faces shall be humbled before the living, the self-subsisting God, and he shall be wretched who shall bear his iniquity. ^^^ But whosoever shall do good works, being a true be- liever, shall not fear any injustice, or any diminution of his reward from God. ^^^ And thus have we sent down this book, being a Koran in the Arabic tongue ; and we have inserted various threats and promises therein, that men may fear God, or that it may awaken some consider- 100 Having grey eyes.^ For this, with 101 Ye have not tarried.'} Viz. In the the Arabs, is one mark of an enemy, or a world ; or in the grave, person they abominate ; to say a man has 103 Scatter them abroad.'] See the Pre- a black liver, (though I think we express lim. Disc. § iv. our aversion by the term white-livered,) 106 Judgment.] See ibid, reddish whiskers, and grey eyes, being a 107 Except the intercession of him.] periphrasis for a foe, and particularly a Or, except unto him, &c. See chapter Greek, which nation were the most invete- xix. rate enemies of the Arabs, and have usually 109 Their faces shall he humbled.] The hair and eyes of those colours '. The original original word properly expresses the humi- word, however, signifies, also, those who are lity and dejected looks of captives in the squint-eyed, or even blind of a suffusion. presence of their conqueror. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jawhari, in Lex. 128 AL KORAN. [chap. ation in them : ^^^ wherefore let God be highly exalted, the King, the Truth. Be not over-hasty in receiving or repeating the Koran, before the revelation thereof be completed unto thee ; and say. Lord, increase my know- ledge. ^^^ We heretofore gave a command unto Adam ; but he forgot the same, and eat of the forbidden fruit ; and we found not in him a firm resolution. ^^^ And remember when we said unto the angels. Worship ye Adam; and they worshipped him: but Eblis refused. "^ And we said, O Adam, verily this is an enemy unto thee and thy wife ; wherefore beware lest he turn you out of paradise; for then shalt thou be miserable. ^^^ Verily we have made a provision for thee, that thou shalt not hunger therein, neither shalt thou be naked ; ^^'^ and there is also a provision made for thee, that thou shalt not thirst therein, neither shalt thou be incommoded by heat. ^^^ But Satan whispered evil suggestions unto him, saying, O Adam, shall I guide thee to the tree of eternity, and a kingdom which faileth not ? ^^^ And they both eat thereof; and their nakedness appeared unto them ; and they began to sew together the leaves of paradise, to cover them- selves. And thus Adam became disobedient unto his Lord, and was seduced. ^^^ Afterwards his Lord accepted him, on his repentance, and was turned unto him, and directed him. ^^^ And God said. Get ye down hence, all of you ; the one of you shall be an enemy unto the other. ^^^ But hereafter shall a direction come unto you from me : and whoever shall follow my direction, shall not err, neither shall he be unhappy ; ^^^ but whosoever shall turn aside from my admonition, verily he shall lead a miserable life, and we will cause him to appear before us on the day 112 Be not over-hasty in receiving or some Arab etymologists to derive the word repeating the Koran, &c.] Mohammed is Insdn, i. e. man, from Nasiya, to forget ; here commanded not to be impatient at and has also given rise to the following any delay in Gabriel's bringing the divine proverbial saying, Awwalo ndsin awwalo^n- revelations, or not to repeat it too fast after nasi ; that is, The first forgetful person the angel, so as to overtake him before he was the first of men : alluding to the like had finished the passage. But some sup- sound of the words. pose the prohibition relates to the publish- 114 Eblis.'] See chap, ii., &c. and ing any verse before the same was perfectly chap, vii., &c. explained to him ^ 119 To cover themselves,'] S©e chap. \\^ He forgot.] x\dam so soon forget- vii. ting the divine command, has occasioned ^ Al Beiddwif Jallalo' ddin. XX.] AL KORAN. 129 of resurrection blind. ^^^ And he shall say, O Lord, why hast thou brought me before thee blind, whereas before I saw clearly? ^^^ God shall answer, Thus have we done, because our signs came unto thee, and thou didst forget them ; and in the same manner shalt thou be forgotten this day. ^^^ And thus will we reward him who shall be negligent, and shall not believe in the signs of his Lord : and the punishment of the life to come shall be more severe, and more lasting, than the punishment of this life. ^^^ Are not the Meccans therefore acquainted how many generations we have destroyed before them ; in whose dwellings they walk ? Verily herein are signs unto those who are endued with understanding. ^^^ And unless a decree had previously gone forth from thy Lord for their respite, verily their destruction had necessarily followed ; but there is a certain time determined by God for their punishment. ^^^ Wherefore do thou, O Moham- med, patiently bear that which they say ; and celebrate the praise of thy Lord before the rising of the sun, and before the setting thereof, and praise him in the hours of the night, and in the extremities of the day : that thou mayest be well pleased with the prospect of receiving favour from God. ^^^ And cast not thine eyes on that which we have granted divers of the unbelievers to enjoy, namely, the splendour of this present life, that we may prove them thereby : for the provision of thy Lord is better and more permanent. ^^^ Command thy family to observe prayer ; and do thou persevere therein. We require not of thee that thou labour to gain necessary provisions for thyself and family : we will provide for thee; for the prosperous issue shall attend on piety. ^^^ The 123 Blind.'] See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. we have granted divers of them to enjoys Szc^ 127 In whose dwellings they walk.'] That is, Do not envy or covet their pomp Seeing the footsteps of their destruction ; and prosperity in this world 2. as of the tribes of Ad and Thamud. — The provision of thy Lord.] Viz. 129 The extremities of the day.] i. e. The reward laid up for thee in the next Evening and morning; which times are life; or the gift of prophecy, and the reve- repeated as the principal hours of prayer, lations with which God has favoured thee. But some suppose these words intend the 131 We will provide^ &c.] It is said prayer of noon ; the first half of the day that when Mohammed's family were in ending, and the second half beginning, at any strait or affliction, he used to order that time ^ them to go to prayers, and to repeat this 130 Cast not thine eyes on that which verse 3. ^ Al Beiddwi, &c. 2 ^qq chap. xv. ^ Al Beiddwi. VOL. II. K 130 A L K O R A N. [chap. unbelievers say, Unless he come unto us with a sign from his Lord, we will not believe on him. ^^^ Hath not a plain declaration come unto them, of that which is con- tained in the former volumes of scripture, by the revela- tion of the Koran ? ^^* If we had destroyed them by a judgment before the same had been revealed, they would have said, at the resurrection, O Lord, how could we believe since thou didst not send unto us an apostle, that we might follow thy signs, before we were humbled and covered with shame ? ^^^ Say, Each of us wait the issue : wait therefore ; for ye shall surely know hereafter who have been the followers of the even way, and who hath been rightly directed. CHAPTER XXL INTITLED, THE PROPHETS; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. [*XVII.] ^ THE time of giving up their account draweth nigh unto the people of Mecca ; while they are sunk in negligence, turning aside from the consideration thereof. ^ No admonition cometh unto them from their Lord, being lately revealed in the Koran, but, when they hear it, they turn it to sport : their hearts are taken up with delights. ^ And they who act unjustly, discourse pri- vately together, saying. Is this Mohammed any more than a man like yourselves ? Will ye therefore come to hear a piece of sorcery, when ye plainly perceive it to be so ? * Say, My Lord knoweth whatever is spoken in heaven and on earth : it is he who heareth and knoweth. ^ But they say. The Koran is a confused heap of dreams : nay, he hath forged it ; nay, he is a poet : let him come unto us therefore with some miracle, in like manner as the former prophets were sent. ^ None of the cities which we have destroyed, believed the miracles which they saw performed before them: will these therefore believe if Title — Prophets.'] The chapter bears this title, because some particulars relating to several of the ancient prophets are here recited. XXI,] A L KORAN. 131 they see a miracle ? ^ We sent none as our apostles before thee, other than men, unto whom we revealed our will. Ask those who are acquainted with the scrip- ture, if ye know not this. ^ We gave them not a body which could be supported without their eating food; neither were they immortal. ^ But we made good our promise unto them: wherefore we delivered them, and those whom we pleased ; but we destroyed the exorbi- tant transgressors. ^^ Now have we sent down unto you, O KoREiSH, the book of the Koran ; wherein there is honourable mention of you : will ye not therefore under- stand ? ^^ And how many cities have we overthrown, which were ungodly; and caused other nations to rise up after them ? ^^ And when they felt our severe ven- geance, behold, they fled swiftly from those cities. ^^ And the angels said, scoffingly, unto them, Do not fly ; but return to that wherein ye delighted, and to your habita- tions : peradventure ye will be asked. ^^ They answered, Alas for us ! Verily we have been unjust. ^^ And this their lamentation ceased not, until we had rendered them like corn which is mowed down, and utterly extinct. ^^ We created not the heavens and the earth, and that which is between them, by way of sport. ^^ If we had pleased to take diversion, verily we had taken it with that which beseemeth us ; if we had resolved to have done this. ^^ But we will oppose truth to vanity, and it shall con- found the same ; and behold, it shall vanish away. ^^ Woe 13 Peradventure ye will he asked.'] \, e. festation of our power and wisdom to Concerning the present posture of affairs, people of understanding, that they may by way of consultation ; or, that ye may seriously consider the wonders of the crea- be examined as to your deeds, that ye may tion, and direct their actions to the attain- receive the reward thereof ^ ment of future happiness, neglecting the 14 They answer ed. Woe unto us, &c.] vain pomp and fleeting pleasures of this It is related that a prophet was sent to the world. inhabitants of certain towns in Yaman, 17 With that which beseemeth us,"] Viz. but, instead of hearkening to his remon- We had sought our pleasure in our own strances, they killed him : upon which God perfections ; or, in the spiritual beings delivered them into the hands of Nebu- which are in our immediate presence ; and chadnezzar, who put them to the sword ; not in raising of material buildings, with a voice at the same time crying from painted roofs, and fine floors, which is the heaven, Vengeance for the blood of the diversion of man. prophets \ Upon which they repented, and Some think the original word translated used the words of this passage. diversion, signifies, in this place, a wife, 16 We have not created the heavens and or a child ; and that the passage is parti- earth by way of sport.'] But for the mani- cularly levelled against the Christians 2. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, Al Zamakhshari. ^ At Beiddwi, &c» k2 132 AL KORAN. [chap. be unto you, for that which ye impiously utter concerning God ! since whoever is in heaven and on earth is subject unto him ; and the angels who are in his presence do not insolently disdain his service, neither are they tired therewith. ^^ They praise him night and day : they faint not. ^^ Have they taken gods from the earth ? Shall they raise the dead to life ? ^^ If there were either in heaven or on earth gods besides God, verily both would be corrupted. But far be that which they utter from God, the Lord of the throne ! ^^ No account shall be demanded of him for what he shall do; but an account shall be demanded of them. ^* Have they taken other gods besides him ? Say, Produce your proof thereof. This is the admonition of those who are contemporary with me, and the admonition of those who have been before me : but the greater part of them know not the truth, and turn aside from the same. ^^ We have sent no apostle before thee, but we revealed unto him that there is no god besides myself : wherefore serve me. ^^ They say. The Merciful hath begotten issue ; and the angels are his daughters. God forbid ! They are his honoured servants : ^^ they prevent him not in any thing which they say ; and they execute his command. ^^ He knoweth that which is before them, and that which is behind them : ^^ they shall not intercede for any, except for whom it shall please him ; and they tremble for fear of him. ^^ Whoever of them shall say, I am a god besides him ; that angel will we reward with hell : for so will we reward the unjust. ^^ Do not the unbelievers therefore know, that the heavens and the earth were solid, and we clave the same in sunder, and made every living thing of 22 Both would be corrupted.] That is, held the angels to be the daughters of the whole creation would necessarily fall God. into confusion, and be overturned, by the 27 They prevent him not in any thing competition of such mighty antagonists. which they say,~\ i. e. They presume not to 24 This is the admonition of those who say any thing until he hath spoken it ; are contemporary with me, and of those behaving as servants who know their duty. who have been before me.'] i. e. This is the 31 The heavens and the earth were solid, constant doctrine of all the sacred books ; and we clave the same in sunder.] That not only of the Koran, but of those which is, they were one continued mass of mat- were revealed in former ages ; all of them ter, till we separated them, and divided the bearing witness to the great and funda- heaven into seven heavens, and the earth mental truth of the unity of God. into as many stories; and distinguished 26 Daughters.] This passage was re- the various orbs of the one, and the dif- vealed on account of the Khozaites, who ferent climates of the other, &c. Or, as XXI.] A L KORAN. 133 water ? Will they not therefore believe ? ^^ And we placed stable mountains on the earth, lest it should move with them ; and we made broad passages between them for paths, that they might be directed in their journeys : ^^ and we made the heaven a roof well supported. Yet they turn aside from the signs thereof, not considering that they are the workmanship of God. ^^ It is he who hath created the night, and the day, and the sun, and the moon ; all the celestial bodies move swiftly, each in its respective orb. ^^ We have not granted unto any man before thee, eternal permanency in this world ; if thou die therefore, will they be immortal ? ^^ Every soul shall taste of death : and we will prove you with evil, and -with good, for a trial of you ; and unto us shall ye return. ^^ When the unbelievers see thee, they receive thee only with scoffing, saying, Is this he who men- tioneth your gods with contempt ? Yet themselves believe not what is mentioned to them of the Merciful. ^^ Man is created of precipitation. Hereafter will I shew you my signs, so that ye shall not wish them to be hastened. ^^ They say, When will this threat be accomplished, if ye speak truth ? ^^ If they who believe not, knew that the time will surely come, when they shall not be able to drive back the fire of hell from their faces, nor from their backs, neither shall they be helped, they would not hasten it. ^^ But the day of vengeance shall come upon them suddenly, and shall strike them with astonishment : they shall not be able to avert it ; neither shall they be respited. ^^ Other apostles have been mocked before thee : but the punishment which they scoffed at, fell upon such of them as mocked. *^ Say unto the scoffers, some choose to translate the words, The 37 Vet they believe 7iot what is men- heavens and the earth were shut up, and tioned to them of the Merciful.'] Denying we opened the same ; their meaning being, his unity; or rejecting his apostles, and that the heavens did not rain, nor the earth the scriptures, which were given for their produce vegetables, till God interposed instruction, and particularly the Koran, his power ^. 38 Man is created of precipitation.] 32 Stable mountains.] See chap. xvi. Being hasty and inconsiderate 2. It is 35 If thou die therefore, will they be said this passage was revealed on account immortal ?] This passage was revealed of al Nodar Ebn al Hareth, when he when the infidels said. We expect to see desired Mohammed to hasten the divine Mohammed die, like the rest of man- vengeance with which he threatened the kind. ^ unbelievers ^, ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddiyi, 2 ggg chap. xvii. ^ Al Beiddwi. 134 AL KORAN. [chap. Who shall save you by night and by day from the Merci- ful ? Yet they utterly neglect the remembrance of their Lord. ^* Have they gods who will defend them, besides us ? They are not able to help themselves ; neither shall they be assisted against us by their companions. ^^ But we have permitted these men and their fathers to enjoy worldly prosperity, so long as life was continued unto them. Do they not perceive that we come unto the land of the unbelievers, and straiten the borders thereof? Shall they therefore be the conquerors ? ^^ Say, I only preach unto you the revelation of God : but the deaf will not hear thy call, whenever they are preached unto. ^^ Yet if the least breath of the punishment of thy Lord touch them, they will surely say, Alas for us ! verily we have been unjust. ^^ We will appoint just balances for the day of resurrection ; neither shall any soul be injured at all : although the merit or guilt of an action be of the weight of a grain of mustard-seed only, we will produce it publicly ; and there will be sufficient accomptants with us. ^^ We formerly gave unto Moses and Aaron the Law, being a distinction between good and evil, and a light and admonition unto the pious ; ^^ who fear their Lord in secret, and who dread the hour of judgment. ^^ And this book also is a blessed admonition, which we . have sent down from heaven : will ye therefore deny it ? / ^^ And we gave unto Abraham his direction heretofore, and we knew him to be worthy of the revelations where- with he was favoured. ^^ Remember when he said unto his father, and his people. What are these images to which ye are so entirely devoted ? ^^ They answered. We found our fathers worshipping them. ^^ He said. Verily both ye and your fathers have been in a manifest error. ^^ They said. Dost thou seriously tell us the truth ; or art thou one who jesteth with us ? ^^ He replied. Verily your Lord is the Lord of the heavens and the earth ; it is he who hath created them : and I am one of those who bear 49 The distinction,'] Arab, al Forkdn. of divine revelations which were given A name sometimes given to the Koran, him ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. 53 Images.'] See chap. vi. chap. xix. 52 His direction.] Viz. The Ten books and chap. ii. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. xxi.l AL KORAN. 135 ] witness thereof, ] ^^ By God, I will surely devise a plot against your idols, after ye shall have retired from them, and shall have turned your backs. ^^ And in the people's absence he went into the temple where the idols stood, and he brake them all in pieces, except the biggest of them ; that they might lay the blame upon that. ^^ And when they were returned, and saw the havoc which had been made, they said. Who hath done this to our gods ? He is certainly an impious person. ^^ And certain of them answered. We heard a young man speak reproachfully of them ; he is named Abraham. ^^ They said bring him therefore before the eyes of the people, that they may bear witness against him. ^^ And when he was brought before the assembly, they said unto him. Hast thou done this unto our gods, O Abraham ? ^^ He answered. Nay, that biggest of them hath done it : but ask them, if they can speak. ^^ And they returned unto themselves, and said the one to the other. Verily ye are the impious persons. ^^ Afterwards they relapsed into their former obstinacy, and said. Verily thou knowest that these speak not. ^^ Abraham answered. Do ye therefore worship, besides God, that which cannot profit you at all, neither can it hurt you ? Fie on you : and upon that which ye worship besides God ! Do ye not understand ? ^^ They said. Burn him, and avenge your gods : if ye do this, it 59 And he brake them all in pieces ex- quarrelled, and fallen together by the ears, cept the biggest of them, &c.] Abraham about an offering of fine flour, which had took his opportunity to do this while the been brought them by an old woman ; Chaldeans were abroad in the fields, cele- and that the father, finding he could not brating a great festival: and some say he insist on the impossibility of what Abra- hid himself in the temple : and when he ham pretended, without confessing the im- had accomplished his design, that he might potence of his gods, fell into a violent the more evidently convince them of their passion, and carried him to Nimrod, that folly in worshipping ihem, he hung the he might be exemplarily punished for his axe with which he had hewn and broken insolence 2. down the images on the neck of the chief 65 They returned unto themselves.^ That idol, named by some writers, Baal ; as if is, they became sensible of their folly, he had been the author of all the mischief ^. QQ Afterwards they relapsed into their For this story, which, though it be false, former obstinacy.'] Literally, they were is not ill invented, Mohammed stands in- turned down upon their heads, debted to the Jews, who tell it with a 68 They said, Burn him, &c.] Per- little variation : for they say Abraham ceiving they could not prevail against performed this exploit in his father's shop, Abraham by dint of argument, says al during his absence ; that Terah, on his Beidawi, they had recourse to persecution return, demanding the occasion of the dis- and torments. The same commentator order, his son told him that the idols had tells us, the person who gave this counsel, 1 Al Beidawi, Jallalo' ddin, &c. V. Hyde, de rel. vet. Pers. c. ii. ^ f^, GedaL in Shalshel. hakkab. p. 8. V. Maimon, Yad. hazzaka, c. 1. de idol. 136 AL KORAN. [chap. will be well. ^^ And when Abraham was cast into the burning pile, we said, O fire, be thou cold, and a preserva- tion unto Abraham. ^^ And they sought to lay a plot against him : but we caused them to be the sufferers. was a Persion Curd ^ named Heyyun, and that the earth opened and swallowed him up alive. Some, however, say it was Andeshan, a Magian priest 2 ; and others, that it was Nimrod himself. 69 We said, 0 fire, he thou cold, &c.] The commentators relate that, by Nimrod' s order, a large space was enclosed at Cutha, and filled with a vast quantity of wood, which, being set on fire, burned so fiercely, that none dared to venture near it : then they bound Abraham, and putting him into an engine (which some suppose to have been of the devil's invention), shot him into the midst of the fire, from which he was preserved by the angel Gabriel, who was sent to his assistance; the fire burning only the cords with which he was bound 2. They add, that the fire having miraculously lost its heat, in respect to Abraham, became an odoriferous air, and that the pile changed to a pleasant mea- dow : though it raged so furiously other- wise, that, according to some writers, about two thousand of the idolaters were con- sumed by it*. This story seems to have had no other foundation than that passage of Moses, where God is said to have brought Abra- ham out of Ur of the Chaldees^ misun- derstood : which words the Jews, the most trifling interpreters of scripture, and some moderns, who have followed them, have translated. Out of the fire of the Chal- dees ; taking the word Ur, not for the proper name of a city, as it really is, but for an appellative, signifying fire ^. How- ever, it is a fable of some antiquity, and credited not only by the Jews, but by several of the eastern Christians ; the twenty-fifth of the second Canun, or Janu- ary, being set apart in the Syrian calendar, for the commemoration of Abraham's being cast into the fire ^. The Jews also mention some other persecutions which Abraham underwent on account of his religion, particularly a ten years' imprisonment ^ : some saying he was imprisoned by Nimrod ^ ; and others, by his father Terah'o. 70 We caused them to he the losers.^ Some tell us that Nimrod, on seeing this miraculous deliverance from his palace, cried out, that he would make an offering to the God of Abraham ; and that he accordingly sacrificed four thousandkine ^^ But, if he ever relented, he soon relapsed into his former infidelity ; for he built a tower, that he might ascend to heaven to see Abraham's God ; which being over- thrown ^2, still persisting in his design, he would be carried to heaven in a chest, borne by four monstrous birds ; but, after wandering for some time through the air, he fell down on a mountain with such a force, that he made it shake, whereto (as some fancy) a passage in the Koran ^^ al- ludes, which may be translated. Although their contrivances be such as to make the mountains tremble. Nimrod, disappointed in his design of making war with God, turned his arms against Abraham, who, being a great prince, raised forces to defend himself; but God dividing Nimrod's subjects, and confounding their language, deprived him of the greater part of his people, and plagued those who adhered to him by swarms of gnats, which destroyed alinost all of them : and one of those gnats having entered into the nostril, or ear, of Nimrod, penetrated to one of the membranes of his brain, where, growing bigger every day, it gave him such intolerable pain, that he was obliged to cause his head to be beaten with a mallet, in order to procure some ease, which torture he suffered four hun- dred years ; God being willing to punish, by one of the smallest of his creatures, him who insolently boasted himself to be lord of all 1*. A Syrian calendar places the death of Nimrod, as if the time were well known, on the eighth of Thamuz, or JulyJS. 1 V. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient. Art. Dhokak. & Schultens, Indie. Georgr. in vit. Saladini, voce Curdi. ^ V. D'Herhel, p. 15. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, &c. V. Morgan's Mahometism expl. v. 1. chap, iv, * The MS. Gospel of Barnabas, ch. xxviii. ^ Genes, xv. 7* ® V. Targ. Jonath. & Hierosol. in Genes, c. xi. & XV. & Hydcy de ReL vet. Pers. p. 74, &c. "^ V. Hyde, ibid. p. 73. * R. Eliez, Pirke, c. xxvi. &c. V. Maim. More Nev. 1. iii. c. 29. ^ Glossa Talmud, in Gemar. Bava bathra, 91. i. ^^ In Aggada. " Al Beiddwi. 12 gge chap. xvi. 13 Chap. xiv. 1* V. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient. Art. Nemrod. Hyde, ubi supra. ** V. Hyde, ibid. p. 74. XXI.] AL KORAN. 137 ^^ And we delivered him and Lot, by bringing them into the land wherein we have blessed all creatures. ^^ And we bestowed on him Isaac, and Jacob, as an additional gift : and we made all of them righteous persons. ^^ We also made them models of religion, that they might direct others by our command ; and we inspired into them the doing of good works, and the observance of prayer, and the giving of alms ; and they served us. ^^ And unto Lot we gave wisdom and knowledge, and we delivered him out of the city which committed filthy crimes ; for they were a wicked and insolent people : ^^ and we led him into our mercy; for he was an upright person. ^^ And remember Noah, when he called for destruction on his people, before the prophets above-mentioned ; and we heard him, and delivered him and his family from a great strait : ^^ and we protected him from the people who accused our signs of falsehood ; for they were a wicked people, wherefore we drowned them all. ^^ And remember David, and Solomon, when they pronounced judgment concerning a field, when the sheep of certain people had fed therein by night, having no shepherd ; and we were witnesses of their judgment : ^^ and we gave the understanding thereof unto Solomon. And on all of them we bestowed wisdom and knowledge. And we compelled the mountains to praise us with David ; and the birds also : and we did this. ^^ And we taught him 71 The land wherein we have blessed all Solomon, who was then but eleven years creatures.'] i. e. Palestine, in which coun- old, was of opinion that it would be more try the greater part of the prophets ap- just for the owner of the field to take only peared. the profit of the sheep, viz. their milk, 73 Models, &c.] According to Mo- lambs, and wool, till the shepherd should, hammed all the ancient patriarchs were by his own labour, and at his own expense, true Moslems. put the field into as good condition as 74 An insolent people.] The Sodomites, when the sheep entered it ; after which See chap. vii. and chap. xi. the sheep might be returned to their 76 Noah.] See chap. viii. master. And this judgment of Solomon 78 When they pronounced judgment con- was approved by David himself, as better cerning afield, &c.] Some sheep in their than his own ^ shepherd's absence, having broken into 79 We compelled the motcntams to praise another man's field (or vineyard, say us with David, and the birds also.] Mo- others), by night, and eat up the corn, a hammed, it seems, taking the visions of the dispute arose thereupon ; and the cause Talmudists for truth, believed that when being brought before David and Solomon, David was fatigued with singing psalms, the former said, that the owner of the land the mountains, birds, and other parts of should take the sheep, in compensation of the creation, both animate and inanimate, the damage which he had sustained ; but relieved him in chanting the divine praises. ' Jl Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, &c. 138 AL KORAN. [chap. the art of making coats of mail for you, that they may defend you in your wars : will ye therefore be thankful ? ^^ And unto Solomon we subjected a strong wind ; it ran at his command to the land whereon we had bestowed our blessing : and we knew all things. ^^ And we also subjected unto his command divers of the devils, who might dive to get pearls for him, and perform other work besides this ; and we watched over them. ^^ And re- member Job ; when he cried unto his Lord, saying, This consequence the Jews draw from the words of the Psalmist, when he calls on the several parts of nature to join with him in celebrating the praise of God * ; it being their perverse custom to expound passages in the most literal manner, which cannot bear a literal sense without a mani- fest absurdity ; and, on the contrary, turn the plainest passages into allegorical fan- cies, 80 The art of making coats of mail.'] Men, before his inventing them, using to arm themselves with broad plates of metal. Lest this fable should want something of the marvellous, one writer tells us, that the iron which David used, became soft in his hands like wax 2. 81 A strong wind.'] Which transport- ed his throne with prodigious swiftness. Some say, this wind was violent or gentle, just as Solomon pleased^. — To the land whereon we had bestowed our blessing.] Viz. Palestine ; whither the wind brought back Solomon's throne in the evening, after having carried it to a distant country in the morning. 82 And perform other work.] Such as the building of cities and palaces, the fetching of rare pieces of art from foreign countries, and the like. — And we watched over them.] Lest they should swerve from his orders, or do mischief, according to their natural incli- nations. Jallalo'ddin says, that when they had finished any piece of building, they pulled it down before night, if they were not employed in something new. 83 Job.] The Mohammedan writers tell us, that Job was of the race of Esau, and was blessed with a numerous family, and abundant riches ; but that God proved him, by taking away all that he had, even his children, who were killed by the fall of a house ; notwithstanding which, he continued to serve God, and to return him thanks, as usual ; that he was then struck with a filthy disease, his body being full of worms, and so offensive, that, as he lay on the dunghill, none could bear to come near him : that his wife however (whom some call Rahmat, the daughter of Ephraim, the son of Joseph ; and others, Makhir, the daughter of Menasses), attended him with great patience, supporting him with what she earned by her labour ; but that the devil appearing to her one day, after having reminded her of her past pros- perity, promised her, that if she would worship him, he would restore all they had lost ; whereupon she asked her hus- band's consent, who was so angry at the proposal, that he swore, if he recovered, to give his wife an hundred stripes : that Job having pronounced the prayer recorded in this passage, God sent Gabriel, who taking him by the hand raised him up ; and at the same time a fountain sprang up at his feet, of which having drunk, the worms fell off his body, and washing therein, he recovered his former health and beauty: that God then restored all to him double ; his wife also becoming young and handsome again, and bearing him twenty-six sons : and that Job, to satisfy his oath, was directed by God to strike her one blow with a palm-branch, having a hundred leaves *. Some, to ex- press the great riches which were bestowed on Job after his sufferings, say he had two threshing-floors, one for wheat, and the other for barley ; and that God sent two clouds, which rained gold on the one, and silver on the other, till they ran over^ The traditions differ as to the continuance of Job's calamities : one will have it to be eighteen years, another thirteen, another three, and another exactly seven years, seven months, and seven hours. 1 See Psalm cxlviii. 2 Tarikh Montakkab. V. D'HerbeL p. 284. 3 gge chap, xxvii. ^ At Beiddwi, JallaWddin, Abu'lfeda, &c. See D'HerbeL Bibl. Orient, Art. Aioub. * Jallalo'ddin, XXI.] AL KORAN. 139 Verily evil hath afflicted me: but thou art the most merciful of those who shew mercy. ^* Wherefore we heard him, and relieved him from the evil which was upon him : and we restored unto him his family, and as many more with them, through our mercy, and for an admonition unto those who serve God. ^^ And remember IsMAEL, and Edris, and Dhu'lkefl. ^^ All these were patient persons ; wherefore we led them into our mercy ; for they were righteous doers. ^^ And remember Dhu'l- NUN, when he departed in wrath, and thought that we could not exercise our power over him. And he cried out in the darkness, saying. There is no God, besides thee : praise be unto thee ! verily I have been one of the unjust. ^^ Wherefore we heard him, and delivered him from affliction : for so do we deliver the true believers. ^^And remember Zacharias, when he called upon his Lord, saying, O Lord, leave me not childless : yet thou art the best heir. ^^ Wherefore we heard him, and we gave him John ; and we rendered his wife fit for bearing a child unto him. These strove to excel in good works, and called upon us with love, and with fear ; and humbled themselves before us. ^^ And remember her who pre- served her virginity, and into whom we breathed of our spirit ; ordaining her and her son for a sign unto all creatures. ^^ Verily this your religion is one religion, and 85 Edris.l Enoch. — When he departed in wrath.'] Some — Dhulkefl.] Who this prophet was suppose Jonas's anger was against the is very uncertain. One commentator will Ninevites, being tired with preaching to have him to be Elias, or Joshua, or Zacha- them for so long a time, and greatly dis- rias * ; another supposes him to have been gusted at their obstinacy and ill usage of the son of Job, and to have dwelt in Syria ; him; but others, more agreeably to scrip- to which some add, that he was first a ture, say, the reason of his ill humour was very wicked man, but afterwards repent- God's pardoning of that people on their ing died ; upon which these words appeared repentance, and averting the judgment miraculously written over his door, Now which Jonas had threatened them with, so hath God been merciful unto Dhu'lkefl ^ ; that he thought he had been made a liar *. and a third tells us he was a person of — In the darkness.'] i. e. Out of the great strictness of life, and one who used belly of the fish. to decide causes to the satisfaction of all 88 Delivered him.] See chap, xxxvii. parties, because he was never in a passion; 91 Her who preserved her virginity,] and that he was called Dhu'lkefl from his Namely, the Virgin Mary, continual fasting, and other religious ex- 92 This your religion is one religion.] ercises ^. Being the same which was professed by all 87 Dhu'lnun.] This is the surname of the prophets, and holy men and women, Jonas ; which was given him because he without any fundamental difference or was swallowed by the fish. See chap, x, variation. Jl Beiddwi, 2 ^bu'lf. » Jallaloddin. * Jl BeiddwL 1 140 AL KORAN. [chap. I am your Lord ; wherefore serve me. ^^ But the Jews and Christians have made schisms in the affair of their religion among themselves : but all of them shall appear before us. *^^ Whosoever shall do good works, being a true believer, there shall be no denial of the reward due to his endeavours ; and we will surely write it down unto him. ^^ An inviolable prohibition is laid on every city which we shall have destroyed, for that they shall not return any more into the world : ^^ until Gog and Magog shall have a passage opened for them, and they shall hasten from every high hill ; and the certain promise shall draw near to be fulfilled : ^^ and behold, the eyes of the infidels shall be fixed with astonishment, and they shall say, Alas for us! we were formerly regardless of this day ; yea, we were wicked doers. ^^ Verily both ye, O men of Mecca, and the idols which ye worship besides God, shall be cast as fuel into hell-fire : ye shall go down into the same. ^^ If these were really gods, they would not go down into the same : and all of them shall remain therein for ever. ^^^ In that place shall they groan for anguish : and they shall not hear aught therein. ^^^ As for those unto whom the most excellent reward of para- dise hath been predestinated by us, they shall be trans- ported far off from the same ; ^^^ they shall not hear the least sound thereof : and they shall continue for ever in the felicity which their souls desire. ^^^ The greatest terror shall not trouble them : and the angels shall meet them to congratulate them, saying. This is your day which ye were promised. ^^^ On that day we will roll up the 96 Until Gog and Magog shall have a shall not hear therein any thing which passage opened for them.~\ i. e. Until the may give them the least comfort, resurrection ; one sign of the approach 101 As for those unto whom paradise whereof will be the irruption of those hath been predestinated^ &c.] One Ebn barbarians ^ al Zabari objected to the preceding words, — They shall hasten from every high hill.~\ Both ye, and that which ye worship be- In this passage some copies, instead of sides God, shall be cast into hell ; because, Hadabin, i. e. an elevated part of the earth f being general, they asserted an absolute have Jadathin, which signifies a grave; falsehood ; some of the objects of idolatrous and if we follow the latter reading, the worship being so far from any danger of pronoun they, must not refer to Gog and damnation, that they were in the highest Magog, but to mankind in general. favour with God, as Jesus, Ezra, and the 100 They shall not hear aught therein.'] angels : wherefore this passage was re- Because of their astonishment and the vealed, excepting those who were predes- insupportable torments they shall endure ; tinated to salvation 2, or, as others expound the words. They ^ See, the Prelim. Disc. § iv. '^ Al Beiddtui, Jallalo'ddin, XXI.] AL KORAN. 141 heavens, as the angel al Sijil rolleth up the book wherein every man's actions are recorded. As we made the first creature out of nothing, so we will also re- produce it at the resurrection. This is a promise which it lieth on us to fulfil : we will surely perform it. ^^^ And now have we written in the psalms, after the promulga- tion of the law, that my servants, the righteous, shall inherit the earth. ^^^ Verily in this book are contained sufficient means of salvation, unto people who serve God. 107 ^^Q Y^^^Q j^^^ ggj^l^ ^j^g^^ Q Mohammed, but as a mercy unto all creatures. ^^^ Say, No other hath been revealed unto me, than that your God is one God : will ye there- fore be resigned unto him ? ^^^ But if they turn their backs to the confession of God's unity, say, I proclaim war against you all equally: but I know not whether that which ye are threatened with be nigh, or whether it be far distant. ^^^ Verily God knoweth the discourse which is spoken in public ; and he also knoweth that which ye hold in private. ^^^ I know not but peradventure the respite granted you is for a trial of you ; and that ye may enjoy the prosperity of this world for a time. "^ Say, Lord, judge between me and my adversaries with truth. Our Lord is the Merciful ; whose assistance is to be implored against the blasphemies and calumnies which ye utter. 104 The angel al SijiL'] Whose office 105 The righteous, &c.] These words it is to write down the actions of every are taken from Psalm 37, v. 29. man's life, which, at his death, he rolls up, 109 / proclaim war against you, &c.] as completed. Some pretend one of Mo- Or, I have publicly declared unto you what hammed's scribes is here meant; and I was commanded. others take the word Sijil, or, as it is also — That which ye are threatened with.~\ written, Sijjill, for an appellative, signify- Viz. The losses and disgraces which ye ing a book or written scroll ; and accord- shall suffer by the future successes of the ingly render the passage. As a written Moslems; or the day of judgment, scroll is rolled up ^ ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo^ddin, &c. 142 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER XXII. INTITLED, THE PILGRIMAGE ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ O MEN of Mecca, fear your Lord. Verily the shock of the last hour will be a terrible thing. ^ On the day whereon ye shall see it, every woman who giveth suck shall forget the infant which she suckleth ; and every female that is with young, shall cast her burthen ; and thou shalt see men seemingly drunk, yet they shall not be really drunk: but the punishment of God will be severe. ^ There is a man who disputeth concerning God without knowledge, and followeth every rebellious devil ; ^ against whom it is written, that whoever shall take him for his patron, he shall surely seduce him, and shall lead him into the torment of hell. ^ O men, if ye be in doubt concerning the resurrection, consider that we first created you of the dust of the ground ; afterwards, of seed ; afterwards, of a little coagulated blood ; afterwards, of a piece of flesh, perfectly formed in part, and in part imperfectly formed: that we might make our power manifest unto you : and we cause that which we please to rest in the wombs until the appointed time of delivery. Then we bring you forth infants ; and afterwards, we permit you to attain your age of full strength ; and one of you dieth in his youth, and another of you is postponed to a decrepit age, so that he forgetteth whatever he knew. Thou seest the earth sometimes dried up and Title — The pilgrimage.'] Some ceremo- one sign of the near approach of the day nies used at the pilgrimage of Mecca being of judgment ^. mentioned in this chapter, gave occasion 2 Every woman, &c.] See the Prelim, to the inscription. Disc. § iv. Title — Mecca.'] Some^ except two verses, 3 There is a man who disputeth concern- beginning at these words, There are some ing God, &c.] This passage was revealed men who serve God in a wavering manner, on account of al Nodar Ebn al Hareth, &c. And others ^ six verses, beginning at, who maintained that the angels were the These are two opposite parties, &c. daughters of God, that the Koran was a 1 The shock of the last hour.] Or, the fardel of old fables, and denied the resur- earthquake which, some say, is to happen rection *. a little before the sun rises from the west ; 5 Blood, &c.] See chap, xcvi., ver. 11. * Jallalo' ddin, ^ Al Beiddivi. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. * Al Beiddwi, XXII.] A L KORAN. 143 barren : but when we send down rain thereon, it is put in motion, and swelleth, and produceth every kind of luxu- riant vegetables. ^ This sheweth that God is the truth, and that he raiseth the dead to life, and that he is almighty ; ^ and that the hour of judgment will surely come, there is no doubt thereof; and that God will raise again those who are in the graves. ^ There is a man who disputeth concerning God, without either knowledge, or a direction, or an enlightening book ; ^ proudly turning his side, that he may seduce men from the way of God. Ignominy shall attend him in this world ; and on the day of resurrection we will make him taste the torment of burning. ^^ When it shall be said unto him. This thou sufFerest because of that which thy hands have formerly committed: for God is not unjust towards mankind. ^^ There are some men who serve God in a wavering manner, standing, as it were, on the verge of the true religion. If good befall one of them, he resteth satisfied therein ; but if any tribulation befall him, he turneth himself round, with the loss both of this world, and of the life to come. This is manifest perdition. ^^ He will call upon that, besides God, which can neither hurt him, nor profit him. This is an error remote from truth. ^^ He will invoke him who will sooner be of hurt to his wor- shipper than of advantage. Such is surely a miserable patron, and a miserable companion. ^^ But God will in- troduce those who shall believe, and do righteous works, 8 There is a man who disputeth concern- The passage, they say, was revealed on ing God, &c.] The person here meant, it account of certain Arabs of the desert, who is said, was Abu Jabl ^ a principal man came to Medina, and having professed among the Koreish, and a most inveterate Mohammedism, were well enough pleased enemy of Mohammed and his religion, with it so long as their affairs prospered ; His true name was Amru Ebn Hesham, but if they met with any adversity, were of the family of Makhzum ; and he was sure to lay the blame on their new reli- surnamed Abu'lhocm, i. e. the Father of gion. A tradition of Abu Said mentions Wisdom, which was afterwards changed another accident as the occasion of this into Abu Jabl, or the Father of Folly. He passage, viz. that a certain Jew embraced was slain in the battle of Bedr 2. Islam, but afterwards taking a dislike to 11 There are some men who serve God it, on account of some misfortunes which waveringly, standing on the verge, &c.] had befallen him, went to Mohammed, and This expression alludes to one who being desired he might renounce it, and be freed posted in the skirts of an army, if he sees from the obligations to it ; but the prophet the victory inclining to his own side, stands told him that no such thing was allowed in his ground ; but if the enemy is likely to his religion ^. prevail, takes to his heels. ^ Jallalo'ddin, ^ See chap. viii. ^ Al Beiddwi. 144 AL KORAN. [chap. into gardens through which rivers flow : for God doth that which he pleaseth. ^^ Whoso thinketh that God will not assist his apostle in this world, and in the world to come, let him strain a rope towards heaven, then let him put an end to his life, and see whether his devices can render that ineffectual for which he was angry. \ ^^ Thus do we send down the Koran, being evident signs ; for God directeth whom he pleaseth. ^^ As to the true believers and those who judaize, and the Sabians, and the Christians, and the Magians, and the idolaters ; verily God shall judge between them on the day of resurrection: for God is witness of all things. ^^ Dost thou not per- ceive that all creatures, both in heaven and on earth, adore God ; and the sun, and the moon, and the stars, and the mountains, and the trees, and the beasts, and many men ? ' But many are worthy of chastisement ; and whomsoever God shall render despicable, there shall be none to honour ; for God doth that which he pleaseth. ^^ These are two opposite parties, who dispute concerning their Lord. And they who believe not, shall have gar- ments of fire fitted unto them : boiling water shall be poured on their heads ; ^^ their bowels shall be dissolved thereby, and also their skins ; ^^ and they shall be beaten with maces of iron. ^- ^.o often as they shall endeavour to get out of hell, because of the anguish of their tor- ments, they shall be dragged back into the same ; and their tormentors shall say unto them. Taste ye the pain of burning. ^^ God will introduce those who shall believe, and act righteously, into gardens through which rivers flow ; they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold, and pearls ; and their vestures therein shall be silk. 15 Let him strain a rope towards heaven^ The passage is said to have been revealed &c.] Or, let him tie a rope to the roof of on occasion of a dispute between the Jews his house, and hang himself: that is, let and the Mohammedans; the former insist- him carry his anger and resentment to ing that they were in greater favour with ever so great an height, even to be driven God, their prophet and revelations being to the most desperate extremities, and see prior to those of the latter; and these re- whether with all his endeavours he will be plying, that they were more in God's able to intercept the divine assistance ^. favour, for that they believed not only in 18 Adore GodJ] Confessing his power, Moses, but also in Mohammed, and in all and obeying his supreme command. the scriptures without exception ; whereas 19 These are two opposite par ties ^ &c.] the Jews rejected Mohammed, though they Viz. The true believers, and the infidels, knew him to be a prophet, out of envy 2. 1 At Beiddwi, ^ Idem. XXII.] AL KORAN. 145 ^^ They are directed unto a good saying ; and are directed into the honourable way. ^^ But they who shall disbe- lieve, and obstruct the way of God, and hinder men from visiting the holy temple of Mecca, which we have ap- pointed for a place of worship unto all men ; the inha- bitant thereof, and the stranger, have an equal right to visit it : ^^ and whosoever shall seek impiously to profane it, we will cause him to taste a grievous torment. ^^ Call to mind when we gave the site of the house of the Caaba for an abode unto Abraham, saying. Do not associate any thing with me ; and cleanse my house for those who com- pass it, and who stand up, and who bow down to worship. ^^ And proclaim unto the people a solemn pilgrimage : let them come unto thee on foot, and on every lean camel, arriving from every distant road ; ^^ that they may be wit- nesses of the advantages which accrue to them from the visiting this holy place, and may commemorate the name of God on the appointed days, in gratitude for the brute cattle which he hath bestowed on them. ^^ Wherefore eat thereof, and feed the needy and the poor. ^^ After- wards let them put an end to the neglect of their persons, 24 IJyito a good saying.'] Viz. The pro- claim the pilgrimage of valediction ^ ; ac- fession of God's vmity ; or these words, cor(^irs{ to which exposition the passage which they shall use at their entrance into mif&I^iiave been revealed at Medina, paradise, Praise be unto God, who hath 29 The advantages which accrue to them fulfilled his promise unto us *. from the visiting this place. ~\ Viz. The 27 When we gave unto Abraham the site temporal advantage made by the great of the Caaba for an abode.] i. e. For a trade driven at Mecca during the pilgrim- place of religious worship; showing him age, and the spiritual advantage of having the spot where it had stood, and also the performed so meritorious a work. model of the old building, which had been — The appointed days.] Namely, The taken up to heaven at the flood 2. ten first days of Dhu'lhajja ; or, the tenth 28 Proclaim unto the people a solemn day of the same month on which they slay pilgrimage.] It is related that Abraham, the sacrifices, and the three following in obedience to this command, went up to days*. mount Abu Kobeis, near Mecca, and cried 31 Let them put an end to the neglect of from thence, O men, perform the pilgrim- their persons.] By shaving their heads, age to the house of your Lord: and that and other parts of their bodies, and cutting God caused those who were then in the their beards and nails in the valley of loins of their fathers, and the wombs of Mina ; which the pilgrims are not allowed their mothers, from east to west, and who to do from the time they become Mohrims, he knew beforehand, would perform the and have solemnly dedicated themselves to pilgrimage, to hear his voice. Some say, the performance of the pilgrimage, till they however, that these words were directed have finished the ceremonies, and slain to Mohammed, commanding him to pro- their victims ^. 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ See Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ Al Beiddwi. * Idem, Jallalo'ddin. ^ lidem. See chap, ii., chap, v., and Bobov. de Peregr. Meccana, p. 15, &c. VOL. II. L 146 AL KORAN. [chap. and let them pay their vows ; and compass the ancient house. ^^ This let them do. And whoever shall regard the sacred ordinances of God ; this will be better for him in the sight of his Lord. All sorts of cattle are allowed you to eat, except what hath been read unto you, in former passages of the Koran, to be forbidden. ^^ But depart from the abomination of idols, and avoid speaking that which is false ? being orthodox in respect to God, associating no other god with him ; for whoever associateth any other with God, is like that which falleth from heaven, and which the birds snatch away, or the wind bloweth to a far distant place. ^^This is so. And whoso maketh valuable offerings unto God ; verily they proceed from the piety of men's hearts. ^^ Ye receive various advantages from the cattle designed for sacrifices, until a determined time for slaying them : then the place of sacrificing them is at the ancient house. ^^ Unto the professors of every religion have we appointed certain rites, that they may commemorate the name of God, on slaying the brute cattle which he hath provided for them. Your God is 31 Let them pay their vows.'] By doing &c.] Because he who falls into idolatry, the good works which they have vowed to sinketh from the height of faith into the do in their pilgrimage. Some understand depth of infidelity, has his thoughts the words only of the performance of the distracted by wicked lusts, and is hur- requisite ceremonies. ried by the devil into the most absurd — And compass the ancient house.] i. e. errors ^. The Caaba ; which the Mohammedans 34 Whoso maketh valuable offerings pretend was the first edifice built and ap- unto God.~\ By choosing a well-favoured pointed for the worship of God ^ The and costly victim, in honour of him to going round this chapel is a principal cere- whom it is destined. They say Moham- mony of the pilgrimage, and is often re- med once offered a hundred fat camels, peated ; but the last time of their doing it, and among them one which had belonged when they take their farewell of the tem- to Abu Jahl, having in his nose a ring of pie, seems to be more particularly meant gold: and that Omar offered a noble in this place. camel, for which he had been bid three 32 Whoever shall regard the sacred ordi- hundred dinars ^, nances of God.] By observing what he The original may also be translated has commanded, and avoiding what he has generally. Whoso regardeth the rites of forbidden; or, as the words also signify, the pilgrimage, &c. But the victims Whoever shall honour what God hath seem to be more particularly intended in sanctified, or commanded not to be pro- this place. faned; as the temple and territory of 36 Unto the prof essors of every religion.] Mecca, and the sacred months, &c. Jallalo'ddin understands this passage in a 33 Avoid speaking that which is false.] restrained sense, of the former nations Either by asserting wrong and impious who were true believers, to whom God things of the Deity ; or by bearing false appointed a sacrifice, and a fixed place, witness against your neighbours. and proper ceremonies for the offering — Like that which falleth from heaven, of it. ^ See chap, iii., and the Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. XXII.] A L KORAN. 147 one God : wherefore resign yourselves wholly unto him. ^^ And do thou bear good tidings unto those who humble themselves ; whose hearts, when mention is made of God, are struck with fear ; and unto those who patiently en- dure that which befalleth them ; and who duly perform their prayers, and give alms out of what we have bestowed on them. ^^ The camels slain for sacrifice have we appointed for you as symbols of your obedience unto God : ye also receive other advantages from them. Wherefore commemorate the name of God over them, when ye slay them, standing on their feet, disposed in right order : and when they are fallen down dead, eat of them ; and give to eat thereof both unto him who is content with what is given him, without asking, and unto him who asketh. Thus have we given you dominion over them, that ye might return us thanks. ^^ Their flesh is not accepted of God, neither their blood ; but your piety is accepted of him. Thus have we given you dominion over them, that ye might magnify God, for the revelations whereby he hath directed you. ^^ And bear good tidings unto the righteous, that God will repel the ill designs of the in- fidels from the true believers ; for God loveth not every perfidious unbeliever. ^^ Permission is granted unto those who take arms against the unbelievers, for that they have been unjustly persecuted by them : (and God is certainly able to assist them :) who have been turned out of their habitations injuriously, and for no other reason than be- cause they say. Our Lord is God. ^^ And if God did not repel the violence of some men by others, verily monas- teries, and churches, and synagogues, and the temples of 38 Standing on their feet, disposed in and unto him who wanteth, but dareth not right order. ^ That is, as some expound ask. the word, standing on three feet, having 41 Permission is granted unto those who one of their fore feet tied up, which is the take arms, &c.] This was the first pas- manner of tying camels to prevent their sage of the Koran which allowed Moham- moving from the place. Some copies, in- med and his followers to defend them- stead of Sawdffa, read Sawdffena, from selves against their enemies by force, and the verb safana, which properly signifies was revealed a little before the flight to the posture of a horse when he stands on Medina ; till which time the prophet had three feet, the edge of the fourth only exhorted his Moslems to sufler the injuries touching the ground. offered them with patience, which is also — Unto him who is content without ask- commanded in above seventy different ing, and unto him who asketh.'] Or, as the places of the Koran ^. words may also be rendered. Unto him 42 If God did not repel the violence who asketh in a modest and humble manner, of some men by others, verily monas- ^ Al Beiddwi, &c. V. The Prelim. Disc. §. ii. L 2 148 AL KORAN. [chap. the Moslems, wherein the name of God is frequently commemorated, would be utterly demolished. And God will certainly assist him who shall be on his side : for God is strong and mighty. ^^ And he will assist those who, if we establish them in the earth, will observe prayer, and give alms, and command that which is just, and forbid that which is unjust. And unto God shall be the end of all things. ^^ If they accuse thee, O Moham- med, of imposture ; consider that, before them, the people of Noah, and the tribes of Ad and Thamud, ^^ and the people of Abraham, and the people of Lot, and the in- habitants of Madian, accused their prophets of imposture : and Moses was also charged with falsehood. And I granted a long respite unto the unbelievers : but after- wards I chastised them ; and how different was the change I made in their condition ! ^^ How many cities have we destroyed, which were ungodly, and which are now fallen to ruin on their roofs ! And how many wells have been abandoned, and lofty castles ! ^^ Do they not therefore journey through the land ? And have they not hearts to understand with, or ears to hear with ? Surely as to these things their eyes are not blind, but the hearts are blind which are in their breasts. ^^ They will urge thee to hasten the threatened punishment : but God will not fail to perform what he hath threatened : and verily one day with thy Lord is as ajbhousan^^ of those which ye SOTipater'^'^'Trnto how many cities have I granteH^^respffe, thou^^^'^they were wicked? yet afterwards I chastised them ; and unto me shall they come to be judged at the last day. ^^ Say, O men, verily I am only a public preacher unto you. ^^ And they who believe, and do good teries, and churches, Sfc. would be demo- serted dwelling in those parts, as ruins are HshedJ] That is, The public exercise of of a demolished town, any religion, whether true or false, is Some imagine that this passage intends supported only by force ; and therefore, more particularly a well at the foot of a as Mohammed would argue, the true re- certain hill in the province of Hadramaut, ligion must be establit;hed by the same and a castle built on the top of the same means. ' hill, both belonging to the people of Hand- 46 How many wells have been ahan- ha Ebn Safwan, a remnant of the Thamu- doned, &c.] That is. How many spots dites, who, having killed their prophet, in the deserts, which were formerly inha- were utterly destroyed by God, and their bited, are now abandoned I a neglected dwelling abandoned ^. well being the proper sign of such a de- 48 Which ije compute.^ See2 Pet. iii. 8. 1 Jl Beiddwi, &c. XXII.] A L KORAN. 149 works, shall obtain forgiveness and an honourable provi- sion. ^^ But those who endeavour to make our signs of none effect, shall be the inhabitants of hell. ^^ We have sent no apostle, or prophet, before thee, but, when he read, Satan suggested some error in his reading. But God shall make void that which Satan had suggested : then shall God confirm his signs ; for God is knowing and wise. ^^ But this he permitteth, that he may make that which Satan hath suggested, a temptation unto those in whose hearts there is an infirmity, and whose hearts are hardened : (for the ungodly are certainly in a wide disagreement from the truth:) ^^ and that they on whom knowledge hath been bestowed, may know that this book is the truth from thy Lord, and may believe therein : and that their hearts may acquiesce in the same : for God is surely the director of those who believe, into the right way. ^^ But the infidels will not cease to doubt concerning it, until the hour of judgment cometh suddenly upon them; or until the punishment of a grievous day overtake them. ^^ On that day the kingdom shall be God's : he shall judge between them. And they who shall have believed, and shall have wrought righteousness, shall be in gardens of pleasure : ^^ but they who shall have disbelieved, and shall have charged our signs with falsehood, those shall suffer a shameful punish- ment. ^^ And as to those who shall have fled their country for the sake of God's true religion, and afterwards shall have 53 IVe have sent no apostle or prophet, quainted by the angel Gabriel with the but when he read, Satan suggested some reason of their compliance, and with what error in his reading, &c.] The occasion he had uttered, was deeply concerned at of the passage is thus related. Moham- his mistake, till this verse was revealed med one day reading the 53rd chapter of for his consolation 2. the Koran, when he came to this verse, Vfe are told however, by al Beidawi, What think ye of Allat, and al Uzza, and that the more intelligent and accurate per- of Manah, the other third goddess ? the sons reject the aforesaid story ; and the devil put the following words into his verb, here translated read, signifying also mouth, which he pronounced through in- to wish for any thing, interpet the passage advertence, or, as some tell us, because he of the suggestions of tho devil to debauch was then half asleep ^ : These are the most the affections of those holy persons, or to high and beauteous damsels, w^hose inter- employ their minds in vain wishes and de- cession is to be hoped for. The Koreish, sires. who were sitting near Mohammed, greatly 56 A grievous day.'] Or a day which rejoiced at what they had heard, and when maketh childless; by which some great he had finished the chapter, joined with misfortune in war is expressed, as the over- him and his followers in making their throw the infidels received at Bedr. Some adoration : but the prophet, being ac- suppose the resurrection is here intended. * Yahya. 2 ^i Beiddwi, Jallalo" ddin, Yahya, &c. See chap. xvi. 150 A L KORAN. [chap. been slain, or shall have died ; on them will God bestow an excellent provision ; and God is the best provider. ^^ He will surely introduce them with an introduction with which they shall be well pleased : for God is know- ing and gracious. ^^ This is so. Whoever shall take a vengeance equal to the injury which hath been done him ; and shall afterwards be unjustly treated ; verily God will assist him : for God is merciful, and ready to forgive. ^^ This shall be done, for that God causeth the night to succeed the day, and he causeth the day to succeed the night ; and for that God both heareth and seeth. ^^ This, because God is truth, and because what they invoke besides him is vanity : and for that God is the high, the mighty. ^* Dost thou not see that God sendeth down water from heaven, and the earth becometh green ? for God is gracious and wise. ^^ Unto him be- longeth whatsoever is in heaven, and on earth : and God is self-sufficient, worthy to be praised. ^^ Dost thou not see that God hath subjected whatever is in the earth to your service, and also the ships which sail in the sea, by his command ? And he withholdeth the heaven that it fall not on the earth, unless by his permission : for God is gracious unto mankind, and merciful. ^^ It is he who hath given you life, and will hereafter cause you to die ; afterwards he will again raise you to life, at the resur- rection ; but man is surely ungrateful. ^^ Unto the professors of every religion have we appointed certain rites which they observe. Let them not therefore dispute with thee concerning this matter ; but invite them unto thy Lord : for thou followest the right direction. ^^ But if they enter into debate with thee, answer, God well knoweth that which ye do : ^^ God will judge between you, on the day of resurrection, concerning that wherein ye now disagree. '^^ Dost thou not know that God know- eth whatever is in heaven and on earth ? Verily this is written in the book of his decrees : this is easy with God. 61 Whoever shall take a vengeance jured, by offering him some further vio- equal to the injury.^ And shall not take lence. a more severe revenge than the fact The passage seems to relate to the ven- deserves. geance which the Moslems should take of the — Jnd shall afterwards be unjustly infidels, for their unjust persecution of them. treated.'] By the aggressor's seeking to 66 That it fall not ^ 9ic.~\ Which it will "revenge himself again of the person in- do at the last day. XXII.] AL KORAN. 151 ^^ They worship, besides God, that concerning which he hath sent down no convincing proof, and concerning w^hich they have no knowledge: but the unjust doers shall have none to assist them. ^^ And when our evident signs are rehearsed unto them, thou mayest perceive in the countenances of the unbelievers, a disdain thereof: it wanteth little but that they rush with violence on those who rehearse our signs unto them. Say, Shall I declare unto you a worse thing than this ? The fire of hell, which God hath threatened unto those who believe not, is worse ; and an unhappy journey shall it be thither. ^* O men, a parable is propounded unto you ; wherefore hearken unto it. Verily the idols which ye invoke, besides God, can never create a single fly, although they were all assembled for that purpose ; and if the fly snatch any thing from them, they cannot recover the same from it. Weak is the petitioner, and the petitioned. ^^ They judge not of God according to his due estimation : for God is powerful and mighty. ^^ God chooseth messengers from among the angels, and from among men : for God is who heareth and seeth. ^^ He knoweth that which is before them, and that which is behind them ; and unto God shall all things return. ^^ O true believers, bow down, and prostrate yourselves, and worship your Lord ; and work righteousness, that ye may be happy : ^^ and fight in defence of God's true religion, as it behoveth you to fight for the same. He hath chosen you, and hath not imposed on you any diflftculty in the religion which he hath given you, the religion of your father Abraham. He hath named you Moslems heretofore, and in this book ; that our apostle may be a witness against you at the day of judgment, and that ye may be 74 If the fly snatch any thing from temple of Jerusalem, and the sacrifices them^ &c.] The commentators say, that there offered to the true God, were never the Arabs used to anoint the images of annoyed by flies ^ ; whereas swarms of their gods with some odoriferous compo- those insects infested the heathen temples, sition, and with honey, which the fities ate, being drawn thither by the steam of the though the doors of the temple were care- sacrifices 2. fully shut, getting in at the windows or 76 God chooseth messengers from among crevices. the angels.^ Who are the bearers of the Perhaps Mohammed took this argument divine revelations to the prophets ; but from the Jews, who pretend that the ought not to be the objects of worship. * Pirke Aboth, c. 5. § vi. vii. 2 y. Selden de Diis Syris, Synt. 2, c. 6. 152 AL KORAN. [chap. witnesses against the rest of mankind. Whei^Bfore^be^je constant^tjrajerj^^d^^^ mTo^^GoD.^ He^Ja-^^xmiLj^ jand Ji£LjL&,.JiiB . Jbast ma^ter^^anj^^^ CHAPTER XXIII. INTITLED, THE TRUE BELIEVERS ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. [^XVIII.] ^ Now are the true believers happy ; ^ who humble themselves in their prayer; ^and who eschew all vain discourse ; ^ and who are doers of alms-deeds ; ^ and whq^keep thjgmselyes^^^^^f^^^^ of any woman, ^ except their wives, or^he captives which their right Tiand Jiosse^^ ; for as^ Jo them they jh^ll be lessl^^but j^^ they are transgressors : ^ and who acquit themselves faith- fully of their trust, and justly perform thei^^^^^^^ ^ and who^„^ observe their appointed times ^f pray er : ^^ these shall be the heirs : ^^ who shall inherit paradise ; they shall continue therein for ever. ^^ We formerly created man of a finer sort of clay; ^^ afterwards we placed him in the form of a seed in a sure receptacle ; ^* afterwards we made the seed coagulated blood ; and we formed the coagulated blood into a piece of flesh ; then we formed the piece of flesh into bones ; and we clothed those bones with flesh : then we produced the same by another crea- tion. Wherefore blessed be God, the most excellent Creator. ^^ AfteiiJihis^shan shall je be restored to life^ on the day of resurrection. ^^ And we have created over you seven heavens : and we are not negligent of what we have created. ^^ And we send down rain from heaven by measure, and we cause it 13 A sure receptacle.^ Viz. The womb, because, according to some expositors, 14 By another creation.'] i. e. Pro- they are the paths of the angels and of the ducing a perfect man, composed of soul celestial bodies : though the original word and body. also signifies things which are folded or — Creator.'] See chap. vi. placed like stories one above another, as 17 Seven heavens.] Literally, seven the Mohammedans suppose the heavens paths ; by which the heavens are meant, to be. XXIII.] A L KORAN. 153 to remain on the earth : we are also certainly able to deprive you of the same. ^^ And we cause gardens of palm-trees, and vineyards, to spring forth for you by means thereof ; ^^ wherein ye have many fruits and whereof ye eat. ^^ And we also raise for you a tree springing from mount Sinai ; which produceth oil, and a sauce for those who eat. ^^ Ye have likewise an instruc- tion in the cattle: we give you to drink of the milk which is in their bellies, and ye receive many advantages from them ; and of them do ye eat : ^^ and on them, and on ships, are ye carried. ^* We sent Noah heretofore unto his people, and he said, O my people, serve God : ye have no God besides him ; will ye not therefore fear the consequence of your worshipping other gods ? ^^ And the chiefs of his people, who believed not, said. This is no other than a man, as ye are : he seeketh to raise himself to a superiority over you. ^^ If God had pleased to have sent a messenger unto you, he would surely have sent angels : we have not heard this of our forefathers.. ^^ Verily he is no other than a man disturbed with frenzy : wherefore wait concerning him for a time. Noah said, O Lord, do thou protect me ; for that they accuse me of falsehood. ^^ And we revealed our orders unto him, saying, Make the ark in our sight ; and according to our revelation. ^^ And when our decree coineth to be executefl, and the oven shall boil and pour forth water, carry into it of every species of animals one pair ; and also thy family, except such of them on whom a previous sentence of destruction hath passed : and speak not unto me in behalf of those who have been unjust ; for they shall be drowned. ^^ And when thou, and they who shall be with thee, shall go up into the ark, say. Praise be unto God who hath delivered us from the ungodly people. ^^ And say, O Lord, cause me to come down from this ark with a blessed descent ; for thou art best 21 A tree springing from mount Sinai,^ The beast more particularly meant in this Viz. The olive. The gardens near this place, is the camel, which is chiefly used mountain are yet famous for the excellent for carriage in the east ; being called, by fruit-trees of almost all sorts which grow the Arabs, the land-ship, on which they there ^. pass those seas of sand, the deserts. 23 On them, and on ships, are ye carried.'] 29 One pair.] See chap. xi. V. Voyages de Thevenot, liv. 2. ch. ix. 154 AL KORAN. [chap, able to bring me down from the same with safety. ^2 Verily herein were signs of our omnipotence,; and we proved mankind thereby. ^^ Afterwards we raised up another generation after them ; ^^ and we sent unto them an apostle from among them, who said. Worship God : ye have no God besides him ; will ye not therefore fear his vengeance ? ^^ And the chiefs of his people, who believed not, and who denied the meeting of the life to come, and on whom we had bestowed affluence in this present life, said. This is no other than a man, as ye are ; ^^he eateth of that whereof ye eat, and he drinketh of that whereof ye drink : and if ye obey a man like unto yourselves, ye will surely be sufferers. ^^ Doth he threaten you that after ye shall be dead and shall become dust and bones, ye shall be brought forth alive from your graves ? ^^ Away, away with that ye are threat^ed^dth ! ^^ There is^^noi;5IE(EI&^^ .^^^ di? and we live ; and we shall not be raised again. "^^ This is no other than a man, who deviseth a lie concerning God : but we will not believe him. ^^ Their apostle said, O Lord, defend me ; for that they have accused me of imposture. ^^ God answered. After a little while they shall surely repent their obstinacy. ^^ Wherefore a severe punishment was justly inflicted on them, and we rendered them like the refuse which is carried down by a stream. Away therefore with the ungodly people ! ^* Afterwards we raised up other generations after them. ^^ No nation shall be punished before their determined time : neither shall they be respited after. ^^ Afterwards we sent our apostles, one after another. So often as their apostle came unto any nation, they charged him with imposture : and we caused them successively to follow one another to destruction ; and we made them only subjects of traditional stories. Away therefore with the unbelieving nations ! *' Afterwards we sent Moses, and Aaron his brother, with our signs and manifest power, unto Pharaoh and his princes ; ^^ but they proudly refused to believe on him ; for they were a haughty people. ^^ And they said. Shall 33 Another generation.^ Namely, the 44 Other generations,'] As the Sodom- tribe of Ad, or of Thamud. ites, Midianites, &c. 34 An apostle.'] Viz. The prophet Hud, or Saleh. XXIII.] A L KORAN. 155 we believe on two men like unto ourselves ; whose people are our servants ? ^^ And they accused them of impos- ture : wherefore they became of the number of those who were destroyed. ^^ And we heretofore gave the book of the law unto Moses, that the children of Israel might be directed thereby. ^^ And we appointed the^son^^ Mary, and his mother, for a^siOTT^aiiTwe prepared an a^^dejfor_tj^m3j3 .^an elevated part of the^jejirth^^being a place of quiet and 3 wuTiigT anr^^^^ with runninsf ^]E^£^* "^^^ apostles, eat of those things wETcK^are^good ; and work righteousness : for I well know that which ye do. ^^ This your religion is one religion ; and I am your Lord, wherefore fear me. ^^ But men have rent the affair of their religion into various sects : every party rejoiceth in that which they follow. ^^ Wherefore leave them in their confusion until a certain time. ^^ Do they think that we hasten unto them the wealth and children which we have abundantly bestowed on them, for their good ? ^^ But they do not understand. ^^ Verily they who stand in awe, for fear of their Lord ; ^^ and who believe in the signs of their Lord ; ^^ and who attribute not companions unto their Lord ; ^^ and who give that which they give in alms, their hearts being struck with dread, for that they must return unto their Lord : ^^ these hasten unto good, and are foremost to obtain the same. ^^ We will not impose any difficulty on a soul, except according to its ability : with us is a book, which speaketh the truth ; and they shall not be injured. ^^ But their hearts are drowned in negligence, as to this matter; and they have works different from those we 52 An elevated 'part of the earth^ directed particularly to the Virgin Mary The commentators tell us the place here and Jesus, or singly to the latter (in intended is Jerusalem, or Damascus, or which case the plural number must be Ramlah, or Palestine, or Egypt ^ used out of respect only), proposing the But perhaps the passage means the hill practice of the prophets for their imitation, to which the Virgin Mary retired to be Mohammed probably designed in this delivered, according to the Mohammedan passage, to condemn the abstinence ob- tradition 2. served by the Christian monks ^. 63 0 apostles, eat of those things which 54 One religion.^ The same that was are good, &c.] These words are addressed professed by the patriarchs and saints of to the apostles in general, to whom it was old ; Islam, or resignation to the divine permitted to eat of all clean and whole- will. some food ; and were spoken to them 56 Until a certain time.] i. e. Till severally at the time of their respective they shall be slain, or shall die a natural missions. Some, however, think them death. ' Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. 2 ggg chap. xix. ^ A I Beiddwi, 156 AL KORAN. [chap, have mentioned : ^^ which they will continue to do, until, when we chastise such of them as enjoy an affluence of fortune, by a severe punishment, behold, they cry aloud for help : ^^ but it shall be answered them, Cry not for help to-day ; for ye shall not be assisted by us. ^^ My signs were read unto you, but ye turned back on your heels ; ^^ proudly elating yourselves because of your pos- sessing the holy temple ; discoursing together by night, and talking foolishly. ^^ Do they not therefore atten- tively consider that which is spoken unto them, whether a revelation is come unto them which came not unto their forefathers ? ^^ Or do they not know their apostle ; and therefore reject him ? ^^ Or do they say, He is a madman ? Nay, he hath come unto them with the truth; but the greater part of them detest the truth. ^^ If the truth had followed their desires, verily the heavens and the earth, and whoever therein is, had been corrupted. But we have brought them their admonition ; and they turn aside from their admonition. ^^ Dost thou ask of them any maintenance for thy preaching ? since the maintenance of thy Lord is better ; for he is the most bounteous provider. ^^ Thou certainly invitest them to the right way : ^^ and they who believe not in the life to come, do surely deviate from that way. ^^ If we had not compassion on them, and had taken off from them the calamity which had befallen them, they would surely have more obstinately persisted in their error, wandering in confusion. ^^ We formerly chastised them with a punishment : yet they did not humble themselves 66 A severe punishment.~\ By which is Mohammed had been agreeable to their intended either the overthrow at Bedr, inclinations, &c. where several of the chief Koreishites lost 77 The calamity which had befallen their lives ; or the famine with which the themJ] Viz. The famine. It is said that Meccans were afflicted at the prayer of the Meccans being reduced to eat ilJdz, the prophet, conceived in these words, which is a sort of miserable food, made of O God, set thy foot strongly on Modar blood and camels' hair, used by the Arabs (an ancestor of the Koreish), and give in time of scarcity, Abu Sofian came to them years like the years of Joseph ; Mohammed, and said, Tell me, I adjure whereupon so great a dearth ensued, that thee by God, and the relation that is they were obliged to feed on dogs, carrion, between us, dost thou think thou art sent and burnt bones ^. as a mercy unto all creatures ; since thou 73 If the truth had followed their de- hast slain the fathers with the sword, and sires^ &c.] That is, If there had been a the children with hunger ^ ? plurality of gods, as the idolaters con- 78 We formerly chastised them with a tended 2; or, if the doctrine taught by /jz^ww/imew^.] Namely, the slaughter at Bedr. ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ See chap. xxi. ~ ' ^ Al Beiddwi. xxiii.] AL KORAN. 157 before their Lord, neither did they make supplications nnto him ; ^^ until, when we have opened upon them a door, from which a severe punishment hath issued, be- hold, they are driven to despair thereat. ^^ It is God who hath created in you the senses of hearing and of sight, that ye may perceive our judgments ; and hearts, that ye may seriously consider them : yet how few of you give thanks ! ^^ It is he w^ho hath produced you in the earth ; and before him shall ye be assembled. ^^ It is he who giveth life, and putteth to death ; and to him is to be attributed the vicissitude of night and day : Do ye not therefore understand ? ^^ But the unbelieving Meccans say as their predecessors said : ^^ they say, When we shajl be dead, and shall have become dust and bones^ shall w really be raised t^Jife^^J^ WeJhayejaJx^^ enedvnlir^W^^ nolEmgTut faWesjofJheja^^ ^^ Say, Whose is the earEETSiSTvv^oever therein is ; if ye know ? ^^ They will answer, God's. Say, Will ye not therefore consider? ^^ Say, Who is the Lord of the seven heavens, and the Lord of the magnificent throne ? ^^ They will answer, They are God's. Say, Will ye not therefore fear him ? ^^ Say, In whose hand is the kingdom of all things ; who protecteth whom he pleaseth, but is himself protected of none; if ye know? ^^ They will answer, In God's. Say, How therefore are ye bewitched ? ^^ Yea, we have brought them the truth ; and they are certainly liars in denying the same. ^^ God hath not begotten issue ; neither is there any other god with him : otherwise every god had surely taken away that which he had created ; and some of them had exalted themselves above the others. Far be that from God, which they affirm of him ! ^^ He knoweth that which is concealed, and that which is made public : wherefore far be it from him to have those sharers 79 A severe punishment.'} Viz. Famine, 93 Every god had taken away that which is more terrible than the calamities which he had created.'] And set up of war ^ a distinct creation and kingdom of his According to these explications, the own. passage must have been revealed at Me- — Above the others.} The idolatrous dina ; unless it be taken in a prophetical Arabians acknowledged one supreme sense. Deity. At Beiddwi. 158 AL KORAN. [chap. in his honour, which they attribute to him ! ^^ Say, O Lord, if thou wilt surely cause me to see the vengeance with which they have been threatened ; ^^ O Lord, set me not among the ungodly people : ^^ for we are surely able to make thee to see that with which we have threatened them. ^^ Turn aside evil with that which is better : we well know the calumnies which they utter against thee. ^^ And say, O Lord, I fly unto thee for refuge, against the suggestions of the devils ; ^^^ and 1 have recourse unto thee, O Lord, to drive them away, that they be not pre- sent with me. ^^^ The gainsaying of the unbelievers ceaseth not until, when death overtaketh any of them, he saith, O Lord, suffer me to return to life, ^^^ that I may do that which is right ; in professing the true faith which I have neglected. By no means. Verily these are the words which he shall speak : but behind them there shall be a bar, until the day of resurrection. ^^^ When there- fore the trumpet shall be sounded, there shall be no rela- tion between them which shall be regarded on that day ; neither shall they ask assistance of each other. ^^^ They whose balances shall be heavy with good works, shall be happy : ^^^ but they whose balances shall be light, are those 98 Turn aside evil with that which is place of the dead, another while for the better.'] That is by forgiving injuries, time of their continuance in that state, and and returning of good for them ; which another while for the state itself. It is rule is to be qualified, however, with this defined by their critics to be the interval proviso ; that the true religion receive or space between this world and the next, no prejudice by such mildness and cle- or between death and the resurrection : mency ^. every person who dies, being said to enter 100 That they he not present with me>~\ into al Barzakh ; or, as the Greek expresses To besiege me : or, as it may also be it, KaTa[5fjvai elg ^dov ^. One lexicogra- translated, That they hurt me not. pher * tells us that in the Koran it denotes 102 In professing the true faith which I the grave ; but the commentators on this have neglected.'] Or, as the words may passage expound it a bar, or invincible also import, in the world which I have obstacle, cutting off all possibility of return left; that is, during the further term of into the world after death. See chap. xxv. life which shall be granted me, and from where the word again occurs, which I have been cut off 2. Some interpreters understand the words — Behind them there shall be a bar.] we have rendered, Behind them, to mean, The original w^ord,-Bari5;aM, here translated Before them, (it being one of those words, bar, primarily signifies any partition, or of which there are several in the Arabic interstice, which divides one thing from tongue, that have direct contrary significa- another ; but is used by the Arabs not tions,) considering al Barzakh as a future always in the same, and sometimes in an space, and lying before, and rjot behind obscure sense. They seem generally to them. express by it what the Greeks did by the 105 Balances.] See the Prelim. Disc, word Hades ; one while using it for the § iv. * J I Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ V. Pocock. not. in Port. Mosis, p. 248, &c. and the Prelim. Disc. § iv. * Ebn Maruf apud Gol. Lex. Arab. col. 254. 1 XXIV.] AL KORAN. 159 who shall lose their souls, and shall remain in hell for ever. ^^^ The fire shall scorch their faces, and they shall vrrithe their mouths therein for anguish : ^^^ and it shall be said unto them, Were not my signs rehearsed unto you ; and did ye not charge them w^ith falsehood ? ^^^ They shall answer, O Lord, our unhappiness prevailed over us, and we were people who went astray. ^^^ O Lord, take us forth from this fire : if w^e return to our former wickedness, we shall surely be unjust. ^^^ God will say unto them, Be ye driven away with ignominy thereinto ; and speak not unto me to deliver you. "^ Verily there were a party of my servants, who said, O Lord, we believe : wherefore forgive us, and be merciful unto us ; for thou art the best of those who show mercy. ^^^ But ye received them with scoffs, so that they suffered you to forget my admonition, and ye laughed them to scorn. ^^^ I have this day re- warded them, for that they suffered the injuries ye offered them with patience : verily they enjoy great felicity. ^^^ God will say, What number of years have ye continued on earth? ^^^ They will answer, We have continued there a day, or part of day: but ask those who keep account. ^^^ God will say. Ye have tarried but a little, if ye knew it. ^^^ Did ye think that we had created you in sport, and that ye should not be brought again before us? ^^^ Wherefore let God be exalted, the King, the Truth ! There is no God besides him, the Lord of the honourable throne. ^^^ Whoever, together with the true God, shall invoke another god, concerning whom he hath no demon- strative proof, shall surely be brought to an account for the same before his Lord. Verily the infidels shall not prosper. ^^^ Say, O Lord, pardon, and show mercy ; for thou art the best of those who show mercy. 112 They suffered you to forget my ad- Arabs to describe what they like as of monition.'] Being unable to prevail on short, and what they dislike, as of long you by their remonstrances, because of the continuance, contempt wherein ye held them. — Ask those who keep account,'] That 115 ^ day, or part of a day.] The is, the angels, who keep account of the time will seem thus short to them in com- length of men's lives, and of their works: parison to the eternal duration of their or any other, who may have leisure to torments, or because the time of their compute ; and not us, whose torments dis- living in the world was the time of their tract our thoughts and attention, joy and pleasure ; it being usual for the 160 AL KORAN, [chap. CHAPTER XXIV, INTITLED, LIGHT ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. * THIS Sura have we sent down from heaven ; and have ratified the same : and we have revealed therein evident signs, that ye may be warned. ^ The whore, and the whoremonger, shall ye scourge with an hundred stripes. And let not compassion towards them prevent you from executing the judgment of God ; if ye believe in God and the last day : and let some of the true believers be witnesses of their punishment. ^ The whoremonger shall not marry any other than a harlot, or an idolatress. And a harlot shall no man take in marriage, except a whore- monger or an idolater. And this kind of marriage is for- bidden the true believers. ^ But as to those who accuse women of reputation of whoredom, and produce not four Title — Light. ~\ This title is taken from an allegorical comparison made between light and God, or faith in him, about the middle of the chapter. 2 The whore and the whoremonger shall ye scourge with an hundred stripes, &c.] This law is not to be understood to relate to married people, who are of free condi- tion ; because adultery in such, accord- ing to the Sonna, is to be punished by stoning ^. — Let not compassion prevent you, &c.] i. e. Be not moved by pity, either to for- give the offenders, or to mitigate their punishment. Mohammed was for so strict and impartial an execution of the laws, that he is reported to have said. If Fa- tema, the daughter of Mohammed, steal, let her hand be struck off 2. — Let some of the true believers be wit- nesses of their punishment,^ That is, Let the punishment be inflicted in public, and not in private ; because the ignominy of it is more intolerable than the smart, and more likely to work a reformation on the offender. Some say there ought to be three persons present at the least ; but others think two, or even one, to be suffi- cient 3. 3 And this kind of marriage is forbidden the true believers.^ The preceding pas- sage was revealed on account of the meaner and more indigent Mohajerins, or refugees, who sought to marry the whores of the infidels taken captive in war, for the sake of the gain which they made by prosti- tuting themselves. Some think the prohi- bition was special, and regarded only the Mohajerins before-mentioned ; and others are of opinion it was general ; but it was agreed to have been abrogated by the words which follow in this chapter. Marry the single women among you ; harlots be- ing comprised under the appellation of single women *. It is supposed by some, that not mar- riage, but unlawful commerce, with such women is here forbidden. 4 Women of reputation.'] The Arabic word, Mohsindt, properly signifies women of unblamable conduct ; but to bring the chastisement after-mentioned on the ca- lumniator, it is also requisite that they be free women, of ripe age, having their un- derstandings perfect, and of the Moham- medan religion. Though the word be of the feminine gender, yet men are also supposed to be comprised in this law. Abu Hanifa was of opinion, that the slanderer ought to be scourged in public, as well as the fornicator : but the generality are against him ^ * See chap, iv., where the laws of marriage are fully discussed. 3 Idem. * Idem, Jallalo' ddin. ^ Idem. 2 Al Beiddwi. XXIV.] AL KORAN, 161 witnesses of the fact, scourge them with fourscore strijoes^ and receive not their testimony for ever ; for such are in- famous prevaricators : ^ excepting those who shall after- wards repent, and amend ; for unto such will God be gracious and merciful. ^ They who shall accuse their wives of adultery, and shall have no witnesses thereof besides themselves ; the testimony which shall be re- quired of one of them shall be, that he swear four times by God that he speaketh the truth : ^ and the fifth time that he imprecate the curse of God on him, if he be a liar. ^ And it shall avert the punishment from the wife, if she swear four times by God that he is a liar ; ^ and if the fifth time she imprecate the wrath of God on her, if he speaketh the truth. ^^ If it were not for the in- dulgence of God towards you, and his mercy, and that God is easy to be reconciled, and wise ; he would imme- diately discover your crimes. ^' As to the party among you who have published the falsehood concerning Ayesha, 8 It shall avert the punishment, &c.] In case both swear, the man's oath dis- charges hini from the imputation and penalty of slander, and the woman's oath frees her from the imputation and penalty of adultery : but though the woman do swear to her innocence, yet the marriage is actually void, or ought to be declared void by the judge; because it is not fit they should continue together after they have come to these extremities i. 11 ds to the party among you who have published the falsehood concerning Ayesha, &c.] For the understanding of this pas- sage, it is necessary to relate the following story. Mohammed having undertaken an ex- pedition against the tribe of Mostalek in the sixth year of the Hejra, took his wife Ayesha with him to accompany him. In their return, when they were not far from Medina, the army removing by night, Ayesha, on the road, alighted from her camel, and stepped aside on a private oc- casion ; but on her return, perceiving she had dropped her necklace, which was of onyxes of Dhafar, she went back to look for it ; and in the mean time her attend- ants, taking it for granted that she was got into her pavilion (or little tent, sur- rounded with curtains, wherein women are carried in the east), set it again on the camel, and led it away. When she came back to the road, and saw her camel was gone, she sat down there, expecting that when she was missed, some would be sent back to fetch her ; and in a little time she fell asleep. Early in the morning Safwan Ebn al Moattel, who had stayed behind to rest himself, coming by, and perceiving somebody asleep, went to see who it was, and knew her to be Ayesha; upon which he waked her, by twice pronouncing, with a low voice, these words. We are God's and unto him we must return. Then Ayesha immediately covered herself with her veil ; and Safwan set her on his own camel, and led her after the army, which they overtook by noon, as they were resting. This accident had like to have ruined Ayesha, whose reputation was publicly called in question, as if she had been guilty of adultery with Safwan : and Mo- hammed himself knew not what to think, when he reflected on the circumstances of the affair, which were improved by some malicious people very much to Ayesha's dishonour ; and, notwithstanding his wife's protestations of her innocence, he could not get rid of his perplexity, nor stop the mouths of the censorious, till about a month after, when this passage was re^ vealed, declaring the accusation to be un^ just 2. 1 Jl Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. 2 ji Bokhari in Sonna, Al Beidduui, Jallalo'ddin, &c, V. AhuHfed. vit. Moham. p. 82, &c. and Gagnier, Vie de Mahomet, lib. iv. c, vii, VOL. II. M 162 AL KORAN. [chap. think it not to be an evil unto you : on the contrary, it is better for you. Every man of them shall be punished according to the injustice of which he hath been guilty ; and he among them who hath undertaken to aggravate the same, shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^^ Did not the faithful men, and the faithful women, when ye heard this, judge in their own minds for the best ; and say. This is a manifest falsehood? ^^ Have they produced four witnesses thereof? Wherefore since they have not produced the witnesses, they are surely liars in the sight of God. ^^ Had it not been for the indulgence of God towards you, and his mercy, in this world, and in that which is to come, verily a grievous punishment had been inflicted on you, for the calumny which ye have spread : ^^ when ye published that with your tongues, and spoke that with your mouths, of which ye had no knowledge ; and esteemed it to be light, whereas it was a matter of importance in the sight of God. ^^ When ye heard it, did ye say. It belongeth not unto us, that we should talk of this matter : God forbid ! this is a grievous calumny ? ^^ God warneth you, that ye return not to the like crime for ever ; if ye be true believers. ^^ And God declared unto you his signs ; for God is knowing and wise. ^^ Verily^ they who love that scandal be published of those who believe, shall receive a severe punishraent^^^ b in this world, aiid in the next. GfoD Knoweth, but ye know not. ^^ Had it not been for the indulgence of God towards you, and his mercy, and that God is gracious and merciful, ye 11 Think it not to be an evil unto you: Mohammed), Zeid Ebn Refaa, Hassan on the contrary f it is better for you.'] The Ebn Thabet, Mestah Ebn Othatha, a great- words are directed to the prophet, and to grandson of Abd'almotalleb's and Hamna Ebu Beer, Ayesha, and Safwan, the per- Bint Jahash : and every one of them re- sons concerned in this false report ; since, ceived four score stripes, pursuant to the besides the amends they might expect in law ordained in this chapter, except only the next world, God had done them the Abd'allah, who was exempted, being a honour to clear their reputations, by re- man of great consideration 2. — It is said, vealing eighteen verses expressly for that that, as a farther punishment, Hassan and purpose ^ Mestah became blind, and that the former — Every man of them shall be punished, of them also lost the use of both his according to the injustice of which he hath hands ^. been guilty.] The persons concerned in — He who hath undertaken to aggravate spreading the scandal were Abd'allah Ebn the same.] Viz. Abd'allah Ebn Obba, who Obba, (who first raised it, and inflamed the had not the grace to become a true be- matter to the utmost, out of hatred to liever, but died an infidel *. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Jbu'lfeda. vit. Moham. p. 83. , ^ Al Beiddwi. * See chap, i x. XXIV.] AL KORAN. 163 had felt his vengeance. ^^ O true believers, follow not the steps of the devil : for v^hosoever shall follow the steps of the devil, he will command him filthy crimes, and that which is unlawful. If it were not for the indulgence of God, and his mercy towards you, there had not been so much as one of you cleansed from his guilt for ever : but God cleanseth whom he pleaseth ; for God both heareth and knoweth. ^^ Let not those among you who possess abundance of wealth, and have ability, swear that they will not give unto their kindred, and the poor, and those who have fled their country for the sake of God's true religion : but let them forgive, and act with benevolence towards them. Do ye not desire that God should pardon you ? And God is gracious and merciful. ^^ Moreover, they who falsely accuse modest women, who behave in a negligent manner, and are true believers, shall be cursed in this world, and in the world to come ; and they shall suffer a severe punishment. ^^ One day their own tongues shall bear witness against them, and their hands, and their feet, concerning that which they have done. ^^ On that day shall God render unto them their just due ; and they shall know that God is the evident truth. ^^ The Backed women should be joined to the^wicke and thewickeT^meiTli^^ : but the 2^oo3. women should^ marfi^^ good men to the good wonien. These shall be cleared from the calumnies which slanderers speak of them : they shall 23 Let not those among you who have gard those who should calumniate the ability, swear that they will not give unto prophet's wives. According to a saying their kindred, &c.] This passage was re- of Ebn Abbas, if the threats contained in vealed on account of Abu Beer ; who the whole Koran be examined, there are swore that he would not for the future be- none so severe as those occasioned by the stow any thing on Mestah, though he was false accusation of Ayesha ; wherefore he his mother's sister's son, and a poor Mo- thought even repentance would stand her hajer, or refugee, because he had joined slanderers in no stead 2. in scandalizing his daughter Ayesha. But 27 These shall be cleared, &c.] Al Bei- on Mohammed's reading this verse to him, dawi observes, on this passage, that God he continued Mestah's pension ^. cleared four persons by four extraordinary 24 Who behave in a negligent manner.^ testimonies: for he cleared Joseph by the i. e. Who may be less careful in their con- testimony of a child in his mistress's duct, and more free in their behaviour, as family ^ ; Moses, by means of the stone being conscious of no ill. which fled away from his garments * ; — Severe punishment.^ Though the Mary, by the testimony of her infant * ; words be general, yet they principally re- and Ayesha, by these verses of the Koran. ^ ^l Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. 2 ^i Beiddwi. ^ See chap, xii, * See chap. ii. and chap, xxxiii. ^ See chap. xix. M 2 164 AL KORAN. [chap. obtain pardon, and an honourable provision. ^^ O true be- lievers, enter not any houses, besides your ovra houses, until ye have asked leave, and have saluted the family thereof : this is better for you; perad venture ye will be admonished. ^^ And if ye shall find no person in the houses, yet do not enter them until leave be granted you: and if it be said unto you. Return back ; do you return back. This will be more decent for you ; and God knoweth that which ye do. ^^ It shall be no crime in you, that ye enter uninhabited houses, wherein ye may meet with a convenience. God knoweth that which ye discover, and that which ye con- ceal. ^^ Speak unto the true believers, that they restrain their eyes, and keep themselves from immodest actions : this will be more pure for them ; for God is well acquainted with that which they do. ^^ And S£eak nnto the believing women, that they restm aiid^ preserve their modesty, and ^^ d^^^ jornamen ts^ elTcept what necessarily appeareth thereof ;^,^ailj^^ them throwlSieir veils over ^W ^jid_mit_Bhiwj^^ oriiaments, unlejs^ to tb^^^ 28 Enter not any houses besides your here meant ; and others, their hands and owuy till ye have asked leave, &c.] To faces. It is generally held, however, that enter suddenly or abruptly into any man's a free woman ought not to discover even house or apartment, is reckoned a great those parts, unless to the persons after ex- incivility in the east ; because a person cepted, or on some unavoidable occasion ; may possibly be surprised in an indecent as their giving evidence in public, taking action or posture, or may have something advice or medicines in case of sickness, discovered which he would conceal. It is &c. said that a man came to Mohammed, and — Let them throw their veils over their wanted to know whether he must ask leave hosomsJ] Taking care to cover their heads, to go in to his sister ; which being an- necks, and breasts. swered in the affirmative, he told the pro- • — Unless to their husbands."] For phet that his sister had nobody else to at- whose sake it is that they adorn them- tend upon her, and it would be trouble- selves, and who alone have the privilege some to ask leave every time he went in to to see their whole body. her. What! replied Mohammed ;wouldesi — Or their fathers, &c.] These near thou see her naked/ ? relations are also excepted, because they 29 This will be more decent.'] Than to cannot avoid seeing them frequently, and be importunate for admission, or to wait at there is no great danger to be apprehended the door. from them. They are allowed, therefore, 30 Uninhabited houses.] i. e. Which are to see what cannot be well concealed in so not the private habitation of a family ; such familiar an intercourse ^ ; but no other part as public inns,' shops, sheds, &c. of their body, particularly whatever is be- 32 And discover not their ornaments.] tween the navel and the knees ^. As their clothes, jewels, and the furniture Uncles not being here particularly men- of their toilet ; much less such parts of tioned, it is a doubt whether they may be their bodies as ought not to be seen. admitted to see their nieces. Some think — Except what necessarily appeareth.] they are included under the appellation of Some think their outward garments are brothers : but others are of opinion that ^ Jl Beiddivi. ^ Idem. ^ Jallalo'ddin.. XXIV.] AL KORAN 165 their husbands' fathers, or their sons, or their husbands' sons, or their brothers, or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or the captives which their right hands shall possess, or unto such men as attend them, and have no need of women, or unto children who distinguish not the nakedness of women. And let them not make a noise with their feet, that their ornaments which they hide may thereby be discovered. And be ye all turned unto God, O true believers, that ye may be happy. ^^ Marry those who are single among you, and such as are honest of your men-servants, and your maid- servants : if they be poor, God will enrich them of his abundance ; for God is bounteous and wise. ^^ And let those who find not a match, keep themselves from^omi- caHonr^untr'"n"or"^§h^^^ J^nH^nto^suc^ a written instru- ment, allowing them to redeem themselves on paying a certain sum, write one, if ye know good in them, and they are not comprised in this exception ; and give this reason for it, viz. lest they should describe the persons of their nieces to their sons ^. — Or their women. ~\ That is, such as are of the Mohammedan religion ; it being reckoned by some unlawful, or, at least, indecent, for a woman, who is a true believer, to uncover herself before one who is an infidel, because she wil' hardly re- frain describing her to the men : but others suppose all women in general are here excepted ; for, in this particular, doctors differ 2. — Or the captives, &c.] Slaves of either sex are included in this exception, and, as some think, domestic servants who are not slaves ; as those of a different nation. It is related, that Mohammed once made a present of a man-slave to his daughter Fatenia ; and when he brought him to her, she had on a garment which was so scanty, that she was obliged to leave either her head or her feet uncovered: and that the prophet, seeing her in great confusion on that account, told her, she need be under no concern, for that there was none present besides her father and her slave ^ — And have no need of wome7i.'\ Or have no desire to enjoy them ; such as decrepit old men, and deformed or silly persons, who follow people as hangers-on, for their spare victuals, being too despica- ble to raise either a woman's passion, or a man's jealousy. Whether eunuchs are comprehended under this general designa- tion, is a question among the learned *. — Let them not make a noise with their feet, &c.] By shaking the rings which the women in the east wear about their ankles, and are usually of gold or silver ^ The pride which the Jewish ladies of old took in making a tinkling with these orna- ments of their feet, is (among other things of that nature) severely reproved by the prophet Isaiah ^. 33 Those who are single.~\ i. e. Those who are unmarried of either sex ; whether they have been married before or not. 34 Your slaves.'] Of either sex. — A writtefi instrument, &c.] Where- by the master obliges himself to set his slave at liberty, on receiving a certain sum of money, which the slave undertakes to pay. — If ye know good iyi them.] That is, If ye have found them faithful, and have reason to believe they will perform their engagement. At Beiddwi. Jallalo'ddin, Yahya. 2 Idem, Jallalo'ddin. ^ I idem. 3 Al Beiddwi. ^ Isaiah iii, 16, 18. Idem, 166 AL KORAN. [chap. give them of the riches of God, which he hath given you. And compel not your maid-servants to prostitute them- selves, if they be willing to live chastely ; that ye may seek the casual advantage of this present life : but who- ever shall compel them thereto, verily God will be gracious and merciful unto such women after their com- pulsion. ^^ And now have we revealed unto you evident signs, and a history like unto some of the histories of those who have gone before you, and an admonition unto the pious. ^^ God is the light of heaven and earth : the similitude of his light is as a niche in a wall, wherein a lamp is placed, and the lamp enclosed in a case of glass ; the glass appears as it were a shining star. It is lighted with the oil of a blessed tree, an olive neither of the east nor of the west : it wanteth little but that the oil thereof would give light, although no fire touched it. This is light added unto light: God will direct unto his light whom he pleaseth. God propoundeth parables unto men : for God knoweth all things. ^^ In the houses which God 34 Give them of the riches which God hath given you,'] Either by bestowing something on them of your own substance, or by abating them a part of their ransom. Some suppose these words are directed, not to the masters only, but to all Moslems in general ; recommending it to them to assist those who have obtained their free- dom, and paid their ransom, either out of their own stock, or by admitting them to have a share in the public alms ^ — Compel not your maid-servants to prostitute themselves, &c.] It seems Abda'llah Ebn Obba had six women slaves, on whom he laid a certain tax, which he obliged them to earn by the prostitution of their bodies: and one of them made her complaint to Mohammed, which occasioned the revelation of this passage 2. 35 A history like unto some of the histories of those who have gone before you.] i. e. The story of the false accusation of Ayesha, which resembles those of Joseph and the Virgin Mary 3. 36 Neither of the east nor of the west.] But of a more excellent kind. Some think the meaning to be, that the tree grows neither in the eastern nor the western parts, but in the midst of the world, namely, in Syria, where the best olives grow"*. — This is light added unto light.] Or a light whose brightness is doubly in- creased by the circumstances above-men- tioned. The commentators explain this allegory, and every particular of it, with great subtilty ; interpreting the light here de- scribed, to be the light revealed in the Koran, or God's enlightening grace in the heart of man ; and in divers other manners. 37 In the houses. &c.] The connexion of these words is not very obvious. Some suppose they ought to be joined with the preceding words. Like a niche, or, It is lighted, in the houses, &c. and that the comparison is more strong and just, by being made to the lamps in mosques, which are larger than those in private houses. Some think they are rather to be connected with the following words, Men praise, &c. And others are of opinion, they are an imperfect beginning of a sen- tence ; and that the words. Praise ye God, or the like, are to be understood. How- ever, the houses here intended, are those set apart for divine worship ; or particu- larly the three principal temples of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem,^. Al Beiddtvi. 2 Idem, Jallalo'ddin. lidem. lidem. 5 lidem. XXIV.] AL KORAN. 167 hath permitted to be raised, and that his name be com- memorated therein, men celebrate his praise in the same morning and evening : ^^ Men whom neither merchandis- ing, nor selling, diverteth from the remembering of God, and the observance of prayer, and the giving of alms ; fearing the day whereon men's hearts and eyes shall be troubled ; ^^ that God may recompense them according to the utmost merit of what they shall have wrought, and may add unto them of his abundance a more excellent reward ; for God bestoweth on whom he pleaseth without measure. ^^ But as to the unbelievers, their works are like the vapour in a plain, which the thirsty traveller thinketh to be water, until, when he cometh thereto, he findeth it to be nothing ; but he findeth God with him, and he will fully pay him his account ; and God is swift in taking an account : ^^ or as the darkness in a deep sea, covered by waves riding on waves, above which are clouds, being additions of darkness one over the other ; when one stretcheth forth his hand, he is far from seeing it. And unto whomsoever God shall not grant his light, he shall enjoy no light at all. ^^ Dost thou not perceive that all creatures both in heaven and earth praise God ; and the birds also, extending their wings ? Every one knoweth his prayer, and his praise : and God knoweth that which they do. ^^ Unto God belongeth the kingdom of heaven and earth ; and unto God shall be the return at the last day. ^^ Dost thou not see that God gently driveth forward the clouds, and gathereth them together, and then layeth them on heaps? Thou also seest the rain, which falleth from the midst thereof; and God sendeth down from heaven as it were mountains, wherein there is hail ; he striketh therewith whom he pleaseth, and turneth the same away from whom he pleaseth : the brightness of his lightning wanteth but little of taking 40 The vapour in a plain.] The Arabic travellers out of their way, but deceives word Serdb signifies that false appearance them when they come near, either going which, in the eastern countries, is often forward, (for it always appears at the same seen in sandy plains about noon, resem- distance,) or quite vanishing i. bling a large lake of water in motion, and — He findeth God with him.'] That is, is occasioned by the reverberation of the He will not escape the notice or vengeance sun-beams. It sometimes tempts thirsty of God. ^ V. Q. Curt, de rebus Alex. lib. 7- & Gol. in Alfrag. p. 111. & in Adag. Arab, ad calcem Gram. Erp. p. 93. 168 * AL KORAN. [chap. away the sight. ^^ God shifteth the night, and the day ; verily herein is an instruction unto those who have sight. ^^ And God hath created every animal of water ; one of them goeth on his belly, another of them walketh upon two feet, and another of them walketh upon four feet : God createth that which he pleaseth ; for God is al- mighty. ^^ Now have we sent down evident signs ; and God directeth whom he pleaseth into the right way. ^^ The hypocrites say. We believe in God, and on his apostle ; and we obey them : yet a part of them turneth back, after this ; but these are not really believers. * ^^ And when they are summoned before God and his apostle, that he may judge between them ; behold, a part of them retire : ^^ but if the right had been on their side, they would have come and submit^d themselves unto him. ^^ Is there an infirmity in their hearts ? Do they doubt? Or do they fear lest God and his apostle act unjustly towards them? But themselves are the unjust doers. ^^ The saying of the true believers, when they are summoned before God and his apostle, that he may judge between them, is no other than that they say. We have heard, and do obey : and these are they who shall prosper. ^^ Whoever shall obey God and his apostle, and shall fear God, and shall be devout towards him ; these shall enjoy great felicity. ^^ They swear by God, with a most solemn oath, that if thou commandest them, they will go forth from their houses and possessions. Say, Swear not to a falsehood : obedience is more requisite ; and God is well acquainted with that which ye do. ^^ Say, Obey God, and obey the apostle : but if ye turn back, verily it is expected of him that he perform his duty, and of you that ye perform your duty ; and if ye obey him, ye shall be directed: but the duty of our 46 Of water,'] This assertion, which God and his apostles, &c.] This passage has already occurred in another place ^, was occasioned by Bashir the hypocrite, being not true in strictness, the commenta- who having a controversy with a Jew, tors suppose, that by water is meant seed, appealed to Caab Ebn al Ashraf, whereas or else that water is mentioned only as the the Jew appealed to Mohammed ^ ; or, chief cause of the growth of animals, and as others tell us, by Magheira Ebn a considerable and necessary constituent Wayel, who refused to submit a dispute part of their bodies. he had with Ali to the prophet's deci- 48 The hypocrites say^ We believe in sion ^. ^ Chap. xxi. ^ See chap. iv. ^ Al Beiddwi. XXIV.] AL KORAN. 169 apostle is only ptrblic preaching. ^^ God promiseth unto such of you as believe, and do good works, that he will cause them to succeed the unbelievers in the earth, as he caused those who were before vou to succeed the infidels of their time, and that he will establish for them their religion which pleaseth them, and will change their fear into security. They shall worship me ; and shall not associate any other with me. But whoever shall disbe- lieve after this, they will be the wicked doers. ^^ Observe prayer, and give alms, and obey the apostle ; that ye may obtain mercy. ''^ Think not that the unbelievers shall frustrate the designs of God on earth : and their abode hereafter shall be hell-fire ; a miserable journey shall it be thither ! ^^ O true believers, let your slaves, and those among you who shall not have attained the age of puberty, ask leave of you, before they come into your presence, three times in the day, namely, before the morning prayer, and when ye lay aside your garments at noon, and after the evening prayer. These are the three times for you to be private : it shall be no crime in you, or in them, if they go in to you without asking permis- sion after these times, while ye are in frequent attend- ance the one of you on the other. Thus God declareth his signs unto you ; for God is knowing and wise. ^^ And when your children attain the age of puberty, let them ask leave to come into your presence at all times, in the same manner as those who have attained that age 56 As he caused those who were before his noon's nap, and in no very decent you^ to succeed the infidels of their time.~\ posture ; at which Omar was so ruffled, i. e. As he caused the Israelites to dis- that he wished God would forbid even possess the Canaanites, &c. their fathers, and children, to come in to 59 Let your slaves, and those who shall them abruptly, at such times ^. not have attained the age of puberty, ask — Before the morning prayer.~\ Which leave before they come into your presence, is the time of people's rising from their &c.] Because there are certain times beds, and dressing themselves for the when it is not convenient, even for a day. domestic, or a child, to come in to one — When ye lay aside your garments at without notice. It is said this passage noon.^ That is when ye take off your was revealed on account of Asma Bint upper garments to sleep at noon; which Morthed, whose servant entered suddenly is a common custom in the east, and all upon her at an improper time : but others warm countries. say, it was occasioned by Modraj Ebn — And after evenmg prayer.'] When Amru, when a boy, who being sent by ye undress yourselves to prepare for bed. Mohammed to call Omar to him, went Al Beidawi adds a fourth season, when directly into the room where he was, with- permission to enter must be asked, viz. at out giving notice, and found him taking night: but this follows of course. ^ Al Beidawi. 170 AL KORAN. [chap. before them, ask leave. Thus God declareth his signs unto you ; and God is knowing and wise. ^^ And to such women as are past child-bearing, who hope not to marry again, because of their advanced age ; it shall be no crime in them, if they lay aside their outer garments, not shewing their ornaments : but if they abstain from this, it will be better for them. God both heareth and knoweth. ^^ It shall be no crime in the blind, nor shall it be any crime in the lame, neither shall it be any crime in the sick, or in yourselves, that ye eat in your houses, or in the houses of your fathers, or the houses of your mothers, or in the houses of your brothers, or the houses of your sisters, or the houses of your uncles on the father's side, or the houses of your aunts on the father's side, or the houses of your uncles on the mother's side, or the houses of your aunts on the mother's side, or in those houses the keys whereof ye have in your possession, or in the house of your friend. It shall i^QtJ)e^n^ crime in you whether ye eat togetherg. jor separately. And when ye~enter any houses, salute one another on the part oT God, with a blessed, and a welcome salutation. Thus God declare til his signs unto you, that ye may imder- stand. ^^ Ygrily they only are true believers, who believe in God aiidJhLis^apostle, and, when thej^^re assgmbled 62 That ye eat in your houses.~\ i. e. old Arabs, in the infancy of Mphammed- Where your wives or families are ; or in ism. the houses of your sons, which may be — It shall he no crimen whether ye eat looked on as your own. together or separated] As the tribe of This passage was designed to remove Leith thought it unlawful for a man to some scruples or superstitions of the eat alone ; and some of the Ansars, if Arabs in Mohammed's time ; some of they had a guest with them, never ate but whom thought their eating with maimed in his company ; so there were others or sick people defiled them. Others who refused to eat with any, out of a imagined they ought not to eat in the superstitious caution, lest they should house of another, though ever so nearly be defiled, or out of a hoggish greedi- related to them, or though they were in- ness 2. trusted with the key and care of the house — Salute one another.^ Literally, your- in the master's absence, and might there- selves ; that is, according to al Beidawi, fore conclude it would be no offence ; and the people of the house, to whom ye are others declined eating with their friends, united by the ties of blood, and by the though invited, lest they should be bur- common bond of religion. And if there densome ^. The whole passage seems to be nobody in the house, says Jallalo'ddin, be no more than a declaration that the salute yourselves, and say. Peace on us, things scrupled, were perfectly innocent: and on the righteous servants of God: however, the commentators say it is now for the angels will return your saluta- abrogated, and that it related only to the tion. * Jl Belddwif Jallalo'ddin. ^ lidem. XXV.] AL KORAN. 171 with^_ him_ on Jtnx ^^^^Ih J^^EH.^ J^9^ ^ ^B^^l ^^^J ^^^^ obtained leave of him. Verily they who ask leave of tliee7^are^lKose who believe in God and his apostle. When therefore they ask leave of thee to depart on account of any business of their own, grant leave unto such of them as thou shalt think fit, and ask pardon for them of God, for God is gracious and merciful. ^^ Let not the calling of the apostle be esteemed among you, as your calling the one to the other. God knoweth such of you as privately withdraw themselves from the assem- bly, taking shelter behind one another. But let those who withstand his command, take heed, lest some calamity befall them in this world, or a grievous punishment be inflicted on them in the life to come. ^^ Doth not what- ever is in heaven and on earth belong unto God ? He well knoweth what ye are about : and on a certain day they shall be assembled before him ; and he shall declare unto them that which they have done ; for God knoweth all things. 63 On any affair.'} As at public apostle's summons, as ye would of another prayers, or a solemn feast, or at council, person's of equal condition with yourselves, or on a military expedition. by not obeying it, or by departing out of, — Ask pardon for them of God.'} Be- or coming into, his presence without leave cause such departure, though with leave, first obtained ; or. Think not that when and on a reasonable excuse, is a kind of the apostle calls upon God in prayer, it is failure in the exact performance of their with him, as with you, when ye prefer a duty ; seeing they prefer their temporal petition to a superior, who sometimes affairs to the advancement of the true grants, but as often denies, your suit ; or, religion ^. Call not to the apostle as ye do to one 64 Let not the calling of the apostle of another, that is, by name, or familiarly God he esteemed among you as your calling and with a loud voice ; but make use of the one to the other.'] These words are some honourable compellation, as, O apos- variously interpreted : for their meaning tie of God, or, O prophet of God ; and may be, either. Make not light of the speak in an humble modest manner 2. 1 Al Beiddwi. 2 idem, Jallalo'ddin. CHAPTER XXV. INTITLED, AL FORKAN ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Blessed be he who hath revealed the Forkan unto his I The Forkan/] That is, The distinction. One of the names of the Koran. See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. 172 AL KORAN. [chap. servant, that he may be a preacher unto all creatures : ^ unto whom belongeth the kingdom of heaven and of earth : who hath begotten no issue ; and hath no partner in his kingdom; who hath created all things; and dis- posed the same according to his determinate will. ^ Yet have they taken other gods besides him, which have created nothing, but are themselves created ; and are able neither to avert evil from, nor to procure good unto, themselves ; and have not the power of death, or of life, or of raising the dead. ^ And the unbelievers say. This Koran is no other than a forgery which he hath con- trived ; and other people have assisted him therein : but they utter an unjust thing, and a falsehood. ^ They also say. These are fables of the ancients, which he hath caused to be written down ; and they are dictated unto him morning and evening. ^ Say, he hath revealed it, who knoweth the secrets in heaven and earth : verily he is gracious and merciful. ^ And then say. What kind of apostle is this ? He eateth food, and walketh in the streets, as we do : unless an angel be sent down unto him, and become a fellow-preacher with him ; ^ or unless a treasure be cast down unto him ; or he have a garden, of the fruit whereof he may eat ; we wall not believe. The ungodly also say. Ye follow no other than a man who is distracted. ^ Behold, what they liken thee unto. But they are deceived ; neither can they find a just occasion to reproach thee. ^^ Blessed be he, who, if he pleaseth, will make for thee a better provision than this which they speak of; namely, gardens through which rivers flow : and he will provide thee palaces. ^^ But they reject the belief of the hour of judgment as a falsehood ; ^^ and we have prepared for him, who shall reject the belief of that hour, burning fire ; ^^ when it 3 But are themselves created.'] Being streets.] Being subject to the same wants either the heavenly bodies, or idols, the and infirmities of nature, and obliged to works of men's hands. submit to the same low means of support- 4 Other people have assisted him there- ing himself and his family, with our- in.] It is supposed the Jews are parti- selves. The Meccans were acquainted cularly intended in this place ; because with Mohammed, and with his circum- they used to repeat passages of ancient stances and way of life, too well to history to Mohammed, on which he used change their old familiarity into the reve- to discourse, and make observations ^ rence due to the messenger of God ; for a 7 He eateth food, and walketh in the prophet hath no honour in his own country. ^ /il Beiddwi, XXV.] AL KORAN. 173 shall see them from a distant place, they shall hear it furiously raging and roaring. ^^ And when they shall be cast bound together into a strait place thereof, they shall there call for death : ^^ but it shall be answered them, Call not this day for one death, but call for many deaths. ^^ Say, Is this better, or a garden of eternal duration, which is promised unto the pious ? ^^ It shall be given unto them for a reward, and a retreat : therein shall they have whatever they please ; continuing in the same for ever. This is a promise to be demanded at the hands of thy Lord. ^^ On a certain day he shall assemble them, and whatever they worship, besides God ; and shall say unto the worshipped. Did ye seduce these my servants ; or did they wander of themselves from the right way ? *^ They shall answer, God forbid ! It was not fitting for us, that we should take any protectors besides thee : but thou didst permit them and their fathers to enjoy abund- ance ; so that they forgat thy admonition, and became lost people. ^^ And God shall say unto their worshippers, Now have these convinced you of falsehood, in that which ye say : they can neither avert your punishment, nor give you any assistance. And whoever of you shall be guilty of injustice, him will we cause to taste a grievous torment. ^^ We have sent no messengers before thee, but they ate food, and walked through the streets : and we make some of you an occasion of trial unto others. Will ye persevere with patience ? since your Lord regardeth your perseverance. [*XIX.] ^^ They who hope not to meet us at the resurrection, say. Unless the angels be sent down unto us, or we see our Lord himself, we will not believe. Verily they behave them- selves arrogantly ; and have transgressed with an enor- mous transgression. ^^ The day whereon they shall see the angels, there shall be no glad tidings on that day for the wicked ; and they shall say, Be this removed far 21 We have wade some of you an occa- are in health : and trying the people sion of trial unto others,'] Giving occasion to whom prophets are sent, by those of envy, repining, and malice ; to the poor, prophets ^ mean, and sick, for example, when they 23 The day whereon they shall see the compare their own condition with that angels.'] Viz. At their death, or at the of the rich, the noble, and those who resurrection. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo^ddin. 174 AL KORAN. [chap. from us ! ^^ and we will come unto the work which they shall have wrought, and we will make it as dust scattered abroad. ^^ On that day shall they who are destined to paradise be more happy in an abode, and have a prefera- ble place of repose at noon. ^^ On that day the heaven shall be cloven in sunder by the clouds, and the angels shall be sent down, descending visibly therein. ^^ On that day the kingdom shall of right belong wholly unto the Merciful ; and that day shall be grievous for the unbelievers. ^^ On that day, the unjust person shall bite his hands for anguish and despair, and shall say, O that I had taken the way of truth with the apostle ! ^^ Alas for me ! O that I had not taken such a one for my friend ! ^^ He seduced me from the admonition of God, after it had come unto me : for the devil is the betrayer of man. ^^ And the apostle shall say, O Lord, verily my people esteemed this Koran to be a vain composition. ^^ In like manner did we ordain unto every prophet an enemy from among the wicked ; but thy Lord is a sufficient director, and defender. ^^ The unbelievers say, Unless the Koran is sent down unto him entire at once, we will not believe. But in this manner have we re- 25 A preferable place of repose at noon.'\ eating. However, Obba protested that he For the business of the day of judgment would not be satisfied, unless he went to will be over by that time ; and the blessed Mohammed, and set his foot on his neck, will pass their noon in paradise, and the and spit in his face : which Okba, rather damned in hell '. than break with his friend, performed in 26 The heavens shall he cloven in sun- the public hall, where he found Moham- der, &c.] i. e. They shall part, and make med sitting; whereupon the prophet told way for the clouds which shall descend him, that if ever he met him out of Mecca, with the angels, bearing the books wherein he would cut off his head. And he was every man's actions are recorded. as good as his word ; for Okba, being 28 The unjust person.~\ It is supposed afterwards taken prisoner at the battle of by some that these words particularly Bedr, had his head struck off by Ali, at relate to Okba Ebn Adi Moait, who used Mohammed's command. As for Obba, to be much in Mohammed's company, he received a wound from the prophet's and having once invited him to an enter- own hand, at the battle of Ohod, of which tainment, the prophet refused to taste of he died at his return to Mecca ^, his meatj unless he would profess Islam ; 29 Such a one.'] According to the which accordingly he did. Soon after, preceding note, this was Obba Ebn Okba meeting Obba Ebn Khalf, his inti- Khalf. mate friend, and being reproached by him 33 Unless the Kordn he revealed at for changing his religion, assured him that once,'] As were the Pentateuch, Psalms, he had not, but had only pronounced the and Gospel, according to the Mohamme- profession of faith to engage Mohammed dan notion ; whereas it was twenty-three to eat with him, because he could not for years before the Koran was completely shame let him go out of his house without revealed ^. ^ Al Beiddwif Jallalo'ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. V. Gagnier, Vie de Mahom. vol. i. p. 362. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. XXV.] AL KORAN. 175 vealed it, that we might confirm thy heart thereby, and we have dictated it gradually, by distinct parcels. ^^ They shall not come unto thee with any strange question ; but we will bring thee the truth in answer, and a most excellent interpretation. ^^ They who shall be dragged on their faces into hell, shall be in the worse condition, and shall stray most widely from the way of salvation. ^^ We heretofore delivered unto Moses the book of the law; and we appointed him Aaron his brother for a counsellor. ^^ And we said unto them. Go ye to the people who charge our signs with falsehood. And we destroyed them with a signal destruction. ^^ And re- member the people of Noah, when they accused our apostles of imposture : we drowned them, and made them a sign unto mankind. And we have prepared for the unjust a painful torment. ^^ Remember also Ad, and Thamud, and those who dwelt at al Rass; and many other generations, within this period. ^^ Unto each of them did we propound examples for their admonition ; and each of them did we destroy with an utter destruc- tion. *^The KoREiSH have passed frequently near the city which was rained on by a fatal rain : have they not — That we might confirm thy heart.'} were all swallowed up. Another sup- Both to infuse courage and constancy into poses it to have been a town in Yamama, thy mind, and to strengthen thy memory where a remnant of the Thamudites set- and understanding. For, say the com- tied, to whom a prophet was also sent ; mentators, the prophet's receiving the but they, slaying him, were utterly de- divine direction, from time to time, how stroyed. Another thinks it was a well to behave and to speak on any emergency, near Antioch, where Habib al Najjar and the frequent visits of the angel Ga- (whose tomb is still to be seen here, being briel, greatly encouraged and supported frequently visited by the Mohammedans) him under all his difficulties : and the was martyred ^. And a fourth takes al revealing of the Koran by degrees, was a Rass to be a well in Hadramaut, by which great, and, to him, a necessary, help for dwelt some idolatrous Thamudites, whose his retaining and understanding it ; which prophet was Handha, or Khantala, (for it would have been impossible for him to I find the name writen both ways,) Ebn have done, with any exactness, had it been Safwan ^. These people were first an- revealed at once ; Mohammed's case being noyed by certain monstrous birds, called entirely different from that of Moses, Anka, which lodged in the mountain David, and Jesus, who could all read and above them, and used to snatch away their write, whereas he was perfectly illiterate i. children, when they wanted other prey : 39 Those who dwelt at al Rass.} The but this calamity was so far from humbling commentators are at a loss where to place them, that on their prophet's calling down al Rass. According to one opinion, it a judgment upon them, they killed him, was the name of a well (as the word and were all destroyed *. signifies) near Midian, about which some 41 The city which was rained on by a idolaters having fixed their habitations, fatal rain.} Viz. Sodom ; for the Koreish the prophet Shoaib was sent to preach to often passed by the place where it once them ; but they not believing on him, the stood, in the journeys they took to Syria well fell in, and they and their houses for the sake of trade. 1 Al Beiddwi, &c. 2 ^^ulf. Geog. V. Vit. Saladini, p. 86. 3 ^qq chap. xxli. * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. 176 A L KORAN. [chap. seen where it once stood ? Yet have they not dreaded the resurrection. ^^ When they see thee, they will re- ceive thee only with scoffing, saying, Is this he whom God hath sent as his apostle ? ^^ Verily he had almost drawn us aside from the w^orship of our gods ; if we had not firmly persevered in our devotion towards them. But they shall know hereafter, when they shall see the punishment prepared for them, who hath strayed more widely from the right path. ^^ What thinkest thou ? He who taketh his lust for his god ; canst thou be his guardian? ^^ Dost thou imagine that the greater part of them hear or understand ? They are no other than like the brute cattle ; yea, they stray more widely from the true path. ^^ Dost thou not consider the works of thy Lord, how he stretcheth forth the shadow before sun- rise ? If he had pleased, he would have made it immove- able for ever. Then we cause the sun to rise, and to shew the same ; ^^ and afterwards we contract it by an easy and gradual contraction. ^^ It is he who hath ordained the night to cover you as a garment ; and sleep to give you rest; and hath ordained the day for waking. ^^ It is he who sendeth the winds driving abroad the pregnant clouds, as the forerunners of his mercy : and we send down pure water from heaven, that we may thereby revive a dead country, and give to drink thereof unto what we have created, both of cattle and men, in great numbers ; ^^ and we distribute the same among them at various times, that they may consider ; but the greater part of men refuse to consider, only out of ingratitude. ^^ If we had pleased, we had sent a preacher unto every city : ^^ wherefore do not thou obey the unbelievers ; but oppose them herewith with a strong 44 Canst thou he his guardian ?] i. e. bers.'] That is, To such as live in the dry Dost thou expect to reclaim such a one deserts, and are obliged to drink rain- from idolatry and infidelity ? water ; which the inhabitants of towns, and 49 Forerunners.^ See chap. vii. ver. 58. places well watered, have no occasion to do. There is the same various reading here, 50 Out of ingratitude.'] Or, out of in- as is mentioned in the notes to that pas- fidelity : for the old Arabs used to think sage. themselves indebted for their rains, not to — Pure water.] Properly, purifying God, but to the influence of some particu- water ; which epithet may perhaps refer lar stars i. to the cleansing quality of that element, 51 We had sent a preacher unto every of so great use both on religious and on city.] And had not given thee, O Mo- common occasions. hammed, the honour and trouble of being — To cattle atid to men in great num- a preacher to the whole world in general. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § i. XXV.] AL KORAN. 177 opposition. ^^ It is he who hath let loose the two seas ; this fresh and sweet, and that salt and bitter : and hath placed between them a bar and a bound which cannot be passed. ^* It is he who hath created man of water ; and hath made him to bear the double relation of consan- guinity and affinity ; for thy Lord is powerful. ^^ They worship, besides God, that which can neither profit them nor hurt them : and the unbeliever is an assistant of the devil against his Lord. ^^ We have sent thee to be no other than a bearer of good tidings, and a denouncer of threats. ^^ Say, I ask not of you any reward for this my preaching, besides the conversion of him who shall desire to take the way unto his Lord. ^^ And do thou trust in him who liveth, and dieth not ; and celebrate his praise : (he is sufficiently acquainted with the faults of his ser- vants :) ^^ who hath created the heavens and the earth, and whatever is between them, in six days : and then ascended his throne ; the Merciful. Ask now the know- ing concerning him. ^^ When it is said unto the unbe- lievers, Adore the Merciful ; they reply, And who is the Merciful ? Shall we adore that which thou commandest us ? And this precept causeth them to fly the faster from the faith. ^^ Blessed be he who hath placed the twelve signs in the heavens ; and hath placed therein a lamp by dav, and the moon which shineth by nisfht ! ^^ It is he who hath ordained the night and the day to succeed each other, for the observation of him who will consider, or desireth to shew his gratitude. ^^ The servants of the Merciful are those who walk meekly on the earth ; and when the ignorant speak unto them, answer. Peace : 53 A bar.'] To keep them asunder, 57 Besides the conversion of him who and prevent their mixing with each other, shall fake the way unto his Lord.'] Seeking The original word is Barzakh ; which has to draw near unto him, hy embracing the been already explained ^ religion taught by me his apostle ; which 54 Of water.] With which Adam's is the best return I expect from you for primitive clay was mixed ; or, of seed, my labours 2. The passage, however, is See chap. xxiv. note to ver. 26. capable of another meaning, viz. That 55 An assistant of the devil against his Mohammed desires none to give, but him Lord.] Joining with him in his rebellion and who shall contribute freely, and volun- infidelity. Some think Abu Jabl is parti- tarily, towards the advancement of God's cularly struck at in this passage. The words true religion. may also be translated. The unbeliever is 61 A lamp] i. e. The sun. contemptible in the sight of his Lord. 63 Peace.] This is intended here not ^ See chap, xxiii. note to verse 102. ^ Al Beiddwi, VOL. II. N 178 A L KORAN. [chap. ^^ and who pass the night adoring their Lord, and stand- ing up to pray unto him ; ^^ and who say, O Lord, avert from us the torment of hell, for the torment thereof is perpetual ; ^^ verily the same is a miserable abode, and a wretched station : ^^ and who, when they bestow, are neither profuse, nor niggardly, but observe a just medium between these ; ^^ and who invoke not another god toge- ther with the true God ; neither slay the soul, which God hath forbidden to be slain, unless for a just cause : and who are not guilty of fornication. ^^ But he who shall do this, shall meet the reward of his wickedness : his punishment shall be doubled unto him on the day of resurrection ; and he shall remain therein, covered with ignominy, for ever : '^^ except him who shall repent, and believe, and shall work a righteous work ; unto them will God change their former evils into good ; for God is ready to forgive, and merciful. '^^ And whoever re- penteth, and doth that which is right ; verily he turneth unto God with an acceptable conversion. ^^ And they who do not bear false witness ; and when they pass by vain discourse, pass by the same with decency : ^^ and who, when they are admonished by the signs of their Lord, fall not down as if they were deaf and blind, but stand up, and are attentive thereto : ^^ and who say, O Lord, grant us of our wives and our offspring such as may be the satisfaction of our eyes ; and make us patterns unto those who fear thee. ^^ These shall be rewarded with the highest apartments in paradise, because they have persevered with constancy; and they shall meet therein with greeting and- salutation ; ^^ they shall remain in the same for ever ; it shall be an excellent abode, and a delightful station. ^^ Say, My Lord is not solicitous on your account, if ye do not invoke him : ye have already charged his apostle with imposture : but hereafter shall there be a lasting punishment inflicted on you. as a salutation, but as a waving all farther into good.'] Blotting out their former re- discourse and communication with the hellion, on their repentance, and confirm- idolaters. ing and increasing their faith and obe- 70 God will change their former evils dience ^ * Al Beiddwi. XXVI.] AL KORAN. 179 CHAPTER XXVL INTITLED, THE POETS ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ T. S- M. 2 These are the signs of the perspicuous book. ^ Peradventure thou afflictest thyself unto death, lest the Meccans become not true believers. ^ If we pleased, we could send down unto them a convincing sign from heaven, unto which their necks would humbly submit. ^ But there cometh unto them no admonition from the Merciful, being newly revealed as occasions require, but they turn aside from the same ; ^ and they have charged it with falsehood ; but a message shall come unto them, which they shall not laugh to scorn. ^ Do they not behold the earth, how many vegetables we cause to spring up therein, of every noble species? ^Verily herein is a sign : but the greater part of them do not believe. ^ Verily thy Lord is the mighty, the merciful God. ^^ Remember when thy Lord called Moses, say- ing, Go to the unjust people ; ^^ the people of Pharaoh : will they not dread me? ^^ Moses answered, O Lord, verily I fear lest they accuse me of falsehood, ^^ and lest my breast become straitened, and my tongue be not ready in speaking ; send therefore unto Aaron, to be my assistant. ^^ Also they have a crime to object against me ; and I fear they will put me to death. ^^ God said. They shall by no means put thee to death : wherefore go ye with our signs : for we will be with you, and will hear what passes between you and them. ^^ Go ye there- fore unto Pharaoh, and say. Verily we are the apostle of Title — Poets.'] The chapter bears this 13 Ready in speaking.'] According to the inscription, because at the conclusion of it, Rabbinical traditions, Moses had an im- the Arabian poets are severely censured. pediment in his speech. Title — Mecca.] The five last verses, 14 ^ crime.] Viz. The having killed beginning at these words, And those who an Egyptian ^. err follow the poets, &c. some take to have 16 The Apostle,] The word is in the been revealed at Medina. singular number in the original, for which 1 T. S.M.] See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. the commentators give several reasons. 1 See chap, xxviii. N 2 180 A L KORAN. [chap. the Lord of all creatures : ^'^ send away with us the children of Israel. ^^ And when they had delivered their message, Pharaoh answered, Have we not brought thee up among us, when a child ; and hast thou not dwelt among us for several years of thy life ? ^^ Yet hast thou done thy deed which thou hast done : and thou art an ungrateful person. ^^ Moses replied, I did it indeed, and I was one of those who erred ; ^^ wherefore I fled from you, because I feared you ; but my Lord hath bestowed on me wisdom, and hath appointed me one of his apostles. ^^ And this is the favour which thou hast bestowed on me, that thou hast enslaved the children of Israel. ^^ Pharaoh said, And who is the Lord of all creatures ? ^^ Moses answered. The Lord of heaven and earth, and of whatever is between them : if ye are men of sagacity. ^^ Pharaoh said unto those who were about him. Do ye not hear? ^^ Moses said. Your Lord and the Lord of your forefathers. ^^ Pharaoh said unto those who were present. Your apostle, who is sent unto you, is certainly distracted. ^^ Moses said. The Lord of the east, and of the west, and of whatever is between them ; if ye are men of understanding. ^^ Pharaoh said unto him. Verily if thou take any god besides me, I will make thee one of those who are imprisoned. ^^ Moses answered. What, although I come unto you with a convincing miracle ? ^^ Pharaoh replied. Produce it, therefore, if thou speakest truth. ^^ And he cast down his rod, and behold, it became 18 For several years,"] It is said that so little satisfaction to the king, he is Moses dwelt among the Egyptians thirty therefore supposed by some to have been years, and then went to Midian, where he a Dahrite, or one who believed the eternity stayed ten years ; after which he returned of the world 2. to Egypt, and spent thirty years in en- 29 // thou take any god besides me.] deavouring to convert them : and that he From this and a parallel expression in the lived after the drowning of Pharaoh fifty 28th chapter, it is inferred, that Pharaoh years ^. claimed the worship of his subjects, as due 20 / ivas one of those who erred.] to his supreme power. Having killed the Egyptian undesign- — I will malce thee one of those who are edly. imprisoned.] These words, says al Beid- 27 Youmpostle is distracted.] Pharaoh, awi, were a more terrible menace than if it seems, thought Moses had given but he had said, I will imprison thee ; and wild answers to his question ; for he gave Moses to understand, that he must wanted to know the person and true expecttokeepcompany with those wretches nature of the God whose messenger Moses whom the tyrant had thrown, as was his pretended to be; whereas he spoke of his custom, into a deep dungeon, where they works only. And because this answer gave remained till they died. Al Beiddwi. 2 idem. XXVI.] AL KORAN. 181 a visible serpent ; ^^ and he drew forth his hand out of his bosom ; and behold, it appeared white unto the spectators. ^* Pharaoh said unto the princes who were about him, Verily this man is a skilful magician ; ^^ he seeketh to dispossess you of your land by his sorcery ; what therefore do ye direct ? ^^ They answered, Delay him, and his brother, by good words for a time ; ^^ and send through the cities men to assemble and bring unto thee every skilful magician. ^^ So the magicians were assembled at an appointed time, on a solemn day. ^^ And it was said unto the people, Are ye assembled together ? ^^ Perhaps we may follow the magicians, if they do get the victory. ^^ And when the magicians were come, they said unto Pharaoh, Shall we certainly receive a reward, if we do get the victory ? ^^ He answered, Yea ; and ye shall surely be of those who approach my person. *^ Moses said unto them. Cast down what ye are about to cast down. ^^ Wherefore they cast down their ropes and their rods, and said. By the might of Pharaoh, verily we shall be the conquerors. ^^ And Moses cast down his rod, and behold, it swallowed up that which they had caused falsely to appear changed into serpents. *^ Whereupon the magicians prostrated themselves, wor- shipping, ^^and said, We believe in the Lord of all creatures ; ^^ the Lord of Moses and of Aaron. ^^ Pha- raoh said unto them, Have ye believed on him, before I have given you permission ? Verily he is your chief, who hath taught you magic ; but hereafter ye shall surely know my power. ^^ I will cut off your hands and your feet, on the opposite sides, and I will crucify you all. ^^ They answered. It will be no harm unto us; for we shall return unto our Lord. ^^ We hope that our Lord will forgive us our sins since we are the first who have believed. ^^ And we spake by revelation unto MosES, saying, March forth with my servants by night ; for ye will be pursued. ^^ And Pharaoh sent officers through the cities to assemble forces, saying, ^^ Verily these are a small company ; ^^ and they are enraged against us : 49 Who hath taught you magic.^ But himself^, has reserved the most efficacious secrets to 52 Forgive u^.] See chap. vii. Al Beiddwi. 182 AL KORAN. [chap. ^^ but we are a multitude well provided. ^^ So we caused them to quit their gardens, and fountains ; ^^ and trea- sures, and fair dwellings : thus did we do ; ^^ and we made the children of Israel to inherit the same. ^^ And they pursued them at sun-rise. ^^ And when the two armies were come in sight of each other, the companions of Moses said, We shall surely be overtaken. ^^ Moses answered. By no means ; for my Lord is with me, who will surely direct me. ^^ And we commanded Moses, by revelation, saying, Smite the sea with thy rod. And when he had smitten it, it became divided into twelve parts, between which were as many paths, and every part was like a vast mountain. ^^ And we drew thither the others ; ^^ and we delivered Moses and all those who were with him ; ^'^ then we drowned the others. ^^ Verily herein was a sign ; but the greater part of them did not believe. ^^ Verily thy Lord is the mighty, and the merciful. ^^ And rehearse unto them the story of Abraham : ^^ when he said unto his father, and his people. What do ye worship ? ^^ They answered. We worship idols ; and we constantly serve them all the day long. ^^ Abraham said. Do they hear you, when ye invoke them ? Or do they either profit you, or hurt you ? ^^ They answered. But we found our fathers do the same. ^^ He said. What think ye ? ^^ The gods which ye worship, and your forefathers worshipped, '^'^ are my enemies : ^^ except only the Lord of all creatures, who hath created me, and directeth me ; ^^ and who giveth me to eat, and to drink ; ^^ and when I am sick, healeth me ; ^^ and who will cause me to die, and will afterwards restore me to life ; ^^ and who, I hope, will forgive my sins on the day of judgment. ^^ O Lord, grant me wisdom ; and join me with the righte- ous : ^^ and grant that I may be spoken of with honour among the latest posterity ; ^^ and make me an heir of the garden of delight : ®^ and forgive my father, for that he GO We made the children of Israel to God gave them the like possessions and inherit the same,'\ Hence some suppose dwellings in another country 2. the Israelites, after the destruction of 84 Grant that I may be spoken of with Pharaoh and his host, returned to Egypt, honourJ^ Literally, Grant me a tongtie of and possessed themselves of the riches of truth ; that is, a high encomium, that country ^ But others are of opinion, 86 And forgive my father , &c.] By that the meaning is no more than that disposing him to repentance, and the re- ^ Jallalo^ddin^ Yahya, ^ Al Zamakh, XXVI.] AL KORAN. 183 hath been one of those who go astray. ^^ And cover me not with shame on the day of resurrection ; ^^ on the day in which neither riches nor children shall avail ; ^^ unless unto him who shall come unto God with a sincere heart : ^^ when paradise shall be brought near to the view of the pious ; ^^ and hell shall appear plainly to those who shall have erred ; ^^ and it shall be said unto them, Where are your deities which ye served besides God ? will they de- liver you from punishment, or will they deliver them- selves ? ^^ And they shall be cast into the same, both they, and those who have been seduced to their worship ; ^^ and all the host of Eblis. ^^ The seduced shall dispute therein with their false gods, ^^ saying. By God, we were in a manifest error ; ^'^ when we equalled you with the Lord of all creatures : ^^ and none seduced us but the wicked. ^^ We have now no intercessors, ^^^ nor any friend who careth for us. ^^^ If we were allowed to return once more into the world, we would certainly become true believers. ^^^ Verily herein was a sign : but the greater part of them believed not. ^^^ Thy Lord is the mighty, the merciful. ^^* The people of Noah accused God's messengers of imposture : ^^^ when their brother Noah said unto them. Will ye not fear God ? ^^^ Verily I am a faithful messenger unto you : ^^^ wherefore fear God, and obey me. ^^^ I ask no reward of you for my preaching unto you ; I expect my reward from no other than the Lord of all creatures : ^^^ wherefore fear God, and obey me. ^^^They answered, Shall we believe on thee, when only the most abject persons have followed thee ? "^ Noah said, I have no knowledge of that which they did ; ^^Mt appertaineth unto my Lord alone to bring them to ac- count, if ye understand ; "^ wherefore 1 will not drive away the believers : ^^* I am no more than a public preacher. ceiving of the true faith. Some suppose 111 I have no knowledge of that which Abraham pronounced this prayer after his they did.~\ i. e. Whether they have em- father's death, thinking that possibly he braced the faith which I have preached, might have been inwardly a true believer, out of the sincerity of their hearts, or in but have concealed his conversion for fear prospect of some worldly advantage, of Nimrod, and before he was forbidden to 113 The believers.^ His wife, his pray for him '. three sons and their wives. See chap- 93 They.'] That is, the idols ; see ter xi. chap. xxi. ^ See chap. ix. and chap. xiv. 184 AL KORAN. [chap. ^^^ They replied, Assuredly, unless thou desist, O Noah, thou shalt be stoned. ^^^ He said, O Lord, verily my people take me for a liar : ^^^ wherefore judge publicly be- tween me and them ; and deliver me and the true believers who are with me. ^^^ Wherefore we delivered him, and those who were with him, in the ark filled with men and animals ; ^^^ and afterwards we drowned the rest. ^^^ Verily herein was a sign : but the greater part of them believed not. ^^^Thy Lord is the mighty, the merciful. ^^^The tribe of Ad charged God's messengers with falsehood ; ^^^ when their brother Hud said unto them. Will ye not fear God ? ^^* Verily I am a faithful messenger unto you : *^^ wherefore fear God, and obey me. ^^^ I demand not of you any reward for my preaching unto you : I expect my reward from no other than the Lord of all creatures. ^^^ Do ye build a land-mark on every high place, to divert yourselves ? ^^^ And do ye erect magnificent works, hoping that ye may continue in their possession for ever ? ^^^ And when ye exercise your power, do, ye exercise it with cruelty and rigour ? ^^^ Fear God, by leaving these things; and obey me. ^^^ And fear him who hath bestowed on you that which ye know : ^^^ he hath bestowed on you cattle and children, ^^^ and gardens, and springs of water. ^^^ Verily I fear for you the punishment of a grievous day. 135 They answered. It is equal unto us whether thou admonish us, or dost not admonish us : ^^^ this which thou preachest is only a device of the ancients ; ^^^ neither shall we be punished for what we have done. ^^^ And they accused him of imposture : wherefore we destroyed them. Verily herein was a sign ; but the greater part of them believed not. ^^^ Thy Lord is the mighty, the merciful. ^'^^ The tribe of Thamud also charged the messengers of God with falsehood. ^*^ When their brother Saleh said unto them. Will ye not fear God ? ^^^ Verily I am a faithful messenger unto you ; ^^^ wherefore fear God, and obey me. ^*^ I demand no reward of you for my preach- 127 Do ye build a land-mark on every 129 Do ye exercise it with cruelty and high placCf to divert yourselves ?~\ Or, to rigour ?] Putting to death, and inflicting mock the passengers; who direct them- other corporeal punishments withoutmercy, selves in their journeys by the stars, and and rather for the satisfaction of your pas- have no need of such buildings ^ ? sion, than the amendment of the sufferer 2. * Al Beiddwi. 2 idem. xxvr.] A L KORAN. 185 ing unto you; I expect my reward from no other than the Lord of all creatures. ^^^ Shall ye be left for ever secure m the possession of the things which are here ; ^^^ among gardens, and fountains ; ^^^ and corn, and palm- trees, whose branches sheathe their flowers ? ^^^ And will ye continue to cut habitations for yourselves out of the mountains, behaving with insolence ? ^^^ Fear God, and obey me ; ^^^ and obey not the command of the trans- gressors ; ^^^ who act corruptly in the earth, and reform not the same. ^^^ They answered. Verily thou art dis- tracted ; thou art no other than a man like unto us : ^^^ produce now some sign, if thou speakest truth. ^^^ Sa- LEH said. This she-camel shall be a sign unto you : she shall have her portion of water, and ye shall have your portion of water alternately, on a several day appointed for you ; ^^^ and do her no hurt, lest the punishment of a terrible day be inflicted on you. ^^^ But they slew her ; and were made to repent of their impiety : ^^^ for the punishment which had been threatened overtook them. Verily herein was a sign ; but the greater part of them did not believe. ^^^ Thy Lord is the mighty, the merciful. ^^^ The people of Lot likewise accused God's messengers of imposture. ^^^ When their brother Lot said unto them, Will ye not fear God ? ^^^ Verily I am a faithful messenger unto you : ^^^ wherefore fear God, and obey me. ^^^ I demand no reward of you for my preaching : I expect my reward from no other than the Lord of all creatures. ^^* Do ye approach unto the males among mankind ? ^^^ And do ye leave your wives which your Lord hath created for you ? ^^^ Surely ye are people who transgress. ^^^ They answered. Unless thou desist, O Lot, thou shalt certainly be expelled our city. ^^^ He said. Verily I am one of those who abhor your doings ; O Lord, deliver me, and my family, from that which they act. ^^^ Wherefore w^e delivered him, and all his family ; ^^^ except an old woman, his wife, who perished among those who remained 148 Behaving with insolence.^ Or, as you.'} That is, they were to have the use the original word may also be ren- of the water by turns, the camel drinking dered, shewing art and ingenuity in your one day, and the Thamudites drawing the work. other day ; for when this camel drank, 154 She shall have her portion of water, she emptied the wells or brooks for that and ye shall have your portion of water day. See chap. vii. for the histo y of the alternately, on a several day appointed for destruction of the tribe of Thamud. 186 A L KORAN. [chap. behind ; ^"^^ then we destroyed the rest ; ^^^ and we rained on them a shower of stones ; and terrible was the shower which fell on those who had been warned in vain. ^^^ Verily herein was a sign ; but the greater part of them did not believe. ^^* Thy Lord is the mighty, the merciful. ^^^ The inhabitants of the wood also accused God's messengers of imposture. ^^^ When Shoaib said unto them, will ye not fear God ? ^^^ Verily I am a faithful messenger unto you ; ^"^^ wherefore fear God, and obey me. ^^^ I ask no reward of you for my preaching : I expect my reward from no other than the Lord of all creatures. ^^^ Give just measure, and be not defrauders ; ^^^ and weigh with an equal balance' ; '^^and diminish not unto men aught of their matters; neither commit violence in the earth, acting corruptly. ^^^ And fear him who hath created you, and also the former generations. ^^^ They answered. Certainly thou art distracted : ^^^ thou art no more than a man, like unto us ; and we do surely esteem thee to be a liar. ^^^ Cause now a part of the heaven to fall upon us, if thou speakest truth. ^^^ Shoaib said, Mv Lord best knoweth that which ye do. ^^^ And they charged him with falsehood : wherefore the punishment of the day of the shadowing cloud overtook them ; and this was the punishment of a grievous day. ^^^ Verily herein was a sign ; but the greater part of them did not believe. ^^° Thy Lord is the mighty, the merciful. ^^^ This book is certainly a revelation from the Lord of all creatures ; ^^^ which the faithful spirit hath caused to descend ^^^ upon thy heart, that thou mightest be a preacher to thy people, ^^^ in the perspicu- ous Arabic tongue ; ^^^ and it is borne witness to in the scriptures of former ages. ^^^ Was it not a sign unto them, that the wise men among the children of Israel knew it ? ^^^ Had we revealed it unto any of the foreigners, IT5 Thewood.l That is, the Midianites ; plagued them with such intolerable heat Shoaib being not called the brother of for seven days, that all their waters were these people, which would have pre- dried up ; and then brought a cloud over served the conformity between this pas- them, under whose shade they ran, and sage and the preceding, it has been thought were all destroyed by a hot wind and fire they were not Midianites, but of another which proceeded from it 2. race; however, we find the prophet taxes 192 The faithful spirit. 1 i. e. Gabriel; them with the same crimes as he did those who is intrusted with the divine secrets of Midian ^. and revelations. 188 The shadowing cloud.'\ God first ^ See chap. vii. * Al Beiddwi* XXVI.] AL KORAN. 187 ^^^ and he had read the same unto them, yet they would not have believed therein. ^^^ Thus have we caused obsti- nate infidelity to enter the hearts of the wicked : ^^^ they shall not believe therein, until they see a painful punish- ment. ^^^ It shall come suddenly upon them, and they shall not foresee it ; ^^^ and they shall say, Shall we be respited ? ^^^ Do they therefore desire our punishment to be hastened? ^04 -vvhat thinkest thou? If we suffer them to enjoy the advantage of this life for several years ? 2^^ and afterwards shall not that with which they are threatened come upon them? ^^^Then what will that which they have enjoyed profit them ? ^^^ We have de- stroyed no city, but preachers were first sent unto it; ^^Hhat they might admonish the inhabitants thereof; neither did we treat them unjustly. ^^^ The devils did not descend with the Koran, as the infidels give out : ^^^ it is not for their purpose, neither are they able to pro- duce such a book ; ^^^ for they are far removed from hear- ing the discourse of the angels in heaven. ^^^ Invoke no other god with the true God, lest thou become one of those who are doomed to punishment. ^^^ And admonish thy more near relations. ^^^ And behave thyself with meekness towards the true believers who follow thee ; ^^^ and if they be disobedient unto thee, say. Verily I am clear of that which ye do. ^^^And trust in the most mighty, the merciful God ; ^^^ who seeth thee when thou risest up ; ^^^ and thy behaviour among those who worship; 203 Do they desire our punishment to he the affirmative, Verily, says he, I am a hasteiied?^ The infidels were continually warner sent unto you, before a severe defying Mohammed to bring some signal chastisement 2. and miraculous destruction on them, as a 214 Behave thyself with meekness.^ Li- shower of stones, &c. terally, Lower thy wing, 213 Preach to thy near relations.^ The 217, 218 Who seeth thee when thou risest commentators suppose the same command upf and thy behaviour among those who wor- to have been virtually contained in the ship.'] i. e. Who seeth thee when thou risest seventy-fourth chapter, which is prior to up to watch and spend the night in religious this in point of time ^ It is said that exercises, and observeth thy anxious care Mohammed, on receiving the passage be- for the Moslems' exact performance of fore us, went up immediately to mount their duty. It is said that the night on Safa, and having called the several fami- which the precept of watching was abro- lies to him, one by one, when they were gated, Mohammed went privately from all assembled, asked them, whether, if he one house to another, to see how his com- should tell them, that mountain would panions spent the time ; and that he found bring forth a smaller mountain, they would them so intent in reading the Koran, and believe him ; to which they answering in repeating their prayers, that their houses, 1 See the notes thereon, and the Prelim. Disc. § ii. ^ Al Beiddwi, 188 AL KORAN, [chap. ^^^ for he both heareth and knoweth. ^^^ Shall I declare unto you upon whom the devils descend ? ^^^ They de- scend upon every lying and v^icked person ; ^^^ they learn what is heard ; but the greater part of them are liars. ^^^ And those who err follow the steps of the poets : ^^* dost thou not see that they rove as bereft of their senses through every valley ; ^^^ and that they say that which they do not ? ^^^ except those who believe, and do good works, and remember God frequently ; ^^^ and who defend themselves after they have been unjustly treated. And they who act unjustly, shall know hereafter, with what treatment they shall be treated. by reason of the humming noise they made, seemed to be so many nests of hor- nets ^. Some commentators, however, sup- pose that by the prophet's behaviour, in this place, are meant the various postures he used in praying at the head of his com- panions; as standing, bowring, prostration, and sitting 2. 221 T'he devils descend upon every lying and wicked person.'] The prophet having vindicated himself from the charge of hav- ing communication with the devils, by the opposition between his doctrine and their designs, and their inability to compose so consistent a book as the Koran, proceeds to shovs', that the persons most likely to hold a correspondence with those evil spirits, were liars and slanderers ; that is, his enemies and opposers. 222 They learn what is heard.] i. e. They are taught by the secret inspiration of the devils, and receive their idle and inconsistent suggestions for truth. It be- ing uncertain whether the slanderers or the devils be the nominative case to the verb, the words may also be rendered. They impart what they hear ; this is, That devils acquaint their correspondents on earth with such incoherent scraps of the an- gels' discourse as they can hear by stealth ^, 224 They rove as bereft of their senses through every valley ^ &c.] Their compo- sitions being as wild as the actions of a distracted man : for most of the ancient poetry was full of vain imaginations ; as fabulous stories and descriptions, love- verses, flattery, excessive commendations of their patrons, and as excessive reproaches of their enemies, incitements to vicious actions, vainglorious vauntings, and the like 4. 226 Except those who believe^ &c.] That is. Such poets as had embraced Moham- medism ; whose works, free from the pro- faneness of the former, run chiefly on the praises of God, and the establishing his unity, and contain exhortations to obe- dience, and other religious and moral vir- tues ; without any satirical invectives, un- less against such as have given just provo- cations by having first attacked them, or some others of the true believers, with the same weapons. In this last case, Moham- med saw it was necessary for him to borrow assistance from the poets of his party, to defend himself and religion from the insults and ridicule of the others : for which purpose he employed the pens of Labid Ebn Rabia ^, Abd'allah Ebn Rawa- ha, Hassan Ebn Thabet, and the two Caabs. It is related that Mohammed once said to Caab Ebn Malec, Ply them with satires ; for, by him in whose hand my soul is, they wound more deeply than arrows ^. * Al Beiddwi. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo^ ddin, * See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. ^ Al Beiddwi. 3 lidem. * lidem. XXVII.] AL KORAN. 189 CHAPTER XXVII. INTITLED, THE ANT ; REVEALED AT MECCA. Tn the name of the most merciful God. * T. S. ^ These are the signs of the Koran, and of the perspicuous book : ^ a direction and good tidings unto the true believers ; ^ who regularly perform their prayer, and give alms, and firmly believe in the life to come. ^ As to those w^ho believe not in the life to come, we have prepared their works for them ; and they shall be struck with astonishment at their disappointment when they shall be raised again : ^ these are they whom an evil punishment awaiteth in this life ; and in that which is to come they shall be the greatest losers. ^ Thou hast cer- tainly received the Koran from the presence of a wise, a knowing God. ^ Remember when Moses said unto his family. Verily I perceive fire ; I will bring you tidings thereof, or I will bring you a lighted brand, that ye may be warmed. ^ And when he was come near unto it, a voice cried unto him, saying. Blessed be he who is in the fire, and whoever is about it ; and praise be unto God, the Lord of all creatures ! ^^ O Moses, verily I am God, the mighty, the wise ; cast down now thy rod. " And when he saw it, that it moved, as though it had been a serpent, he retreated and fled, and returned not. And God said, O Moses, fear not ; for my messengers are not disturbed with fear in my sight ; ^^ except he who shall have done amiss, and shall have afterwards substituted Title — Ant,'] In this chapter is related, tended by the former words ; and by among other strange things, an odd story the latter, the angels who were pre- of the ant, which has therefore been pitched sent^ : others think Moses and the angels on for the title. are here meant, or all persons in general 5 We have prepared their works for in this holy plain, and the country round them.^ By rendering them pleasing and it ^. agreeable to their corrupt natures and in- 12 Except he who shall have done amiss, clinations. &c.] This exception was designed to 8 Moses.] See chap. xx. qualify the preceding assertion, which 9 Blessed he he who is in the fire, and seemed too general: for several of the pro- about it.] Some suppose God to be in- phets have been subject to sins, though not * Yahya. 2 JaJlalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi, 190 AL KORAN. [chap. good in lieu of evil; for I am gracious and merciful. ^^ Moreover put thy hand into thy bosom ; it shall come forth white, without hurt : this shall be one among the nine signs unto Pharaoh and his people : for they are a wicked people. ^^ And when our visible signs had come unto them, they said, This is manifest sorcery. ^^ And they denied them, although their souls certainly knew them to be from God, out of iniquity and pride : but be- hold what was the end of the corrupt doers. ^^ We here- tofore bestowed knowledge on David and Solomon ; and they said. Praise be unto God, who hath made us more excellent than many of his faithful servants ! ^^ And Solomon was David's heir ; and he said, O men, we have been taught the speech of birds, and have had all things bestowed on us : that is manifest excellence. ^^ And his armies were gathered together unto Solomon, consisting of genii, and men, and birds ; and they were led in distinct bands, until they came into the valley of ants. ^^ And an ant, seeing the hosts approaching, said, O ants, enter ye into your habitations, lest Solomon and his army tread you under foot, and perceive it not. ^^ And Solomon smiled, laughing at her words, and said, O Lord, excite me that I may be thankful for thy favour, wherewith' thou hast favoured me, and my parents ; and that I may do that which is right, and well-pleasing unto thee ; and intro- duce me, through thy mercy, into paradise, among thy great ones, before their mission ; for which 1 8 His army consisting of genii, &c.] they had reason to apprehend God's anger ; For this fancy, as well as the former, Mo- though they are here assured that their hammed was obliged to the Talmudists *, subsequent merits entitle them to his who, according to their manner, have in- pardon. It is supposed that Moses' kill- terpreted the Hebrew words of Solomon *, ing the Egyptian undesignedly is hinted which the English version renders, I gat at ^. men-singers, and women-singers ; as if 13 Nine signs."] See chap. xvii. that prince had forced demons or spirits to 17 Solomon was David's heir."] Inherit- serve him at his table, and in other capa- ing not only his kingdom, but also the cities ; and particularly in his vast and prophetical office, preferably to his other magnificent buildings, which they could sons, who were no less than nineteen 2. not conceive he could otherwise have per- — JVe have been taught the speech of formed. birds.] That is, the meaning of their — 2'he valley of ants.] The valley several voices, though not articulate; of seems to be so called from the great num- Solomon's interpretation whereof the com- hers of ants which are found there. Some mentators give several instances ^ place it in Syria, and others in Tayef ^. ^ Jallalo* ddin. ^ Idem. ^ See Marracc. not. in loc. p. 51 1. * V. Midrash, Yalkut Shemuni, p. 11, f. 29, and Millium de Mohammedismo ante Mo- hammed, p. 232. ^ Eccles. ii. 8. ^ At Beiddwi^ Jallalo' ddin* XXVII.] AL KORAN. 191 servants, the righteous. ^^ And he viewed the birds, and said, What is the reason that I see not the lapwing ? Is she absent ? ^^ Verily I will chastise her with a severe chastisement ; or I will put her to death ; unless she bring me a just excuse. ^^ And she tarried not long before she presented herself unto Solomon, and said, I have viewed a country which thou hast not viewed ; and I come unto thee from Saba, with a certain piece of news. ^^ I found a woman to reign over them, who is provided with every thing requisite for a prince, and hath a magnificent throne. ^^ I found her and her people to worship the sun, besides God : ^^ and Satan hath prepared their works for them, and hath turned them aside from the way of truth, (wherefore they are not rightly directed,) lest they should worship God, who bringeth to light that which is in heaven and earth, and knoweth whatever they conceal, and what- ever they discover. ^^ God ! there is no God but he ; the Lord of the magnificent throne. ^^ Solomon said, 21 And he viewed the birds, &c.] The Arab historians tell us, that Solomon having finished the temple of Jerusalem, went in pilgrimage to Mecca, where having stayed as long as he pleased, he proceeded towards Yaman ; and leaving Mecca in the morning, he arrived by noon at Sanaa, and being extremely delighted with the coun- try, rested there ; but wanting water to make the ablution, he looked among the birds for the lapwing, called, by the Arabs, al Hudhud, whose business it was to find it ; for it is pretended she was sagacious or sharp-sighted enough to discover water under ground, which the devils used to draw, after she had marked the place by digging with her bill. They add, that this bird was then taking a tour in the air, whence, seeing one of her companions alighting, she descended also, and having had a description given her by the other of the city of Saba, whence she was just ar- rived, they both went together to take a view of the place, and returned soon after Solomon had made the inquiry, which occasioned what follows ^ It may be proper to mention here what the eastern writers fable of the manner of Solomon's travelling. They say that he had a carpet of green silk, on which his throne was placed, being of a prodigious length and breadth, and sufficient for all his forces to stand on, the men placing them- selves on his right hand, and the spirits on his left ; and that when all were in order, the wind, at his command, took up the carpet, and transported it, with all that were upon it, wherever he pleased ^ ; the array of birds at the same time flying over their heads, and forming a kind of canopy, to shade them from the sun. 22 / will chastise her, &c.] By pluck- ing off her feathers, and setting her in the sun, to be tormented by the insects ; or by shutting her up in a cage ^. 24 I found a woman to reign over them.] This queen the Arabs name Balkis. Some make her the daughter of Hodhad Ebn Sharhabil*, and others of Sharabil Ebn Malec 5 ; but they a)l agree she was a de- scendant of Yarab Ebn Kahtan. She is placed the twenty-second in Dr. Pocock's list of the kings of Yaman ^. — J magnificent throne.'] Which the commentators say was made of gold and silver, and crowned with precious stones. But they differ as to the size of it; one making it fourscore cubits long, forty broad, and thirty high ; while some say it was four- score, and others, thirty, cubits every way. * lidem. 2 vid. cap. xxi. and not. in loc. * V. Pocock. Spec. p. 59. ^ ji Beiddwi, &c. * Ubi sup. 1 ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. V. D'Herbel Bibl. Orient, p. 182. 192 A L KORAN. [chap. We shall see whether thou hast spoken the truth, or whether thou art a liar. ^^ Go with this my letter, and cast it down unto them ; then turn aside from them, and wait to know what answer they will return. ^^ And when the queen of Saba had received the letter, she said, O nobles, verily an honourable letter hath been delivered unto me ; ^^ it is from Solomon, and this is the tenor thereof: ^^ In the name of the most merciful God. Rise not up against me : but come, and surrender yourselves unto me. ^^ She said, O nobles, advise me in my busi- ness : I will not resolve on any thing, until ye be witnesses, and approve thereof. '^^The nobles answered. We are endued with strength, and are endued with great prow^ess in war ; but the command appertaineth unto thee : see therefore what thou wilt command. ^^ She said. Verily kings, when they enter a city by force, waste the same, and abase the most powerful of the inhabitants thereof: and so will these do with us. ^^ But I will send gifts unto them ; and will wait for what farther information those who shall be sent bring back. ^^ And when the queen's am- bassador came unto Solomon, that prince said. Will ye present me with riches? Verily that which God hath 30 And when she had received the letter, Solomon, or give us orders to make head &c.] Jallalo'ddin says, that the queen against him. was surrounded by her army when the 37 When the ambassador came unto lapwing threw the letter into her bosom ; SolomonJ] Bearing the presents, which but al Beidawi supposes she was in an they say were five hundred young slaves apartment of her palace, the doors of which of each sex, all habited in the same man- were shut, and that the bird flew in at the ner, five hundred bricks of gold, a crown window. The former commentator gives enriched with precious stones, besides a a copy of the epistle somewhat more full large quantity of musk, amber, and other than that in the text ; viz. From the ser- things of value ^ Some add, that Balkis, vant of God, Solomon, the son of David, to try whether Solomon was a prophet or unto Balkis, queen of Saba. In the name no, dressed the boys like girls, and the of the most merciful God. Peace be on girls like boys, and sent him, in a casket, him who foUoweth the true direction, a pearl not drilled, and an onyx drilled Rise not up against me, but come with a crooked hole; and that Solomon and surrender yourselves unto me. He distinguished the boys from the girls by adds, that Solomon perfumed this let- the different manner of their taking water, ter with musk, and sealed it with his and ordered one worm to bore the pearl, signet. and another to pass a thread through the 32 Come and surrender yourselves unto onyx 2. They also tell us, that Solomon me.'] or, Come unto me, and resign having notice of this embassy, by means of yourselves unto the divine direction, the lapwing, even before they set out, and profess the true religion, which I ordered a large square to be enclosed with preach. a wall built of gold and silver bricks, wherein 34 What thou wilt command.'] i. e. he ranged his forces and attendants to re- Whether thou wilt obey the summons of ceive them ^. 1 JaUah'ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Jallalo'ddin. XXVII.] A L KORAN. 193 given me, is better than what he hath given you : but ye do glory in your gifts. ^^ Return unto the people of Saba. We will surely come unto them with forces, which they shall not be able to withstand ; and we will drive them out from their city, humbled ; and they shall become contemptible. ^^ And Solomon said, O nobles, which of you will bring unto me her throne, before they come and surrender themselves unto me ? ^^ A terri- ble genius answered, I will bring it unto thee, before thou arise from thy place : for I am able to perform it, and may be trusted. ^^ And one with whom was the knowledge of the scriptures said, I will bring it unto thee in the twinkling of an eye. And when Solomon saw the throne placed before him, he said. This is a favour of my Lord, that he may take trial of me, whether I will be grateful, or whether 1 will be ungrateful : and he who is grateful, is grateful to his own advantage ; but if any shall be ungrateful, verily my Lord is self-sufficient and munificent. ^^ And Solomon said unto his servants, Alter her throne, that she may not know it, to the end we may see whether she be rightly directed, or whether she be one of those who are not rightly directed. ^^ And when she was come unto Solomon, it was said unto her. Is thy throne like this ? She answered, As though it were the same. And we have had knowledge bestowed on us before this, and have been resigned unto God. ^^But 40 A terrible genius.'] This was an object, and take thy 6)^6 off it. It is said Ifrit, or one of the wicked and rebellious that Solomon, at Asaf s desire, looked up to genii ; and his name, says al Beidawi, was heaven, and before he cast his eye down- Dhacwan, or Sakhr. wards, the throne made its way under — Before thou arise from thy place.] ground, and appeared before him. i. e. From thy seat of justice. For Solo- 43 When she was come unto Solomon.] mon used to sit in judgment every day till For, on the return of her ambassador, she noon 1. determined to go and submit herself to 41 One with whom was the knowledge of that prince ; but, before her departure, the scriptures.] This person, as is gene- she secured her throne, as she thought, by rally supposed, was Asaf, the son of Bara- locking it up in a strong castle, and setting chia, Solomon's wazir (or visir), who knew a guard to defend it ; after which she set the great or ineffable name of God, by pro- out, attended by a vast army *. nouncing of which he performed this won- — We have had knowledge hestoived on derful exploit 2. Others, suppose it was us before this, Scc] It is uncertain whether al Khedr, or else Gabriel, or some other these be the words of Balkis, acknowledg- angel ; and some imagine it to have been ing her conviction by the wonders she Solomon himself^. had already seen; or of Solomon and his — In the twinkling of an eye.] The people, acknowledging the favour of God, original is, Before thou canst look at any in calling them to the true faith before her, 1 Jallalo'ddin, 2 i^em. 3 ^i Beidawi, * Jallalo'ddin. VOL. II. O 194 A L KORAN. [chap. that which she worshipped besides God, had turned her aside from the truth; for she was of an unbelieving people. ^^ It was said unto her. Enter the palace. And when she saw it, she imagined it to be a great water ; and she discovered her legs, by lifting up her robe to pass through it. Whereupon Solomon said unto her. Verily this is a palace evenly floored with glass. Then said the queen, O Lord, verily I have dealt unjustly with my own soul ; and I resign myself, together with Solomon, unto God, the Lord of all creatures. ^^Also we heretofore sent unto the tribe of Thamud their brother Saleh ; who said unto them. Serve ye God. ^^ And behold, they were divided into two parties, who disputed among themselves. ^^ Saleh said, O my people, why do ye hasten evil rather than good ? Unless ye ask pardon of God, that ye may obtain mercy, ye are lost. They answered. We presage evil from thee, and from those who are with thee. Saleh replied. The evil which ye presage is with God : but ye are a people who are proved by vicissitude of prosperity and adversity. ^^ And there were nine men in the city, who acted corruptly in the earth, and behaved not with integrity. ^^ And they said unto one another. Swear ye reciprocally by God, that we will fall upon Saleh and his family by night : and afterwards we will say unto him who hath right to avenge his blood. We were not so much as present at the destruction of his 45 Enter the palace,'] Or, as some Solomon had thoughts of making her his understand the word, the court before the wife ; but could not resolve to do it, till palace, which Solomon had commanded to the devils had, by a depilatory, taken off be built against the arrival of Balkis; the the hair from her legs 2. Some ^ however floor or pavement being of transparent will have it that she did not marry Solo- glass, laid over running water, in which mon, but a prince of the tribe of Hamdan. fish were swimming. Fronting this pave- 47 Who disputed among themselves.'] ment was placed the royal throne, on Concerning the doctrine preached by Saleh; which Solomon sat to receive the queen ^. one party believing on him, and the other — She discovered her legs, &c.] Some treating him as an impostor. Arab writers tell us, Solomon had been 48 Why do ye hasten evil rather than informed that Balkis's legs and feet were good?] i.e. Why do ye urge and defy covered with hair, like those of an ass, of the divine vengeance with which ye are the truth of which he had hereby an threatened, instead of averting it by re- opportunity of being satisfied by ocular pentance ? demonstration. — We presage evil from thee, &c.] See — / resign myself unto God.] The chap. vii. ver. 132, where the Egyptians queen of Saba having by these words pro- in the same manner accuse Moses as the fessed Islam, and renounced idolatry, cause of their calamities. Jallalo* ddin, al Beiddwi. ^ Jallald' ddin, ^ Apud Al Beiddwi. XXVII.] A L KORAN. 195 family ; and we certainly speak the truth. ^^ And they devised a plot against him : but we devised a plot against them ; and they perceived it not. ^^ And see what was the issue of their plot : we utterly destroyed them and their whole people ; ^^ and these their habitations remain empty, because of the injustice which they committed. Verily herein is a sign, unto people who understand. ^* And we delivered those who believed, and feared God. ^^ And remember Lot ; when he said unto his people, Do ye commit a wickedness, though ye see the heinous- ness thereof? ^^ Do ye approach lustfully unto men, leav- ing the women ? Ye are surely an ignorant people. [*XX.] ^^ But the answer of his people was no other than that they said. Cast the family of Lot out of your city ; for they are men who preserve themselves pure from the crimes of which ye are guilty. ^^ Wherefore we delivered him and his family, except his wife, whom we decreed to be one of those who remained behind to be destroyed. ^^ And we rained on them a shower of stones : and dreadful was the shower which fell on those who had been warned in vain. ^^ Say, Praise be unto God ; and peace be upon his servants whom he hath chosen ! Is God more worthy, or the false gods which they associate with him ? ^^ Is not he to be preferred, who hath created the heavens and the earth, and sendeth down rain for you from heaven, whereby we cause delicious groves to spring up ? It is not in your power to cause the trees thereof to shoot forth. Is there any other god partner with the true God ? Verily these are a people who deviate from the truth. ^^ Is not he more worthy to be adored, who hath established the earth, and hath caused rivers to flow through the midst thereof, and placed thereon immoveable mountains, and set a bar between the two seas ? Is there 52 See what was the issue of their plot.'] pointed ; for, instead of catching the It is related that Saleh, and those who prophet, they were caught themselves, believed on him, Cisually meeting to pray their retreat being cut off by a large piece in a certain narrow place between the of rock, which fell down at the mouth of mountains, the infidels said, He thinks to the straits, so that they perished there in a make an end of us after three days ^ but miserable manner. we will be beforehand with him; and 59 Shower of stones,] Seech. vii.& ch.xi. that a party of them went directly to the 62 A bar.] See chap. xxv. verse 53. straits above-mentioned, thinking to exe- The word Barzakh is not used here, but cute their design, but were terribly disap- another of equivalent import. 1 See chap. vii. o 2 196 AL KORAN. [chap. any god equal with the true God ? Yet the greater part of them know it not. ^^ Is not he more worthy who heareth the afflicted, when he calleth upon him, and taketh off the evil which distressed him ; and who hath made you the successors of your forefathers in the earth ? Is there any other god who can be equalled with the true God ? How few consider these things ! ^^ Is not he more worthy who directeth you in the dark paths of the land and of the sea; and who sendeth the winds driving abroad the clouds, as the forerunners of his mercy ? Is there any other god who can be equalled with the true God ? Far be God from having those partners in his power which ye associate with him ! ^^ Is not he more worthy, who produceth a creature, and after it hath been dead, re- storeth it to life ; and who giveth you food from heaven and earth ? Is there any other god with the true God, who doth this ? ^^ Say, Produce your proof thereof, if ye speak truth. Say, None either in heaven or earth knoweth that which is hidden, besides God : neither do they understand when they shall be raised. ^^ However their knowledge attaineth some notion of the life to come, yet they are in an uncertainty concerning the same ; yea, they are blind as to the real circumstances thereof. ^'^ And the unbelievers say. When we and our forefathers shall have been reduced to dust, shall we be taken forth from the grave ? ^^ Verily we have been threatened with this, both we and our fathers, heretofore. This is no other than fables of the ancients. ^^ Say unto them, Pass through the earth, and see what hath been the end of the wicked. ^^ And be not thou grieved for them ; neither be thou in any concern on account of the plots which they are contriving against thee. '^^ And they say, When will this threat be accomplished, if ye speak true ? ^^ Answer, Peradventure some part of that punish- ment, which ye desire to be hastened, may follow close behind you : ^^ verily thy Lord is endued with indulgence towards mankind ; but the greater part of them are not thankful. ^^ Verily thy Lord knoweth what their 63 The afflicted.] Literally, Him who some notion of the life to come, yet, &c.] is driven by distress to implore God's as- Or the words may be translated thus : sistance. Yea, their knowledge faileth as to the life 67 However their knowledge attaineth to come : yea, &c. XXVII.] AL KORAN. 197 breasts conceal, and what they discover ; '^^ and there is nothing hidden in heaven or on earth, but it is written in a clear book. ^^ Verilv this Koran declareth unto the children of Israel most of those points concerning which they disagree : ^^ and it is certainly a direction, and a mercy unto the true believers. ^^ Thy Lord will decide the controversy between them^ by his definitive sentence : and he is the mighty, the wise. ^^ Therefore put thy trust in God ; for thou art in the manifest truth. ^^ Verily thou shalt not make the dead to hear ; ^^ neither shalt thou make the deaf to hear thy call to the true faith, when they retire and turn their backs ; neither shalt thou direct the blind to extricate themselves out of their error. Thou shalt make none to hear thee, except him who shall believe in our signs ; and they are wholly resigned unto us. ^^ When the sentence shall be ready to fall upon them, we will cause a. beast to come forth unto them from out of the earth, which shall speak unto them : verily men do not firmly believe in our signs. ^^ On the day of resurrection we will assemble, out of every nation, a company of those who shall have charged our signs with falsehood ; and they shall be prevented from mixing together, until they shall arrive at the place of judgment. ^^ And God shall say unto them. Have ye charged my signs with falsehood, although ye compre- hended them not with your knowledge ? Or what is it that ye were doing ? ^^ And the sentence of damnation shall fall on them, for that they have acted unjustly: and they shall not speak in their own excuse. ^^ Do they not see that we have ordained the night, that they may rest therein, and the day giving open light ? Verily herein are signs unto people who believe. ^^ On that day 77 Most of those points concerning which sign of the approach of the day of judg- they disagree.^ Snch as the comparing of ment, al Jassasa, or the Spy. I have given God to sensible things, or to created the description of her elsewhere '^ ; to beings ; the removing all imperfections which should be added, that she is to have from the description of the Divine Being ; two wings. the state of paradise and Viell ; the stories — Which shall speak u7ito them.] Or, of Ezra and Jesus Christ, &c. ^ according to a different reading (viz. Tac-* 83 J beast.'] The Mohammedans call limohom instead of Tocallimoho7n)y who this beast, whose appearance will be one shall wound them ^. ^ Jl Beiddwi. ^ Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ V. ibid. 198 A L KORAN. [chap. the trumpet shall be sounded ; and whoever are in heaven and on earth, shall be struck with terror, except those whom God shall please to exempt therefrom: and all shall come before him in humble guise. ^^ And thou shalt see the mountains, and shalt think them firmly- fixed ; but they shall pass away, even as the clouds pass away. This will be the work of God, who hath rightly disposed all things ; and he is well acquainted with that which ye do. ^^ Whoever shall have wrought righteous- ness, shall receive a reward beyond the desert thereof; and they shall be secure from the terror of that day; ^^ but whoever shall have wrought evil, shall be thrown on their faces into hell-fire. Shall ye receive the reward of any other than of that which ye shall have wrought ? ^^ Verily I am commanded to worship the Lord of this territory of Mecca, who hath sanctified the same : unto him belong all things. ^^ And I am commanded to be a Moslem, and to rehearse the Koran : he who shall be directed thereby, will be directed to his own advantage ; and to him who shall go astray, say. Verily I am a warner only. And say, Praise be unto God ! he will shew you his signs, and ye shall know them : and thy Lord is not regardless of that which they do. 88 Whom God shall please to exempt 90 They shall be secure from the terror ^^ere/roTW.] See the Prelim. Disc. §iv. Some of that day.'] That is, from the fear of say the persons exempted from this gene- damnation and the other terrors which will ral consternation, will be the angels Ga- disturb the wicked ; not from the general briel, Michael, Israfil, and Izrael ^ : others terror or consternation before-mentioned, suppose them to be the virgins of paradise, 93 He will shew you his signs.] Viz. and the angels who guard that place, and The successes of the true believers against carry God's throne 2 ; and others will have the infidels ; and particularly the victory them to be the martyrs ^, of Bedr. ^ Jallalo'ddirij al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ ^i^y^ Abbas. XX VIII.] A L KORAN. 199 CHAPTER XXVIII. INTITLED, THE STORY; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ T. S. M. ^ These are the signs of the perspicuous book. ^ We will dictate unto thee, O Mohammed, some parts of the history of Moses and Pharaoh, with truth ; for the sake of people who believe. ^ Now Pharaoh lifted himself up in the land of Egypt ; and he caused his subjects to be divided into parties : he weakened one party of them, by slaying their male children, and pre- serving their females alive ; for he was an oppressor. ^ And we were minded to be gracious unto those who were weakened in the land, and to make them models of religion ; and to make them the heirs of the wealth of Pharaoh and his people, ^ and to establish a place for them in the earth ; and to shew Pharaoh, and Haman, and their forces, that destruction of their kingdom and nation by them which they sought to avoid. ^ And we directed the mother of Moses by revelation, saying, Give him suck : and if thou fearest for him, cast him into the Title — Story. 1 The title is taken from is generally inferred that Mohammed has the 26th verse, where Moses is said to here made Haman, the favourite of Ahas- have related the story of his adventures to uerus, king of Persia, and who, indis- Shoaib. putably, lived many ages after Moses, to Title — Mecca.^^ Some except a verse, be that prophet's contemporary. But how towards the latter end, beginning with probable soever this mistake may seem to these words, He who hath given thee the us, it will be very hard, if not impossible, Koran for a rule of faith and practice, &c. to convince a Mohammedan of it ; for, as 1 T. S. M.~\ See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. has been observed in a parallel case 2, two 4 He divided his subjects into parties.'] very different persons may bear the same i. e. Either into companies, that they name ^. might the better attend his order, and per- — That destruction by them, which they form the services exacted of them ; or into sought to avoid.] For Pharaoh had either opposite factions, to prevent their attempt- dreamed, or been told by some diviners, ing any thing against him, to deliver them- that one of the Hebrew nation should be selves from his tyranny ^ the ruin of his kingdom : which prophecy — One party of them.] Viz. The is supposed to have been the occasion of Israelites. his cruelty to them*. This circumstance 6 Haman.] This name is given to is owing to the invention of the Jews ^. Pharaoh's chief minister ; from whence it 7 Give him suc/c] It is related that * Al Beiddwi. 2 ^qq chap. iii. ^ V. Reland. de Rel. Moham p. 217- * See chap. vii. ^ V. Shalshel. hakkab. p. 11, & B. Eliez. Pirke, c. 48. 200 AL KORAN. [chap. river ; and fear not, neither be afflicted ; for we will restore him unto thee, and will appoint him one of our apostles. ^ And when she had put the child in the ark, and had cast it into the river, the family of Pharaoh took him up ; Providence designing that he should be- come an enemy, and a sorrow unto them. Verily Pharaoh and Haman, and their forces, were sinners. ^ And the wife of Pharaoh said, This child is a delight of the eye to me, and to thee : kill him not ; peradven- ture it may happen that he may be serviceable unto us ; or we may adopt him for our son. And they perceived not the consequence of what they were doing. ^^ And the heart of the mother of Moses became oppressed with fear; and she had almost discovered him, had we not armed her heart with constancy, that she might be one of those who believe the promises of God. ^^ And she said unto his sister. Follow him. And she watched him at a distance ; and they perceived it not. ^^ And we suffered him not to take the breasts of the nurses who were provided before his sister came up : and she said, Shall I direct you unto some of his nation, who may nurse him for you, and will be careful of him ? And, at their desire, she brought his mother to them. ^^ So we restored him to his mother, that her mind might be set at ease, and that she might not be afflicted ; and that she might know that the promise of God was true ; but the greater part of mankind know not the truth. ^^ And when Moses had attained his age of full strength, and was become a perfect man, we bestowed on him wisdom and knowledge : and thus do we reward the upright. ^^ And he went into the city, at a time when the inhabit- ants thereof observed not what passed in the streets ; and the midwife appointed to attend the He- This sudden affection or admiration was brew women, terrified by a light which raised in them either by his uncommon appeared between the eyes of Moses at his beauty, or by the light which shone on his birth, and touched with an extraordinary forehead ; or because, when they opened affection for the child, did not discover the ark, they found him sucking his thumb, him to the officers, so his mother kept him which supplied him with milk 2. in her house, and nursed him three months; 12 His sister.'] See chap. xx. after which it was impossible for her to 15 When the inhabitants observed not, conceal him any longer, the king then &c.] Viz. At noon ; at which time it is giving orders to make the searches more usual, in those countries, for people to re- strictly 1. tire to sleep ; or, as others rather suppose, 9 This child is a delight of our eye.] a little within night. ^ Al Beiddwi, See the notes to chap. xx. 2 i^em, Jallalo'ddin. XXVIII.] AL KORAN. 201 he found therein two men fighting ; the one being of his own party, and the other of his enemies. And he who was of his party, begged his assistance against him who was of the contrary party : and Moses struck him with his fist, and slew him : but being sorry for what had hap- pened, he said. This is of the work of the devil ; for he is a seducing and an open enemy. ^^ And he said, O Lord, verily I have injured my own soul : wherefore forgive me. So God forgave him; for he is ready to forgive, and merciful. ^^ He said, O Lord, by the favours with which thou hast favoured me, I will not be an assistant to the wicked for the future. ^^ And the next morning he was afraid in the city, and looked about him, as one apprehen- sive of danger ; and behold, he whom he had assisted the day before, cried out unto him for help a second time. But Moses said unto him. Thou art plainly a quarrelsome fellow. ^^ And when he sought to lay hold on him who was an enemy unto them both, he said, O Moses, dost thou intend to kill me, as thou killedst a man yesterday ? Thou seekest only to be an oppressor in the earth, and seekest not to be a reconciler of quarrels. ^^ And a cer- tain man came from the farther part of the city, running hastily, and said, O Moses, verily the magistrates are de- liberating concerning thee, to put thee to death ; depart therefore ; I certainly advise thee well. ^^ Wherefore he departed out of the city in great fear, looking this way, and that, lest he should be pursued. And he said, O Lord, deliver me from the unjust people. ^^ And when he was journeying towards Madian, he said, Peradventure my Lord will direct me in the right way. ^^ And when he — The one being of his own party, and that he was going to strike him ; and others, the other of his enemies.'] i. e. The one by the Egyptian, who either knew or sus- being an Israelite, of his own religion and pected that Moses had killed his country- nation, and the other an idolatrous Egyp- man the day before. tian. 20 A certain man,'] This person, says — This is the work of the devil.] Mo- the tradition, was an Egyptian, and Pha- hammed allows that Moses killed the raoh's uncle's son, but a true believer; Egyptian wrongfully ; but, to excuse it, who finding that the king had been in- supposes that he struck him without de- formed of what Moses had done, and de- signing to kill him. signed to put him to death, gave him 19 He said, 0 Moses, wilt thou kill me, immediate notice to provide for his safety &c.] Some suppose these words to have by flight. been spoken by the Israelite, who, because 22 Peradventure my Lord will direct me, Moses had reprimanded him, imagined &c.] For Moses knew not the way ; and Jl Beiddwi. ^ Jallalo'ddin. 202 A L KORAN. [chap. arrived at the water of Madian, he found about the well a company of men, who were watering their flocks. ^* And he found, besides them, two women, who kept off their sheep at a distance. And he said unto them. What is the matter with you? They answered, We shall not water our flock, until the shepherds shall have driven away theirs ; for our father is an old man, stricken in years. ^^ So Moses watered their sheep for them ; and afterwards retired to the shade, saying, O Lord, verily I stand in need of the good which thou shalt send down unto me. ^^ And one of the damsels came unto him, walking bashfully, and said. My father calleth thee, that he may recompense thee for the trouble which thou hast taken in watering our sheep for us. And when he was come unto Shoaib, and had told him the story of his adventures, he said unto him. Fear not ; thou hast escaped from unjust people. ^'^ And one of the damsels said. My father, hire him for certain wages : the best servant thou canst hire, is an able and trusty person. ^^ And Shoaib said unto Moses, Verily I will give thee one of these my two daughters in marriage, on condition that thou serve me for hire eight years: and if thou fulfil ten years, it is in thine own breast ; for I seek not to impose a hardship on thee : and thou shalt find me, if God please, a man of probity. ^^ Moses answered. Let this be the covenant between me and thee: whichsoever of the two terms I shall fulfil, let it be no crime in me if I then quit thy service ; and God is witness of that which we say. ^^ And when Moses had fulfilled the term, and was journeying with his coming to a place where three roads met, filra (or Zipporah) the elder, or, as others committed himself to the guidance of God, suppose the younger, daughter of Shoaib, and took the middle road, which was the whom Moses afterwards married, right; Providence likewise so ordering it, 27 -^n able and trusty person.'\ The that his pursuers took the other two roads, girl, being asked by her father how she and missed him ^. Some say that he was knew Moses deserved this character, told led by an angel in the appearance of a him that he had removed the vast stone traveller 2. above-mentioned, without any assistance ; 25 Moses watered their sheep for them,'] and that he looked not in her face, but By rolling away a stone of prodigious held down his head till he had heard her weight, which had been laid over the message ; and desired her to walk behind mouth of the well by the shepherds, and him, because the wind ruffled her garments required no less than seven men (though a little, and discovered some part of her some name a much larger number) to re- legs 2. move it *. 30 When Moses had fulfilled the term,"] 26 One of the damsels,] This was Se- Viz. The longest term, of ten years. The ^ Jallalo' ddiuy Yahya, ^ lidem. XXVIII.] AL KORAN. 203 family towards Egypt, he saw fire on the side of mount Sinai. And he said unto his family. Tarry ye here ; for I see fire : peradventure I may bring you thence some tidings of the way, or at least a brand out of the fire, that ye may be warmed. ^^ And when he was come thereto a voice cried unto him from the right side of the valley, in the sacred bottom, from the tree, saying, O Moses, verily I am God, the Lord of all creatures ; ^^ cast down now thy rod. And when he saw that it moved, as though it had been a serpent, he retreated and fled, and returned not. And God said unto him, O Moses, draw near, and fear not ; for thou art safe. ' ^^ Put thy hand into thy bosom, and it shall come forth white, without any hurt : and draw back thy hand unto thee which thou stretchest forth for fear. These shall be two evident signs from thy Lord, unto Pharaoh and his princes; for they are a wicked people. ^^ Moses said, O Lord, verily I have slain one of them, and I fear they will put me to death : ^^ but my brother Aaron is of a more eloquent tongue than I am ; wherefore send him with me for an assistant, that he may gain me credit ; for I fear lest they accuse me of imposture. ^^ God said, We will strengthen thy arm by thy brother, and we will give each of you extra- ordinary power, so that they shall not come up to you in our signs. Ye two, and whoever shall follow you, shall be the conquerors. ^'^ And when Moses came unto them with our evident signs, they said, This is no other than a deceitful piece of sorcery : neither have we heard of any thing like this among our forefathers. ^^ And Moses said, My Lord best knoweth who cometh with a direction from him ; and who shall have success in this life, as well as the next : but the unjust shall not prosper. ^^ And Pharaoh said, O princes, I did not know that ye had any other god besides me. Wherefore do thou, O Haman, Mohammedans say, after the Jews ^ that — I see fire.'] See chap. xx. Moses received from Shoaib the rod of the 33 Draw back thy hand.] Literally, prophets (which was a branch of a myrtle thy wing. The expression alludes to the of paradise, and had descended to him action of birds, which stretch forth their from Adam) to keep off the wild beasts wings to fly away when they are frighted, from his sheep ; and that this was the and fold them together again when they rod with which he performed all those think themselves secure ^. wonders in Egypt. 39 Any other god.] See chap. xxvi. 1 Shalsh. hakkab. p. 12. R. Eliez. Pirke. c. 40, &'c. 2 ji Beiddivi. 204 A L KORAN. [chap. burn me clay into bricks ; and build me a high tower, that I may ascend unto the God of Moses : for I verily be- lieve him to be a liar. ^^ And both he and his forces behaved themselves insolently and unjustly in the earth ; and imagined that they should not be brought before us to be judged. ^^ Wherefore we took him and his forces, and cast them into the sea. Behold, therefore, what was the end of the unjust. ^^ And we made them deceitful guides, inviting their followers to hell-fire ; and on the day of resurrection they shall not be screened from punishment. ^^ We pursued them with a curse in this life ; and on the day of resurrection they shall be shame- fully rejected. ^^ And we gave the book of the law unto Moses, after we had destroyed the former generations, to enlighten the minds of men, and for a direction, and a mercy ; that peradventure they might consider. ^^ Thou, O prophet, wast not on the west side of mount Sinai, when we delivered Moses his commission : neither wast thou o^e of those who were present at his receiving it : ^^ but we raised up several generations after Moses ; and life was prolonged unto them. Neither didst thou dwell among the inhabitants of Madian, rehearsing unto them our signs ; but we have sent thee fully instructed in every particular. ^^ Nor wast thou present on the side of the mount, when we called unto Moses : but thou art sent as a mercy from thy Lord, that thou mightest preach unto a people to whom no preacher hath come before thee, that peradventure they may be warned ; ^^ and lest, if a cala- mity had befallen them, for that which their hands had previously committed, they should have said, O Lord, since thou hast not sent an apostle unto us, that we might follow thy signs, and become true believers, are we not 39 A high tower.'] It is said that Ha- that he had killed the God of Moses ; but man, having prepared bricks and other at sunset God sent the angel Gabriel, who materials, employed no less than fifty with one stroke of his wing demolished thousand men, besides labourers, in the the tower, a part whereof, falling on building; which they carried to so im- the king's army, destroyed a million of mense an height, that the workmen could men ^. no longer stand on it : that Pharaoh, as- 47 Unto a people to whom no preacher cending this tower, threw a javelin towards hath come before thee.] That is, to the heaven, which fell back again stained with Arabians ; to whom no prophet had been blood, whereupon he impiously boasted sent, at least since Ismael. ^ Al Zamahhshari. XXVIII.] A L KORAN. 205 excusable? ^^Yet when the truth is come unto them from before us, they say, Unless he receive the same power to work miracles as Moses received, we will not believe. Have they not likewise rejected the revelation which was heretofore given unto Moses ? They say. Two cunning impostures have mutually assisted one another : and they say, Verily we reject them both. ^^ Say, Pro- duce therefore a book from God, which is more right than these two, that I may follow it ; if ye speak truth. ^^ But if they return thee no answer, know that they only fol- low their own desires : and who erreth more widely from the truth than he who folio weth his own desire, without a direction from God ? verily God directeth not the unjust people. ^^ And now have we caused our word to come unto them, that they may be admonished. ^^ They unto whom we have given the scriptures which were revealed before it, believe in the same ; ^^ and when it is read unto them, say. We believe therein ; it is certainly the truth from our Lord : verily we were Moslems before this. ^^ They shall receive their reward twice, because they have persevered, and repel evil by good, and distribute alms out of that which we have bestowed on them ; ^^ and when they hear vain discourse, avoid the same, saying, We have our works, and ye have your works : peace be on you ; we covet not the acquaintance of the ignorant. ^^ Verily thou canst not direct whom thou wilt : but God directeth whom he pleaseth ; and he best knoweth those who will submit to be directed. ^^ The Meccans say. If we follow the same direction with thee, we shall be 49 Two cunning imposturesJ] Viz. The bQ Peace be on you.~\ This phrase is Pentateuch and the Koran. Some copies used here not as a salutation, but as a read, Two impostors, meaning Moses and gentle mode of declining further conversa- Mohammed. tion. 54 We were Moslems before this. 1 Hold- 58 If we follow thy direction, we shall ing the same faith in fundamentals, before be forcibly expelled our land.'\ This objec- the revelation of the Koran, which we re- tion was made by Al Hareth Ebn Othman ceived because it is consonant to the scrip- Ebn Nawfal Ebn Abd Menaf, who came tures, and attested to by them. The pas- to Mohammed, and told him that the Ko- sage intends those Jews and Christians reish believed he preached the truth, but who had embraced Mohammedism. were apprehensive, that, if they made the 55 These shall receive their reward Arabs their enemies by quitting their reli- twice.l Because they have believed both gion, they would be obliged likewise to in their own scriptures, and in the Ko- quit Mecca ; being but a handful of men, ran. in comparison to the whole nation *. ^ A I Beiddwi, 206 AL KORAN. [chap. forcibly expelled our land. Have we not established for them a secure asylum ? to which fruits of every sort are brought, as a provision of our bounty ; but the greater part of them do not understand. ^^ How many cities have we destroyed, whose inhabitants lived in ease and plenty ? and these their dwellings are not inhabited after them, unless for a little while : and we were the inheritors of their wealth. ^^ But thy Lord did not destroy those cities, until he had sent unto their capital an apostle, to rehearse our signs unto them: neither did we destroy those cities, unless their inhabitants were injurious to their apostle. ^^ The things which are given you, are the pro- visions of this present life, and the pomp thereof; but that which is with God, is better and more durable : will ye not therefore understand ? ^^ Shall he then, unto whom we have promised an excellent promise of future happiness, and who shall attain the same, be as he on whom we have bestowed the provision of this present life, and who, on the day of resurrection, shall be one of those who are delivered up to eternal punishment ? ^^ On that day God shall call unto them, and shall say. Where are my partners, which ye imagined to be so ? ^* And they upon whom the sentence of damnation shall be justly pro- nounced, shall answer. These, O Lord, are those whom we seduced : w^e seduced them as we also had been se- duced : but now we clearly quit them, and turn unto thee. They did not worship us, but their own lusts. And it shall be said unto the idolaters. Call now upon those whom ye associated with God : and they shall call upon them, but they shall not answer them ; and they shall see the punishment prepared for them, and shall wish that they had submitted to be directed. ^^ On that day God shall call unto them, and shall say, What answer did ye 58 Have we not established for them a of those ancient cities and dwellings being secure asylum ?] By giving them for their utterly desolate, and others thinly inhabited, habitation the sacred territory of Mecca, a — We were the inheritors of their place protected by God, and reverenced by wealth.~\ There being none left to enjoy man. it after them. 59 Unless for a little while.'] That is, 64 They did not worship us.] The Mo- for a day, or a few hours only, while hammedans believe that on the day of travellers stay there to rest and refresh judgment God will enable the idols to themselves ; or, as the original may also speak, that they may reprove the folly of signify, unless by a few inhabitants : some their worshippers. XXVIII.] AL KORAN. 207 return to our messengers ? ^^ But they shall not be able to give an account thereof on that day ; neither shall they ask one another for information. ^^ Howbeit v^hoso shall repent and believe, and shall do that which is right, may expect to be happy. ^^ Thy Lord createth what he pleaseth ; and chooseth freely : but they have no free choice. Praise be unto God ; and far be he removed from the idols which they associate with him ! ^^ Thy Lord knoweth both the secret malice which their breasts conceal, and the open hatred which they discover. ^^ He is God ; there is no God but he. Unto him is the praise due, both in this life and in that which is to come : unto him doth judgment belong ; and before him shall ye be assembled at the last day. ^^ Say, What think ye ? If God should cover you with perpetual night until the day of resurrection ; what god, besides God, would bring you light ? Will ye not therefore hearken ? ^^ Say, What think ye ? If God should give you continual day, until the day of resurrection ; what god, besides God, would bring you night, that ye might rest therein? Will ye not therefore consider ? ^^ Of his mercy he hath made for you the night and the day, that ye may rest in the one, and may seek to obtain provision for yourselves of his abundance, by your industry, in the other ; and that ye may give thanks. ^* On a certain day God shall call unto them, and shall say. Where are my partners, which ye imagined to share the divine power with me? ^^ And we will produce a witness out of every nation, and will say, Bring hither your proof of what ye have asserted. And they shall know that the right is God's alone ; and the deities which they have devised shall abandon them." ^^ Karun was of the people of Moses ; but he behaved insolently towards 66* They shall not be able to give an ac- same with the Korah of the scriptures. cou7it thereof,'] Literally, The account This person is represented by them as the thereof shall be dark unto them ; for the most beautiful of the Israelites, and so far consternation they shall then be under, surpassing them all in opulency, that the will render them stupid, and unable to re- riches of Karun have become a proverb, turn an answer. The Mohammedans are indebted to the 75 A witness out of every nation.] Viz. Jews for this last circumstance, to which The prophet who shall have been sent to they have added several other fables: for each nation. they tell us that he built a large palace 76 Karun was of the people of Moses.] overlaid with gold, the doors whereof were The commentators say, Karun was the of massy gold ; that he became so insolent, son of Yeshar (or Izhar) the uncle of because of his immense riches, as to raise Moses ; and consequently make him the a sedition against Moses ; though some 8 208 AL KORAN. [chap, them : for we had given him so much treasure that his keys would have loaded several strong men. AVhen his people said unto him, Rejoice not immoderately ; for God loveth not those who rejoice in their riches immo- derately : ^^ but seek to attain, by means of the wealth which God hath given thee, the future mansion of para- dise. And forget not thy portion in this world ; but be thou bounteous unto others, as God hath been bounteous unto thee : and seek not to act corruptly in the earth ; for God loveth not the corrupt doers. ^^ He answered, I have received these riches, only because of the know- ledge which is with me. Did he not know that God had already destroyed, before him, several generations, who were mightier than he in strength, and had amassed more abundance of riches ? And the wicked shall not be asked to discover their crimes. ^^ And Karun went forth unto his people, in his pomp. And they who loved pretend the occasion of his rebellion to have been his unwillingness to give alms, as Moses had commanded : that one day when that prophet was preaching to the people, and, among other laws which he published, declared that adulterers should be stoned, Karun asked him, what if he should be found guilty of the same crime ? to which Moses answered, that in such case he would suffer the same punishment ; and thereupon Karun produced a harlot, whom he had hired to swear that Moses had lain with her, and charged him pub- licly with it; but on Moses's adjuring the woman to speak the truth, her resolution failed her, and she confessed that she was suborned by Karun to accuse him wrong- fully ; that then God directed Moses, who had complained to him of this usage, to command the earth what he pleased, and it should obey him ; whereupon he said, O earth, swallow them up ! and that im- mediately the earth opened under Karun and his confederates, and swallowed them up, with his palace and all his riches ^. There goes a tradition, that as Karun sunk gradually into the ground, first to his knees, then to his waist, then to his neck, he cried out four several times, O Moses, have mercy on fine ! but that Moses con- tinued to say, O earth, swallow them up, till at last he wholly disappeared : upon which God said to Moses, Thou hadst no mercy on Karun, though he asked pardon of thee four times ; but I would have had compassion on him if he had asked pardon of me but once ^. 76 Several men.'] The original word properly signifies any number of persons from ten to forty. Some pretend these keys were a sufficient load for seventy men ; and Abu'lfeda says forty mules used to be employed to carry them. 77 ^y means of the wealthy &c.] This passage is parallel to that in the New Testament, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness ; that when ye fail, they may receive you into everlasting habitations ^. 78 Because of the knowledge which is with me.'\ For some say he was the most learned of all the Israelites, and the best versed in the law, after Moses and Aaron. Others pretend he was skilled in chemistry, or in merchandising, or other arts of gain ; and others suppose (as the Jews also fable *) that he found out the treasures of Joseph in Egypt^ 79 In his pomp.] It is said he rode on a white mule, adorned with trap- pings of gold ; and that he was clothed in purple, and attended by four thou- sand men, all well mounted, and richly dressed. ^ Abu'lfeda, Jallalo^ddin, al Beiddwi, &c. Orient. Art. Carun. ^ Luke xvi. 9. * Jallald' ddin, al Beiddwi. 2 Al Beiddwi. V. D'Herhel. Bibl. * V. R. Ghedal Shalsh. hakkab. p. 13. XXVIII.] AL KORAN. 209 this present life said. Oh that we had the like wealth as had been given unto Karun ! Verily he is master of a great fortune. But those on whom knowledge had been bestowed, answered, Alas for you ! The reward of God in the next life, will be better unto him who shall believe and do good works : but none shall attain the same, except those who persevere with constancy. ^^ And we caused the ground to cleave in sunder, and to swallow up him and his palace : and he had no forces to defend him, besides God ; neither was he rescued from punishment. ^^ And the next morning, those who had coveted his condition the day before, said. Aha ! verily God bestoweth abundant provision on such of his servants as he pleaseth ; and he is sparing unto w^hom he pleaseth. Unless God had been gracious unto us, certainly the earth had swal- lowed us up also. Aha ! the unbelievers shall not prosper. ^^ As to this future mansion of paradise, we will give it unto them who seek not to exalt themselves in the earth, or to do wrong; for the happy issue shall attend the pious. ^^ Whoso doth good, shall receive a reward which shall exceed the merit thereof; but as to him who doth evil, they who work evil shall be rewarded according to the merit only of that which they shall have wrought. ^^ Verily he who hath given thee the Koean for a rule of faith and practice, will certainly bring thee back home unto Mecca. Say, My Lord best knoweth who cometh with a true direction, and who is in a manifest error. ^^ Thou didst not expect that the book of the Koran should be delivered unto thee : but thou hast received it through the mercy of thy Lord. ^^ Be not therefore assisting to the unbelievers ; neither let them turn thee aside from the signs of God, after they have been sent down unto thee : and invite men unto thy Lord. ^^ And be not thou an idolater ; neither invoke any other god, together with the true God : th^§. is no god but he. Every thing shall perish, except iilnself : unto him be- longeth judgment ; and before him shall ye be assembled at the last day. 84 He who hath given thee the Kordyi, med when he arrived at Johfa, in his will bring thee hack unto Mecca.'] This flight from Mecca to Medina, to comfort verse, some say, was revealed to Moham- him, and still his complaints, VOL. II. P 210 A L KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER XXIX. INTITLED, THE SPIDER; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. M. ^ Do men imagine that it shall be sufficient for them to say. We believe ; while they be not proved ? ^ We heretofore proved those who were before them ; for God will surely know them who are sincere, and he will surely know the liars. * Do they who work evil think that they shall prevent us from taking vengeance on them? An ill judgment do they make. ^ Whoso hopeth to meet God, verily God's appointed time will certainly come ; and he both heareth and knoAveth. ^ Whoever striveth to promote the true religion, striveth for the advantage of his own soul ; for God needeth not any of his creatures : ^ and as to those who believe and work righteousness, we will expiate their evil deeds from them ; and we will give them a reward according to the utmost merit of their actions. ^ We have commanded man to shew kindness towards his parents : but if they endeavour to prevail with thee to associate with me that concerning which thou hast no knowledge, obey them Title — Spider.'] Transient mention is were necessary to distinguish the sincere made of this insect towards the middle of person from the hypocrite, and the steady the chapter. from the wavering. Some suppose it to Title — Mecca.'] Some think the first have been occasioned by the death of ten verses, ending with these words, And Mahja, Omar's slave, killed by an arrow he well knoweth the hypocrites, were re- at the battle of Bedr, which was deeply vealed at Medina, and the rest at Mecca ; lamented, and laid to heart, by his wife and others believe the reverse. and parents ^. 1 A.L. M.] See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. 8 If they endeavour to prevail with thee 2 That it shall he sufficient for them.] to associate with me that concerning which Literally, that they shall he let alone, thou hast no knowledge.] That is, if they &c. endeavour to pervert thee to idolatry. The — While they he not proved.] This passage is said to have been revealed on passage reprehends the impatience of some account of Saad Ebn Abi Wakkas and his of the prophet's companions, under the mother Hamna, who, when she heard that hardships which they sustained, in defence her son had embraced Mohammedism, of their religion, and the losses which they swore that she would neither eat nor drink suffered from the infidels; representing till he returned to his old religion, and to them, that such trials and afflictions kept her oath for three days 2. 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. XXIX.] A L KORAN. 211 not. Unto me shall ye return ; and I will declare unto you what ye have done. ^ Those who shall believe, and shall work righteousness, we will surely introduce into paradise, among the upright. ^^ There are some men who say. We believe in God ; but when such a one is afflicted for God's sake, he esteemeth the persecution of men to be as grievous as the punishment of God. Yet if success cometh from thy Lord, they say. Verily we are with you. Doth not God well know that which is in the breasts of his creatures ? ^^ Verily God well knoweth the true believers, and he well knoweth the hypocrites. ^^ The unbelievers say unto those who believe. Follow our way ; and we will bear your sins. Howbeit they shall not bear any part of their sins ; for they are liars : ^^ but they shall surely bear their own burdens, and other burdens besides their own burdens ; and they shall be examined, on the day of resurrection, concerning that which they have falsely devised. ^^ We heretofore sent Noah unto his people ; and he tarried among them one thousand years, save fifty years ; and the deluge took them away, while they were acting unjustly ; ^^ but we delivered him and those who were in the ark, and we made the same a sign unto all creatures. ^^ We also sent Abraham ; when he said unto his people. Serve God, and fear him : this will be better for you ; if ye understand. ^^ Ye only worship idols besides God, and forge a lie. Verily those which ye worship besides God, are not able to make any pro- vision for you : seek therefore your provision from God ; 13 Other burdens besides their own.'\ length of his life was a thousand and fifty Viz. The guilt of seducing others, which ' years ; that his mission happened in the shall be added to the guilt of their own fortieth year of his age, and that he lived obstinacy, without diminishing the guilt after the flood sixty years ^ : and others of such as shall be seduced by them. give different numbers ; one, in particular, 14 Noah tarried among his people nine pretending that Noah lived near sixteen hundred and fifty years.'] This is true, if hundred years 2. the whole life of Noah be reckoned ; and This circumstance, says al Beidawi, was accordingly Abu'lfeda says he was sent to mentioned to encourage Mohammed, and preach in his two hundred and fiftieth to assure him that God, who supported year, and that he lived in all nine hundred Noah so many years against the opposition and fifty : but the text seeming to speak and plots of the antediluvian infidels, of those years only, which he spent in would not fail to defend him against all preaching to the wicked Antediluvians, attempts of the idolatrous Meccans and the commentators suppose him to have their partisans, lived much longer. Some say the whole 15 The same.'] i. e. The aik. ^ Al Beiddwif Zamakh. 2 Caa&, apud Yahvam, p2 2\2 A L KORAN. [chap. and serve him, and give thanks unto him ; unto him shall ye return. ^^ If ye charge me v^ith imposture, verily sundry nations before you likewise charged their prophets with imposture : but public preaching only is incumbent on an apostle. ^^ Do they not see how^ God produceth creatures, and afterwards restoreth them ? Verily this is easy with God. ^^ Say, Go through the earth, and see how he originally produceth creatures; afterwards will God re-produce another production ; for God is almighty. ^^ He will punish whom he pleaseth, and he will have mercy on whom he pleaseth. ^^ Before him shall ye be brought at the day of judgment : and ye shall not escape his reach, either in earth or in heaven ; neither shall ye have any patron or defender besides God. ^^ As for those who believe not in the signs of God, or that they shall meet him at the resurrection, they shall despair of my mercy, and for them is a painful punishment prepared. ^^ And the answer of his people was no other than that they said. Slay him, or burn him. But God saved him from the fire. Verily herein were signs unto people who believed. ^^ And Abraham said, Ye have taken idols, besides God, to cement affection between you in this life : but on the day of resurrection, the one of you shall deny the other, and the one of you shall curse the other ; and your abode shall be hell-fire, and there shall be none to deliver you. ^^ And Lot believed on him. And Abraham said, Verily, I fly from my people, unto the place which my Lord hath com- manded me ; for he is the mighty, the wise. ^^ And we gave him Isaac, and Jacob ; and we placed among his descendants the gift of prophecy and the scriptures : and we gave him his reward in this world ; and in the 18 If ye charge me with imposture f &c.] The infidels are bid to consider how God This seems to be part of Abraham's speech causeth the fruits of the earth to spring to his people : but some suppose that God forth, and reneweth them every year as here speaks by way of apostrophe, first to in the preceding ; which is an argument of the Koreish, and afterwards to Moham- his power to raise man, whom he created med ; and that the parenthesis is continued at first, to life again after death, at his own to these words, And the answer of his appointed time. people was no other, &c. In which case 22 Escape his reach.^ See Psalm we should have said. If ye charge Mo- cxxxix. T, &c. hammed your apostle with imposture, 24 From the Jire.'\ Into which the &c. idolaters, according to the Rabbinical tra- 19 Do they 7ioi see hoiv God produceth ditions, threw Abraham for insulting their creatures, and afterwards restoreth them ?^ divinities. XXIX.] AL KORAN. 213 next he shall be one of the righteous, ^^ We also sent Lot ; when he said unto his people. Do ye commit filthiness which no creature hath committed before you? ^^ Do ye approach lustfully unto men, and lay wait in the highways, and commit wickedness in your assembly ? And the answer of his people was no other than that they said, Bring down the vengeance of God upon us, if thou speakest truth. ^^ Lot said, O Lord, defend me against the corrupt people. ^^ And when our messengers came unto Abraham with good tidings, they said. We will surely destroy the inhabitants of this city ; for the inha- bitants thereof are unjust doers. ^^ Abraham answered, Verily Lot dwelleth there. They replied. We well know who dwelleth therein : we will surely deliver him and his family, except his wife ; she shall be one of those who remain behind. ^^ And when our messengers came unto Lot, he was troubled for them, and his arm was straitened concerning them. But they said, Fear not, neither be grieved ; for we will deliver thee and thy family, except thy wife ; for she shall be one of those who remain behind. ^^ We will surely bring down upon the inhabitants of this city vengeance from heaven, for that they have been wicked doers : '^^ and we have left thereof a manifest sign unto people who understand. ^^ And unto the inhabitants of Madian we sent their brother Shoaib ; and he said unto them, O my people, serve God, and expect the last day ; and transgress not, acting corruptly in the earth. ^^ But they accused him of imposture : wherefore a storm from heaven assailed them, and in the morning they were found in their dwellings dead and prostrate. ^^ And we also destroyed the tribes of Ad and Thamud : and this is well known unto you from what yet remains of their dwellings. And Satan prepared their works for them ; and turned them aside 29 And lay wait in the highways.^ 35 We have left thereof a sign.'] Viz. Some suppose the Sodomites robbed and The story of its destruction, handed down murdered the passengers; others, that they by common tradition ; or else its ruins, or unnaturally abused their bodies. some other footsteps of this signal judg- — And commit wickedtiess in your as- ment : it being pretended that several of sembly.] Their meetings being scenes of the stones, which fell from heaven on those obscenity and riot. cities, are still to be seen, and that the 31 Good tidings.'] The promise of Isaac, ground where they stood appears burnt 33 His arm was straitened] That is, and blackish. He could not protect them. 37 Storm.] See Shoaib in Index 214 AL KORAN. [chap. from the way of truth ; although they were sagacious people. ^^ And we likewise destroyed Karun, and Pharaoh, and Haman. Moses came unto them with evident miracles ; and they behaved themselves inso- lently on the earth : but they could not escape our vengeance. ^^ Every one of them did we destroy in his sin. Against some of them we sent a violent wind: some of them did a terrible noise from heaven destroy : some of them did we cause the earth to swallow up: and some of them we drowned. Neither was God dis- posed to treat them unjustly; but they dealt unjustly with their own souls. ^^ The likeness of those who take other patrons besides God, is as the likeness of the spider, which maketh herself a house : but the weakest of all houses surely is the house of the spider ; if they knew this. ^^ Moreover God knoweth what things they invoke, besides him ; and he is the mighty, the wise. ^^ These similitudes do we propound unto men : but none understand them, except the wise. ^^ God hath created the heavens and the earth in truth : verily herein is a sign unto the true believers. [*XXI.] ^^ Rehearse that which hath been revealed unto thee of the book of the Koran ; and be constant in prayer ; for prayer preserveth a man from filthy crimes, and from that which is blame- able ; and the remembering of God is surely a most important duty. God knoweth that which ye do. ^^ Dispute not against those who have received the scrip- tures, unless in the mildest manner ; except against such of them as behave injuriously towards you : and say. We believe in the revelation which hath been sent down unto us, and also in that which hath been sent down unto you: our God and your God is one, and unto him are we resigned. ^^ Thus have we sent down the book of the Koran unto thee : and they unto whom we have 40 Against some of them we sent a earth to swallow up.'\ As it did Ka- violent wind.'] The original word properly run. signifies a wind that drives the gravel and — Some of them we drowned.'] As the small stones before it ; by which the storm, unbelievers in Noah's time, and Pharaoh or shower of stones, which destroyed and his army. Sodom and Gomorrah, seems to be in- 46 In the mildest manner.] i. e. Without tended. ill language, or passion. This verse is gene- — Some of them did a terrible 7ioise rally supposed to have been abrogated by from heaven destroy.] Which was the end that of the sword ; though some think it of Ad and Thamud. relates only to those who are in alliance — Some of them did we cause the with the Moslems. XXIX.] AL KORAN. 215 given the former scriptures, believe therein ; and of these Arabians also there is who believeth therein ; and none reject our signs, except the obstinate infidels. *^ Thou couldest not read any book before this ; neither couldest thou write it with thy right hand : then had the gainsayers justly doubted of the divine original thereof ^^ But the same is evident signs in the breasts of those who have received understanding ; for none reject our signs, except the unjust. ^^ They say. Unless a sign be sent down unto him from his Lord, we will not believe. Answer, Signs are in the power of God alone ; and I am no more than a public preacher. ^^ Is it not sufficient for them that we have sent down unto thee the book of the Koran, to be read unto them ? Verily herein is a mercy, and an admonition unto people who believe. ^^ Say, God is a suflficient witness between me and you ; he knoweth whatever is in heaven and earth ; and those who believe in vain idols, and deny God, they shall perish. ^^ They will urge thee to hasten the punishment which they defy thee to bring down upon them. If there had not been a determined time for their respite, the punishment had come upon them before this ; but it shall surely overtake them suddenly, and they shall not foresee it. ^^ They urge thee to bring down vengeance swiftly upon them : but hell shall surely encompass the unbelievers. ^^ On a certain day their punishment shall suddenly assail them, both from above them, and from under their feet, and God shall say. Taste ye the reward of that which ye have wrought. ^^ O my servants, who have believed, verily my earth is spacious ; wherefore serve me. ^'^ Every soul shall taste death ; afterwards shall ye return unto us : ^^ and as for those who shall have believed, and wrought righteous- ness, we shall surely lodge them in the higher apartments of paradise : rivers shall flow beneath them, and they shall continue therein for ever. ^^ How excellent will be 53 The punishment, &c.] The unbe- safety; for the earth is wide enough, and lieving Koreish taunted Mohammed for his ye may easily find places of refuge. Mo- inability to punish them supernaturally. hammed is said to have declared, That 56 My earth is spacious ; wherefore serve whoever flies for the sake of his religion, meJ^ That is, If ye cannot serve me in though he stir but the distance of a span, one city or country, fly unto another, merits paradise, and shall be the compa- where ye may profess the true religion in nion of Abraham and of himself ^ ^ At Beiddwi. 216 AL KORAN. [chap. the reward of the workers of righteousness ; who persevere with patience, and put their trust in their Lord ! ^^ How many beasts are there which provide not their food ? It is God who provideth food for them, and for you ; and he both heareth and knoweth. ^^ Verily, if thou ask the Meccans, who hath created the heavens and the earth, and hath obliged the sun and the moon to serve in their courses ; they will answer, God. How therefore do they lie, in acknowledging of other gods ? ^^ God maketh abundant provision for such of his servants as he pleaseth; and is sparing unto him, if he pleaseth : for God knoweth all things. ^^ Verily if thou ask them, who sendeth rain from heaven, and thereby quickeneth the earth, after it hath been dead ; they will answer, God. Say, God be praised ! But the greater part of them do not under- stand. ^^ This present life is no other than a toy, and a plaything ; but the future mansion of paradise is life in- deed : if they knew this, they would not prefer the former to the latter. ^^ When they sail in a ship, they call upon God, sincerely exhibiting unto him the true religion ; but when he bringeth them safe to land, behold, they return to their idolatry ; ^^ to show themselves ungrateful for that which we have bestowed on them, and that they may enjoy the delights of this life ; but they shall hereafter know the issue. ^^ Do they not see that we have made the territory of Mecca an inviolable and secure asylum, when men are spoiled in the countries round about them? Do they therefore believe in that which is vain, and acknowledge not the goodness of God ? ^^ But who is more unjust than he who deviseth a lie against God, or denieth the truth, when it hath come unto him ? Is there not in hell an abode for the unbelievers ? Whoever do their utmost endeavour to promote our true religion, we will direct them in our ways : for God is with the righteous. 62 God knoweth all thhigs.] And particularly who will make a good, and who will make a bad, use of their riches. XXX.] AL KORAN. 217 CHAPTER XXX, INTITLED, THE GREEKS ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. M. ^ The Greeks have been overcome : ^ they have been conquered by the Persians, in the nearest part Title — Greeks.'] The original word is al Rum: by which the later Greeks, or subjects of the Constantinopolitan empire, are here meant: though the Arabs give the same name also to the Romans, and other Europeans. Title — Mecca.'] Some except the verse beginning at these words, Praise be unto God. 1 A. L. M,] See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. 2 The Greeks have been overcome hy the Persia7is, &c.] Of the accomplishment of the prophecy contained in this passage, which is very famous among the Moham- medans, being insisted on by their doctors as a convincing proof that the Koran really came down from heaven, it may be ex- cusable to be a little particular. The passage is said to have been re- vealed on occasion of a great victory obtained by the Persians over the Greeks, the news whereof coming to Mecca, the in- fidels became strangely elated, and began to abuse Mohammed and his followers, imagining that this success of the Persians, who, like themselves, were idolaters, and supposed to have no scriptures, against the Christians, who pretended, as well as Mo- hammed, to worship one God, and to have divine scriptures, was an earnest of their own future successes against the prophet and those of his religion : to check which vain hopes, it was foretold, in the words of the text, that how improbable soever it might seem, yet the scale should be turned in a few years, and the vanquished Greeks prevail as remarkably against the Persians. That this prophecy was exactly fulfilled, the commentators fail not to observe, though they do not exactly agree in the accounts they give of its accomplishment ; the number of years between the two actions being not precisely determined. Some place the victory gained by the Per- sians in the fifth year before the Hejra, and their defeat by the Greeks in the se- cond year after it, when the battle of Bedr was fought * : others place the former in the third or fourth year before the Hejra, and the latter in the end of the sixth, or beginning of the seventh year of it, when the expedition of al Hodeibiyah was un- dertaken 2. The date of the victory gained by the Greeks, in the first of these accounts, in- terferes with a story which the commen- tators tell, of a wager laid by Abu Beer with Obba Ebn Khalf, who turned this prophecy into ridicule. Abu Beer at first laid ten young camels that the Persians should receive an overthrow within three years ; but on his acquainting Mohammed with what he had done, that prophet told him that the word ' bed,* made use of in this passage, signified no determinate number of years, but any number from three to nine, (though some suppose the tenth year is included,) and therefore ad- vised him to prolong the time, and to raise the wager; which he accordingly proposed to Obba, and they agreed that the time as- signed should be nine years, and the wager an hundred camels. Before the time was elapsed, Obba died of a wound he had re- ceived at Ohod, in the third year of the Hejra ^ ; but the event afterwards showing that Abu Beer had won, he received the camels of Obba's heirs, and brought them in triuxTQph to Mohammed *. History informs us, that the successes of Khosru Parviz, king of Persia, who carried on a terrible war against the Greek em- pire, to revenge the death of Maurice, his father-in-law, slain by Phocas, were very great, and continued in an uninterrupted course for two-and-twenty years. Parti- cularly in the year of Christ 615, about the beginning of the sixth year before the Hejra, the Persians having the preceding year conquered Syria, made themselves masters of Palestine, and took Jerusalem ; which seems to be that signal advantage gained over the Greeks mentioned in this passage, as agreeing best with the terms ^ Jallalo' ddin, note 28. &c. '^ Al Zamak * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin^ h. Al Beiddwi. &c. See chap, xxv. 218 AL KORAN. [chap. of the land ; but after their defeat, they shall overcome the others in their turn, within a few years. ^ Unto God be- longeth the disposal of this matter, both for what is past and for what is to come : and on that day shall the believers rejoice in the success granted by God ; ^ for he granteth success unto whom he pleaseth, and he is the mighty, the merciful. ^ This is the promise of God : God will not act contrary to his promise : but the greater part of men know not the veracity of God. ^ They know the outward appearance of this present life ; but they are careless as to the life to come. ^ Do they not consider within them- selves, that God hath not created the heavens and earth, and whatever is between them, otherwise than in truth, and hath set them a determined period ? Verily a great number of men reject the belief of their future meeting their Lord at the resurrection. ^ Do they not pass through the earth, and see what hath been the end of those who were before them ? They excelled the Mec- CANS in strength, and broke up the earth, and inhabited it in greater affluence and prosperity than they inhabit the same : and their apostles came unto them with evident miracles ; and God was not disposed to treat them unjustly, but they injured their own souls by their obstinate infi- delity ; ^^ and the end of those who had done evil, was here used, and most likely to alarm the death of Khosru. For more exact inform- Arabs, by reason of their vicinity to the ation in these matters, and more nicely scene of action : and there was so little fixing the dates, either so as to correspond probability, at the time, of the Greeks be- with, or to overturn, this pretended pro- ing able to retrieve their losses, much less phecy, (neither of which is my business to distress the Persians, that in the follow- here,) the reader may have recourse to ing years the arms of the latter made still the historians and chronologers ^ farther and more considerable progresses, 3 In the nearest 'part of the land, ^ Some and at length they laid siege to Constanti- interpreters, supposing that the land here nople itself. But in the year 625, in which meant is the land of iVrabia, or else that the fourth year of the Hejra began, about of the Greeks, place the scene of action in ten years after the taking of Jerusalem, the confines of Arabia and Syria, near Bos- the Greeks, when it was least expected, tra and x\dhraat ^ ; others imagine the land gained a remarkable victory over the Per- of Persia is intended, and lay the scene sians, and not only obliged them to quit in Mesopotamia, on the frontiers of that the territories of the empire, by carrying kingdom^: but Ebn Abbas, with more the war into their own country, but drove probability, thinks it was in Pales- them to the last extremity, and spoiled the tine. capital city al Madayen ; Heraclius en- 9 And broke up the earth.~\ To dig for joying, thenceforward, a continued series water and minerals, and to till the ground of good fortune, to the deposition and for seed, &c. *. * V. etiam Asseman. Bibl. Orient, t. 3. Part i. p. 411, &c. and Boulainv. Vie de Mahom. p. 333, &c. ^ Yahya, al Beiddwu ^ Mojahedj apud Zamakh. Jallalo* ddin, * /4l Beiddwi. XXX.] AL KORAN. 219 evil ; because they charged the signs of God with false-^ hood, and laughed the same to scorn. ^^ God produceth creatures, and will hereafter restore them to life : then shall ye return unto him. ^^ And on the day whereon the hour shall come, the wicked shall be struck dumb for despair : ^^ and they shall have no intercessors from among^ the idols which they associated with God ; and they shall deny the false gods which they associated with him. ^^ On the day whereon the hour shall come, on that day shall the true believers and the infidels be separated : ^^ and they who shall have believed, and wrought righte-^ ousness, shall take their pleasure in a delightful meadow ; ^^ but as for those who shall have disbelieved, and rejected our signs, and the meeting of the next life, they shall be delivered up to punishment. ^^ Wherefore glorify God, when the evening overtaketh you, and when ye rise in the morning : ^^ and unto him be praise in heaven and earth ; and at sunset, and when ye rest at noon. ^^ He bringeth forth the living out of the dead, and he bringeth forth the dead out of the living ; and he quickeneth the earth after it hath been dead : and in like manner shall ye be brought forth from your graves. ^^ Of his signs one is, that he hath created you of dust : and behold, ye are become men, spread over the face of the earth. ^^ And of his signs another is, that he hath created for you, out of your- selves wives, that ye may cohabit with them ; and hath put love and compassion between you : verily herein are signs unto people who consider. ^^ And of his signs are also the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the variety of your languages, and of your complexions : verily herein are signs unto men of understanding. ^^ And of his signs are your sleeping by night and by day, and your seeking to provide for yourselves of his abundance : verily herein are signs unto people who hearken. ^^ Of 17 Glorify God in the evenings &c.] 19 Living from the dead, &c.] As man Some are of opinion, that the five times of from seed, and birds from the egg. prayer are intended in this passage ; the 22 The variety of your languages and evening including the time both of the complexions. ~\ Which are certainly most prayer of sunset, and of the evening prayer w^onderful, and, as I conceive, very hard to properly so called; and the word I have be accounted for, if we allow the several rendered at sunset, marking the hour of nations in the world to be all the offspring afternoon prayer, since it may be ap- of one man, as we are assured by scripture plied also to the time a little before they are, without having recourse to the sunset. immediate omnipotency of God. 220 AL KORAN. [chap. his signs others are, that he showeth you the lightning, to strike terror, and to give hope of rain, and that he sendeth down water from heaven, and quickeneth thereby the earth, after it hath been dead : verily herein are signs unto people who understand. ^^ And of his signs this also is one, namely, that the heaven and the earth stand firm at his command : hereafter, when he shall call vou out of the earth at one summons, behold, ye shall come forth. ^^ Unto him are subject whosoever are in the heavens and on earth : all are obedient unto him. ^^ It is he who originally produceth a creature, and afterwards restoreth the same to life : and this is most easy with him. He justly challengeth the most exalted comparison in heaven and earth ; and he is the mighty, the wise. ^^ He pro- poundeth unto you a comparison taken from yourselves. Have ye, among the slaves whom your right hands pos- sess, any partner in the substance which we have bestowed on you, so that ye become equal sharers therein with them, or that ye fear them as ye fear one another ? Thus do we distinctly explain our signs unto people who under- stand. ^^ But those who act unjustly, by attributing companions unto God, follow their own lusts, wdthout knowledge ; and who shall direct him whom God shall cause to err ? They shall have none to help them. ^^ Wherefore be thou orthodox, and set thy face towards the true religion, the institution of God, to which he hath created mankind disposed : there is no change in what God hath created. This is the right religion : but the greater part of men know it not. ^^ And be ye turned unto him, and fear him, and be constant at prayer, and be not idolaters. ^^ Of those who have made a schism in their religion, and are divided into various sects, every sect rejoice in their own opinion. ^^ When adversity be- falleth men, they call upon their Lord, turning unto him: 27 He justhj challengeth the most exalted The immutable law, or rule, to which man comparison^ &c.] That is, In speaking of is naturally disposed to conform, and which him, we ought to make use of the most every one would embrace, as most fit for a noble and magnificent expressions we can rational creature, if it were not for the possibly devise. prejudices of education. The Mohamme- 28 The slaves you possess.'] Idols are dans have a tradition, that their prophet compared to slaves, because they cannot used to say. That every person is born act independently. naturally disposed to become a Moslem ; 30 The institution of God, to which he but that a man's parents make him a Jew, haih created mankind disposed y &c,] i. e. a Christian, or a Magian. xxx.J AL KORAN. 221 afterwards when he hath caused them to taste of his mercy, behold, a part of them associate other deities with their Lord ; "^ to shew themselves ungrateful for the favours which ye have bestowed on them. Enjoy there- fore the vain pleasures of this life ; but hereafter shall ye know the consequence. ^^ Have we sent down unto them any authority, which speaketh of the false gods which they associate with him? ^^When we cause men to taste mercy, they rejoice therein ; but if evil befalleth them, for that which their hands have before committed, behold, they despair. ^^ Do they not see that God be- stow^eth provision abundantly on whom he pleaseth, and is sparing unto whom he pleaseth ? Verily herein are signs unto people who believe. ^^ Give unto him who is of kin to thee his reasonable due ; and also to the poor, and the stranger : this is better for those who seek the face of God ; and they shall prosper. ^^ Whatever ye shall give in usury, to be an increase of men's substance, shall not be increased by the blessing of God : but for whatever ye shall give in alms, for God's sake, ye shall receive a twofold reward. ^^ It is God who hath created you, and hath provided food for you : hereafter will he cause you to die ; and after that will he raise you again to life. Is there any of your false gods, who is able to do the least of these things ? Praise be unto him ; and far be he re- moved from what they associate with him ! ^^ Corruption hath appeared by land and by sea, for the crimes which men's hands have committed ; that it might make them to taste a part of the fruits of that which they have wrought, that j)eradventure they might turn from their evil ways. ^^ Say, Go through the earth, and see what hath been the end of those who have been before you : the greater part of them were idolaters. ^^ Set thy face therefore towards 35 Have we sent down unto them any The word may include any sort of extor- authority speaking of the false gods, &c.] tion or illicit gain. That is, Have we, either by the mouth of 41 Corruption.^ Viz. Mischief and pub- any prophet, or by any written revelation, lie calamities ; such as famine, pestilence, commanded or encouraged the worship of droughts, shipwrecks, &c. Or erroneous more gods than one? doctrines, or a general depravity of manners. 36 They despair.'^ And seek not to re- — That it might make them to taste, &c.] gain the favour of God by timely repent- Some copies read, in the first person plu- ance. ral, That we might cause them to taste^ 39 In usury. 1 Or, by way of bribe. &c. ^22 AL KORAN. [chap. the right religion, before the day cometh which none can put back from God. On that day shall they be sepa- rated into two companies : ^^ whoever shall have been an unbeliever, on him shall his unbelief be charged; and whoever shall have done that which is right, shall spread themselves couches of repose in paradise ; ^^ that he may reward those who shall believe and work righteous- ness, of his abundant liberality : for he lovetli not the unbelievers. ^^ Of his signs, one is, that he sendeth the winds, bearing welcome tidings of rain, that he may cause you to taste of his mercy ; and that ships may sail at his command, that ye may seek to enrich yourselves of his abundance by commerce ; and that ye may give thanks. ^^ We sent apostles, before thee, unto their respective people, and they came unto them with evident proofs : and we took vengeance on those who did wickedly ; and it was incumbent on us to assist the true believers. ^^ It is God who sendeth the winds, and raiseth the clouds, and spreadeth the same in the heaven, as he pleaseth; and afterwards disperseth the same: and thou mayest see the rain issuing from the midst thereof; and when he poureth the same down on such of his servants as he pleaseth, behold they are filled with joy ; ^^ although before it was sent down unto them, before such relief, they were despairing. ^^ Consider therefore the traces of God's mercy ; how he quickeneth the earth, after its state of death : verily the same will raise the dead; for he is almighty. ^^ Yet if we should send a blasting wind, and they should see their corn yellow and burnt up, they would surely become ungrate- ful, after our former favours. ^^ Thou canst not make the dead to hear, neither canst thou make the deaf to hear thy call, when they retire and turn their backs; ^^ neither canst thou direct the blind out of their error : thou shalt make none to hear, except him who shall believe in our signs ; for they are resigned unto us. ^* It is God who created you in weakness, and after weakness hath given you strength ; and after strength he will again reduce you to weakness, and gray hairs : he createth that which he pleaseth ; and he is the wise, the 8 XXXI.] A L KORAN. 223 powerful. ^^ On the day whereon the last hour shall come, the wicked will swear that they have not tarried above an hour : in like manner did they utter lies in their life-time. ^^ But those on whom knowledge hath been bestowed, and faith, will say, Ye have tarried, according to the book of God, until the day of resur- rection : for this is the day of resurrection ; but ye knew it not. ^'^ On that day their excuse shall not avail those who have acted unjustly ; neither shall they be invited any more to make themselves acceptable unto God. ^^ And now have we propounded unto men, in this Koran, parables of every kind : yet if thou bring them a verse thereof, the unbelievers will surely say. Ye are no other than publishers of vain falsehoods. ^^ Thus hath God sealed up the hearts of those who believe not. ^^ But do thou, O Mohammed, persevere with constancy, for the promise of God is true ; and let not those induce thee to waver who have no certain knowledge. 55 That they have not tarried.'] Viz. according to what is said in the Koran, In the world, or in their graves. where the state of the dead is expressed 56 According to the hook of God.] by these words ^ Behind them there That is, According to his fore-knowledge shall be a bar until the day of resur- and decree in the preserved Table ; or rection 2. ^ Chap, xxiii. 2 ^/ Beiddwi. CHAPTER XXXI. INTITLED, LOKMAN ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the nanie of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. M. ^ These are the signs of the v^^ise book^ ^ a direction and a mercy unto the righteous ; ^ who observe the appointed times of prayer, and give alms, and have firm assurance in the life to come : ^ these are directed by their Lord, and they shall prosper. ^ There Title — Lokman.] The chapter is so observe the appointed times of prayer, and entitled from a person of this name men- give alms, &c. And others, three verses, lionedtherein, of whom more immediately, beginning at these words. If all the trees Title — Mecca.] Some except the fourth in the earth were pens, &c. verse, beginning at these words, Who 1 J. L, M.] See the Prelim. Disc. § iiu 224 A L KORAN. [chap. is a man who purchaseth a ludicrous story, that he may seduce men from the way of God, without knowledge, and may laugh the same to scorn : these shall suffer a shameful punishment. ^ And when our signs are re- hearsed unto him, he disdainfully turneth his back, as though he heard them not, as though there were a deafness in his ears : wherefore denounce unto him a grievous punishment. ^ But they who shall believe, and work righteousness, shall enjoy gardens of pleasure ; ^ they shall continue therein for ever : this is the certain promise of God ; and he is the mighty, the wise. ^^ He hath created the heavens without visible pillars to sustain them, and hath thrown on the earth mountains firmly rooted, lest it should move with you ; and he hath replenished the same with all kinds of beasts : and we send down rain from heaven, and cause every kind of noble vegetable to spring forth therein. ^^ This is the creation of God ; shew me now what they have created, who are worshipped besides him : verily the ungodly are in a manifest error. ^^ We heretofore bestowed wisdom on LoKMAN, and commanded him, saying, Be thou thank- 6 A ludicrous story.'] i. e. Vain and Koran has here translated that passage of silly fables. The passage was revealed, it the Psalms, He laid the foundations of the is said, on occasion of al Nodar Ebn al earth, that it should not be moved for Hareth, who having brought from Persia ever ^. This is not the only instance the romance of Rostam and Isfandiar, the which might be given, that the Mohamme- two heroes of that country, recited it in dan doctors are not always the best inter- the assemblies of the Koreish, highly ex- prefers of their own scriptures, tolling the power and splendour of the 12 Lokmdn.'] The Arab writers say, ancient Persian kings, and preferring their that Lokman was the son of Bailra, who stories to those of Ad and Thamud, David was the son or grandson of a sister or aunt and Solomon, and the rest which are told of Job ; and that he lived several cen- in the Koran. Some say that al Nodar tur'ies, and to the time of David, with bought singing girls, and carried them to whom he was conversant in Palestine, those who were inclined to become Mos- According to the description they give of lems, to divert them from their purpose by his person, he must have been deformed son^s and tales ^. enough ; for they say he was of a black 10 He hath thrown on the earth moun- complexion, (whence some call him an tains firmly rooted, &c.] The Mohamme- Ethiopian,) with thick lips and splay feet: dans believe that God placed mountains but in return, he received from God on the earth to prevent it from revolving wisdom and eloquence in a great degree ; like the celestial orbs. A learned writer 2, which some pretend were given him in a in his notes on this passage, says the vision, on his making choice of wisdom original word Rawdsiva, which the com- preferably to the gift of prophecy, either mentators in general will have to signify of which were offered him. The gene- stable mountains, seems properly to express rality of the Mohammedans therefore liold the Hebrew word Mechonim, i. e. bases, or him to have been no prophet, but only a foundations ; and therefore he thinks the wise man. As to his condition, they say 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Got, in Append, ad Erpenii Gram. p. 187- ^ Psal. civ. 5. XXXI.] AL KORAN. 225 fill unto God : for whoever is thankful, shall be thankful to the advantage of his own soul ; and if any shall be unthankful, verily God is self-sufficient, and worthy to be praised. ^^ And remember when Lokman said unto his son, as he admonished him, O my son, give not a partner unto God ; for polytheism is a great impiety. ^^ We have commanded man concerning his parents, (his mother carrieth him in her womb with weakness and faintness, and he is weaned in two years,) saying, Be grateful unto me, and to thy parents. Unto me shall all come to be judged. ^^ But if thy parents endeavour to prevail on thee to associate with me that concerning which thou hast no knowledge, obey them not ; bear them company in this world in what shall be reasonable ; but follow the way of him who sincerely turneth unto me. Hereafter unto me shall ye return, and then will I declare unto you that which ye have done. ^^ O my son, verily every he was a slave, but obtained his liberty on the following occasion. His master having one day given him a bitter melon to eat, he paid him such exact obedience as to eat it all ; at which his master being sur- prised, asked him how he could eat so nauseous a fruit? To which he replied, It was no wonder that he should for once accept a bitter fruit from the same hand from which he had received so many favours ^. The commentators mention several quick repartees of Lokman, which, together with the circumstances above- mentioned, agree so well with what Maxi- mus Planudes has written of Esop, that from thence, and from the fables attributed to Lokman by the orientals, the latter has been generally thought to have been no other than the Esop of the Greeks. How- ever that be, (for I think the matter will bear a dispute,) I am of opinion that Planudes borrowed great part of his life of Esop from the ti-aditions he met with in the east concerning Lokman, concluding them to have been the same person, be- cause they were both slaves, and supposed to be the writers of those fables which go under their respective names, and bear a great resemblance to one another ; for it has long since been observed by learned men, that the greater part of that monk's performance is an absurd romance, and supported by no evidence of the ancient writers ^. 13 His 50W.] Whom some name Anam, (which comes pretty near the Ennus of Planudes,) some Ashcam, and others Mathan. 1 4 IVe have commanded man concerning his parents f &c.] The two verses which begin at these words, and end with the following, viz. And then will I declare unto you that which ye have done, are no part of Lokman's advice to his son, but are inserted by way of parenthesis, as very pertinent and proper to be repeated here, to shew the heinousness of idolatry : they are to be read (excepting some additions) in the twenty-ninth chapter, and were originally revealed on account of Saad Ebn Abi Wakkas, as has been already observed ^. 15 Bear them company in what shall be reasonable.'} That is, shew them all deference and obedience, so far as may be consistent with thy duty towards God. — Follow the way of him who is sin- cerely turned unto me.'\ The person par- ticularly meant here was Abu Beer, at whose persuasion Saad had become a Moslem. ^ Al Zamakh, Al Beiddwi, &c. V. D'Herbel. Bibl. Orient, p. 516, & Marracc. in Ale. p. 547. Art. Esope, Rem. B. VOL. II. 2 V. la vie d'Esope, par M. de Mezeriac, & Bayle, Diet. Hist, 3 See chap. xxix. verse 8, and the notes thereon, Q 226 AL KORAN. [chap. matter, whether good or bad, though it be of the weight of a grain of mustard-seed, and be hidden in a rock, or in the heavens, or in the earth, God will bring the same to light : for God is clear-sighted and knowing. ^^ O my son, be constant at praj^er, and command that which is just, and forbid that which is evil : and be patient under the afflictions which shall befall thee ; for this is a duty absolutely incumbent on all men. ^^ Distort not thy face out of contempt to men, neither walk in the earth with insolence ; for God loveth no arrogant, vain-glorious person. ^^ And be moderate in thy pace : and lower thy voice ; for the most ungrateful of all voices surely is the voice of asses. ^^ Do ye not see that God hath subjected whatever is in heaven and on earth to your service, and hath abundantly poured on you his favours, both out- wardly and inwardly ? There are some men who dispute concerning God without knowledge, and without a direc- tion, and without an enlightening book. ^^ And when it is said unto them. Follow that which God. hath revealed, they answer. Nay, we will follow that which we found our fathers to practise. What though the devil invite them to the torment of hell ? ^^ Whoever resigneth him- self unto God, being a worker of righteousness, taketh hold on a strong handle ; and unto God belongeth the issue of all things. ^^ But whoever shall be an unbeliever, let not his unbelief grieve thee : unto us shall they return ; then will we declare unto them that which they have done, for God knoweth the innermost parts of the breasts of men. ^^ We will suffer them to enjoy this world for a little while : afterwards we will drive them to a severe punishment. ^^ If thou ask them who hath created the heavens and the earth, they will surely answer, God. Say, God be praised ! But the greater part of them do not understand. ^^ Unto God belongeth what- ever is in heaven and earth : for God is the self-sufficient, the praise-worthy. ^^ If whatever trees are in the earth were pens, and he should after that swell the sea into 19 The voice of asses.'] To the braying All kinds of blessings, regarding as well of which animal the Arabs liken a loud the mind as the body. and disagreeable voice. 27 If whatever trees are in the earth 20 Both outwardly and inwarcUy .] i.e. were pens ^ &c.] This passage is said to XXXI.] A L KORAN. 227 seven seas of ink, the words of God would not be ex- hausted ; for God is mighty, and wise. ^^ Your creation and your resuscitation are but as the creation and resus- citation of one soul : verily God both heareth and seeth. ^^ Dost thou not see that God causeth the night to succeed the day, and causeth the day to succeed the night, and compelleth the sun and the moon to serve you? Each of those luminaries hasteneth in its course to a determined period : and God is well acquainted with that which ye do. ^^ This is declared concerning the divine knowledge and power : for that God is the true Being, and for that whatever ye invoke besides him, is vanity; and for that God is the high, the great God. ^^ Dost thou not see that the ships run in the sea, through the favour of God, that he may shew you of his signs ? Verily herein are signs unto every patient, grateful person. ^^ When waves cover them like overshadowing clouds, they call upon God, exhibiting the pure religion unto him ; but when he bringeth them safe to land, there is of them who halteth between the true faith and idolatry. Howbeit, none rejecteth our signs, except every perfidious, ungrateful person. ^^ O men, fear your Lord, and dread the day whereon a father shall not make satisfaction for his son, neither shall a son make satisfac- tion for his father at all : the promise of God is assuredly true. Let not this present life, therefore, deceive you ; neither let the deceiver deceive you concerning God. ^* Verily the knowledge of the hour of judgment is with have been revealed in answer to the Jews, keys of secret knowledge. The passage, who insisted that all knowledge was con- it is said, was occasioned by al Hareth tained in the Law ^. Ebn Amru, who propounded questions of 28 As the creation and resuscitation of this nature to Mohammed. one souL~\ God being able to produce a As to the last particular, al Beidawi million of worlds by the single word Kun, relates the following story. The angel of i. e. BE ; and to raise the dead in general death passing once by Solomon in a visible by the single word Xwm, i. e. arise. shape, and looking at one who was sitting 33 The deceiver. ~\ i. e. The devil. with him, the man asked who he was, 34 Knowledge, &c.] In this verse five and, upon Solomon's acquainting him that things are enumerated, which are known it was the angel of death, said, He seems to God alone, viz. The time of the day of to want me ; wherefore order the wind to judgment ; the time of rain ; what is carry me from hence into India ; which forming in the womb, as whether it be being accordingly done, the angel said to male or female, &c. ; what shall happen Solomon, I looked so earnestly at the man on the morrow; and where any person out of wonder ; because I was commanded shall die. These the Arabs, according to to take his soul in India, and found him a tradition of their prophet, call the five with thee in Palestine. Al Beidawi. q2 228 AL KORAN. [chap. God: and he causeth the rain to descend at his own appointed time ; and he knoweth what is in the wombs of females. No soul knoweth what it shall gain on the morrow; neither doth any soul know in what land it shall die : but God is knowing, and fully acquainted with all things. CHAPTER XXXII. INTITLED, adoration; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ A. L. M. ^The revelation of this book, there is no doubt thereof, is from the Lord of all creatures. ^ Will they say, Mohammed hath forged it ? Nay, it is the truth from thy Lord, that thou mayest preach to a people, unto whom no preacher hath come before thee ; peradventure they will be directed. ^ It is God who hath created the heavens and the earth, and whatever is between them, in six days ; and then ascended his throne. Ye have no patron or intercessor besides him. Will ye not therefore consider ? ^ He governeth all things from heaven even to the earth : hereafter shall they return unto him, on the day whose length shall be a thousand years, of those which ye compute. ^ This is he who knoweth the future and the present ; the mighty, the merciful.' ^ It is he who hath made every thing which he hath created exceeding Title — Jdoration.'] The title is taken earth, and are returned (or ascend, as the from the middle of the chapter, where the verb properly signifies) back to him, after believers are said to fall down adoring. they have been put in execution, and pre- 1 A. L. ilf.] See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. sent themselves, as it were, so executed, 3 No preacherJ] The Arabs had no to his knowledge, in the space of a day prophet before Mohammed except Is- with God, but with man of a thousand mael. years. Others imagine this space to be 5 A thousand years,"] As to the recon- the time which the angels, who carry the ciliation of this passage with another ^, divine decrees, and bring them back which seems contradictory, see the Prelim, executed, take in ascending and re-ascend- Disc. § iv. and chap. Ixx. verse 5. ing, because the distance from heaven to Some, however, do not interpret the earth is a journey of five hundred years : passage before us of the resurrection, but and others fancy that the angels bring suppose that the words here describe the down at once decrees for a thousand years making and executing of the decrees of to come, which being expired they return God, which are sent down from heaven to back for fresh orders, &c. ^ 1 Chap. 70. 2 ji Beiddwi. XXXII.] A L KORAN. 229 good ; and first created man of clay ; ^ and afterwards made his posterity of an extract of despicable water ; ^ and then formed him into proper shape, and breathed of his spirit into him ; and hath given you the senses of hearing and seeing, and hearts to understand. How small thanks do ye return ! ^^ And they say, When we shall lie hidden in the earth, shall we be raised thence a new creature ? " Yea, they deny the meeting of their Lord at the resurrection. ^^ Say, The angel of death, who is set over you, shall cause you to die : then shall ye be brought back unto your Lord. ^^ If thou couldest see, when the wicked shall bow down their heads before their Lord, saying, O Lord, we have seen, and have heard : suffer us therefore to return into the world, and we will work that which is right ; since we are now certain of the truth of what hath been preached to us : thou wouldst see an amazing sight. ^^ If we had pleased, we had certainly given unto every soul its direction : but the word which hath proceeded from me must necessarily be fulfilled, when I said. Verily I will fill hell with genii and men altogether. ^^ Taste therefore the torment prepared for you, because ye have forgotten the coming of this your day : we also have forgotten you ; taste therefore a punishment of eternal duration, for that which ye have wrought. ^^ Verily they only believe in our signs, who, when they are warned thereby, fall down adoring, and celebrate the praise of their Lord, and are not elated with pride : ^^ their sides are raised from their beds, call- ing on their Lord with fear and with hope ; and they distribute alms out of what we have bestowed on them. ^^ No soul knoweth the complete satisfaction which is secretly prepared for them, as a reward for that which they have wrought. ^^ Shall he, therefore, who is a true 8 j^n extract of despicable water.'] i. e. — The complete satisfaction^] Liter- Seed, ally, the joy of the eyes. The commentators 12 See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. for the fail not, on occasion of this passage, to description of death and resurrection. produce that saying of their prophet, which 14 Men and genii.] That is, the idol- was originally none of his own : God saith, aters and the daemons they worshipped. I have prepared for my righteous servants, 18 No soul.] Not even an angel of what eye hath not seen, nor hath ear those who approach nearest God's throne, heard, nor hath entered into the heart of noranyprophetwhohathbeensentbyhim^ man to conceive. * Al Beiddwi. 230 AL KORAN. [chap, believer, be as he who is an impious transgressor ? They shall not be held equal. ^^ As to those who believe, and do that which is right, they shall have gardens of per- petual abode, an ample recompense for that which they shall have wrought : ^^ but as for those who impiously transgress, their abode shall be hell-fire ; so often as they shall endeavour to get thereout, they shall be dragged back into the same: and it shall be said unto them, Taste ye the torment of hell-fire ; which ye rejected as a falsehood. ^^ And we will cause them to taste the nearer punishment of this world, besides the more grievous punishment of the next ; peradventure they will repent. ^^ Who is more unjust than he who is warned by the signs of his Lord, and then turneth aside from the same? We will surely take vengeance on the wicked. ^^We heretofore delivered the book of the law unto Moses ; wherefore be not thou in doubt as to the revelation thereof: and we ordained the same to be a direction unto the children of Israel ; and we appointed teachers from among them, who should direct the people at our com- mand, when they had persevered with patience, and had firmly believed in our signs. ^^ Verily thy Lord will judge between them, on the day of resurrection, concern- ing that wherein they have disagreed. ^^ Is it not known unto them how many generations we have destroyed before them, through whose dwellings they walk ? Verily herein are signs : will they not therefore hearken ? ^^ Do they not see that we drive rain unto a land bare of grass and parched up, and thereby produce corn, of which their cattle eat, and themselves also ? Will they not therefore regard ? ^^ The infidels say to the true believers. When will this decision be made between us, if ye speak truth ? ^^ Answer, On the day of that decision, the faith of those 24 Be not thou in douht as to the revela- the interview between Moses and Moham- tion thereof. 1 Or, as some interpret it, of med in the sixth heaven, when the latter the revelation of the Koran to thyself; took his night journey thither, is here in- since the delivery of the Law to Moses tended i. proves that the revelation of the Koran 26 Through whose dwellings they walk.'] to thee is not the first instance of the kind. The Meccans frequently passing by the Others think the words should be translated places where the Adites, the Thamudites, thus, Be not thou in doubt, as to thy Midianites, Sodomites, &c. once dwelt, meeting of that prophet; supposing that 29 On the daij of that decision.] That ^ Jl Beiddwi. XXXIII.] AL KORAN, 231 who shall have disbelieved shall not avail them ; neither shall they be respited any longer. ^^ Wherefore avoid them, and expect the issue : verily they expect to gain some advantage over thee. is, on the day of judgment ; though some suppose the day here intended, to be that of the victory at Bedr; or else that of the taking of Mecca, when several of those who had been proscribed were put to death without remission i. * See the Prelim. Disc. § ii. CHAPTER XXXIII, INTITLED, THE CONFEDERATES ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ O PROPHET, fear God, and obey not the unbelievers and the hypocrites : verily God is knowing and wise. ^ But follow that which is revealed unto thee from thy Lord ; for God is well acquainted with that which ye do: ^ and put thy trust in God ; for God is a sufficient pro- tector. ^ God hath not given a man two hearts within Title — Confederates.'] Part of this chap- ter was revealed on occasion of the war of the Ditch, which happened in the fifth year of the Hejra, when Medina was besieged, for above twenty days, by the joint and confederate forces of several Jewish tribes, and of the inhabitants of Mecca, Najd, and Tehama, at the instigation of the Jews of the tribe of Nadhir, who had been driven out of their settlement near Medina, by Mohammed, the year before ^. 1 Obey not the unbelievers and hypo- crites.'] It is related that Abu Sofian, Acrema Ebn Abi Jahl, and Abu'l A'war al Salami, having an amicable interview with Mohammed, at which were present also Abdallah Ebn Obba, Moatteb Ebn Kosheir, and Jaad Ebn Kais, they pro- posed to the prophet, that if he would leave off preaching against the worship of their gods, and acknowledge them to be mediators, they would give him and his Lord no farther disturbance ; upon which these words were revealed 2. 4 God hath not given a man two hearts.] This passage was revealed to abolish two customs among the old Arabs. The first was their manner of divorcing their wives, when they had no mind to let them go out of their house, or to marry again : and this the husband did by saying to the wo- man. Thou art henceforw^ard to me as the back of my mother; after which words pronounced he abstained from her bed, and regarded her in all respects as his mother, and she became related to all his kindred in the same degree as if she had been really so. The other custom was the holding their adopted sons to be as nearly related to them as their natural sons, so that the same impediments of marriage arose from that supposed relation, in the prohibited degrees, as it would have done in the case of a genuine son. The latter Mohammed had a particular reason to abolish, viz. his marrying the divorced wife of his freedman Zeid, who was also his adopted son : of which more will be said by-and-by. By the declaration which introduces this passage, that God has not given a man two hearts, is meant, that a man cannot have the same affection for * V. Abu'lfeda Vit. Moh. p. 73. and GagnieVj Vie de Mahomet, 1. 4. c. 1. 2 Al Beiddwi, 232 AL KORAN. [chap. him : neither hath he made your wives (some of whom ye divorce, regarding them after as your mothers) your true mothers ; nor hath he made your adopted sons your true sons. This is your saying in your mouths : but God speaketh the truth ; and he directeth the right way. ^ Call such as are adopted, the sons of their natural fathers : this will be more just in the sight of God. And if ye know not their fathers, let them be as your brethren in religion, and your companions : and it shall be no crime in you, that ye err in this matter ; but that shall be criminal which your hearts purposely design ; for God is gracious and merciful. ^ The prophet is nigher unto the true believers than their own souls ; and his wives are their mothers. Those who are related by consanguinity, are nigher of kin the one of them unto the others, according to the book of God, than the other true believers, and the Mohajerun : unless that ye do what is fitting and reason- able to your relations in general. This is written in the book of God. ^ Remember when we accepted their covenant from the prophets, and from thee, O Moham- supposed parents, and adopted children, as — His wives are their mothers.'] Though for those who are really so. They tell us the spiritual relation between Mohammed the Arabs used to say, of a prudent and and his people, declared in the preceding acute person, that he had two hearts ; words, created no impediment to prevent whence one Abu Mamer, or, as others his taking to wife such women among write, Jemil Ebn Asad al Fihri, was sur- them as he thought fit, yet the commen- named Dhu'lkalbein, or the Man with two tators are of opinion, that they are here Hearts ^. forbidden to marry any of his wives *. 5 That ye err,] Through ignorance or — Those who are related hy consan- mistake ; or, That ye have erred for the guinity are nigher of kin unto one another, time past. according to the book of God, than the true 6 The prophet is nigher unto the true believers and the Mohajerun.] These believers than their own souls.] Command- words, which also occur, excepting the ing them nothing but what is for their in- latter part of the sentence, in the eighth terest and advantage, and being more chapter, abrogate that law concerning in- solicitous for their present and future hap- heritances, published in the same chapter, piness even than themselves; for which whereby the Mohajerun and Ansars were reason he ought to be dear to them, and to be the heirs of one another, exclusive of deserves their utmost love and respect. In their nearer relations who were infidels ^. some copies these words are added. And — In the book of God.] i. e. In the he is a father unto them ; every prophet preserved Table, or the Koran ; or, as being the spiritual father of his people, others suppose, in the Pentateuch. who are therefore brethren. It is said 7 When we received their covenant from that this passage was revealed on some of the prophets.] Jallalo'ddin supposes this Mohammed's followers telling him, when covenant was made when Adam's pos- he summoned them to attend him in the terity were drawn forth from his loins, and expedition of Tabuc 2, that they would ask appeared before God like small ants^; leave of their fathers and mothers 3. but Marracci conjectures that the covenant '^ Al Beiddwii Jallalo'ddin, &c. ^ gee chap. ix. ^ Al Beiddwi, * See the Prelim. Disc. § vi. ^ See chajp. viii. ® See chap. vii. verse 173. XXXIII.] AL KORAN. ^33 MED, and from Noah, and Abraham, and Moses, and Jesus the son of Mary, and received from them a firm covenant ; * that God may examine the speakers of truth concerning their veracity : and he hath prepared a painful torment for the unbelievers. ^ O true believers, remember the favour of God towards you, when armies of infidels came against you, and we sent against them a wind, and hosts of angels which ye saw not : and God beheld that which ye did. '» When they came against you from above you, and from below you, and when your sight be- came troubled, and your hearts came even to your throats for fear, and ye imagined of God various imaginations. " There were the faithful tried, and made to tremble with a violent trembling, '^^nd when the hypocrites, and those in whose heart was an infirmity, said, God and his apostle have made you no other than a fallacious promise. here meant, was the same which the Tal- mudists pretend all the prophets entered into with God on mount Sinai, where they were all assembled in person with Moses K — A firm covenant.'] Whereby they undertook to execute their several com- missions, and promised to preach the reli- gion commanded them by God. 8 That God may examine the speakers of truth concerning their veracity.] i. e. That he may at the day of judgment de- mand of the prophets in what manner they executed their several commissions, and how they were received by their people : or, as the words may also import, that he may examine those who believed on them concerning their belief, and reward them accordingly. 9 When armies of infidels came against you.] These were the forces of the Ko- reish and the tribe of Ghatfan, confederated with the Jews of al Nadhir and Koreidha, who besieged Medina to the number of twelve thousand men, in the expedition called the war of the Ditch. — We sent against them a wind and hosts of angels, &c.] On the enemies' ap- proach, Mohammed, by the advice of Sal- man the Persian, ordered a deep ditch or entrenchment to be dug round Medina, for the security of the city, and went out to defend it with three thousand men. Both sides remained in their camps near a month, without any other acts of hostility than shooting of arrows, and slinging of stones; till, in a winter's night, God sent a piercing cold east wind, which benumbed the limbs of the confederates, blew the dust in their faces, extinguished their fires^ overturned their tents, and put their horses in disorder, the angels at the same time crying, Allah acbar, round about their camp ; whereupon Toleiha Ebn Khowailed, the Asadite, said aloud, Mohammed is going to attack you with enchantments, wherefore provide for your safety by flight : and accordingly the Koreish first, and afterwards the Ghatfanites, broke up the siege, and returned home ; which retreat was also not a little owing to the dissen- sions among the confederate forces, the raising and fomenting whereof the Mo- hammedans also ascribe to God. It is related, that when Mohammed heard that his enemies were retired, he said, I have obtained success by means of the east wind, and Ad perished by the west wind^ 10 When they came against you from above you, and from below you.] The Ghatfanites pitched on the east side of the town, on the higher part of the valley ; and the Koreish on the west side, on the lower part of the valley 3. ^ — Ye imagined of God various imagina- tions.] The sincere, and those who were more firm of heart, fearing they should not be able to stand the trial ; and the weaker-hearted, and hypocrites, thinking themselves delivered up to slaughter and destruction. 12 When the hypocrites said, God and his apostle have made you no other than a 1 See chap. iii. verse 80. 3 Al Beiddu^ Abu'lf vit. Moh. p. 77, &c. 3 Idem 234 AL KORAN. [chap. ^^ And when a party of them said, O inhabitants of Ya- THREE, there is no place of security for you here ; where- fore return home. And a part of them asked leave of the prophet to depart, saying, Verily our houses are defenceless, and exposed to the enemy : but they were not defenceless ; and their intention was no other than to fly. ^^ If the city had been entered upon them by the enemy from the parts adjacent, and they had been asked to desert the true believers, and to fight against them ; they had surely consented thereto : but they had not, in such case, remained in the same but a little while. ^^ They had before made a covenant with God, that they would not turn their backs ; and the performance of their cove- nant with God shall be examined into hereafter. ^^ Say, Flight shall not profit you, if ye fly from death or from slaughter : and if it would, yet shall ye not enjoy this world but a little. ^'^ Say, Who is he who shall defend you against God, if he is pleased to bring evil on you, or is pleased to show mercy towards you ? They shall find none to patronize or protect them, besides God. ^^ God already knoweth those among you who hinder others from following his apostle, and who say unto their brethren, Come hither unto us ; and who come not to battle, except a little ; ^^ being covetous towards you : but when fear cometh on them, thou seest them look unto thee for assist- ance, their eyes rolling about, like the eyes of him who fallacious promise.'] The person who ut- 15 They had made a covenant with God, tered these words, it is said, was Moatteb &c.] The persons meant here were Banu Ebn Kosheir, who told his fellows that Haretha, &c. who having behaved very ill, Mohammed had promised them the spoils and run away on a certain occasion, pro- of the Persians and the Greeks, whereas mised they would do so no more ^, now not one of them dared to stir out of 18 And who come not to battle, except a their entrenchment ^. Uttle.l Either coming to the army in 13 When a party of them said, &c.] small numbers ; or staying with them but a Viz. Aws Ebn Keidhi, and his adherents. little while, and then returning on some — Yathreb.'] This was the ancient and feigned excuse ; or behaving ill in time of proper name of Medina, or of the territory action. Some expositors take these words w^herein it stands. Some suppose the town to be part of the speech of the hypocrites, was so named from its founder, Yathreb, reflecting on Mohammed's companions for the son of Kabiya, the son of Mahlayel, lying idle in the trenches, and not attack- the son of Aram, the son of Sem, the son ing the enemy. of Noah ; though others tell us it was 19 Being covetous towards you,] i. e. built by the Amalekites ^, Sparing of their assistance either in person 14 In the same.] i. e. In the city ; or, or with their purse ; or being greedy after in their apostasy and rebellion, because the booty. the Moslems would surely succeed at last. 1 At Beiddwiy AbiClf. vit. Moh. p. 76. 2 Jh^ed Ebn Yusof ^ At Beiddwl XXXIII.] AL KORAN. 235 fainteth by reason of the agonies of death : yet when their fear is past, they inveigh against you with sharp tongues ; being covetous of the best and most valuable part of the spoils. These believe not sincerely ; wherefore God hath rendered their works of no avail : and this is easy with God. ^^ They imagined that the confederates would not depart and raise the siege : and if the confederates should come another time, they would wish to live in the deserts among the Arabs who dwell in tents, and there to inquire after news concerning you : and although they were with you this time, yet they fought not, except a little. ^^ Ye have in the apostle of God an excellent example, unto him who hopeth in God and the last day, and remem- bereth God frequently. ^^ When the true believers saw the confederates, they said. This is what God and his apostle have foretold us ; and God and his apostle have spoken the truth : and it only increased their faith and resignation. ^^ Of the true believers, some men justly performed what they had promised unto God, and some of them have finished their course, and some of them wait the same advantage ; and they changed not their promise, by deviating therefrom in the least : ^* that God may reward the just performers of their covenant for their fidelity ; and may punish the hypocritical, if he pleaseth, or may be turned unto them : for God is ready to forgive, and merciful. ^^ God hath driven back the infidels in their wrath ; they obtained no advantage : and God was a sufficient protector unto the faithful in battle ; for God 20 They would wish to live in the deserts f had promised unto God,~\ By standing &c.] That they might be absent, and not firm with the prophet, and strenuously obliged to go to war. opposing the enemies of the true religion, 21 Ye have in the apostle of God an ex- according to their engagement. cellent example. '\ Viz. Of firmness in time — Some of them have finished their of danger, of confidence in the divine course.~\ Or, as the words may be trans- assistance, and of piety by fervent prayer lated, Have fulfilled their vow, or paid their for the same. debt to nature, by falling martyrs in bat- 22 This is what God and his apostle have tie; as did Hamza, Mohammed's uncle, foretold m5.] Namely, That we must not Masab Ebn Omair, and Ans Ebn al Nadr^, expect to enter paradise, without under- who were slain at the battle of Ohod. going some trials and tribulations. There The martyrs at the war of the Ditch were is a tradition that Mohammed actually six, including Saad Ebn Moadh, who died foretold this expedition of the confederates of his wound about a month after \ some time before, and the success of it ^. — And some wait for the same advan- 23 Some men justly performed what they tage.^ As Othman and Telha*. » Jl BeiddwL 2 jbid. ^ Ahu'lf vit. Moh. p. 79. * Al Beiddwi. 236 AL KORAN. [chap. is strong and mighty. ^^ And he hath caused such of those who have received the scriptures, as assisted the confederates to come down out of their fortresses, and he cast into their hearts terror and dismay ; a part of them ye slew, and a part ye made captives; and God hath caused you to inherit their land, and their houses, and their wealth, and a land on which ye have not trodden, for God is almighty. ^^ O prophet, say unto thy wives. If ye seek this present life, and the pomp thereof, come, 26 Such of those who have received the scriptures^ as assisted the confederates^] These were the Jews of the tribe of Koreidha, who, though they were in league with Mohammed, had, at the incessant persuasion of Caab Ebn Asad, a principal man among them, perfidiously gone over to his enemies in this war of the Ditch, and were severely punished for it. For the next morning, after the confederate forces had decamped, Mohammed and his men returned to Medina, and, laying down their arms, began to refresh themselves after their fatigue ; upon which Gabriel came to the prophet, and asked him whe- ther he had suffered his people to lay down their arms, when the angels had not laid down theirs ; and ordered him to go immediately against the Koradhites, assur- ing him that himself would lead the way. Mohammed, in obedience to the divine command, having caused public proclama- tion to be made, that every one should pray that afternoon for success against the sons of Koreidha, set forward on the ex- pedition without loss of time ; and being arrived at the fortress of the Koradhites, besieged them for twenty-five days, at the end of which, those people, being in great terror and distress, capitulated, and at length, not daring to trust to Mohammed's mercy, surrendered at the discretion of Saad Ebn Moadh, hoping that he, being the prince of the tribe of Aws, their old friends and confederates, would have some regard for them : but they were deceived ; for Saad being greatly incensed at their breach of faith, had begged of God that he might not die of the wound he had received at the Ditch, till he saw ven- geance taken on the Koradhites ; and therefore adjudged that the men should be put to the sword, the women and children made slaves, and their goods be divided among the Moslems ; which sentence Mo- hammed had no sooner heard, than he cried out. That Saad had pronounced the sentence of God : and the same was ac- cordingly executed : the number of men who were slain amounting to six hundred, or, as others say, to seven hundred, or very near ; among wKom were Hoyai Ebn Akhtab, a great enemy of Mohammed's, and Caab Ebn Asad, who had been the chief occasion of the revolt of their tribe : and soon after Saad, who had given judg- ment against them, died, his wound, which had been skinned over, opening again ^ — And cast into their hearts terrors and dismay.] This was the work of Gabriel, who, according to his promise, went before the army of Moslems. It is said that Mohammed, a little before he came to the settlement of the Koradhites, asking some of his men, whether any body had passed them, they answered, that Dohya Ebn Kholeifa, the Calbite, had just passed by them, mounted on a white mule, with housings of satin : to which he replied. That person was the angel Gabriel, who is sent to the sons of Koreidha, to shake their castles, and to strike their hearts with fear and consternation 2. — And God hath caused you to inherit their land, &c.] Their immoveable pos- sessions Mohammed gave to the Mohajerin, saying, that the Ansars were in their own houses, but that the others were destitute of habitations. The moveables were di- vided among his followers; but he remitted the fifth part, which was usual to be taken in other cases ^. — A land on which ye have not trodden.] By which some suppose Persia and Greece are meant ; others, Khaibar; and others, whatever lands the Moslems may conquer till the day of judgment*. 27 O prophet y say unto thy wives. If ye seek this present lifcy &c.] This passage was revealed on Mohammed's wives' ask- ^ Al Beiddwi, AbuHf, Vit. Moh. p. 77, &c. V. Gagniery Vie de Mah. 1. 4. c. 2. 2 Ebn Ishak. ^ Al Beiddwi, * Idem. XXXIII.] AL KORAN. 237 I will make a handsome provision for you, and I will dismiss you with an honourable dismission : ^^ but if ye seek God and his apostle, and the life to come, verily God hath prepared for such of you as work righteousness, a great reward. ^^ O wives of the prophet, whosoever of you shall commit a manifest wickedness, the punishment thereof shall be doubled unto her twofold ; and this is easy with God : [*XXII.] ^^ but whosoever of you shall be obedient unto God and his apostle, and shall do that which is right, we will give her her reward twice, and we have prepared for her an honourable provision in para- dise. ^^ O wives of the prophet, ye are not as other women ; if ye fear God, be not too complaisant in speech, lest he should covet, in whose heart is a disease of incon- tinence ; but speak the speech which is convenient. ^^ And sit still in your houses ; and set not out yourselves with the ostentation of the former time of ignorance : and observe the appointed times of prayer, and give alms ; and obey God, and his apostle ; for God desireth only to remove from you the abomination of vanity, since ye are the household of the prophet, and to purify you by a perfect purification. ^^And remember that which is read in your houses, of the signs of God, and of the ing for more sumptuous clothes, and an manded for their faults than other additional allowance for their expenses; men*. and he had no sooner received it, than he 30 We will give her her reward twice.^ gave them their option, either to continue Viz. Once for her obedience, and a second with him, or to be divorced, beginning time for her conjugal affection to the pro- with Ayesha, who chose God and his phet, and handsome behaviour to him. apostle, and the rest followed her exam- 32 With the ostentation of the former pie ; upon which the prophet thanked time of ignorance^] That is, in the old them, and the following words were re- time of idolatry. Some suppose the times vealed ; viz. It shall not be lawful for thee before the flood, or the time of Abraham, to take other women to wife hereafter ^, to be here intended, when women adorned &c. From hence some have concluded, themselves with all their finery, and went that a wife who has her option given her, abroad into the streets to shew themselves and chooses to stay with her husband, to the men ^. shall not be divorced ; though others are — God desireth to remove from you the of a contrary opinion 2. abomination^ &c.] The pronouns of the 29 Her punishment shall he doubled.'] second person in this part of the passage For the crime would be more enormous being of the masculine gender, the Shiites and unpardonable in them, because of their pretend the sentence has no connexion superior condition, and the grace which with the foregoing or the following words ; they have received from God : whence it and will have it, that by the household of is that the punishment of a free person is the prophet are particularly meant Fatema ordained to be double that of a slave 3, and Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and and prophets are more severely repri- Hosein, to whom these words are directed ^ 1 See after in this chap. ver. 4?. ^ ji Beiddwi. ^ See chap. iv. * Al Beiddwi, * Idem. ^ Idem, 2S8 AL KORAN. [chap. wisdom revealed in the Koran ; for God is clear-sighted, and well acquainted with your actions. ^^ Verily the Moslems of either sex, and the true believers of either sex, and the devout men, and the devout women, and the men of veracity, and the women of veracity, and the patient men, and the patient women, and the humble men, and the humble women, and the alms-givers of either sex, and the men who fast, and the women who fast, and the chaste men, and the chaste women, and those of either sex who remember God frequently ; for them hath God prepared forgiveness, and a great reward. ^^ It is not fit for a true believer of either sex, when God and his apostle have decreed a thing, that they should have the liberty of choosing a different matter of their own ; and whoever is disobedient unto God and his apostle, surely erreth with a manifest error. ^^ And remember when thou saidst to him unto whom God had been gracious, and on whom thou also hadst conferred favours : Keep thy wife to thyself, and fear God : and thou didst conceal that in thy mind which God had determined to discover, and didst fear men ; whereas it 35 It is not fit for a true believer , when God and his apostle have decreed a thing, that they should have the liberty of choos- ingi &c.] This verse was revealed on account of Zeinab (or Zenobia) the daugh- ter of Jahash, and wife of Zeid, Moham- med's freed-man, whom the prophet sought in marriage, but received a repulse from the lady and her brother Abdallah, they being at first averse to the match ; for which they are here reprehended. The mother of Zeinab, it is said, was Anima, the daughter of Abd'almotalleb, and aunt to Mohammed ^. 36 When thou saidst to him unto whom God had been gracious."] Viz. Zeid Ebn Haretha, on whom God had bestowed the grace early to become a Moslem. — And on whom thou hadst conferred favours.] By giving him his liberty, and adopting him for thy son, &c. Zeid was of the tribe of Calb, a branch of the Khodaites, descended from Hamyar, the son of Saba ; and being taken in his childhood by a party of freebooters, was bought by Mohammed : or, as others say, by his wife Khadijah, before she married him. Some years after, Haretha, hearing where his son was, took a journey to Mecca, and offered a considerable sum for his ransom ; whereupon Mohammed said. Let Zeid come hither ; and if he chooses to go with you, take him without ransom : but if it be his choice to stay with me, why should I not keep him ? And Zeid being come, declared that he would stay with his master, who treated him as if he were his only son. Mohammed no sooner heard this, but he took Zeid by the hand, and led him to the black stone of the Caaba, where he publicly adopted him for his son, and constituted him his heir ; with which the father acquiesced, and returned home well satisfied. From this time Zeid was called the son of Mohammed, till the publication of Islam ; after which the pro- phet gave him to wife Zeinab 2. — And thou didst conceal that in thy mind which God had determined to dis- cover.] Namely, thy affection to Zeinab. The whole intrigue is artfully enough unfolded in this passage ; the story is as follows. Some years after his marriage, Moham- Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, 8 2 Al Jannabi. V. Gagnier, Vie de Moh. 1. 4. c.3. XXXIII.] AL KORAN. 239 was more just that thou shouldst fear God. But when Zeid had determined the matter concerning her, and had resolved to divorce her, we joined her in marriage unto thee, lest a crime should *be charged on the true believers, in marrying the wives of their adopted sons, when they have determined the matter concerning them : and the command of God is to be performed. ^'^ No crime is to be charged on the prophet, as to what God hath allowed him, conformable to the ordinance of God with regard to those who preceded him, (for the command of God is a determinate decree,) ^^ who brought the messages of God, and feared him, and feared none besides God : and God is a sufficient accomptant. ^^ Mohammed is not the father of any man among you ; but the apostle of God, and the seal of the prophets : and God knoweth all things. ^^ O true believers, remember God with a frequent remem- brance, and celebrate his praise morning and evening. ^^ It is he who is gracious unto you, and his angels inter- cede for you, that he may lead you forth from darkness into light ; and he is merciful towards the true believers. ^^ Their salutation, on the day whereon they shall meet him, shall be, Peace ! and he hath prepared for them an med going to Zeid's house on some affair, and not finding him at home, accidentally cast his eyes on Zeinab, who was then in a dress which discovered her beauty to advantage ; and was so smitten at the sight, that he could not forbear crying out, God be praised, who turneth the hearts of men as he pleaseth ! This Zeinab failed not to acquaint her husband with, on his return home ; whereupon Zeid, after ma- ture reflection, thought he could do no less than part with his wife, in favour of his benefactor ; and therefore resolved to di- vorce her, and acquainted Mohammed with his resolution : but he, apprehending the scandal it might raise, offered to dissuade him from it, and endeavoured to stifle the flames which inwardly consumed him ; but at length his love for her being au- thorized by this revelation, he acquiesced, and, after the term of her divorce was expired, married her, in the latter end of the 5th year of the Hejra ^. — Zeid.~\ It is observed that this is the only person, of all Mohammed's com- panions, whose name is mentioned in the Koran. — We joined her in marriage unto thee.'] Whence Zeinab used to vaunt herself above the prophet's other wives, saying, that God had made the match between Mohammed and herself, whereas their matches were made by their rela- tions 2. — Lest a crime should be charged on the true believers, in marrying the wives of their adopted sons, &c.] For this feigned relation, as has been observed, created an impediment of marriage among the old Arabs within the prohibited degrees, in the same manner as if it had been real ; and therefore Mohammed's marrying Zeinab, who had been his adopted son's wife, occasioned great scandal among his followers, which was much heightened by the Jews and hypocrites: but the custom is here declared unreasonable, and abolished for the future. ^ Al Beiddwi, Al Jannabi, &c. 2 lidem. 240 A L KORAN. [chap. honourable recompense. ^^ O prophet, verily we have sent thee to be a witness, and a bearer of good tidings, and a denouncer of threats, and an inviter unto God through his good pleasure, and a shining light. ^^ Bear good tidings therefore unto the true believers, that they shall receive great abundance from God. ^^ And obey not the unbelievers and the hypocrites, and mind not their evil treatment : but trust in God ; and God is a sufficient protector. ^^ O true believers, when ye marry women who are believers, and afterwards put them away, before ye have touched them, there is no term prescribed you to fulfil towards them after their divorce : but make them a present, and dismiss them freely, with an honour- able dismission. ^^ O prophet, we have allowed thee thy wives unto whom thou hast given their dower, and also the slaves which thy right hand possesseth, of the booty which God hath granted thee, and the daughters of thy uncle, and the daughters of thy aunts, both on thy father's side, and on thy mother's side, who have fled with thee from Mecca, and any other believing woman, if she give herself unto the prophet ; in case the prophet desireth to 46 There is no term prescribed you to wards this verse was revealed ; but he was fulfil towards them.'} That is, ye are not not thereby allowed to marry me, because obliged to keep them any certain time I fled not with him 2. before ye dismiss them, as ye are those It may be observed that Dr. Prideaux with whom the marriage has been con- is much mistaken, when he asserts that summated. See chap. ii. p. 39. Mohammed, in this chapter, brings in God — Make them a present.'} i. e. If no exempting him from the law in the fourth dower has been assigned them; for if a chapter^, whereby the Moslems are for- dower has been assigned, the husband is bidden to marry within certain degrees, obliged, according to the Sonna, to give and giving him an especial privilege to the woman half the dower agreed on, take to wife the daughter of his brother, besides a present ^. This is still to be or the daughter of his sister *. understood of such women with whom the — And any believing woman, if she give marriage has not been consummated. herself utito the prophet.} Without de- 47 The slaves of the booty which God manding any dower. According to a hath granted thee.} It is said, therefore, tradition of Ebn Abbas, the prophet, how- that the women slaves which he should buy ever, married no woman without assigning are not included in this grant. her a dower. The commentators are not — Who have fled with thee from Mecca.} agreed who was the woman particularly But not the others. It is related of Omm meant in this passage ; but they name Hani, the daughter of Abu Taleb, that four, who are supposed to have thus given she should say, The apostle of God courted themselves to the prophet, viz. Maimuna me for his wife ; but I excused myself to Bint al Hareth, Zelnab Bint Khozaima, him, and he accepted of my excuse ; after- Ghozia Bint Jaber, surnamed Omm Sho- i Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. 3 pggg 82, 83. * See Prid, Life of Mah. p. 116. xxxin.] AL KORAN. 241 take her to wife. This is a peculiar privilege granted unto thee, above the rest of the true believers. We know what we have ordained them concerning their wives, and the slaves whom their right hands possess : lest it should be deemed a crime in thee to make use of the privilege granted thee ; for God is gracious and merciful. ^^ Thou mayest postpone the turn of such of thy wives as thou shalt please, in being called to thy bed; and thou mayest take unto thee her whom thou shalt please, and her whom thou shalt desire of those whom thou shalt have before rejected : and it shall be no crime in thee. This will be more easy, that they may be entirely content, and may not be grieved, but may be well pleased with what thou shalt give every of them : God knoweth whatever is in your hearts ; and God is knowing and gracious. ^^ It shall not be lawful for thee to take other women to wife hereafter, nor to exchange any of thy wives for them, although their beauty please thee ; except' the slaves whom thy right hand shall pos- sess : and God observeth all things. ^^ O true believers, raic, (which three he actually married,) other women to wife hereafter, &c.] The and Khawla Bint Hakim, whom, as il commentators differ as to the express seems, he rejected. meaning of these words. Some think — This is a peculiar privilege granted Mohammed was thereby forbidden to take thee, above the rest of the true believers.^ any more wives than nine, which number For no Moslem can legally marry above he then had, and is supposed to have been four wives, whether free women or slaves ; his stint, as four was that of other men : whereas Mohammed is, by the preceding some imagine that after this prohibition, passage, left at liberty to take as many as though any of the wives he then had he pleased, though with some restrictions. should die, or be divorced, yet he could 48 Thou mayest postpone the turn of not marry another in her room : some such of thy wives as thou shalt please, &:c.~\ think he was only forbidden from this By this passage some farther privileges time forward to marry any other woman were granted unto Mohammed ; for, than one of the four sorts mentioned in whereas other men are obliged to carry the preceding passage: and others* are themselves equally towards their wives ', of opinion, that this verse is abrogated by in case they had more than one, particu- the two preceding verses, or one of them, larly as to the duties of the marriage-bed, and was revealed before them, though it to which each has a right to be called in be read after them ^. her turn (which right was acknowledged — Nor to exchange any of thy wives for in the most early ages) ^ ; and cannot take them.'\ By divorcing her, and marrying again a wife whom they have divorced the another. Al Zamakhshari tells us, that third time, till she has been married to some are of opinion, this prohibition is to another, and divorced by him ^ ; the pro- be understood of a particular kind of phet was left absolutely at liberty to deal exchange used among the idolatrous Arabs, with them in these and other respects as whereby two men made a mutual ex- he thought fit. change of their wives without any other 49 It shall not be lawful for thee to take formality. 1 See Kor. chap. iv. 2 gge Genes, xxx. 14. ^ See chap. ii. * As AbuH Kasem Hebatallah. ^ Zamakhshari, al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, &c, VOL. II. R 242 A L KORAN. [chap. enter not the houses of the prophet, unless it be permitted you to eat meat with him, without waiting his convenient time : but when ye are invited, then enter. And when ye shall have eaten, disperse yourselves ; and stay not to enter into familiar discourse ; for this incommodeth the prophet. He is ashamed to bid you depart ; but God is not ashamed of the truth. And when ye ask of the prophet's wives what ye may have occasion for, ask it of them from behind a curtain. This will be more pure for your hearts and their hearts. Neither is it fit for you to give any uneasiness to the apostle of God, or to marry his wives after him for ever ; for this would be a grievous thing in the sight of God. ^^ Whether ye divulge a thing, or conceal it, verily God knoweth all things. ^^ It shall be no crime in them as to their fathers, or their sons, or their brothers, or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or the slaves which their right hands possess, if they speak to them unveiled : and fear ye God ; for God is witness of all things. ^^ Verily God and his angels bless the prophet. O true believers, do ye also bless him, and salute him with a respectful salutation. ^* As to those who offend God and his apostle, God shall curse them in this world and in the next ; and he hath prepared for them a shameful punishment. ^^ And they who shall injure the true believers of either sex, without their deserving it, 50 Ask it of them from behind a curtain.'] man whom Mohammed had dismissed That is, let there be a curtain drawn be- without consummating his marriage with tween you, or let them be veiled, while ye her; upon which the Khalif at first was talk with them. As the design of the former thinking to stone her; but afterwards precept was to prevent the impertinence of changed his mind, on its being represented troublesome visitors, the design of this to him, that this prohibition related only was to guard against too near an inter- to such women to whom the prophet had course of familiarity between his wives gone in 2, and his followers ; and was occasioned, it 52 No crime, &c.] See chap. xxiv. is said, by the hand of one of his com- verse 32. panions accidentally touching that of — Fear ye God.l The words are di- Ayesha, which gave the prophet some rected to the prophet's wives, uneasiness ^. 53 Bless the prophet, and salute him.] — Neither is it fit for you to marry his Hence the Mohammedans seldom mention wives after him.] i. e. Either such as he . his name without adding, On whom be shall divorce in his life-time, or his widows the blessing of God and peace ! or the like after his death. This was another privilege words. peculiar to the prophet. 55 They who shall injure the true he- ll is related, that in the Khalift of lievers, &c.] This verse was revealed, Omar, Ashath Ebn Kais married the wo- according to some, on occasion of certain 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. XXXIII.] AL KORAN. 243 shall surely bear the guilt of calumny and a manifest injustice. ^^ O prophet, speak unto thy wives, and thy daughters, and the wives of the true believers, that they cast their outer garments over them when they walk abroad ; this will be more proper, that they may be known to be matrons of reputation, and may not be affronted by unseemly words or actions. God is gracious and merciful. ^^ Verily if the hypocrites, and those in whose hearts is an infirmity, and they who raise disturb- ances in Medina, do not desist, we will surely stir thee up against them, to chastise them : henceforth they shall not be suffered to dwell near thee therein, except for a little time ; ^^ and being accursed, wherever they are found they shall be taken, and killed with a general slaughter ; ^^ according to the sentence of God concerning those who have been before ; and thou shalt not find any change in the sentence of God. ^^ Men will ask thee concerning the approach of the last hour : answer. Verily the knowledge thereof is with God alone ; and he will not inform thee : peradventure the hour is nigh at hand. ^^ Verily God hath cursed the infidels, and hath prepared for them a fierce fire ; ^^ wherein they shall remain for ever : they shall find no patron or defender. ^^ On the day whereon their faces shall be rolled in hell-fire, they shall say, O that we had obeyed God, and had obeyed his apostle ! ^^ And they shall say, O Lord, verily we have obeyed our lords, and our great men; and they have seduced us from the right way. ^^ O Lord, give them the double of our punishment ; and curse them with a heavy curse ! ^^ O true believers, be nat as those who injured Moses ; but God cleared him from the scandal hypocrites who had slandered Ali ; or malicious people gave out that he had according to others, on occasion of those a rupture, (or, say others, that he was a who falsely accused Ayesha i, &c. leper, or hermaphrodite,) and for that 56 Their outer garments.'] The original reason was ashamed to wash with them : word properly signifies the large wrappers, but God cleared him from this aspersion, usually of white linen, with which the by causing the stone on which he had laid women in the east cover themselves from his clothes, while he washed, to run away head to foot when they go abroad. with them into the camp, whither Moses 66 Be not as those who injured Moses, followed it naked; and by that means the &c.] The commentators are not agreed Israelites, in the midst of whom he was what this injury was. Some say that gotten ere he was aware, plainly perceived Moses using to wash himself apart, certain the falsehood of the report. Others sup* * See chap. xxiv. R 2 2U AL KORAN. [chap which they had spoken concerning him ; and he was of great consideration in the sight of God. ^^ O true believers, fear God, and speak words well-directed ; that God may correct your works for you, and may forgive you your sins : ^^ and whoever shall obey God and his apostle, shall enjoy great felicity. ^^ We proposed the faith unto the heavens, and the earth, and the mountains ; and they refused to undertake the same, and were afraid thereof; but man undertook it : verily he was unjust to himself, and foolish : that God may punish the hypocritical men, and the hypocritical women, and the idolaters, and the idolatresses ; '^ and that God may be turned unto the true believers, both men and women ; for God is gracious and merciful. pose Karun's accusation of Moses is here intended ^ ; or else the suspicion of Aaron's murder, which was cast on Moses, because he was with him when he died on mount Hor : of which latter he was justified by the angels bringing his body, and exposing it to public view ; or, say some, by the testimony of Aaron himself, who was raised to life for that purpose 2. The passage is said to have been occa- sioned by some reflections which were cast on Mohammed, on his dividing certain spoils ; and that when they came to his ear, he said, God be merciful unto my brother Moses : he was wronged more than this, and bore it with patience ^. 66 He was of great consideration in the sight of God.^ Some copies, for Indr, read Abda, according to which, the words should be translated, And he was an illustrious servant of God. 69 We proposed the faith unto the heavens, and the earth, and the mountains, &c.] By faith is here understood entire obedience to the law of God, which is represented to be of so high concern, (no less than eternal happiness or misery de- pending on the observance or neglect thereof,) and so difficult in the perform- ance, that if God should propose the same, on the conditions annexed, to the vaster parts of the creation, and they had under- standing to comprehend the offer, they would decline it, and not dare to take on them a duty, the failing wherein must be attended with so terrible a consequence ; and yet man is said to have undertaken it, notwithstanding his weakness, and the infirmities of his nature. Some imagine this proposal is not hypothetical, but was actually made to the heavens, earth, and mountains, which, at their first creation, were endued with reason ; and that God told them he had made a law, and had created paradise for the recompense of such as were obedient to it, and hell for the punishment of the disobedient ; to which they answered, they were content to be obliged to perform the services for which they were created, but would not under- take to fulfil the divine law on those con- ditions, and therefore desired neither re- ward nor punishment. They add, that when Adam was created, the same offer was made him, and he accepted if*. The commentators have other explications of this passage, which it would be too prolix to transcribe. — He was unjust to himself and foolish.'} Unjust to himself, in not fulfilling his engagements, and obeying the law he had accepted : and foolish, in not considering the consequence of his disobedience and neglect. See chap, xxviii. ^ Jallalo'ddin, al Beiddwi, * Jallalo'ddin, al Beiddwi, 3 Al Bolchari, xxxiv.] AL KORAN. ^45 CHAPTER XXXIV. INTITLED, SABA ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Praise be to God, unto whom belongeth whatever is in the heavens and on earth : and unto him be praise in the world to come ; for he is wise and intelligent. ^ He knoweth whatsoever entereth into the earth, and what- soever cometh out of the same, and whatsoever descendeth from heaven, and whatsoever ascendeth thereto : and he is merciful and ready to forgive. ^ The unbelievers say, The hour of judgment will not come unto us. Answer, Yea, by my Lord, it will surely come unto you ; it is he who knoweth the hidden secret : the weight of an ant, either in heaven or in earth, is not absent from him, nor any thing lesser than this or greater, but the same is written in the perspicuous book of his decrees ; ^ that he may recompense those who shall have believed, and wrought righteousness : they shall receive pardon, and an honourable provision. ^ But they who endeavour to ren- der our signs of none effect, shall receive a punishment of painful torment. ^ Those unto whom knowledge hath been given, see that the book which hath been revealed unto thee from thy Lord is the truth, and directeth into the glorious and laudable way. ^ The unbelievers say to one another. Shall we shew you a man who shall pro- phesy unto you, that when ye shall have been dispersed with a total dispersion, ye shall be raised a new creature ? Title — Saba-I Mention is made of the — Whatsoever descendeth from heaven ] people of Saba in the fifteenth verse. As the angels, scriptures, decrees of God, 2 Whatsoever entereth into the earth.~\ rain, thunder and lightning, &c. As the rain, hidden treasures, the dead, &c. — And whatsoever ascendeth thereto.~\ — And whatsoever cometh out of the As the angels, men's works, vapours, same.'\ As animals, plants, metals, spring- smoke, &c. water, &c. 1 Al Beiddwi 246 A L KORAN. [chap. ^ He hath forged a lie concerning God, or rather he is distracted. But they who believe not in the life to come, shall fall into punishment and a wide error. ^ Have they not therefore considered what is before them, and what is behind them, of the heaven and the earth ? If we please, we will cause the earth to open and swallow them up, or will cause a piece of the heaven to fall upon them : verily herein is a sign unto every servant, who turneth unto God. ^^ We heretofore bestowed on David excellence from us : and we said, O mountains, sing alternate praises with him ; and we obliged the birds also to join therein. ^^ And we softened the iron for him, saying, Make thereof complete coats of mail, and rightly dispose the small plates which compose the same : and work ye righteousness, O family of David ; for I see that which ye do. ^^ And we made the wind subject unto Solo- mon : it blew in the morning for a month, and in the evening for a month. And we made a fountain of molten brass to flow for him. And some of the genii were obliged to work in his presence, by the will of his Lord ; and whoever of them turned aside from our command, we will cause him to taste the pain of hell- fire. ^^ They made for him whatever he pleased, of palaces, and statues, and large dishes like fish-ponds, and caul- drons standing firm on their trevets ; and we said. Work righteousness, O family of David, with thanksgiving ; for 10 Mountains.'] See chap. xxi. ver. 79. forbidden ; or else that they were not such 11 Coats of mail.] See chap. xxi. images as were forbidden by the law. verse 79* Some say these spirits made him two lions, 12 Wind, &c.] See ibid, and chap, which were placed at the foot of his xxvii. verse 21. throne, and two eagles, which were set — A fountain of molten bi-ass.] This above it ; and that when he mounted it, fountain they say was in Yaman, and the lions stretched out their paws ; and flowed three days in a month ^. when he sat down, the eagles shaded him — We will cause him to taste the pain with their wings ^. of hell-Jire.~\ Or, as some expound the — Dishes like fish-ponds.] Being so words. We caused him to taste the pain of monstrously large that a thousand men burning ; by which they understand the might eat out of each of them at once, correction the disobedient genii received — And cauldrons standing firm on their at the hands of the angel set over them, trevets,] These cauldrons, they say, were who whipped them with a whip of fire. cut out of the mountains of Yaman, and 13 Statues.] Some suppose these were were so vastly big, that they could not be images of the angels and prophets, and moved ; and people went up to them by that the making of them was not then steps ^. ^ Al Beiddwif Jnllalo'ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ JallaWddin. XXXIV.] AL KORAN. 247 few of mv servants are thankful. " And when we had decreed that Solomon should die, nothing discovered his death unto them, except the creeping thing of the earth, which gnawed his staff. And when his body fell down, the genii plainly perceived, that if they had known that which is secret, they had not continued in a vile punish- ment. ^^ The descendants of Saba had heretofore a sign in their dwellings ; namely, two gardens, one on the right hand and on the left : and it was said unto them. Eat ye of the provision of your Lord, and give thanks unto him; ye have a good country, and a gracious Lord. ^^But they turned aside from what we had commanded them : wherefore we sent against them the inundation of al Arem, and we changed their two gardens for them into 14 Nothing discovered Ids death, hut the creeping thing of the earth, which gnawed his staff.~\ The commentators, to explain this passage, tell us, That David having laid the foundations of the temple of Je- rusalem, which was to be in lieu of the tabernacle of Moses, when he died, left it to be finished by his son Solomon ; who employed the genii in the work: that So- lomon, before the edifice was quite com- pleted, perceiving his end drew nigh, begged of God that his death might be concealed from the genii till they had entirely finished it : that God therefore so ordered it, that Solomon died as he stood at his prayers, leaning on his staff, which supported the body in that posture a full year ; and the genii supposing him to be alive continued their work during that term — at the expiration whereof the temple being perfectly completed, a worm, which had gotten into the staff, eat it through, and the corpse fell to the ground, and discovered the king's death ^, Possibly this fable of the temple's being built by genii, and not by men, might take its rise from what is mentioned in scrip- ture, that the house was built of stone made ready before it was brought thither, so that there was neither hammer nor axe, nor any tool of iron, heard in the house while it was building ^; the Rabbins in- deed tell us of a worm which might assist the workmen, its virtue being such as to cause the rocks and stones to fly in sun- der ^. Whether the worm which gnawed Solomon's staff were of the same breed with this other, I know not; but the story has perfectly the air of a Jewish in- vention. — They had 7iot continued in a vile punishment.^ i. e. They had not continued in servile subjection to the command of Solomon, nor had gone on with the work of the temple. 15 The descendants of Saba.'} Saba was the son of Yashhab, the son of Yarab, the son of Kahtan, whose posterity dwelt in Yaman, in the city of Mareb, called also Saba, about three days' journey from Sanaa. — I'wo gardens, one on the right hand and the other on the left.'] That is, two tracts of land, one on this side of their city, and the other on that, planted with trees, and made into gardens, which lay so thick and close together that each tract seemed tojje one continued garden : or, it may be, every house had a garden on each hand of it*. 16 The inundation of al Arem.} The commentators set down several significa- tions of the word al Arem, which are scarcely worth mentioning: it most pro- perly signifies mounds or dams for the stopping or containing of water, and is here used for that stupendous mound or building which formed the vast reservoir above the city of Saba, described in another place 5, and which, for the great impiety, pride, and insolence, of the in- habitants, was broken down in the night, ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. 2 \ Kings vi. 7- Buxt. Lex. Talm. p. 2456, and Schickardi Tarich reg. Pers. p. 62. * Al Beiddwi, ^ V. Kimhi, in loc, 5 See the Prelim. Disc. § 1. 248 AL KORAN. [chap. two gardens producing bitter fruit, and tamarisks, and some little fruit of the lote-tree. ^^ This we gave them in reward, because they were ungrateful: is any thus rewarded, except the ungrateful? ^^ And we placed between them and the cities which we have blessed, cities situate near each other ; ahd we made the journey easy between them, saying, Travel through the same by night, and by day, in security. ^^ But they said, O Lord, put a greater distance between our journey : and they were unjust unto them- selves ; and we made them the subject of discourse, and dispersed them with a total dispersion. Verily herein are signs unto every patient grateful person. ^^ And Eblis found his opinion of them to be true : and they followed him, except a party of the true believers : ^^ and he had no power over them, unless to tempt them, that we might know him who believed in the life to come, from him who by a mighty flood, and occasioned a terrible destruction ^ Al Beidawi sup- poses this mound was the work of queen Balkis, and that the above-mentioned catastrophe happened after the time of Jesus Christ; wherein he seems to be mistaken. — Tamarisks.~\ A low shrub, bearing no fruit, and delighting in saltish and barren ground. 18 The cities winch we have blessed.^ viz. The cities of Syria. — IVe made the journey easy between them.~\ By reason of their near distance, so that during the w^hole journey a tra- veller might rest in one town during the heat of the day, and in another at night ; nor was he obliged to carry provisions with him 2. 19 Put a greater distance between our journeys.^ This petition they made out of covetousness, that the poor being obliged to be longer on the road, they might make greater advantage in letting out their cattle, and furnishing the travellers with provision: and God was pleased to punish them, by granting them their wish, and permitting most of the cities, which were between Saba and Syria, to be ruined and abandoned ^. — We made them the subject of dis- course, and dispersed them with a total dispersion.l^ For the neighbouring nations justly wondered at so sudden and unfore- seen a revolution in the affairs of this once flourishing people : w'hence it be- became a proverbial saying, to express a total dispersion, that they were gone and scattered like Saba*. Of the descendants of Saba, who quitted their country, and sought new settlements on this inundation, the tribe of Gassan went into Syria, and the tribe of Ammar to Yathreb, the tribe of Jodham to Teha- mah, the tribe of al Azd to Oman ^, the tribe of Tay to Najd, the tribe of Khozaah to Batn Mar near Mecca, Banu Amela to a mountain, thence called the mountain of Amela, near Damascus, and others went to Hira in Irak 6, &c. 20 Eblis found his opinion of them to be truer\ Either his opinion of the Sabseans, when he saw them addicted to pride and ingratitude, and the satisfying their lusts ; or else the opinion he entertained of all mankind at the fall of Adam, or at his creation, when he heard the angels say, Wilt thou place in the earth one who will do evil therein, and shed blood ^ ? — Except a party of the true believers.^ Who were saved from the common de- structio t * See the Prelim. Disc. §. 1. ^ lidem. * Al Beiddwi. 6 V. Proc. Spec. p. 42. 45. 66. 2 Jallalo' ddin, al Beiddwi. V. Gol. not. in Alfrag. p. 87- ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ The History of Adam, passim, and Index. 4 xxxiv.] A L KORAN. 249 doubted thereof. Thy Lord observeth all things. ^^Say unto the idolaters, Call upon those whom ye imagine to be gods, besides God : they are not masters of the weight of an ant in heaven or on earth, neither have they any share in the creation or government of the same ; nor is any of them assistant to him therein. ^^ No intercession will be of service in his presence, except the intercession of him to whom he shall grant permission to intercede for others: and they shall wait in suspense until, when the terror shall be taken off from their hearts, they shall say to one another, What doth your Lord say? They shall answer. That which is just : and he is the high, the great God. ^^ Say, Who provideth food for you from heaven and earth ? Answer, God : and either we, or ye, follow the true direction, or are in a manifest error. ^^ Say, Ye shall not be examined concerning what we shall have committed ; neither shall we be examined concerning what ye shall have done. ^^ Say, Our Lord will assemble us together at the last day : then will he judge between us with truth ; and he is the judge, the knowing. ^^ Say, Shew me those whom ye have joined as partners with him ? Nay ; rather, he is the mighty, the wise God. ^^ We have not sent thee otherwise than unto mankind in general, a bearer of good tidings, and a denouncer of threats : but the greater part of men do not understand. ^^ And they say. When will this threat be fulfilled, if ye speak truth ? ^^ Answer, A threat is denounced unto you of a day, which ye shall not retard one hour, neither shall ye hasten. ^^ The unbelievers say. We will by no means believe in this Koran, nor in that which hath been revealed before it. But if thou couldest see when the unjust doers shall be set before their Lord ! They will 23 Intercede, &c.] See chap. xix. verse 31 Nor in that which hath been revealed 86. before it.'] It is said that the infidels of — When the terror shall be taken off Mecca, having inquired of the Jews and from their hearts.] i. e. From the hearts Christians concerning the mission of Mo- of the intercessors, and of those for whom hammed, were assured by them that they God shall allow them to intercede, by the found him described as the prophet who permission which he shall then grant should come, both in the Pentateuch and them ; for no angel or prophet shall dare in the Gospel ; at which they were very to speak at the last day without the divine angry, and brake out into the words here leave. recorded ^ ^ Al Beidnwi. 250 AL KORAN. [chap. iterate discourse with one another: those who were esteemed weak shall say unto those who behaved them- selves arrogantly, Had it not been for you, verily we had been true believers. ^^They who behaved themselves arrogantly shall say unto those who were esteemed weak, Did we turn you aside from the true direction, after it had come unto you ? On the contrary, ye acted wickedly of your own free choice. ^^ And they who were esteemed weak shall say unto those who behaved with arrogance. Nay, but the crafty plot which ye devised by night and by day, occasioned our ruin ; when ye commanded us that we should not believe in God, and that we should set up other gods as equals unto him. And they shall conceal their repentance, after they shall have seen the punishment prepared for them. And we will put yokes on the necks of those who shall have disbelieved : shall they be rewarded any otherwise than according to what they shall have wrought ? ^^ We have sent no warner unto any city, but the inhabitants thereof who lived in affluence said, Verily we believe not that with which ye are sent. ^^ And those of Mecca also say. We abound in riches and children more than ye ; and we shall not be punished hereafter. ^^ Answer, Verily my Lord will bestow provision in abundance unto whom he pleaseth, and will be sparing unto whom he pleaseth: but the greater part of men know not this. ^^ Neither your riches nor your children are the things which shall cause you to draw nigh unto us with a near approach : only whoever believeth, and worketh righteousness, they shall receive a double reward for that which they shall have wrought ; and they shall dwell in security in the upper apartments of paradise. ^^ But they who shall endeavour to render our signs of none effect, shall be delivered up to punishment. ^^ Say, Verily my Lord will bestow pro- vision in abundance unto whom he pleaseth of his servants, and will be sparing unto whom he pleaseth : and whatever thing ye shall give in alms, he will return it ; and he is the best provider of food. ^^ On a certain day he shall 31 Weak, &c.] See chap. xiv. verse 21. posite meaning to publish or reveal, and is 33 Conceal their repentance,^ The verb so understood here by some commenta- translated conceal, bears also the very op- tors. 8 xxxiv] AL KORAN. . 251 gather them all together: then shall he say unto the angels. Did these worship you ? *^ And the angels shall answer, God forbid ! thou art our friend, and not these : but they worshipped devils : the greater part of them believed in them. ^^ On this day the one of you shall not be able either to profit or to hurt the other. And we will say unto those who have acted unjustly. Taste ye the pain of hell-fire, which ye rejected as a falsehood. ^^ When our evident signs are read unto them, they say of thee, O Mohammed, This is no other than a man who seeketh to tm^n you aside from the gods which your fathers worshipped. And they say of the Koran, This is no other than a lie blasphemously forged. And the unbelievers say of the truth, when it is come unto them, ^^ This is no other than manifest sorcery : yet we have given them no books of scripture wherein to exercise themselves, nor have we sent unto them any warner before thee. ^^They who were before them, in like manner accused their prophets of imposture : but these have not arrived unto the tenth part of the riches and strength which we had bestowed on the former, and they accused my apostles of imposture ; and how severe was my vengeance ! V '^^ Say, Verily I advise you unto one thing, namely, that ye stand before God by two and two, and singly, and then consider seriously, and you will find that there is no madness in your companion Mohammed : he is no other than a warner unto you, sent before a severe punishment. '*^ Say, I ask not of you any reward for my preaching ; it is your own, either to give or not : my rew^ard is to be expected from God alone ; and he is witness over all things. \ ^^ Say, Verily my Lord sendeth 46 That ye stand before God by two and 47 / ask not of you aiiy reward^ &c.] two^ or singly.'] i.e. That ye set your- Mohammed, having in the preceding words selves to deliberate, and judge of me and answered the imputation of madness, or my pretensions coolly and sincerely, as in vain enthusiasm, by appealing to their the sight of God, without passion or pre- cooler thoughts of him and his actions, judice. The reason why they are ordered endeavours, by these, to clear himself of to consider either alone, or by two and the suspicion of any worldly view or in- two, at most, together, is because that in terest, declaring that he desired no salary larger assemblies, where noise, passion, or or support from them, for executing his prejudice, generally prevail, men have not commission, but expected his wages from that freedom of judgment which they have God alone, in private i. — 2'ogive, &c.] See chap. xxv. vers. 57. * Jl Beiddwi. 252 AL KORAN. [chap. down the truth to his prophets: he is the knower of secrets. ^^ Say, Truth is come, and falsehood is vanished, and shall not return any more. ^^ Say, If I err, verily I shall err only against my own soul: but if I be rightly directed, it will be by that which my Lord reveal eth unto me ; for he is ready to hear, and nigh unto those who call upon him. ^^ If thou couldest see when the unbelievers shall tremble, and shall find no refuge, and shall be taken from a near place, and shall say. We believe in him ! ^^ But how shall they receive the faith from a distant place ; since they had before denied him, and reviled the mysteries of faith, from a distant place ? ^^ And a bar shall be placed between them and that which they shall desire ; ^^ as it hath been done with those who behaved like them heretofore : because they have been in a doubt which hath caused scandal. 51 When the unbelievers shall tremble.^ tribunal to hell-fire ; or, from the plain of Viz. At their death, or the day of judg- Bedr to the well into which the dead bo- ment, or the battle of Bedr ^ dies of the slain were thrown ^. — And shall be taken from a near place.] 52 From a distant place.] i. e. When That is, from the outside of the earth to they are in the other world ; whereas faith the inside thereof; or, from before God's is to be received in this. 1 J I Beiddwi. ^ Idem. CHAPTER XXXV. INTITLED, THE CREATOR ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. * Praise be unto God, the Creator of heaven and earth ; who maketh the angels his messengers, furnished with two, and three, and four, pair of wings : God maketh what addition he pleaseth unto his creatures ; for God is Title — Creator.] Some entitle this chap- wings, according to their different orders ; ter, The Angels : both words occur in the the words not being designed to express first verse. the particular number. Gabriel is said to 1 Furnished with tivo, three, and' four have appeared to Mohammed, on the night pair of wings.] That is, some angels have he made his journey to heaven, with no a greater, and some. a lesser number of less than six hundred wings'. 1 Al Beiddwi. XXXV.] A L KORAN. almighty. ^ The mercy which God shall freely bestow on mankind, there is none who can withhold ; and what he shall withhold, there is none who can bestow, besides him : and he is the mighty, the wise. ^ O men, remember the favour of God towards you : is there any creator, besides God, who provideth food for you from heaven and earth? There is no God but he : how therefore are ye turned aside from acknowledging his unity ? ^ If they accuse thee of imposture, apostles before thee have also been accused of imposture : and unto God shall all things return. ^ O men, verily the promise of God is true : let not therefore the present life deceive you, neither let the deceiver deceive you concerning God : ^ for Satan is an enemy unto you ; wherefore hold him for an enemy : he only inviteth his confederates to be the inhabitants of hell. ^ For those who believe not there is prepared a severe torment : but for those who shall believe, and do that which is right, is prepared mercy and a great reward. ^ Shall he therefore for whom his evil work hath been pre- pared, and who imagineth it to be good, be as he who is rightly disposed, and discerneth the truth ? Verily God wdll cause to err whom he pleaseth, and will direct whom he pleaseth. Let not thy soul therefore be spent in sighs for their sakes, on account of their obstinacy ; for God well knoweth that which they do. ^ It is God who sendeth the winds, and raiseth a cloud ; and we drive the same unto a dead country, and thereby quicken the earth after it hath been dead : so shall the resurrection be. ^^ Whoever desireth excellence ; unto God doth all excel- lence belong : unto him ascendeth the good speech ; and the righteous w^ork will he exalt. But as for them who devise wicked plots, they shall suffer a severe punishment ; and the device of those men shall be rendered vain. " God created you first of the dust, and afterwards of seed : and he hath made you man and wife. No female con- ceiveth, or bringeth forth, but with his knowledge. Nor is any thing added unto the age of him whose life is pro- longed, neither is any thing diminished from his age, but 9 Iiesu7'rection.'\ See chap. xxix. verse Koreish did against Mohammed. See 19- chap. viii. verse 29. 10 Who devise wicked pIots.~\ As the 1 1 Seed.'} See chap. xxii. verse 5. 254 AL KORAN. [chap. the same is written in the book of God's decrees. Verily this is easy with God. ^^ The two seas are not to be held in comparison : this is fresh and sweet, pleasant to drink ; but that is salt and bitter : yet out of each of them ye eat fish, and take ornaments for vou to wear. Thou seest the ships also ploughing the waves thereof, that ye may seek to enrich yourselves by commerce, of the abundance of God : peradventure ye will be thankful. ^^ He causeth the night to succeed the day, and he causeth the day to suc- ceed the night ; and he obligeth the sun and the moon to perform their services : each of them runneth an appointed course. This is God, your Lord : his is the kingdom. ^^ But the idols which ye invoke besides him, have not the power even over the skin of a date-stone : if ye invoke them, they will not hear your calling : and although they should hear, yet they would not answer you. On the day of resurrection they shall disclaim your having associated them with God : and none shall declare unto thee the truth, like one who is well acquainted therewith. ^^ O men, ye have need of God : but God is self-suflS^cient, and to be praised. ^^ If he pleaseth, he can take you away, and produce a new creature in your stead : ^^ neither will this be difficult with God. ^^ A burdened soul shall not bear the burden of another: and if a heavy-burdened soul call on another to bear part of its burden, no part thereof shall be borne by the person who shall be called on, although he be ever so nearly related. Thou shalt admonish those who fear their Lord in secret, and are constant at prayer : and whoever cleanseth himself from the guilt of disobedience, cleanseth himself to the advan- tage of his own soul ; for all shall be assembled before God at the last day. ^^ The blind and the seeing shall not be held equal : ^^ neither darkness and light : ^^ nor the cool shade and the scorching wind : ^^ neither shall the living and the dead be held equal. God shall cause him to hear, whom he pleaseth : but thou shalt not make those 12 The two seas, &c.] That is, the two 19 The blind and the seeing shall not he collective bodies of salt water and fresh, held equal, &c.] This passage expresses See chap. xxv. verse 53. the great difference between a true be- — Fish.'] See chap. xvi. verse 14. liever and an infidel, truth and vanity, and — Ornaments.'] As pearls and coral, their future reward and punishment. See chap. xvi. verse 14. XXXV.] AL KORAN. 255 to hear who are in their graves. ^^ Thou art no other than a preacher : ^* verily we have sent thee with truth, a bearer of good tidings, and a denouncer of threats. There hath been no nation, but a preacher hath in past times been conversant among them : ^^ if they charge thee with imposture, they who were before them likewise charged their apostles with imposture. Their aj)ostles came unto them with evident miracles, and with divine writings, and with the enlightening book : ^^ afterwards I chastised those who were unbelievers ; and how severe was my vengeance ! ^^ Dost thou not see that God sendeth down rain from heaven: and that we thereby produce fruits of various colours ? ^^ In the mountains also there are some tracks white and red, of various colours ; and others are of a deep black : and of men, and beasts, and cattle, there are whose colours are in like manner various. Such only of his servants fear God, as are endued with understanding : verily God is mighty, and ready to forgive. ^^ Verily they who read the book of God, and are constant at prayer, and give alms out of what we have bestowed on them, both in secret and openly, hope for a merchandize which shall not perish: ^Hhat God may fully pay them their wages, and make them a superabundant addition of his liberality ; for he is ready to forgive the faults of his servants, and to requite their endeavours. ^^ That which we have revealed unto thee of the book of the Koran, is the truth, confirming the scriptures which were revealed before it : for God knoweth and regardeth his servants. ^^ And w^e have given the book of the Koran in heritage unto such of our servants as we have chosen : of them there is one who injureth his own soul ; and there is another of them who keepeth the middle way; and there is another of them who outstrippeth 22 TJiose who are in their graves."] different kinds. See chapter xvi. verse i. e. Those who obstinately persist in 14. their unbelief, who are compared to the 28 Of various colours.] Being more or dead. less intense ^ 25 Divine writings.] As the volumes 32 Who injureth his own soul.] By not delivered to Abraham, and to other pro- practising what he is taught and com- phets before Moses. manded in the Koran. — The enlightening book.] Viz. The — Who keepeth the middle way.] That Law, or the Gospel. is, who meaneth well, and performeth his 27 Of various colours.] That is, of duty for the most part, but not perfectly. * Jl Beiddwi. 256 A L KORAN. [chap. others in good works, by the permission of God. This is the great excellence. ^'^They shall be introduced into gardens of perpetual abode ; they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls, and their clothing therein shall be of silk : ^^ and they shall say. Praise be unto God, who, hath taken away sorrow from us : verily our Lord is ready to forgive the sinners, and to rew^ard the obedient ; ^^ who hath caused us to take up our rest in a dwelling of eternal stability, through his bounty, wherein no labour shall touch us, neither shall any weariness affect us. ^^ But for the unbelievers is prepared the fire of hell : it shall not be decreed them to die a second time ; neither shall any part of the punishment thereof be made lighter unto them. Thus shall every infidel be rewarded. ^'^ And they shall cry out aloud in hell, saying. Lord, take us hence, and we will work righteousness, and not what we have for- merly wrought. But it shall be answered them, Did we not grant you lives of length sufficient, that whoever would be w^arned might be w^arned therein ; and did not the preacher come unto you ? taste therefore the pains of hell. And the unjust shall have no protector. ^^ Verily God knoweth the secrets both of heaven and earth, for he knoweth the innermost parts of the breasts of men. ^^ It is he who hath made you to succeed in the earth. Whoever shall disbelieve, on him be his unbelief: and their unbelief shall only gain the unbelievers greater indig- nation in the sight of their Lord ; and their unbelief shall only increase the perdition of the unbelievers. ^^ Say, What think ye of your deities which ye invoke besides God ? Shew me wdiat part of the earth they have created. Or had they any share in the creation of the heavens ? Have we given unto the idolaters any book of revelations, so that they may rely on any proof therefrom to authorize their practice? Nay: but the ungodly make unto one another only deceitful promises. ^^ Verily God sustaineth the heavens and the earth, lest they fail ; and if they should fail, none could support the same besides him: he is gracious and merciful. ^^ The Koreish swore by God, with a most solemn oath, that if a preacher had come unto them, they would surely have been more willingly directed than any 37 The preacher.'] Viz. Mohammed. XXXVI.] AL KORAN. 257 nation: but now a preacher is come unto them, it hath only increased in them their aversion from the truth, ^^ on ac- count of their arrogance in the earth, and their contriving of evil; but the contrivance of evil shall only encompass the authors thereof. Do they expect any other than the punish- ment avrarded against the unbelievers of former times ? ^^ For thou shalt not find any change in the ordinance of God ; neither shalt thou find any variation in the ordi- nance of God. ^^ Have they not gone through the earth, and seen what hath been the end of those who were before them ; although they were more mighty in strength than they? God is not to be frustrated by any thing either in heaven or on earth, for he is wise and powerful. ^^ If God should punish men according to what they deserve, he would not leave on the back of the earth so much as a beast : but he respiteth them to a determined time ; and when their time shall come, verily God will regard his servants. CHAPTER XXXVI. INTITLED, Y. S. ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Y. S. ^ I SWEAR by the instructive Koran, ^ that thou art one of the messengers of God, ^ sent to shew the right way. ^ This is a revelation of the most mighty, the merciful God ; ^ that thou mayest warn a people whose fathers were not warned, and who live in negligence. ^ Our sentence hath justly been pronounced against the greater part of them ; wherefore they shall not believe. Title — Y, aS*.] The meaning of these The Mohammedans read it to dying per- letters is unknown * : some, however, from sons in their last agony 2. a tradition of Ehn Abbas, pretend they 7 Our sentence.^ Viz. The sentence of stand for Ya insan, i.e. O man. This damnation, which God pronounced against chapter, it is said, had several other titles the greater part of genii and men, at the given it by Mohammed himself, and parti- fall of Adam ^ cularly that of the Heart of the Koran. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. 2 y. Bobov. de Visit, aegrot. p. I7. * Index, Divine Decree. VOL. II. S 258 AL KORAN. [chap. ^ We have put yokes on their necks, which come up to their chins ; and they are forced to hold up their heads : ^ and we have set a bar before them, and a bar behind them ; and we have covered them with darkness ; where- fore they shall not see. ^^ It shall be equal unto them, whether thou preach unto them, or do not preach unto them ; they shall not believe. ^^ But thou shalt preach with effect unto him only who followeth the admonition of the Koran, and feareth the Merciful in secret. Where- fore bear good tidings unto him, of mercy, and an honour- able reward. ^^ Verily we will restore the dead to life, and will write down their works which they shall have sent before them, and their footsteps which they shall have left behind them : and every thing do we set down in a plain register. ^^ Propound unto them as an example the inhabitants of the city of Antioch, when the apostles 8 Yokes.'] Or collars, such as are de- scribed in chapter xiii. verse 7' 9 We have set a bar before them, and a bar behind them.] That is, we have placed obstacles to prevent their looking either forwards or backwards. The whole pas- sage represents the blindness and invinci- ble obstinacy with which God justly curses perverse and reprobate men. — Shall not see.] It is said, that when the Koreish, in pursuance of a resolution they had taken, had sent a select number to beset Mohammed's house, and to kill him ^, the prophet having caused Ali to lie down on his bed to deceive the assas- sins, went out, and threw a handful of dust at them, repeating the nine first verses of this chapter, which end here; and that they were thereupon stricken with blind- ness, so that they could not see him 2. 12 And the footsteps which they shall have left behind them.] As their good or evil example, doctrine, &c. 13 When the apostles of Jesus came to Antioch.] To explain this passage, the commentators tell the following story. The people of Antioch being idolaters, Jesus sent two of his disciples thither to preach to them ; and when they drew near the city, they found Habib, surnamed al Najjar, or the Carpenter, feeding sheep, and acquainted him with their errand ; whereupon he asked them what proof they had of their veracity ; and they told him they could cure the sick and the blind, and the lepers: and to demonstrate the truth of what they said, they laid their hands on a child of his, who was sick, and immediately restored him to health. Habib was convinced by this mi- racle, and believed ; after which they went into the city, and preached the worship of one true God, curing a great number of people of several infirmities : but at length, the affair coming to the prince's ear, he ordered them to be imprisoned for en- deavouring to seduce the people. When Jesus heard of this, he sent another of his disciples, generally supposed to have been Simon Peter ; who coming to Antioch, and appearing as a zealous idolater, soon insinuated himself into the favour of the inhabitants, and of their prince, and at length took an opportunity to desire the prince would order the two persons, who, as he was informed, had been put in prison for broaching new opinions, to be brought before him to be examined : and accordingly they were brought ; when Peter, having previously warned them to take no notice that they knew him, asked them who sent them ; to which they an- swered, God, who had created all things, and had no companion. He then required some convincing proof of their mission ; upon which they restored a blind person to his sight, and performed some other miracles, with which Peter seemed not to be satisfied, for that, according to some, he did the very same miracles himself. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § ii. 2 V. Abu'lfed. vit. Moham. p. 50. xxxvl] a L KORAN. 259 of Jesus came thereto : ^^ when we sent unto them two of the said apostles ; but they charged them with impos- ture. Wherefore we strengthened them with a third. And they said, Verily we are sent unto you by God. ^^ The inhabitants answered. Ye are no other than men, as we are, neither hath the Merciful revealed any thing unto you : ye only publish a lie. ^^ The apostles replied. Our Lord knoweth that we are really sent unto you : ^^ and our duty is only public preaching. ^^ Those of Antioch said. Verily we presage evil from you: if ye desist not from preaching, we will surely stone you, and a painful punishment shall be inflicted on you by us. ^^ The apostles answered. Your evil presage is with your- selves; although ye be warned, will ye persist in your errors? Verily ye are a people who transgress exceed- ingly. ^^ And a certain man came hastily from the farther parts of the city, and said, O my people, follow the messengers of God ; ^^ follow him who demandeth not any reward of you ; for these are rightly directed. [*XXIII.] '' What reason have I that I should not worship him who hath created me ? for unto him shall ye return. ^^ Shall I take other gods besides him ? If the Merciful be pleased to afflict me, their intercession will not avail me at all, neither can they deliver me : ^^ then should I be in a manifest error. ^^ Verily I believe in your Lord ; wherefore hearken unto me. ^^ But they stoned him ; and as he died, it was said unto him. Enter thou into paradise. And he said, O that my people knew how merciful God hath been unto me ! for he hath highly honoured me. ^^ And w^e sent not down against but declared, that if their God could en- Some say these two were John and Paul ; able them to raise the dead, he would but others name different persons, believe them : which condition the two — A third.'] Viz. Simon Peter, apostles accepting, a lad was brought who 18 Your evil presage is with yourselves.'] had been dead seven days, and at their i. e. If any evil befall you, it will be the prayers he was raised to life ; and there- consequence of your own obstinacy and upon Peter acknowledged himself con- unbelief. See chapter xxvii. verse vinced, and ran and demolished the idols, 48. a great many of the people following him, 20 A certain man.] This was Habib and embracing the true faith ; but those al Najjar, whose martyrdom is here de- who believed not, were destroyed by the scribed : his tomb is still shewn near cry of the angel Gabriel ^ Antioch, and is much visited by the Mo- 14 We sent unto them tivo apostles.] hammedans^. ^ Al Zamakh. Al Beiddwi^ &c. V. etiam Marracc. in Ale. p. 580. ^ y. Schultens. Indie. Geogr. ad. calcem Vitae Saladini, voce Antiochia. s 2 260 A L KORAN. [chap. his people, after they had slain him, an army from heaven, nor the other instruments of destruction which we sent down on unbelievers in former days ; ^Hhere was only one cry of Gabriel from heaven, and behold they became utterly extinct. ^^ O the misery of men ! No apostle cometh unto them, but they laugh him to scorn. ^^ Do they not consider how many generations we have destroyed before them ? ^^ Verily they shall not return unto them : but all of them in general shall be assembled before us. ^^ One sign of the resurrection unto them is the dead earth : we quicken the same by the rain, and produce thereout various sorts of grain, of which they eat. ^^ And we make therein gardens of palm-trees, and vines ; and we cause springs to gush forth in the same ; ^* that they may eat of the fruits thereof, and of the labour of their hands. Will they not therefore give thanks? ^^ Praise be unto him who hath created all the different kinds, both of vegetables, which the earth bringeth forth, and of their own species, by forming the two sexes, and also the various sorts of things which they know not. ^^ The night also is a sign unto them : we withdraw the day from the same, and behold, they are covered with darkness : ^^ and the sun hasteneth to his place of rest. This is the disposition of the mighty, the wise God. ^^ And for the moon have we appointed certain mansions, until she change, and return to be like the old branch of a palm- tree. ^^ It is not expedient that the sun should overtake the moon in her course ; neither doth the night outstrip the day : but each of these luminaries moveth in a pecu- 27 Nor the other instruments of destruc- laha ; according to which the sentence tiony which we sent down on unbelievers in should be rendered, The sun runneth his former daysJ] As a deluge, or shower of course without ceasing, and hath not .a stones, or a suffocating wind, &c. The place of rest. words may also be translated, Nor did we 38 Certain mansions,"] Viz. These are determine to send down such executioners twenty- eight constellations, through one of our justice. of which the moon passes every night, 32 Dead earth.'] See ch. xxix. ver. 19. thence called the mansions or houses of 37 The sun hasteneth to his place of the moon 1. rest.] That is, he hasteneth to run his — Until she return to he like the branch daily course ; the setting of the sun re- of an old palm-tree.] For when a palm sembling a traveller's going to rest. Some branch grows old, it shrinks, and becomes copies vary in this place, and, instead of crooked and yellow, not ill representing Limostakarrin laha, read la Mostakarra the appearance of the new moon. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § i. XXXVI.] AL KORAN. 261 liar orbit. ^^ It is a sign also unto them, that we carry their offspring in the ship filled with merchandise ; ^^ and that we have made for them other conveniences like unto it, whereon they ride. ^^ If we please, we drown them, and there is none to help them; ^^ neither are they delivered unless through our mercy, and that they may enjoy life for a season. ^^ When it is said unto them. Fear that which is before you, and that which is behind you, that ye may obtain mercy; they withdraw from thee : ^^ and thou dost not bring them one sign, of the signs of their Lord, but they turn aside from the same. ^^And when it is said unto them, Give alms of that which God hath bestowed on you; the unbelievers say unto those who believe, by way of mockery, Shall we feed him whom God can feed, if he pleaseth ? Verily ye are in no other than a manifest error. ^^ And they say. When will this promise of the resurrection be fulfilled, if ye speak truth ? ^^ They only wait for one sounding of the trumpet, which shall overtake them while they are disputing together ; ^^ and they shall not have time to make any disposition of their effects, neither shall they return] to Ftheir family. ^^ And the trumpet shall be sounded again ; and behold they shall come forth from their graves, and hasten unto their Lord. ^^ They shall say, Alas for us ! who hath awakened us from our bed ? This is what the Merciful promised us ; and his apostles spoke the truth. ^^ It shall be but one sound of the trumpet, and behold they shall be all assembled before us. ^^ On this day no soul shall be unjustly treated in 40 That we carry their offspring in the Moslems asked alms of the richer Koreish, ship filled with merchandise.'] Some sup- they told them, that if God could provide pose that the deliverance of Noah and his for them, as they imagined, and did not, companions in the ark is here intended: it was an argument that they deserved not and then the words should be translated, his favour so well a-i themselves : whereas That we carried their progeny in the ark, God permits some to be in want, to try filled with living creatures. the rich, and exercise their charity. 41 Other conveniences like unto it.] 48 Trumpet.] See the Prelim. Disc. As camels, which are the land-ships ; or § iv. for the description of the resurrection lesser vessels and boats. and last judgment; and the notes to chap. 44 Fear that which is before you, and xxxix. that which is behind you.] i. e. The 50 A second time.] See ibid, punishment of this world and of the 51 Who hath aw akeried its from our bed.] next. For they shall sleep during the interval 46 Shall we feed him whom God can between these two blasts of the trumpet, feed, if he pleases ?] When the poor and shall feel no pain ^, ^ JaUalo'ddln. 262 AL KORAN. [chap. the least ; neither shall ye be rewarded, but according to what ye shall have wrought. ^* On this day the inhabitants of paradise shall be wholly taken up with joy : ^^ they and their wives shall rest in shady groves, leaning on magnificent couches. ^^ There shall they have fruit, and they shall obtain whatever they shall desire. ^^ Peace shall be the word spoken unto the righteous, by a merci- ful Lord : ^^ but he shall say unto the wicked, Be ye separated this day, O ye wicked, from the righteous. \ ^^ Did I not command you, O sons of Adam, that ye should not worship Satan ; because he was an open enemy unto you ? ^^ And did I not say. Worship me ; this is the right way ? ^^ But now hath he seduced a great multitude of you : did ye not therefore understand ? ^^ This is hell with which ye were threatened : ^^ be ye cast into the same this day, to be burned ; for that ye have been unbelievers. ^^ On this day we will seal up their mouths, that they shall not open them in their own defence ; and their hands shall speak unto us, and their feet shall bear witness of that which they have committed. ^^ If we pleased, we could put out their eyes, and they might run with emulation in the way they use to take ; and how should they see their error ? ^^ And if we pleased, we could transform them into other shapes, in their places where they should be found ; and they should not be able to depart : neither should they repent. ^^ Unto whomsoever we grant a long life, him do w^e cause to bow down his body through age. Will they not therefore understand ? ^^ We have not taught Mohammed the art of poetry ; nor is it expedient for him to be a poet. This book is no other than an admonition from God, and a perspicuous Koran ; ^^ that he may warn him who is living : and the sentence of condemnation will be justly executed on the unbelievers. ^^ Do they not 6*4 For the description of the punishment 68 TVe have not taught Mohammed the of the wicked, see the Prelim. Disc. § iv. art of poetry.'] This is in answer to the 65 If we pleased) we could put out their infidels, who pretended the Koran was eyesy &c.] That is, they deserve to be only a poetical composition, thus treated for their infidelity and dis- 69 Him who is living.'] i. e. Endued obedience ; but we bear with them out of with understanding ; the stupid and care- mercy, and grant them respite. less being like dead persons ^ ' At Beiddwi. XXXVI.] AL KORAN. 263 consider that we have created for them, among the things which our hands have wrought, cattle of several kinds, of which they are possessors ; ^^ and that we have put the same in subjection under them ? Some of them are for their riding ; ^^ and on some of them do they feed : and they receive other advantages therefrom; and of their milk do they drink. Will they not therefore be thank- ful ? ^^ They have taken other gods besides God, in hopes that they may be assisted by them : ^^ but they are not able to give them any assistance ; yet are they a party of troops ready to defend them. ^^ Let not their speech, therefore, grieve thee : we know that which they privately conceal ; ^^ and we know also that which they publicly discover. ^^ Doth not man know that we have created him of seed ? yet behold, he is an open disputer against the resurrection. '^^ And he propoundeth unto us a com- parison, and forgetteth his creation. He saith, Who shall restore bones to life, when they are rotten ? ^^ An- swer, he shall restore them to life, who produced them the first time : for he is skilled in every kind of creation : ^^ who giveth you fire out of the green tree ; and behold, ye kindle your fuel from thence. ^^ Is not he who hath created the heavens and the earth, able to create new creatures like unto them ? Yea, certainly : for he is the wise Creator. ^^ His command, when he willeth a thing, is only that he saith unto it, be ; and it is. ^^ Where- fore praise be unto him, in whose hand is the kingdom of all things, and unto whom ye shall return at the last day. 80 Who giveth you fire out of the green monly of the tree called Markh, and the tree.'] The usual way of striking fire in other of that called Afar : and it will the east, is by rubbing together two succeed, even though the wood be green pieces of wood, one of which is com- and wet ^ 1 V. Hyde, de Rel. Vet. Pers. xxv, 333, &c. 264 A L KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER XXXVII. INTITLED, THOSE WHO RANK THEMSELVES IN ORDER; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ By the angels who rank themselves in order ; ^ and by those who drive forward and dispel the clouds ; ^ and by those who read the Koran for an admonition ; * verily your God is one : ^ the Lord of heaven and earth, and of whatever is between them, and the Lord of the east. ^ We have adorned the lower heaven with the ornament of the stars : '^ and we have placed therein a guard against every rebellious devil ; ^ that they may not listen to the discourse of the exalted princes, (for they are darted at from every side, to repel them : ^ and a lasting torment is prepared for them ;) ^^ except him who catcheth a word by stealth, and is pursued by a shining flame. ^^ Ask the Meccans, therefore, whether they be stronger by nature, or the angels whom we have created ? We have surely created them of stiff clay. ^^ Thou wonderest at God's power and their obstinacy : but they mock at the argu- ments urged to convince them : ^^ when they are warned, they do not take warning ; ^^ and when they see any sign, they scoff thereat, and say, ^^ This is no other than mani- 1 By the angels who rank themselves in 5 The east.^ The original word, being order, &c.] Some understand by these in the plural number, is supposed to sig- words the souls of men who range them- nify the different points of the horizon selves in obedience to God's laws, and put from whence the sun rises in the course of away from them all infidelity and corrupt the year, which are in number 360, (equal doings; or the souls of those who rank to the number of days in the old civil themselves in battle-array, to fight for the year,) and have as many corresponding true religion, and push on their horses to points where it successively sets during charge the infidels, &c. ^ that space ^. Marracci groundlessly ima- 2 Who drive forward the clouds.'] Or, gines this interpretation to be built on who put in motion all bodies, in the upper what he calls the error of the plurality of and lower world, according to the divine worlds*. command ; or, who keep off men from 10 A shining flame. ^ The Mohamme- disobedience to God, by inspiring them dans believe that shooting stars are fiery with good thoughts and inclinations ; or, darts hurled by the angels against the who drive away the devils from them, devils, when they approach too near the &c. 2 planets entrusted to their charge. ^ J I Beiddwi. ^ Idem. ^ idem, Yahya. * Marracc. in Ale. p. 589. XXXVII.] AL KORAN. 265 fest sorcery : ^^ after we shall be dead, and become dust and bones, ^^ shall we really be raised to life, ^^ and our forefathers also? ^^ Answer, Yea: and ye shall then be despicable. ^^ There shall be but one blast of the trumpet, and they shall see themselves raised : ^^ and they shall say, Alas for us ! this is the day of judgment : ^^ this is the day of distinction between the righteous and the wicked, which ye rejected as a falsehood. ^^ Gather together those who have acted unjustly, and their comrades, and the idols which they worshipped besides God, and direct them in the way to hell : ^* and set them before God's tribunal ; for they shall be called to account. ^^ What aileth you, that ye defend not one another? ^^ But on this day they shall submit themselves to the judgment of God : ^^ and they shall draw nigh unto one another, and shall dispute among themselves. ^^ And the seduced shall say unto those who seduced them, Verily ye came unto us with presages of prosperity. ^^ And the seducers shall answer. Nay, rather ye were not true believers : ^^ for we had no power over you to compel you ; ^^ but ye were people who voluntarily transgressed : ^^ wherefore the sentence of our Lord hath been justly pronounced against us, and we shall surely taste his vengeance. ^^ We seduced you ; but we also erred ourselves. ^^ They shall both therefore be made partakers of the same punishment on that day. ^^ Thus will we deal with the wicked : ^^ because, when it is said unto them. There is no god besides the true God, they swell with arrogance. ^^ And they say. Shall we abandon our gods for a distracted poet ? ^^ Nay ; he cometh with the truth, and beareth witness to the former apostles. ^^ Ye shall surely taste the painful torment of hell : ^^ and ye shall not be rewarded, but according to your works. ^^ But as for the sincere ser- vants of God, ^^ they shall have a certain provision in paradise, namely, ^^ delicious fruits : and they shall be honoured : ^^ they shall be placed in gardens of pleasure, ^^ leaning on couches, opposite to one another : ^^a cup shall be carried round unto them, ^^ filled from a limpid 28 Presages of prosperity.'] Literally, 45 Opposite to one another.'] Because from the right hand. The words nvdy also he turning their backs would be a sign of rendered, With force to compel us ; or, With contempt, an oath ; swearing that ye were in the right. 266 A L KORAN. [chap. fountain, for the delight of those who drink : ^^ it shall not oppress the understanding, neither shall they be inebriated therewith. ^^ And near them shall lie the virgins of paradise, refraining their looks from beholding any besides their spouses, having large black eyes, ^° and resembling the eggs of an ostrich, covered with feathers from the dust. ^' And they shall turn the one unto the other, and shall ask one another questions. ^^ And one of them shall say, Verily I had an intimate friend while I lived in the world ; ^^ and he said unto me. Art thou one of those who assertest the truth of the resurrection ? •^^ After we shall be dead, and reduced to dust and bones, shall we surely be judged ? ^^ Then he shall say to his companions, Will ye look down? ^^ And he shall look down, and shall see him in the midst of hell : ^^ and he shall say unto him. By God, it wanted little but thou hadst drawn me into ruin ; ^^ and had it not been for the grace of my Lord, I had surely been one of those who have been delivered up to eternal torment. ^^ Shall we die any other than our first death ; ^^ or do we suffer any punishment ? ^^ Verily this is great felicity : ^^ for the obtaining a felicity like this let the labourers labour. ^^ Is this a better entertainment, or the tree of Al Zakkum ? ^* Verily we have designed the same for an occasion of dispute unto the unjust. ^^ It is a tree which issueth from the bottom of hell : ^^ the fruit thereof re- sembleth the heads of devils ; ^^ and the damned shall eat of the same, and shall fill their bellies therewith; ^^ and there shall be given them thereon a mixture of filthy and boiling water to drink : ^^ afterwards shall they return into hell. ^^ They found their fathers going astray ; ^^ and they trod hastily in their footsteps ; ^^ for the greater 50 Resembling the eggs of an ostrich, dels not conceiving how a tree could grow &;c.] This may seem an odd comparison in hell, where the stones themselves serve to an European ; but the orientals think for fuel. nothing comes so near the colour of a fine 66 Of devils.'] Or of serpents, ugly to woman's skin, as that of an ostrich's egg behold : the original word signifies both, when kept perfectly clean. 69 Afterwards shall they return into 63 Al Zakkum.] There is a thorny hell.] Some suppose that the entertain- tree so called, which grows in Tehama, ment above-mentioned, will be the wel- and bears fruit like an almond, but ex- come given the damned before they enter tremely bitter, and therefore the same that place ; and others, that they will be Jiame is given to this infernal tree. suffered to come out of hell from time to 61 An occasion of dispute.] The infi- time, to drink their scalding liquor. 2 XXXVII.] A L KORAN. 267 part of the ancients erred before them. ^^ And we sent Warners unto them heretofore : ^^ and see how miserable was the end of those w^ho were warned ; ^^ except the sincere servants of God. ^^ Noah called on us in former days, and we heard him graciously : ^^ and we delivered him and his family out of the great distress ; ^^ and we caused his offspring to be those who survived to people the earth : ^^ and we left the following salutation to be bestowed on him by the latest posterity, namely, ^^ Peace be on Noah among all creatures ! ^^ Thus do we reward the righteous ; ^^ for he was one of our servants the true believers. ^^ Afterwards we drowned the others. ^^ Abra- ham also was of his religion : ^^ when he came unto his Lord with a perfect heart. ^^ When he said unto his father and his people, What do ye worship ? ^^ Do ye choose false gods preferably to the true God ? ^^ What therefore is your opinion of the Lord of all creatures ? ^^ And he looked and observed the stars ; ^^ and said, Verily I shall be sick, and shall not assist at your sacri- fices ; ^^ and they turned their backs, and departed from him. ^^ And Abraham went privately to their gods, and said scoffingly unto them. Do ye not eat of the meat which is set before you ? ^^ What aileth you that ye speak not ? ^^ And he turned upon them, and struck them with his right hand, and demolished them. ^^ And the people came hastily unto him : ^^ and he said, Do ye worship the images which ye carve ? ^^ whereas God hath created you, and also that which ye make. ^^ They said, Build a pile for him, and cast him into the glowing fire. ^^And they devised a plot against him; but we made them the inferior, and delivered him. ^^^ And Abraham said, Verily I am going unto my Lord, who will direct me. ^^^ O Lord, grant me a righteous issue. ^^^ Where- 84 Abraham also was of his religion.'] to the superstitions of astrology,) and For Noah and he agreed in the funda- made it his excuse for being absent from mental points both of faith and practice; their festival, to which they had invited him. though the space between them was no 91 And they turned their backs, &c.] less than 2640 years ^. Fearing he had some contagious dis- 89, 90 And he observed the stars, and temper 2. said, I shall be sicJcl He made as if he 99 Delivered him.] See ch. xxi. ver. 59. gathered so much from the aspect of the 100 Unto my Lord.] i. e. Whither he heavens, (the people being greatly addicted hath commanded me. 1 Al Beidawi, • ^ Idem. 268 AL KORAN. [chap. fore we acquainted him that he should have a son, who should be a meek youth. ^^^ And when he had attained to years of discretion, and could join in acts of religion with him ; Abraham said unto him, O my son, verily I saw in a dream that I should offer thee in sacrifice : con- sider therefore what thou art of opinion I should do. He answered, O my father, do what thou art commanded : thou shalt find me, if God please, a patient person. ^^* And when they had submitted themselves to the divine will, and Abraham had laid his son prostrate on his face, ^^^ we cried unto him, O Abraham, now hast thou verified the vision. '^^ Thus do we reward the righteous. ^^^ Verily this was a manifest trial. ^^^ And we ransomed him with a noble victim. ^^^ And we left the following salutation to be bestowed on him by the latest posterity, namely, ^^^ Peace be on Abraham ! Thus do we reward the riglit- 103 To years of discretion,~\ He was then thirteen years old ^. — / dreamed that I should sacrifice thee, &c.] The commentators say, that Abraham was ordered in a vision, which he saw on the eighth night of the month Dhu'lhajja, to sacrifice his son ; and to assure him that this was not from the devil, as he was inclined to suspect, the same vision was repeated a second time the next night, when he knew it to be from God, and also a third time the night following, when he resolved to obey it, and to sacrifice his son : and hence some think the 8th, 9th, and 10th days of Dhu'lhajja are called Yawm aUerwiya, yawm arafat, and yawm alnehr ; that is, the day of the vision, the day of know- ledge, and the day of the sacrifice. It is the most received opinion among the Mohammedans, that the son whom Abraham offered was Ismael, and not Isaac ; Ismael being his only son at that time : for the promise of Isaac's birth is mentioned lower, as subsequent in time to this transaction. They also allege the testimony of their prophet, who is reported to have said, I am the son of the two who were offered in sacrifice ; meaning his great ancestor Ismael, and his own father Abd'allah : for Abd'almotalleb had made a vow, that if God would permit him to find out and open the well Zemzem, and should give him ten sons, he would sacri- fice one of them ; accordingly, when he had obtained his desire in both respects, he cast lots on his sons, and the lot falling on Abd'allah, he redeemed him by offering an hundred camels, which was therefore ordered to be the price of a man's blood in the Sonna^. 104 And had laid him prostrate on his face.~\ The commentators add, that Abra- ham went so far as to draw the knife with all his strength across the lad's throat ; but was miraculously hindered from hurt- ing him 2. 105 A noble victim.'] The epithet of great or noble is here added, either be- cause it was large and fat, or because it was accepted as the ransom of a prophet. Some suppose this victim was a ram ; and, if we may believe a common tradition, the very same which Abel sacrificed ; having been brought to Abraham out of para- dise. Others fancy it was a wild goat, which came down from mount Thabir, near Mecca ; for the Mohammedans lay the scene of this transaction in the valley of Mina ; as a proof of which they tell us, that the horns of the victim were hung up on the spout of the Caaba, where they re- mained until they were burnt, together with that building, in the days of Abda'l- lah Ebn Zobeir*; though others assure us, that they had been taken down by Mo- hammed himself, to remove all occasion of idolatry ^ ^ dl Beiddwi, JallaW ddin. 2 I den), Jallalo^ldin, At Zamakh. ^ A I Beiddwi, ^ lidem. ^ V. lyilerbcl Bibl. Orient. Art. Ismail XXX VII.] AL KORAN. 269 eous : ^^^ for he was one of our faithful servants. ^^^ And we rejoiced him with the promise of Isaac, a righteous prophet ; ^'^and we blessed him and Isaac ; and of their offspring were some righteous doers, and others who manifestly injured their own souls. ^^^We were also gracious unto Moses and Aaron, heretofore ; "^ and we delivered them and their people from a great distress. ™ And we assisted them against the Egyptians ; and they became the conquerors. ^^^ And we gave them the perspicuous book of the law, ^^^ and we directed them into the right way : ^^^ and we left the following salutation, to be bestowed on them by the latest posterity, namely, ^^^ Peace be on Moses and Aaron ! ^^^ Thus do we re- ward the righteous ; for they were two of our faithful servants. ^^^ And Elias was also one of those who were sent by us. ^^^ When he said unto his people. Do ye not fear God ? ^^^ Do ye invoke Baal, and forsake the most excellent Creator? ^^^God is our Lord, and the Lord of your forefathers. ^^^ But they accused him of impos- ture : ^^^ wherefore they shall be delivered up to eternal punishment ; ^^^ except the sincere servants of God. ^^^ And we left the following salutation to be bestowed on him by the last posterity, namely, Peace be on Ilyasin ! ^^^ Thus do we rew^ard the righteous ; ^^^ for he was one of our faithful servants. ^^^ And Lot was also one of those who were sent by us. ^^^ When we delivered him and his whole family, ^^^ except an old woman his wife, who perished among those that remained behind : ^^^ after- 122 Elias.~\ This prophet the Moham- the Arabs write it, Tlyas, and that both medans generally suppose to be the same that prophet and his followers, or those with al Khedr, and confound him with who resembled them, are meant thereby : Phineas ^, and sometimes with Edris, or others divide the word, and read al Yasin, Enoch. Some say he was the son of Ya- i. e. the family of Yasin, who was the father sin, and nearly related to Aaron ; and of Elias, according to an opinion men- others suppose him to have been a different tioned above : and others imagine it signi- person. He was sent to the inhabitants of fies Mohammed, or the Koran, or some Baalbeck, in Syria, the Heliopolis of the other book of Scripture. But the most Greeks, to reclaim them from the worship probable conjecture is, that Ilyas and Ily- of their idol Baal, or the sun, whose name asin are the same name, or design one and makes part of that of the city, which was the same person, as Sinai and Sinin de- anciently called Becc 2. note one and the same mountain ; the last 129 Ilyasin.'} The commentators do syllable being added here, to keep up the not well know what to make of this word, rhyme, or cadence, at the close of the Some think it is the plural of Elias, or as verse. 1 See chap, xviii. verse 67- ^ Jallalo' ddin , Al BeiddwL 270 AL KORAN. [chap. wards we destroyed the others. ^^^ And ye, O people of Mecca, pass by the places where they once dwelt, as ye journey in the morning, and by night : ^^^ will ye not therefore understand ? ^^^ Jonas was also one of those who were sent by us. ^^^ When he fled into the loaded ship ; ^^^ and those who were on board cast lots among themselves, and he was condemned : ^^^ and the fish swal- lowed him ; for he was worthy of reprehension. ^^^ And if he had not been one of those who praised God, ^^^ verily he had remained in the belly thereof until the day of re- surrection. ^^^ And we cast him on the naked shore, and he was sick ; ^^^ and we caused a plant of a gourd to grow up over him ; ^^^ and we sent him to an hundred thousand persons, or they were a greater number, and they be- lieved : ^^^ wherefore we granted them to enjoy this life for a season. ^^^ Inquire of the Meccans whether thy Lord hath daughters, and they sons ? ^^^ Have Ave created the angels of the female sex? and were they witnesses thereof? ^^^Do they not say of their own false invention, God hath begotten issue ? ^^^ and are they not really liars ? ^^^ Hath he chosen daughters preferably to sons ? 135 The others.'] See chap. vii. and The opinions of the Mohammedan wri- chap. xi. for the history of Sodom. ters, as to the time Jonas continued in the 138 Jonas.] See chap. x. for the his- fish's belly, differ very much ; some sup- tory of Jonah, pose it was a part of a day, others three 140 They cast lots.]- Al Beidawi says days, others seven, others twenty, and the ship stood stock still ; wherefore they others forty K concluded, that they had a fugitive servant 145 A gourd.] The original word pro- on board, and cast lots to find him out. perly signifies a plant which spreads itself — He was condemned.] i. e. He was upon the ground, having no erect stalk or taken by the lot. stem to support it ; and particularly a 141 The fish swallowed him.] When gourd : though some imagine Jonas's plant the lot fell on Jonas, he cried out, I am to have been a fig ; and others the small the fugitive ; and immediately threw him- tree or shrub called Mauz ^, which bears self into the sea ^. very large leaves, and excellent fruit ^. 142 One of those who praised God.] The commentators add, that this plant The words seem to relate particularly to withered the next morning, and that Jonas Jonas's supplication while in the whale's being much concerned at it, God made a belly 2. remonstrance to him in behalf of the Nine- 144 He was sick.] By reason of what vites, agreeable to what is recorded in he had suffered ; his body becoming like scripture. that of a new-born child 3. It is said that 148 Daughters.] The passage alludes the fish, after it had swallowed Jonas, to the superstitious belief of certain tribes swam after the ship with its head above that the angels were the daughters of God, water, that the prophet might breathe ; which was more derogatory to the divine who continued to praise God till the fish majesty, as the birth of a daughter was came to land, and vomited him out. deemed a misfortune by the Arabs. ^ Jallalo^ddin, al Beidawi. ^ See chap. xxi. verse 87* ^ Al Beidawi. * Idem. 5 Idem. ^ V. /. Leon Descr. Afric. lib. 9. Gab. Sionit. de Urb. Orient, ad calcem Geogr. Nub. p. 55. and Hottinger, Hist. Orient, p. 7^> &c. xxxvii.] AL KORAN. 271 153 Ye have no reason to judge thus. ^^^ Will ye not therefore be admonished ? ^^^ Or have ye a manifest proof of what ye say ? ^^^ Produce novi^ your book of reve- lations, if ye speak truth. ^^^ And they make him to be of kin unto the genii ; whereas the genii know that they who affirm such things, shall be delivered up to eternal punishment ; ^^^ (far be that from God, which they affirm of him !) ^^^ except the sincere servants of God. ^^^ More- over ye, and that which ye worship, ^^^ shall not seduce any concerning God, ^^^ except him who is destined to be burned in hell. ^^^ There is none of us, but hath an ap- pointed place: ^^^we range ourselves in order, attending the commands of God ; ^^^ and we celebrate the divine praise. ^^^ The infidels said, ^^^ If we had been favoured with a book of divine revelations, of those which were delivered to the ancients, ^^^ we had surely been sincere servants of God : ^^^ yet now the Koran is revealed, they believe not therein ; ^^^ but hereafter shall they know the consequences of their unbelief. ^^^ Our word hath for- merly been given unto our servants the apostles ; ^^^ that they should certainly be assisted against the infidels, and that our armies should surely be the conquerors. ^^^ Turn aside therefore from them for a season ; ^^* and see the calamities which shall afflict them ; for they shall see thy future success and prosperity ? ^^^ Do they there- fore seek to hasten our vengeance ? ^^^ Verily, when it shall descend into their courts, an evil morning shall it be unto those who were warned in vain. ^^^ Turn aside from them therefore for a season ; ^^^ and see : hereafter shall they see thy success and their punishment. ^^^ Praise be 157 The genii.^ That is, the angels, they have each their station and office ap- who are also comprehended under the pointed them by God, whose commands name of genii, being a species of them, they are at all times ready to execute, and Some say that the infidels went so far as whose praises they continually sing. There to assert, that God and the devil were are some expositors, however, who think brothers ^ ; which blasphemous expression they are the words of Mohammed and his may have been occasioned by the Magian followers ; the meaning being, that each of notions. them has a place destined for him in para- 163 There is none of us, hut hath mi dise, and that they are the men who range appointed place, &c.] These words are themselves in order before God, to worship supposed to have been spoken by the and pray to him, and who celebrate his angels, disclaiming the worship paid to praise, by rejecting every false notion de- them by the idolaters, and declaring that rogatory to the divine wisdom and power. 1 Al BeiddwL 272 A L KORAN. [chap. unto thy Lord, the Lord who is far exalted above what they affirm of him ! ^^^ And peace be on his apostles ! ^^^ And praise be unto God, the Lord of all creatures ! CHAPTER XXXVIII. INTITLED, S; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ S. ^ By the Koran full of admonition. ^ Verily the unbelievers are addicted to pride and contention. ^ How many generations have we destroyed before them ? and they cried for mercy, but it was not a time to escape. ^ They wonder that a warner from among themselves hath come unto them. And the unbelievers said. This man is a sorcerer, and a liar. ^ Doth he affirm the gods to be but one God ? Surely this is a wonderful thing. '^ And the chief men among them departed, saying one to another, Go, and persevere in the worship of your gods : verily this is the thing which is designed. ^ We have not heard any thing like this in the last religion: this is no other than a false contrivance. ^ Hath an admonition been sent unto him preferably to any other among us ? ^^ Verily they are in a doubt concerning my admonition : but they have not yet tasted my vengeance. ^^ Are the treasuries of the mercy of thy Lord, the mighty, the munificent God, in their hands ? ^^ Is the kingdom of the heavens Title — *S.] The meaning of this letter is Abu Taleb, to complain to him of his unknown 1 : some guess it stands for Sidk, nephew Mohammed's proceedings: but i. e. Truth ; or for Sadaka, i. e. He (viz, being confounded and put to silence by the Mohammed) speaketh the truth : and prophet's arguments, they left the assem- others propose different conjectures, all bly ; and encouraged one another in their equally uncertain. obstinacy ^, 2 By the Koran, &c.] Something must 7 This is the thing which is designed.'] be understood to answer this oath, which Namely, to draw us from their worship, the commentators variously supply. 8 In the last religion.'} i. e. In the re- 7 The chief men among them departed, ligion which we received from our fathers ; &c.] On the conversion of Omar, the or, in the religion of Jesus, which was Koreish being greatly irritated, the most the last before the mission of Moham- considerable of them went in a body to med ^. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. ^ ji Beiddwi. ^ Idem. xxxviii.] A L KORAN. 273 and the earth, and of whatever is between them, in their possession ? ^^ If it be so, let them ascend by steps unto heaven. But any army of the confederates shall even here be put to flight. ^^ The people of Noah, and the tribe of Ad, and Pharaoh the contriver of the stakes, ^*and the tribe of Thamud, and the people of Lot, and the inhabitants of the wood near Madian, accused the prophets of imposture before them : these were the con- federates against the messengers of God. ^^ All of them did no other than accuse their apostles of falsehood: wherefore my vengeance hath been justly executed upon them. ^^ And these wait only for one sounding of the trumpet ; which there shall be no deferring. ^^ And they scoffingly say, O Lord, hasten our sentence unto us, be- fore the day of account. ^^ Do thou patiently bear that which they utter : and remind them of our servant David, endued with strength ; for he was one who seriously turned himself unto God. ^^ We compelled the moun- tains to celebrate our praise with him, in the evening and at sunrise ; ^^ and also the birds, which gathered them- selves together unto him : all of them returned frequently unto him for this purpose. ^^ And we established his kingdom, and gave him wisdom and eloquence of speech. ^^Hath the story of the two adversaries come to thy knowledge ; when they ascended over the wall into the upper apartment, ^^ when they went in unto David, and he was afraid of them ? They said, Fear not ; we are two 13 The contriver of the stakes.'] For is here meant. They say David used to they say Pharaoh used to tie those he had fast every other day, and to spend one half a mind to punish, by the hands and feet to of the night in prayer ^. four stakes fixed in the ground, and so 20 The birds.J See ch^p. xxi. verse ^9. tormented them ^. Some interpret the 22 The tivo adversaries.] These were words, which may also be translated The two angels, who came unto David in the lord or master of the stakes, figuratively, shape of men, to demand judgment in the of the firm establishment of Pharaoh's feigned controversy after-mentioned. It kingdom ; because the Arabs fix their tents is no other than Nathan's parable to with stakes 2 ; but they may possibly in- David*, a little disguised, tend that prince's obstinacy, and hardness 23 He was afraid of them.] Because of heart. they came suddenly upon him, on a day of 14 Of the wood.] To whom Shoaib was privacy, when the doors were guarded, sent. and no person admitted to disturb his 18 Endued with strength.] The com- devotions. For David, they say, divided mentators suppose that ability to undergo his time regularly, setting apart one day the frequent practice of religious exercises for the service of God, another day for > Jallalo'ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. , ^ lidem. Interp. 4 2 Sam. xii. VOL. II. , ^ T 274 AL KORAN. [chap. adversaries who have a controversy to be decided. ^^ The one of us hath wronged the other : wherefore judge be- tween us with truth, and be not unjust ; and direct us into the even way. ^^ This my brother had ninety and nine sheep ; and I had only one ewe : and he said, Give her me to keep : and he prevailed against me in the dis- course which we had together. ^^ David answered, Verily he hath wronged thee, in demanding thine ewe as an addition to his own sheep : and many of them who are concerned together in business, wrong one another, except those who believe, and do that which is right ; but how few are they ! ^^ And David perceived that we had tried him by this parable, and he asked pardon of his Lord ; and he fell down and bowed himself, and repented. Wherefore we forgave him this fault ; and he shall have an excellent place of abode in paradise. ^^ O David, verily we have appointed thee a sovereign prince in the earth : judge therefore between men with truth ; and follow not thy own lust, lest it cause thee to err from the Avay of God : for those who err from the way of God, shall suffer a severe punishment, because they have for- gotten the day of account. ^^ We have not created the heavens and the earth, and whatever is between them, in vain. This is the opinion of the unbelievers : but. woe unto those who believe not, because of the fire of hell. ^^ Shall we deal with those who believe, and do good works, as with those who aot corruptly in the earth? Shall we deal with the pious as with the wicked ? ^^ A blessed book have we sent down unto thee, O Moham- med, that they may attentively meditate on the signs thereof, and that men of understanding may be warned. ^^ And we gave unto David, Solomon ; how excellent a servant ! for he frequently turned himself unto God. rendering justice to his people, another Some suppose this story was told to day for preaching to them, and another serve as an admonition to Mohammed, day for his own aftairs ^ who, it seems, was apt to covet what was 27 -^nd David perceived that we had another's. tried himy &c.] The crime of which Da- 29 We have not created the heavens and vid had been guilty was, the taking the the earth in vain."] So as to permit injus- wife of Uriah, and ordering her husband tice to go unpunished, and righteousness to be set in the front of the battle to be unrewarded, slain 2. 1 Al Beiddwi, JaUalo'ddi?i. ^ lidem. XXXVIII.] AL KORAN. 275 ^^ When the horses standing on three feet, and touching the ground with the edge of the fourth foot, and swift in the course, were set in parade before him in the evening ; ^^ he said, Verily I have loved the love of earthly good above the remembrance of my Lord ; and have spent the time in viewing these horses, until the sun is hidden by the veil of night : bring the horses back unto me. ^^ And when they were brought back, he began to cut off their legs and their necks. ^^ We also tried Solomon ; and placed on his throne a counterfeit body. Afterwards he turned unto God, ^'^ and said, O Lord, forgive me, and give me a kingdom w^hich may not be obtained by any after me ; for thou art the giver of kingdoms. ^^ And we 33 PFhen the horses were set in parade before him, &c.] Some say that Solomon brought these horses, being a thousand in number, from Damascus and Nisibis, which cities he had taken ; others say that they were left him by his father, who took them from the Amalekites; while others, who prefer the marvellous, pretend that they came up out of the sea, and had wings. However, Solomon, having one day a mind to view these horses, ordered them to be brought before him, and was so taken up with them, that he spent the re- mainder of the day, till after sun-set, in looking on them ; by which means he neg- lected the prayer, which ought to have been said at that time, till it was too late ; but when he perceived his omission, he was so greatly concerned at it, that, order- ing the horses to be brought back, he killed them all as an offering to God, ex- cept only a hundred of the best of them. But God made him ample amends for the loss of these horses, by giving him domi- nion over the winds ^. 36 We placed on his throne a counter- feit body, &c.] The most received exposi- tion of this passage is taken from the fol- lowing Talmudic fable ^. Solomon, having taken Sidon, and slain the king of that city, brought away his daughter Jerada, who became his favourite, and because she ceased not to lament her father's loss, he ordered the devils to make an image of him for her consolation : which being done, and placed in her chamber, she and her maids worshipped it morning and evening, according to their custom. At length Solomon being in- formed of this idolatry, which was prac- tised under his roof, by his vizir Asaf, he broke the image, and having chas- tised the women, went out into the desert, where he wept, and made supplication to God; who did not think fit, however, to let his negligence pass without some cor- rection. It was Solomon's custom, while he eased or washed himself, to trust his signet, on which his kingdom depended, with a concubine of his named x\mina : one day, therefore, when she had the ring in her custody, a devil, named Sakhar, came to her in the shape of Solomon, and received the ring from her ; by virtue of which he became possessed of the kingdom, and sat on the throne in the shape which he had borrowed, making what alterations in the law he pleased. Solomon, in the mean time, being changed in his outward ap- pearance, and known to none of his sub- jects, was obliged to wander about, and beg alms for his subsistence ; till at length, after the space of forty days, which was the time the image had been worshipped in his house, the devil flew away, and threw the signet into the sea : the signet was immediately swallowed by a fish, which being taken and given to Solomon, he found the ring in its belly: and having by this means recovered the kingdom, took Sakhar, and tying a great stone to his neck, threw him into the lake of Tiberias ^. 37 A kingdom, which may not be ob- tained by any after me.'] i. e. That I may surpass all future princes in magnificence and power. ^ Jl Beiddwi. Al Zamakh, Yalkutin lib. Reg. p. 182. Yahya, 2 y. Talm. En Jacob. Yahya. Part 2. & ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, Abu'lfeda, T 2 27G AL KORAN. [chap. made the wind subject to him ; it ran gently, at his com- mand, whithersoever he directed. ^^ And we also put the devils in subjection under him ; and among them such as were every way skilled in building, and in diving for pearls: ^^ and others we delivered to him bound in chains ; ^^ saying, This is our gift : therefore be bounteous, or be sparing unto whom thou shalt think fit, without rendering an account. ^^ And he shall approach near unto us, and shall have an excellent abode in paradise. ^^ And remem- ber our servant Job, when he cried unto his Lord, saying, Verily Satan hath afflicted me with calamity and pain. ^* And it was said unto him. Strike the earth with thy foot ; which when he had done, a fountain sprang up ; and it was said unto him, This is for thee to wash in, to refresh thee, and to drink. ^^ And we restored unto him his family, and as many more with them, through our mercy ; and for an ad- monition unto those who are endued with understanding. ^^ And we said unto him. Take a handful of rods in thy hand, and strike thy wife therewith : and break not thine oath. Verily we found him a patient person : how excel- lent a servant was he ! for he was one who frequently turned himself unto us. ^^ Remember also our servants Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, who were men strenuous and prudent. ^^ Verily we purified them with a perfect purification, through the remembrance of the life to come; ^^and they were, in our sight, elect and good men. ^^And remember Ishmael, and Elisha, and Dhu'lkefl : for all 39 Devils.'] See chap. xxi. 82. chap, mentators are not agreed what fault Job's xxvii. 18. wife had committed to deserve this chas- 41 Be bounteous or be sparing, &c.] tisement ; we have mentioned one opinion Some suppose these words relate to the already ^; some think it was only because genii, and that Solomon is thereby em- she stayed too long on an errand, powered to release or to keep in chains — Break not thine oath.~\ For he had such of them as he pleased. sworn to give her an hundred stripes if he 43 JobJ] See chap. xxi. verse 83. recovered. 44 A fountain.] Some say there were 48 We purified them through the re- two springs ; one of hot water, wherein membrance of the life to come.] Or, as the he bathed ; and the other of cold, of words may be interpreted, according to al which he drank '. Zamakhshari, We have purified them, 46 A handful of rods.] The original or peculiarly destined and fitted them for not expressing what this handful was to paradise. consist of, one supposes it was to be only 50 Elisha.] The successor of Elijah, a handful of dry grass, or of rushes, and called by Mohammedans the son of Okh- another, that it was the branch of a palm tub, but in scripture, the son of Shaphat. tree 2. — Dhulkefl.] See chap. xxi. verse 85. — Strike thy wife therewith.] The com- Al Beidawi here takes notice of another ^ Al Beidawi. ^ See tlie notes to chap. xxi. verse 83. ^ See ibid. XXXVIII.] AL KORAN. 277 these were good men. ^^ This is an admonition. Verily the pious shall have an excellent place to return unto, namely ; ^^ gardens of perpetual abode, the gates whereof shall stand open unto them. ^^ As they lie down therein, they shall there ask for many sorts of fruits, and for drink; and near them shall sit the virgins of paradise, refraining their looks from beholding any besides their spouses, and of equal age with them. ^^ This is what ye are promised at the day of account. ^^ This is our provi- sion ; which shall not fail. ^^ This shall be the reward of the righteous. But for the transgressors is prepared an evil receptacle, namely, hell : ^^ they shall be cast into the same to be burned, and a wretched couch shall it be. ^^ This let them taste, to wit, scalding water, and corruption flowing from the bodies of the damned, ^^ and divers other things of the same kind. ^^ And it shall be said to the seducers. This troop which was guided by you, shall be thrown, together with you, headlong into hell : they shall not be bidden welcome ; for they shall enter the fire to be burned. ^^ And the seduced shall say to their seducers. Verily ye shall not be bidden w^elcome : ye have brought it upon us ; and a wretched abode is hell. ^^ They shall say, O Lord, doubly increase the torment of him who hath brought this punishment upon us, in the fire of hell. ^^ And the infidels shall say, Why do we not see the men whom we numbered among the wicked, and whom we received with scorn ? ^* Or do our eyes miss them ? ^^ Verily this is a truth ; to wit, the disputing of the inhabitants of hell-fire. ^^ Say, O Mohammed, unto the idolaters. Verily I am no other than a warner : and there is no god, except the one only God, ^^ the Almighty, the Lord of heaven and earth, and of what- soever is between them ; the mighty, the forgiver of sins. Say, It is a weighty message, ^^ from which ye turn 68 tradition concerning this prophet; viz. care of another. If a conjecture might be that he entertained and took care of a founded on this tradition, I should fancy hundred Israelites, who fled to him from a the person intended was Obadiah, the go- certain slaughter ; from which action he vernor of Ahab's house ^ probably had the surname of Dhu'lkefl 53 Of equal age with them.] i. e. About given him ; the primary signification of thirty or thirty-three 2. the verb, cafala, being to maintain or take * See 1 Kings xviii. 4. 2 ggg ^\^q Prelim. Disc. § iv. 278 A L KORAN. [chap. aside. ^^ I had no knowledge of the exalted princes, when they disputed concerning the creation of man: ^^ (it hath been revealed unto me only as a proof that I am a public preacher :) ^^ when thy Lord said unto the angels. Verily I am about to create man of clay : ^^ when I shall have formed him, therefore, and shall have breathed my spirit into him, do ye fall down and worship him. ^^ And all the angels worshipped him, in general ; ^^ ex- cept Eblis, who was puffed up with pride, and became an unbeliever. ^^ God said unto him, O Eblis, what hindereth thee from worshipping that which I have created with my hands ? Art thou elated with vain pride ? Or art thou really one of exalted merit ? ^^ He answered, I am more excellent than he : thou hast created me of fire, and hast created him of clay. ^^ God said unto him, Get thee hence therefore, for thou slialt be driven away from mercy : ^^ and my curse shall be upon thee, until the day of judgment. ^^ He replied, O Lord, respite me, therefore, until the day of resurrection. ^^ God said, Verily thou shalt be one of those who are respited, ^^ until the day of the determined time. ^^ Eblis said. By thy might do I swear, I will surely seduce them all, ^* except thy servants who shall be peculiarly chosen from among them. ^^ God said, It is a just sentence ; and I speak the truth : I will surely fill hell with thee, and with such of them as shall follow thee, altogether. ^^ Say unto the Meccans, I ask not of you any reward for this my preaching : neither am I one of those who assume a part which belongs not to them. ^^ The Koran is no other than an admonition unto all creatures : ^^ and ye shall surely know what is delivered therein to be true, after a season. 70 The exalted pr'mces.'] That is, the the account of the circumstances attending angels. Adam's creation, and the references to 73 Worship him.~\ See chapter ii. for Adam in the Index. XXXIX.] A L K O R A N. 279 CHAPTER XXXIX. INTITLED, THE TROOPS; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. The revelation of this book is from the mighty, the wise God. ^ Verily we have revealed this book unto thee with truth : wherefore serve God, exhibiting the pure religion unto him. ^ Ought not the pure religion to be exhibited unto God ? But as to those who take other patrons besides him, saying. We worship them only that they may bring us nearer unto God ; verily God will judge between them concerning that wherein they disagree. ^ Surely God will not direct him who is a liar, or ungrateful. ^ If God had been minded to have had a son, he had surely chosen what he pleased out of that which he hath created. But far be such a thing from him ! He is the sole, the almighty God. ^ He hath created the heavens and the earth with truth : he causeth the night to succeed the day, and he causeth the day to succeed the night ; and he obligeth the sun and the moon to perform their services ; each of them hasteneth to an appointed period. Is not he the mighty, the forgiver of sins ? ^ He created you of one man, and afterwards out of him formed his wife : and he hath bestowed on you four pair of cattle. He formeth you in the wombs of your Title — Troops.~\ This title is taken there cannot be two necessarily existent from the latter end of the chapter, where beings ; and hence appears the absurdity it is said the wicked shall be sent to hell, of the imagination here condemned, be-, and the righteous admitted into paradise cause no creature can resemble the Crea- by troops. tor, or be worthy to bear the relation of a Title — Mecca.~\ Except the verse be- son to him. ginning, Say, O my servants, who have 7 He hath bestowed.'] Literally, He transgressed against your own souls, hath sent down; from which expression &:c. 1 some have imagined that these four kinds h Ifhe had heen minded to have a son^ of beasts were created in paradise, and he had chosen what he pleased out of that thence sent down to earth 2. which he hath created.'] Because, says Al — Four pair^ &c.] Literally, eight Beidawi, there is no being besides himself, males and females paired together; four but what hath been created by him ; since pair of each kind. ^ Jallalo'ddiny al Beidawi. 2 Al Zamakhshari, 280 AL KORAN. [chap. mothers, by several gradual formations, within three veils of darkness. This is God, your Lord : his is the king- dom : there is no God but he. Why therefore are ye turned aside from the worship of him to idolatry ? ^ If ye be ungrateful, verily God hath no need of you ; yet he liketh not ingratitude in his servants : but if ye be thank- ful, he will be well pleased with you. A burdened soul shall not bear the burden of another : hereafter shall ye return unto your Lord, and he shall declare unto you that which ye have wrought, and will reward you accord- ingly ; ^ for he knoweth the innermost parts of your breasts. ^^ When harm befalleth a man, he calleth upon his Lord, and turneth unto him : yet afterwards, when God hath bestowed on him favour from himself, he forgetteth that Being which he invoked before, and setteth up equals unto God, that he may seduce men from his way. Say unto such a man. Enjoy this life in thy infidelity for a little while : but hereafter shalt thou surely be one of the inhabitants of hell-fire. ^^ Shall he who giveth himself up to prayer in the hours of the night, prostrate and standing, and who taketh heed as to the life to come, and hopeth for the mercy of his Lord, be dealt with as the wicked unbeliever? Say, Shall they who know their duty, and they who know it not, be held equal ? Verily the men of understanding only will be warned. ^^ Say, O my servants who believe, fear your Lord. They who do good in this world, shall obtain good in the next ; and God's earth is spacious : verily those who persevere with patience, shall receive their recompense without measure. ^^ Say, I am commanded to worship God, and to exhibit the pure religion unto him : ^^ and I am commanded to be the first Moslem. 7 Gradual formations J\ See chap. xxii. who do good, shall obtain good even in this verse 5. world. — Within three veils of darkness. ~\ i. e. — God^s earth is spacious.^ Where- The belly, the womb, and the membranes fore let him who cannot safely exercise his which enclose the embryo. religion where he was born or resides, fly 10 He forgetteth that Being which he to a place of liberty and security '. invoked before.^ Or, he forgetteth the evil 14 The first Moslem.^ i. e. The first which he before prayed against. of the Koreish who professeth the true 12 They who do good in this world, religion ; or the leader in chief of the shall obtain good in the next.] Or, they Moslems. 1 Al Beiddivi. XXXIX.] AL KORAN. 281 ^^ Say, Verily I fear, if I be disobedient unto my Lord, the punishment of the great day. ^^ Say, I worship God, exhibiting my religion pure unto him : but do ye worship that which ye will, besides him. Say, Verily they will be the losers, who shall lose their own souls, and their families, on the day of resurrection : is not this manifest loss ? ^^ Over them shall be roofs of fire, and under them shall be floors of fire. With this doth God terrify his servants : wherefore, O my servants, fear me. ^^ But those who eschew the worship of idols, and are turned unto God, shall receive good tidings. Bear good tidings therefore unto my servants, who hearken unto my word, and follow that which is most excellent therein : these are they whom God directeth, and these are men of understanding. ^^ Him therefore on whom the sentence of eternal punishment shall be justly pronounced, canst thou, O Mohammed, deliver him who is destined to dwell in the fire of hell ? ^^ But for those who fear their Lord will be prepared high apartments in paradise, over which shall be other apartments built ; and rivers shall run beneath them : this is the promise of God ; and God will not be contrary to the promise. ^^ Dost thou not see that God sendeth down water from heaven, and causeth the same to enter and form sources in the earth ; and produceth thereby corn of various sorts ? Afterwards he causeth the same to wither; and thou seest it become yellow : afterwards he maketh it crumble into dust. Vei-ily herein is an instruction to men of understanding. ^^ Shall he, therefore, whose breast God hath enlarged to receive the religion of Islam, and who followeth the light from his Lord, be as he whose heart is hardened ? But woe unto those whose hearts are hardened against the remembrance of God ! they are in a manifest error. ^^ God hath revealed a most excellent discourse ; a book conformable to itself, and containing repeated admonitions. The skins of those who fear their Lord shrink for fear thereat : afterwards their skins grow soft, and their hearts also, at the remembrance of their Lord. This is the direction of God : he will direct thereby whom he pleaseth ; and whomsoever God shall cause to err, he 282 AL KORAN. [chap. shall have no director. ^^ Shall he therefore who shall be obliged to screen himself with his face from the severity of the punishment on the day of resurrection, be as he who is secure therefrom ? And it shall be said unto the ungodly, Taste that which ye have deserved. ^^ Those who were before them, accused their apostles of imposture ; wherefore a punishment came upon them from whence they expected it not : ^^ and God caused them to taste shame in this present life ; but the punishment of the life to come will certainly be greater. If they were men of understanding, they would know this. '^^ Now have we proposed unto mankind, in this Koran, every kind of parable ; that they may be warned : ^^ an Arabic Koran, wherein there is no crookedness ; that they may fear God. ^^ God propoundeth as a parable a man who hath several companions which are at mutual variance, and a man who committeth himself wholly to one person ; shall these be held in equal comparison ? God forbid ! But the greater part of them do not understand. ^^ Verily thou, O Mohammed, shalt die, and they also shall die : ^^ and ye shall debate the matter with one another before your Lord, at the day of resurrection. [*XXIV.] ^^ Who is more unjust than he who uttereth a lie concerning God, and denieth the truth, when it cometh unto him? Is there not a dwelling provided in hell for the unbelievers ? ^^ But he who bringeth the truth, and giveth credit thereto, these are they who fear God ; ^^ they shall obtain whatever they shall desire, in the sight of their Lord : this shall be the recompense of the righteous : ^^ that God 24 Who shall screen himself with his For the prophet will represent his endea- face^ &c.] For his hands shall be chained vours to reclaim them from idolatry, and to his neck, and he shall not be able to op- their obstinacy ; and 'they will make pose any thing but his face to the fire ^ frivolous excuses ; as that they obeyed 28 Wherein there is no crookedness. 1 their chiefs, and kept to the religion of i. e. No contradiction, defect, or doubt. their fathers, &c. ^ 29 God propoundeth as a parable, &c.] 33 He who hrijigeth the truth, and This passage represents the uncertainty of giveth credit thereto.'] i. e. Mohammed the idolater, who is distracted in the ser- and his followers. Some suppose that by vice of different masters, and the satisfac- the latter words Abu Beer is particularly tion of mind which attends the worshipper intended, because he asserted the prophet's of the only true God ^ veracity in respect to his journey to 31 Ye shall debate the matter, &c.] heaven. 1 AlBeiddivi. ^ Idem. XXXIX.] A L K O R A N. 283 may expiate from them the very worst of that which they have wrought, and may render them their reward accord- ing to the utmost merit of the good which they have wrought. ^^ Is not God a sufficient protector of his ser- vant ; yet they will attempt to make thee afraid of the false deities which they worship besides God. ^^ But he whom God shall cause to err, shall have none to direct, shall have none to mislead him. Is not God most mighty, able to avenge ? ^^ If thou ask them who hath created the heavens and the earth, they will surely answer, God. Say, Do ye think therefore that the deities which ye in- voke besides God, if God be pleased to afflict me, are able to relieve me from his affliction ; or if he be pleased to shew mercy unto me, that they are able to withhold his mercy ? Say, God is my sufficient support : in him let those put their trust, who seek in whom to confide. ^^ Say, O my people, do ye act according to your state ; verily I will act according to mine : ^^ hereafter shall ye know on which of us will be inflicted a punishment that shall cover him with shame, and on whom a lasting punishment shall fall. ^^ Verily we have revealed unto thee the book of the Koran, for the instruction of mankind, with truth. Whoso shall be directed thereby, shall be directed to the advantage of his own soul ; and whoso shall err, shall only err against the same : and thou art not a guardian over them. ^^ God taketh unto himself the souls of men at the time of their death ; and those which die not, he also taketh in their sleep : and he withholdeth those on which 37 They will attempt to make thee afraid broke her nose. To support the latter ex- of their false deities.'] The Koreish used plication, they say, that what happened to to tell Mohammed, that they feared their Khaled is attributed to Mohammed, be- gods would do him some mischief, and de- cause the former was then executing the prive him of the use of his limbs, or of his prophet's orders i. A circumstance not reason, because he spoke disgracefully of much different from the above-mentioned, them. It is thought by some that this is told of the demolishing of Allat \ passage was verified in Khaled Ebn al 42 And the souls which die not, he taketh Walid ; who being sent by Mohammed to in their sleep.'] That is, seemingly, and demolish the idol al Uzza, was advised by to outward appearance ; sleep being the the keeper of her temple to take heed what image of death. he did, because the goddess was able to — He withholdeth those on which he hath avenge herself severely ; but he was so passed the decree of death.] Not permit- little moved at the man's warning, that he ting them to return again into their immediately stepped up to the idol, and bodies. dl BeiddwL ^ V. Gagnier. Not. in Abu'lf. Vit. Moham. p. 127. 284 AL KORAN. [chap. he hath passed the decree of death, but sendeth back the others till a determined period. Verily herein are signs unto people who consider. ^^ Have the Koreish taken idols for their intercessors with God ? Say, What although they have not dominion over any thing, neither do they understand ? '^^ Say, Intercession is altogether in the dis- posal of God: his is the kingdom of heaven and earth; and hereafter shall ye return unto him. ^^ When the one sole God is mentioned, the hearts of those who believe not in the life to come, shrink with horror : but when the false gods, which are worshipped besides him, are men- tioned, behold, they are filled with joy. ^^ Say, O God, the creator of heaven and earth, who knoweth that which is secret, and that which is manifest ; thou shalt judge between thy servants concerning that wherein they dis- agree. ^^ If those who act unjustly were masters of what- ever is in the earth, and as much more therewith, verily they would give it to ransom themselves from the evil of the punishment, on the day of resurrection. ^^ And there shall appear unto them, from God, terrors which they never imagined; and there shall appear unto them the evils of that which they shall have gained ; and that which they mocked at shall encompass them. ^^ When harm befalleth man, he calleth upon us ; yet afterwards, when we have bestowed on him favour from us, he saith, I have received it merely because of God's knowledge of my deserts. On the contrary, it is a trial ; but the greater part of them know it not. ^^ Those who were before them said the same : but that which they had gained, profited them not; and the evils which they had deserved fell upon them. ^^ And whoever of these Meccans shall have acted unjustly, on them likewise shall fall the evils which they shall have deserved ; neither shall they frustrate the 42 But sendeth back the othersJ] Viz. 50 Those who were before them, said the Into their bodies, when they awake ^ same."] As did Karun in particular 2. 44 Intercession is altogether in the dis- 51 On them shall fall the evils they have posal of God.^ For none can or dare pre- deserved.] As it happened accordingly : sume to intercede with him, unless by his for they were punished with a sore famine permission. for seven years, and had the bravest of 49 Because of God's knowledge of my their warriors cut off at the battle of deserts,] Or, by means of my own wisdom. Bedr^. ^ M Beiddwi. ^ See chap, xxviii. verse 76. ^ Al Beiddwi, XXXIX.] A L K O R A N. 285 divine vengeance. ^^Do tliey not know that God be- stovreth provision abundantly on whom he pleaseth, and is sparing unto whom he pleaseth ? Verily herein are signs unto people who believe. ^^ Say, O my servants, who have transgressed against your own souls, despair not of the mercy of God ; seeing that God forgiveth all sins ; for he is gracious and merciful. ^^ And be turned unto your Lord, and resign yourselves unto him, before the threatened punishment overtake you ; for then ye shall not be helped. ^^ And follow the most excellent instruc- tions which have been sent down unto you from your Lord, before the punishment come suddenly upon you, and ye perceive not the approach thereof; ^^ and a soul say, Alas ! for that I have been negligent in my duty to God ; verily I have been one of the scorners : ^^ or say, If God had directed me, verily I had been one of the pious : ^^ or say, when it seeth the prepared punishment, If I could return once more into the world, I would be- come one of the righteous. ^^ But God shall answer. My signs came unto thee heretofore, and thou didst charge them with falsehood, and wast puffed up with pride ; and thou becamest one of the unbelievers. ^^ On the day of resurrection thou shalt see the faces of those who have uttered lies concerning GoD become black ; is there not an abode prepared in hell for the arrogant ? ^^ But God shall deliver those who shall fear him, and shall set them in their place of safety : evil shall not touch them, neither shall they be grieved. ^^ God is the creator of all things, and he is the governor of all things. ^^ His are the keys of heaven and earth: and they who believe not in the signs of God, they shall perish. ^* Say, Do ye therefore bid me to worship other than God, O ye fools ? ^^ since it hath been spoken by revelation unto thee, and also unto the prophets who have been before thee, saying, Verily if thou join any partners with God, thy work will be alto- gether unprofitable, and thou shalt certainly be one of those who perish : ^^ wherefore rather fear God, and be one of those who give thanks. ^^ But they make not a 53 God forgiveth all sins.'] To those given, as is declared more than once in who sincerely repent, and profess his unity: the Koran, and most emphatically in chap, for the sins of idolaters will not be for- ii. verse 81. 286 AL KORAN. [chap. due estimation of God : since the whole earth shall be but his handful on the day of resurrection ; and the heavens shall be rolled together in his right hand. Praise be unto him ! and far be he exalted above the idols which they associate with him ! ^^ The trumpet shall be sounded, and whoever are in heaven, and whoever are on earth, shall expire ; except those whom God shall please to exempt from the common fate. Afterwards it shall be sounded again ; and behold they shall rise and look up. ^^ And the earth shall shine by the light of its Lord : and the book shall be laid open, and the prophets and the martyrs shall be brought as witnesses ; and judgment shall be given between them with truth, and they shall not be treated unjustly. ''^And every soul shall be fully re- warded, according to that which it shall have wrought ; for he perfectly knoweth whatever they do. ^^ And the unbelievers shall be driven into hell by troops, until when they shall arrive at the same, the gates thereof shall be opened; and the keepers thereof shall say unto them, Did not apostles from among you come unto you, who re- hearsed unto you the signs of your Lord, and warned you of the meeting of this your day? They shall answer, Yea : but the sentence of eternal punishment hath been justly pronounced on the unbelievers. ^^ It shall be said 67 Due estimation.~\ Some commenta- who will be exempted, are the angels tors refer this passage to the Jews, others, who bear the throne of God*; or the with more probability, to the idolaters. black-eyed damsels, and other inhabitants 68 The trumpet shall be sounded.^ The of paradise ^. first time, says Al Beidawi ; who conse- The space between these two blasts of quently supposes there will be no more the trumpet will be forty days, according than two blasts, (and two only are distinctly to Yahya and others: there are some, mentioned in the Koran,) though others however, who suppose it will be as many suppose there will be three ^. years ^. — Except those whom God shall please 69 BooJc.^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. to exempt f &c.] These, some say, will for a full description of the last judg- be the angels Gabriel, Michael, and Is- ment. rafil, and the angel of death, who yet 71 Keepers, &c.] See chap. Ixxiv. and will afterwards all die, at the com- the Prelim. Disc. § iv. as before, mand of God 2; it being the constant — The sentence of eternal punishment opinion of the Mohammedan doctors, that hath been justly pronounced on unbelievers.'] every soul, both of men and of animals. See chap. vii. verses 1 — 20, and chap. xi. which live either on land, or in the sea, towards the end, &c. It seems as if the and of the angels also, must necessarily damned, by these words, attributed their taste of death 3; others suppose those ruin to God's decree of predestination. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ Al Beiddwi, Yahya. ^ V. Pocock. not. in Port. Mosis, p. 266. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Jallalo' ddin. ^ See the Prelim. Disc, ubi sup. XXXIX.] AL KORAN. 287 unto them, Enter ye the gates of hell, to dwell therein for ever ; and miserable shall be the abode of the proud ! ^^ But those who shall have feared their Lord, shall be conducted by troops towards paradise, until they shall arrive at the same : and the gates thereof shall be ready set open ; and the guards thereof shall say unto them, Peace be on you ! ye have been good : wherefore enter ye into paradise, to remain therein for ever. ^^ And they shall answer, Praise be unto God, who hath performed his promise unto us, and hath made us to inherit the earth, that we may dwell in paradise wherever we please ! How excellent is the reward of those who work righte- ousness ! ^^ And thou shalt see the angels going in procession round the throne, celebrating the praises of their Lord : and judgment shall be given between them with truth ; and they shall say. Praise be unto God, the Lord of all creatures ! 74 And hath made us to inherit the abundance which the blessed will enjoy in earth.'] This is a metaphorical expression, paradise, representing the perfect security and CHAPTER XL. INTITLED, THE TRUE BELIEVER; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ H. M. ^ The revelation of this book is from the mighty, the wise God : ^ the forgiver of sin, and the acceptor of repentance ; severe in punishing ; * long suffering. There is no God but he : before him shall be the general assem- bly at the last day. ^ None disputeth against the signs of God, except tjie unbelievers : but let not their pros- perous dealing in the land deceive thee with vain Title— Believer,'] This title is taken ^ H. M,] See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. from the passage wherein mention is ^ Their prosperous dealing in the land.] made of one of Pharaoh's family, who By trading into Syria and Yaman. See believed in Moses. chap. iii. verse 197- 8 288 AL KORAN. [chap, allurement. ^ The people of Noah, and the confederated infidels which were after them, accused their respective prophets of imposture before these ; and each nation hatched ill designs against their apostle, that they might get him into their power ; and they disputed with vain reasoning, that they might thereby invalidate the truth : wherefore I chastised them ; and how severe was my punishment ! ^ Thus hath the sentence of thy Lord justly passed on the unbelievers ; that they shall be the inha- bitants of hell-fire. ^ The angels who bear the throne of God, and those who stand about it, celebrate the praise of their Lord, and believe in him ; and they ask pardon for the true believers, ^ saying, O Lord, thou encom- passest all things by thy mercy and knowledge ; where- fore forgive those who repent, and follow thy path, and deliver them from the pains of hell. O Lord, lead them also into the gardens of eternal abode, which thou hast promised unto them, and unto every one who shall do right, of their fathers, and their wives, and their children ; for thou art the mighty, the wise God. ^^And deliver them from evil ; for whomsoever thou shalt deliver from evil on that day, on him wilt thou shew mercy ; and this will be great salvation. ^^ But the infidels, at the day of judgment, shall hear a voice crying unto them. Verily the hatred of God towards you is more grievous than your hatred towards yourselves ; since ye were called unto the faith and would not believe. ^^ They shall say, O Lord, thou hast given us death twice, and thou hast twice given us life ; and we confess our sins : is there therefore no way to get forth from this fire? ^^And it shall be answered them, This hath befallen you, for that when one God was preached unto you, ye believed not ; but if 8 The angels who hear the throne, and us to die a natural death, and raised us stand about it. '\ These are the Cherubim, again at the resurrection. Some under- the highest order of angels, who approach stand the first death to be a natural death, nearest to God's presence '. and the second that in the sepulchre, after 12 Thou hast given us death twice and the body shall have been there raised to hast twice given us life.'] Having first ere- life in order to be examined ^ ; and con- ated us in a state of death, or void of life sequently suppose the two revivals to be and sensation, and then given life to the those of the sepulchre and the resurrec- inanimate body2; and afterwards caused tion *. Al Biiddwi. ^ Jallalo' ddin. 3 jggg ^Yiq Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ Al Beiddwif JallaWddin, XL.] AL KORAN. 289 a plurality of gods had been associated with him, ye had beheved : and judgment belongeth unto the high, the great God. ^^ It is he who sheweth you his signs, and sendeth down food unto you from heaven : but none will be admonished, except he who turneth himself unto God. ^^ Call therefore upon God, exhibiting your religion pure unto him, although the infidels be averse thereto. ^^ He is the Being of exalted degree, the possessor of the throne ; who sendeth down the spirit, at his command, on such of his servants as he pleaseth ; that he may warn mankind of the day of meeting, ^^ the day whereon they shall come forth out of their graves, and nothing of what concerneth them shall be hidden from God. Unto whom will the kingdom belong on that day ? Unto the only, the almighty God. ^^On that day shall every soul be rewarded according to its merits : there shall be no injustice done on that day. Verily God will be swift in taking an account. ^^ Wherefore warn them, O prophet, of the day which shall suddenly approach ; when men's hearts shall come up to their throats, and strangle them. ^^The ungodly shall have no friend or intercessor who shall be heard. God will know the deceitful eye, and that which their breasts conceal. ^^ And God will judge with truth; but the false gods which they invoke, besides him, shall not judge at all ; for God is he who heareth and seeth. ^^ Have they not gone through the earth, and seen w^hat hath been the end of those who were before them ? They were more mighty than these in strength, and left more considerable footsteps of their power in the earth : yet God chastised them for their sins, and there was none to protect them from God. ^^ This they suffered, because their apostles had come unto them with evident signs, and they disbelieved : wherefore God chastised them ; for he is strong and severe in punishing. ^^ We hereto- fore sent MosES with our signs and manifest power ^^unto Pharaoh, and Haman, and Karun : and they said, he is a sorcerer, and a liar. ^^ And when he came unto them 16 The day of meeting.^ When the and their worshippers, the oppressor and Creator and his creatures, the inhabitants the oppressed, the labourer and his works, of heaven and of earth, the false deities shall meet each other ^ ^ Al Beiddwi, Jannabi. VOL. II. U 290 A L KORAN. [chap. with the truth from us, they said, Slay the sons of those who have believed with him, and save their daughters alive: but the stratagem of the infidels was no other than vain. ^^And Pharaoh said, Let me alone, that I may kill Moses ; and let him call upon his Lord : verily I fear lest he change your religion, ^or cause violence to appear in the earth. ^^ And Moses said unto his people. Verily I have recourse unto my Lord, and your Lord, to defend me against every proud person, who belie veth not in the day of account. ^^ And a man who was a true believer, of the family of Pharaoh, and concealed his faith, said. Will ye put a man to death, because he saith, God is my Lord ; seeing he is come unto you with evident signs from your Lord? If he be a liar, on him will the punishment of his falsehood light ; but if he speaketh the truth, some of those judgments with which he threateneth you, will fall upon you : verily God directeth not him who is a transgressor or a liar. ^^ O my people, the kingdom is yours this day ; and ye are conspicuous in the earth : but who shall defend us from the scourge of God, if it come unto us ? Pharaoh said, 1 only propose to you what I think to be most expedient : and I guide you only in the right path. ^^ And he who had believed, said, O my people, verily I fear for you a day like that of the confederates against the prophets in former times ; ^^ a condition like that of the people of Noah, and the tribes of Ad and Thamud, and those who have lived after them: for God willeth not that any injustice be done unto his servants. ^^ O my people, verily I fear for you the day whereon men shall call unto one another ; ^^ the 26 Slay their sons, and save their daugh- earth.'] By raising of commotions and sedi- ters alive.'] i. e. Pursue the resolution tions, in order to introduce his new reli- which has been formerly taken, and exe- gion. cute it more strictly for the future. The 29 A true believer, of the family of commentators say, that Pharaoh came to Pharaoh, &c.] This seems to be the same this resolution, because his soothsayers person who is mentioned chap, xxviii, had predicted that an Israelite would sub- verse 20. vert his kingdom ^ — If he be a liar, &c.] See the speech 2T Let me alone, that I may kill Moses.] of Gamaliel to the Jewish Sanhedrim, For they advised him not to put Moses to when the apostles were brought before death, lest it should be thought he was not them ^. able to oppose him by dint of argument 2. 33 The day whereon men shall call unto — Or cause violence to appear in the one another.] i.e. The day of judgment; 1 Jallalo'ddin, ^ Al BeiddwU ^ Acts v. 38, 39. XL.] AL KORAN. 291 day whereon ye shall be turned back from the tribunal, and driven to hell : then shall ye have none to protect you against God. And he whom God shall cause to err, shall have no director. ^^ Joseph came unto you, before Moses, with evident signs ; but ye ceased not to doubt of the religion which he preached unto you, until, when he died, ye said, God will by no means send another apostle after him. ^^ Thus doth God cause him to err, who is a transgressor, and a sceptic. ^^ They who dispute against the signs of God, without any authority which hath come unto them, are in great abomination with God, and with those who believe. Thus doth God seal up every proud and stubborn heart. ^^ And Pharaoh said, O Haman, build me a tower, that I may reach the tracts, the tracts of heaven, and may view the God of Moses ; for I verily think him to be a liar. And thus the evil of his work was prepared for Pharaoh, and he turned aside from the right path ; and the stratagems of Pharaoh ended only in loss. ^^ And he who had believed, said, O my people, follow me ; I will guide you into the right way. ^^0 my people, verily this present life is but a temporary enjoyment ; but the life to come is the mansion of firm continuance. ^^ Whoever worketh evil, shall only be rewarded in equal proportion to the same: but whoever worketh good, whether male or female, and is a true be- liever, they shall enter paradise ; they shall be provided for therein superabundantly. ^^ And, O my people, as for me, I invite you to salvation ; but ye invite me to hell-fire. ^^ Ye invite me to deny God, and to associate with him that whereof I have no knowledge ; but I invite you to the most Mighty, the Forgiver of sins. ^* There is no doubt but that the false gods to which ye invite me, de- serve not to be invoked, either in this world or in the next; and that we must return unto God ; and that the trans- gressors shall be the inhabitants of hell-fire. ^^ And when the inhabitants of paradise and of the seducers and the seduced, shall cast hell, shall enter into mutual discourse : the blame upon each other *. when the latter shall call for help ; and 38 A tower.'] See chap, xxviii. v. 39. * Al Beiddwu Jallalo'dd'm. u 2 292 A L KORAN. [chap. ye shall then remember v/hat I now say unto you : and I commit my affair unto God : for God regardeth his servants. ^^ Wherefore God delivered him from the evils which they had devised ; and a grievous punishment en- compassed the people of Pharaoh. ^^ They shall be exposed to the fire of hell morning and evening : and the day w^hereon the hour of judgment shall come, it shall be said unto them. Enter, O people of Pharaoh, into a most severe torment. ^^ And think on the time when the infidels shall dispute together in hell-fire ; and the weak shall say unto those who behaved with arrogance. Verily we were your followers : will ye, therefore, relieve us from any part of this fire ? ^^ Those who behaved with arro- gance shall answer, Verily we are all doomed to suffer therein : for God hath now judged between his servants. ^^ And they who shall be in the fire, shall say unto the keepers of hell. Call ye on your Lord, that he would ease us, for one day, from this punishment. ^^ They shall answer. Did not your apostles come unto you with evident proofs ? They shall say. Yea. ^^ The keepers shall reply. Do ye therefore call on God : but the calling of the unbelievers on him shall be only in vain. ^^ We will surely assist our apostles, and those who believe in this present life, and on the day whereon the witnesses shall stand forth. ^^ A day whereon the excuse of the unbe- lievers shall not avail them ; but a curse shall attend them and a wretched abode. ^^ We heretofore gave unto Moses a direction: and we left as an inheritance unto the children of Israel, the book of the law ; ^^ a direc- 46 A grievous punishment encompassed 47 They shall be exposed to hell-fire the people of Pharaoh.^ Some are of morning and evening.'] Some expound opinion, that those who were sent by these words of the previous punishment Pharaoh to seize the true believer, his they are doomed to suffer, according to a kinsman, are the persons more particularly tradition of Ebn Masud ; which informs meant in this place : for they tell us that us that their souls are in the crops of the said believer fled to a mountain, where black birds, which are exposed to hell-fire they found him at prayers, guarded by every morning and evening until the day the wild beasts, which ranged themselves of judgment 2. in order about him : and that his pursuers 48 The weak.'] Those who were se- thereupon returned in a great fright to duced shall reproach their false guides for their master, who put them to death for having led them astray, not performing his command ^. 50 The keepers.] See chap. Ixxiv. 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. XL.] AL KORAN. 293 tion, and an admonition to men of understanding. ^^ Wherefore do thou, O prophet, bear the insults of the infidels with patience ; for the promise of God is true : and ask pardon for thy fault ; and celebrate the praise of thy Lord, in the evening and in the morning. ^^ As to those who impugn the signs of God, without any con- vincing proof which hath been revealed unto them, there is nothing but pride in their breasts ; but they shall not attain their desire : wherefore fly for refuge unto God ; for it is he who heareth and seeth. ^^ Verily the creation of heaven and earth is more considerable than the crea- tion of man : but the greater part of men do not under- stand. ^^ The blind and the seeing shall not be held equal ; nor they who believe and work righteousness, and the evil-doer : how few revolve these things in their mind ! ^^ The last hour will surely come ; there is no doubt thereof: but the greater part of men believe it not. ^^ Your Lord saith. Call upon me ; and I will hear you : but they who proudly disdain my service, shall enter with ignominy into hell. ^^ It is God who hath appointed the night for you to take your rest therein, and the day to give you light : verily God is endued with beneficence towards mankind ; but the greater part of men do not give thanks. ^^ This is God, your Lord ; the Creator of all things : there is no God besides him : how therefore are ye turned aside from his worship? Thus are they turned aside, who oppose the signs of God. ^^ It is God who hath given you the earth for a stable floor, and the heaven for a ceiling; and who hath formed you, and made your forms beautiful ; and feedeth you with good things. This is God, your Lord. Wherefore blessed be God, the Lord of all creatures ! ^^ He is the living God, there is no God but he. Wherefore call upon him exhibiting unto him the pure religion. ^^ Praise be unto God, the Lord of all creatures ! ^^ Say, Verily I am 57 Ash pardon for thy fault.'] In being stood generally; though it was revealed too backward and negligent in advancing on account of the idolatrous Meccans, or the true religion, for fear of the infi- of the Jews, who said of Mohammed, This dels 1. man is not our lord, but the Messias the 58 As to those who impugn the signs of son of David, whose kingdom will be ex- Go^, 8f c] This sentence may be under- tended over sea and land 2. 1 Al Beiddwi, ^ Idem. 294 A L KORAN. [chap. forbidden to worship the deities which ye invoke, besides God, after that evident proofs have come unto me from my Lord : and I am commanded to resign myself unto the Lord of all creatures. ^^ It is he who first created you of dust, and afterwards of seed, and afterwards of coagulated blood ; and afterwards brought you forth in- fants out of your mothers' wombs : then he permitteth you to attain your age of full strength, and afterwards to grow old men, (but some of you die before that age,) and to arrive at the determined period of your life ; that peradventure ye may understand. ^^ It is he who giveth life, and causeth to die : and when he decreeth a thing, he only saith unto it. Be, and it is. ^^ Dost thou not observe those who dispute against the signs of God, how they are turned aside from the true faith ? ^^ They who charge with falsehood the book of the Koran, and the other scriptures and revealed doctrines which we sent our former apostles to preach, shall hereafter know their folly ; ^^ when the collars shall be on their necks, and the chains by which they shall be dragged into hell : ^^ then shall they be burned in the fire. ^^ And it shall be said unto them. Where are the gods which ye associated, besides God ? They shall answer. They have withdrawn themselves from us : yea, we called on nothing heretofore. Thus doth God lead the unbelievers into error. ^^ This hath befallen you, for that ye rejoiced insolently on earth, in that which was false ; and for that ye were elated with immoderate joy. ^^ Enter ye the gates of hell, to remain therein for ever : and wretched shall be the abode of the haughty ! ^^ Wherefore persevere with patience, O Mo- hammed ; for the promise of God is true. Whether we cause thee to see any part of the punishment with which we have threatened them, or whether we cause thee to die before thou see it ; before us shall they be assembled at the last day. ^^ We have sent a great number of apostles before thee ; the histories of some of whom we 69 Determined period,'] See chap. xxii. 79 Apostles."] Viz. Noah, Abraham, verse 5. Hud, &c. See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. 75 We called on nothing,] Seeing an and the names of the patriarchs in he idol is nothing in the world ^ index. ^ Al Beiddwi, XL.] AL KORAN. 295 have related unto thee, and the histories of others of them we have not related unto thee : but no apostle had the power to produce a sign, unless by the permission of God. When the command of God, therefore, shall come, judgment shall be given with truth ; and then shall they, perish who endeavour to render the signs of God of no effect. ^^ It is God who hath given you the cattle, that ye may ride on some of them, and may eat of others of them ; (ye also receive other advantages there- from ;) and that on them ye may arrive at the business proposed in your mind : and on them are ye carried by land, and on ships by sea. ^^ And he sheweth you his signs : which, therefore, of the signs of God, will ye deny ? ^^ Do they not pass through the earth, and see what hath been the end of those who were before them ? ^^ They were more numerous than these, and more mighty in strength, and left more considerable monuments of their power in the earth ; yet that which they had acquired, profited them not. ^^ And when their apostles came unto them with evident proofs of their mission, they rejoiced in the knowledge which was with them: but that which they mocked at, encompassed them. ^^ And when they beheld our vengeance, they said. We believe in God alone, and we renounce the idols which we associated with him : but their faith availed them not, after they had beholden our vengeance. ^^ This was the ordinance of God, which was formerly observed in respect to his servants : and then did the unbelievers perish. 80 Other advantages,'] Their skin, was with them.'} Being prejudiced in wool, and hair, which serve you for favour of their own erroneous doctrines, clothing. and despising the instructions of the pro- 84 They rejoiced in the knowledge which phets. 296 A L KORAN, [chap, CHAPTER XLI. INTITLED, ARE DISTINCTLY EXPLAINED ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ H. M. ^ This is a revelation from the most Merciful : ^ a book the verses whereof are distinctly explained, an Arabic Koran, for the instruction of people who under- stand ; ^ bearing good tidings, and denouncing threats : but the greater part of them turn aside, and hearken not thereto. ^ And they say. Our hearts are veiled from the doctrine to which thou invitest us : and there is a deaf- ness in our ears, and a curtain between us and thee: wherefore act thou as thou shalt think fit ; for we shall act according to our own sentiments. ^ Say, Verily I am only a man like you. It is revealed unto me that your God is one God : wherefore direct your way strait unto him ; and ask pardon of him for what is past. ^ And woe be to the idolaters, who give not the appointed alms, and believe not in the life to come ! ^ But as to those who believe, and work righteousness ; they shall receive an everlasting reward. ^ Say, Do ye indeed disbelieve in him who created the earth in two days ; and do ye set up equals unto him ? He is the Lord of all creatures. ^^ And he placed in the earth mountains firmly rooted, rising above the same : and he blessed it ; and provided therein the food of the creatures, designed to be the inhabitants Title — Explained.'] Some intitle this 3 Distinctly explained.'] See chap. xi. chapter Worship or Adoration, because verse 2. the infidels are herein commanded to for- 9 In two days.] Viz. The two first days sake the worship of idols, and to worship of the week i. God : but the 32d chapter bearing the 10 Mountains.'] The Mohammedans same title, that which we have here believe that the earth was at first liable to prefixed is, for distinction, generally used« motion, like the celestial orbs, but that 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. p. 18, God rendered it stable by throwing moun- &c. tains upon it. ^ Jallal6*ddin. xLi.] AL KORAN. 297 thereof, in four days ; equally for those who ask. ^^ Then he set his mind to the creation of heaven ; and it was smoke : and he said unto it, and to the earth, Come, either obediently, or against your will. They answered, We come obedient to thy command. ^^ And he formed them into seven heavens, in two days ; and revealed unto every heaven its office. And we adorned the low^er heaven with lights, and placed therein a guard of angels. This is the disposition of the mighty, the wise God. ^^ If the Meccans withdraw from these instructions, say, I denounce unto you a sudden destruction, like the de- struction of Ad and Thamud. ^^ When the apostles came unto them before them and behind them, saying, Worship God alone : they answered. If our Lord had been pleased to send messengers, he had surely sent angels ; and we believe not the message with which ye are sent. ^^ As to the tribe of Ad, they behaved inso- lently in the earth, without reason, and said. Who is more mighty than we in strength? Did they not see that God, who had created them, was more mighty than they in strength ? And they knowingly rejected our signs. ^^ Wherefore we sent against them a piercing wind, on days of ill luck, that we might make them taste the punishment of shame in this world ; but the 10 In four days.'} That is including sixth days of the week. It is said the the two former days wherein the earth heavens were created on Thursday, and was created. the sun, moon, and stars, on Friday ; in — Equally for those who ask.~\ i. e. the evening of which last day Adam was For all, in proportion to the necessity of made ^, each, and as their several appetites require. — A guard of angels.'] The Moham- Some refer the word Sawdan, here trans- medans believe that each star and planet lated equally^ and which also signifies is entrusted to the superintendence of a completely, to the four days ; supposing guardian angel who prevents the evil the meaning to be, that God created these spirits from entering among the celestial things in just so many entire and com- luminaries, plete days ^ 14 Before them and behind them.'] That \\ It was smohe,] Or darkness. Al is, on every side, persuading and urging Zamakhshari says, this smoke proceeded them continually, and by arguments drawn from the waters under the throne of God, from past examples, and the expectation (which throne was one of the things of future rewards or punishment, created before the heavens and the earth,) \Q On days of ill luch.] It is said that and rose above the water : that the water this wind continued from Wednesday to being dried up, the earth was formed out Wednesday inclusive, being the latter end of it, and the heavens out of the smoke of the month Shawdl : and that a Wed- which had mounted aloft. nesday is the . day whereon God sends 12 In two days.] Viz. On the fifth and down his judgments on a wicked people •'^. * Jallalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi, 2 Udem. 3 ^/ Beiddwi, 298 A L KORAN. [chap. punishment of the life to come will be more shameful ; and they shall not be protected therefrom. ^^ And as to Thamud, we directed them : but they loved blindness better than the true direction ; wherefore the terrible noise of an ignominious punishment assailed them, for that which they had deserved ; ^^ but we delivered those who believed, and feared God. ^^ And warn them of the day, on which the enemies of God shall be gathered together unto hell-fire, and shall march in distinct bands ; ^^ until, when they shall arrive thereat, their ears, and their eyes, and their skins, shall bear witness against them of that which they shall have wrought. ^^ And they shall say unto their skins, Wherefore do ye bear witness against us? They shall answer, God hath caused us to speak, who giveth speech unto all things : he created you the first time : and unto him are ye returned. ^^ Ye did not hide yourselves, while ye sinned, so that your ears, and your eyes, and your skins, could not bear witness against you : but ye thought that God was ignorant of many things which ye did. ^^ This was your opinion, which ye imagined of your Lord : it hath ruined you ; and ye are become lost people. ^^ Whether they bear their torment, hell-fire shall be their abode ; or whether they beg for favour, they shall not obtain favour. ^^ And we will give them the devils to be their companions : for they dressed up for them the false notions which they entertained of this present world, and of that which is to come ; and the sentence justly fitteth them, which was formerly pro- nounced on the nations of genii and men who were before them ; for they perished. ^^ The unbelievers say. Hearken not unto this Koran ; but use vain discourse during the reading thereof, that ye may overcome the voice of the reader by your scoffs and laughter. '^^ Wherefore we will surely cause the unbelievers to taste a grievous punishment, and we will certainly reward them for the evils which they shall have wrought. ^^ This shall be the 18 Delivered^ &c.] See the Traditional Ye hid your crimes from men, little think- History of the Arabians, Prel. Disc. § I. ing that your very members, from which and Thamud in Index. ye could not hide them, would rise up as 22 Ye did not hide yourselves so that witnesses against you. your ears, and your eyes, and your skins, 26 Use vain discourse.'] Or, talk could not bear witness against you.'] i. e. aloud. XLi.] AL KORAN. 299 reward of the enemies of God, namely, hell-fire ; therein is prepared for them an everlasting abode, as a reward for that they have wittingly rejected our signs. ^^ And the infidels shall say in hell, O Lord, shew us the two who seduced us, of the genii and men, and we will cast them under our feet that they may become most base and despicable. ^^ As for those who say. Our Lord is God, and who behave uprightly ; the angels shall descend unto them, and shall say. Fear not, neither be ye grieved ; but rejoice in the hopes of paradise, which ye have been promised. ^^ We are your friends in this life, and in that which is to come : therein shall ye have that which your souls shall desire, and therein shall ye obtain what- ever ye shall ask for ; as a gift from a gracious and mer- ciful God. ^^ Who speaketh better than he who inviteth unto God, and worketh righteousness, and saith, I am a Moslem ? ^^ Good and evil shall not be held equal. Turn away evil with that which is better ; and behold, the man between whom and thyself there was enmity, shall be- come, as it were, thy warmest friend. ^^ But none shall attain to this perfection, except they who are patient; nor shall any attain thereto, except he who is endued with a great happiness of temper. ^^ And if a mali- cious suggestion be offered unto thee from Satan, have recourse unto God ; for it is he who heareth and knoweth. ^^ Among the signs of his power are the night, and the day, and the sun, and the moon. Wor- ship not the sun, neither the moon: but worship God, who hath created them ; if ye serve him. ^^ But if they proudly disdain his service ; verily the angels, who are with thy Lord, praise him night and day, and are not wearied. ^^ And among his signs, another is, that thou seest the land waste: but when we send down rain thereon, it is stirred, and fermenteth. And he who 29 The two who seduced us, of the genii Either while they are living on earth, to and menJ] i. e. Those of either species, dispose their minds to good, to preserve who drew us into sin and ruin. Some them from temptation, and to comfort suppose that the two more particularly in- them ; or at the hour of death to support tended here, are Eblis and Cain ; the two them in their last agony ; or at their com- authors of infidelity and murder ^. ing forth from their graves, at the resur- 30 The angels shall descend unto them.'] rection 2. 1 Al Beiddtvi, JallaWddin, 2 lidem. 300 AL KORAN. [chap. quickeneth the earth, will surely quicken the dead ; for he is almighty. ^^ Verily those who impiously wrong our signs, are not concealed from us. Is he, therefore, better, who shall be cast into hell-fire, or he who shall appear secure on the day of resurrection ? Work that which ye will: he certainly beholdeth whatever ye do. ^^ Verily they who believe not in the admonition of the Koran, after it hath come unto them, shall one day be discovered. It is certainly a book of infinite value. ^^ Vanity shall not approach it, either from before it, or from behind it: it is a revelation from a wise God, w^hose praise is justly to be celebrated. ^^ No other is said unto thee by the infidels of Mecca, than what hath been formerly said unto the apostles before thee : verily thy Lord is inclined to forgiveness, and is also able to chastise severely, ^^ If we had revealed the Koran in a foreign language, they had surely said. Unless the signs thereof be distinctly ex- plained, we will not receive the same: is the book written in a foreign tongue, and the person unto whom it is directed, an Arabian ? Answer, It is, unto those who believe, a sure guide, and a remedy for doubt and uncer- tainty. ^^ But unto those who believe not, it is a thick- ness of hearing in their ears, and it is a darkness which covereth them ; these are as they who are called unto from a distant place. ^^ We heretofore gave the book of the law unto Moses ; and a dispute arose concerning the same : and if a previous decree had not proceeded from thy Lord, to respite the opposers of that revelation, verily the matter had been decided between them, by the destruction of the infidels ; for they were in a very great doubt as to the same. ^^ He who doth right, doth it to the advantage of his own soul ; and he who doth evil, doth it against the same : for thy Lord is not unjust towards his servants. [*XXV.] ^^ Unto him is reserved the knowledge of the hour of judgment : and no fruit Cometh forth from the knops which involve it ; neither doth any female conceive in her womb, nor is she de- 41 Vanity shall not approach itj either 43 Foreign language.'] Seec. xvi. v. 103. from before it, or from behind it.] That is, 44 These are as they who are called unto it shall not be prevailed against, or frus- from a distant place.] Being so far off that trated by any means, or in any respect they hear not, or understand not the voice whatever, of him who calls to them. xLi.] A L KORAN. 301 livered of her burden ; but with his knowledge. On the day whereon he shall call them to him, saying, Where are my companions which ye ascribe unto me ? they shall answer, We assure thee there is no witness of this matter among us. ^^ And the idols which they called on before, shall withdraw themselves from them; and they shall perceive that there will be no way to escape. ^^ Man is not wearied with asking good ; but if evil befall him, he despondeth, and despaireth. ^^And if he cause him to taste mercy from us, after affliction hath touched him, he surely saith. This is due to me on account of my deserts: I do not think the hour of judgment will ever come ; and if I be brought before my Lord, I shall surely attain, with him, the most excellent condition. But we will then declare unto those who shall not have believed, that which they have wrought : and we will surely cause them to taste a most severe punishment. ^^ When we confer favours on man, he turneth aside, and departeth without returning thanks: but when evil toucheth him, he is fre- quent at prayer. ^'^ Say, What think ye ? if the Koran be from God, and ye believe not therein ; who will lie under a greater error, than he who dissenteth widely therefrom? ^^ Hereafter M^e will shew them our signs in the regions of the earth, and in themselves ; until it become manifest unto them that this book is the truth. Is it not sufficient for thee that thy Lord is witness of all things ? ^^ Are they not in doubt as to the meeting of their Lord at the resurrection ? Doth not he encompass all things ? 47 They shall answer, There is no wit- 53 We will shew them our signs in the ness of this matter among ?/5.] For they regions of the earth, and in themselves.^ shall disclaim their idols at the resur- By the surprising victories and conquests rection. of Mohamnaed. and his successors ^. ^ Al BeiddwL 302 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAP. XLIl. Intitled, Consolation ; revealed at Mecca. In the name of the most merciful God. ' H. M. A. S. K. 2 Thus doth the mighty, the wise God reveal his will unto thee; and in like manner did he reveal it unto the prophets who were before thee. ^Unto him belongeth whatever is in heaven, and in earth ; and he is the high, the great God. ^ It wanteth little but that the heavens be rent in sunder from above, at the awfulness of his Majesty : the angels celebrate the praise of their Lord, and ask pardon for those who dwell in the earth. Is not God the forgiver of sins, the merciful ? ^ But as to those who take other gods for their patrons, besides him, God observeth their actions : for thou art not a steward over them. ^ Thus have we revealed unto thee an Arabic Koran, that thou mayest warn the metro- polis of Mecca, and the Arabs who dwell round about it ; and mayest threaten them with the day of the general assembly, of which there is no doubt : one part shall then be placed in paradise, and another part in hell. ^ If God had pleased, he had made them all of one religion : but he leadeth whom he pleaseth into his mercy ; and the unjust shall have no patron or helper. ^ Do they take other patrons besides him ? whereas God is the only true patron : he quickeneth the dead ; and he is almighty. ^ Whatever matter ye disagree about, the decision thereof appertaineth unto God. ^^ This is God, my Lord : in Title — Consultation.'] The title is taken 2'itle — Mecca."} Jallalo'ddin excepts three from the verse wherein the believers are verses, beginning with these words, Say, I commended, among other things, for using ask not of you, for this my preaching, any deliberation in their affairs, and consulting reward, &c. together, in order to act for the best. i H. M. &c.] See the Prelim. Disc. Some, instead of this word, prefix the five § 3. single letters with which the chapter begins. 8 xLii.] A L KORAN. 303 him do I trust, and unto him do I turn me ; the Creator of heaven and earth : he hath given you wives of your own species, and cattle both male and female ; by which means he multiplieth you: there is nothing like him ; and it is he who heareth and seeth. ^^ His are the keys of heaven and earth ; he bestoweth provision abun- dantly on whom he pleaseth ; and he is sparing unto whom he pleaseth ; for he knoweth all things. ^^ He hath ordained you the religion which he commanded Noah, and which we have revealed unto thee, O Moham- med, and which we commanded Abraham, and Moses, and Jesus: saying, Observe this religion, and be not divided therein. The worship of one God, to which thou invitest them, is grievous unto the unbelievers. ^^ God will elect thereto whom he pleaseth, and will direct unto the same him who shall repent. ^^ Those who lived in times past, were not divided among themselves until after that the knowledge of God's unity had come unto them through their own perverseness : and unless a previous decree had passed from thy Lord, to bear with them till a determined time, verily the matter had been decided between them, by the destruction of the gainsayers. They who have inherited the scriptures after them, are certainly in a perplexing doubt concerning the same. ^^ Wherefore invite them to receive the sure faith, and be urgent with them, as thou hast been commanded ; and follow not their vain desires : and say, I believe in all the scriptures which God hath sent down ; and I am com- manded to establish justice among you: God is our Lord, and your Lord : unto us will our works be imputed, and unto you will your works be imputed : let there be no wrangling between us and you ; for God will assemble us all at the last day, and unto him shall we return. ^^ As to those who dispute concerning God, after obe- dience hath been paid him by receiving his religion, their disputing shall be vain in the sight of their Lord ; and wrath shall fall on them, and they shall suffer a grievous 12 Moses and Jesus, &c.] See the Pre- tures after them.'] viz: The modern Jews liminary Disc. § 4. For the history of the and Christians. prophets whom Mohammed claimed as his — Are in a doiiht concerning the same.'\ predecessors. Not understanding the true meaning, nor 14 They who have inherited the scrip- believing the real doctrines thereof. 304 AL KORAN. [chap. punishment. ^^ It is God who hath sent down the scrip- \ ture with truth ; and the balance of true judgment ; and what shall inform thee whether the hour be nigh at hand? ^^ They who believe not therein, wish it to be hastened by way of mockery : but they who believe, dread the same, and know it to be the truth. Are not those who dispute concerning the last hour in a wide error ? ^^ God is bounteous unto his servants : he provideth for whom he pleaseth ; and he is the strong, the mighty. ^^ Whoso chooseth the tillage of the life to come, unto him will we give increase in his tillage : and whoso chooseth the tillage of this world, we will give him the fruit thereof; but he shall have no part in the life to come. ^^ Have the idolaters deities which ordain them a religion which God hath not allowed ? But had it not been for the de- cree of respiting their punishment to the day of separa- ting the infidels from the true believers, judgment had been already given between them : for the unjust shall surely suffer a painful torment. ^^ On that day thou shalt see the unjust in great terror, because of their demerits ; and the penalty thereof shall fall upon them : but they who believe, and do good works, shall dwell in the delightful meadows of paradise ; they shall obtain whatever they shall desire, with their Lord. This is the greatest acquisition ^^ This is what God promiseth unto his servants who believe and do good works. Say, I ask not of you, for this my preaching, any reward, except the love of my relations : and whoever shall have deserved well by one good action, unto him will we add the merit of another action thereto ; for God is inclined to forgive, and ready to reward. ^^ Do they say, Mohammed hath blasphemously forged a lie concerning God? If God 20 Whoso chooseth the tillage of the life to and knew not his Lord, as if he had said, come.~\ Labouring here, to obtain a reward God forbid that thou shouldest be so void hereafter : for what is sown in this world, of grace, or have so little sense of thy will be reaped in the next. duty ! Others think the signification to be, 24 If God pleaseth he will seal up thy that God might strike all the revelations heart*'] The meaning of these words is which had been vouchsafed to Moham- somewhat obscure. Some imagine they med, out of his heart at once ; and others, express a detestation of the forgery charged that God would strengthen his heart on the prophet by the infidels ; because with patience against the insults of the none could be capable of so wicked an unbelievers ^ action, but one whose heart was close shut, * Al Beiddwi. XLii.] AL KORAN. HOB pleaseth, he will seal up thy heart : and God will abso- lutely abolish vanity, and will establish the truth in his words ; for he knoweth the innermost parts of men's breasts. ^^ It is he who accepteth repentance from his servants, and forgiveth sins, and knoweth that which ye do. ^^ He will incline his ear unto those who believe and work righteousness, and will add unto them above what they shall ask or deserve of his bounty ; but the unbe- lievers shall suffer a severe punishment. ^^ If God should bestow abundance upon his servants, they would certainly behave insolently in the earth : but he sendeth down by measure unto every one that which he pleaseth ; for he well knoweth and se^h the condition of his servants. ^^ It is he who sendeth down the rain, after men have despaired thereof, and spreadeth abroad his mercy ; and he is the patron, justly to be praised. ^^ Among his signs is the creation of heaven and earth, and of the living creatures with which he hath replenished them both; and he is able to gather them together before his tribunal, whenever he pleaseth. ^^ Whatever misfortune befalleth you, is sent you by God, for that which your hands have deserved ; and yet he forgiveth many things. ^^ Ye shall not frustrate the divine vengeance in the earth ; neither shall ye have any protector or helper against God. ^^ Among his signs also are the ships running in the sea, like high mountains : if he pleaseth, he causeth the wind to cease, and they lie still on the back of the water : (verily herein are signs unto every patient and grateful person :) ^^ or he destroyeth them by shipwreck, because of that which their crews have merited ; though he pardoneth many things. ^^ And they who dispute against our signs, shall know that there will be no way for them to escape our vengeance. ^^ Whatever things are given you, they are the provision of this present life : but the reward which is with God is better, and more durable, for those who believe, and put their trust in their Lord ; 24 God will abolish vanity^ and esta- certainly fail, and come to nothing; but blish the truth.^ Wherefore if the doctrine if it be of God, it can never be over- taught in this book be of man, it will throvsm ^ * Al Beiddwi, VOL. II. X 306 AL KORAN. [chap. ^^ and who avoid heinous and filthy crimes ; and when they are angry, forgive ; ^^ and who hearken unto their Lord, and are constant at prayer ; and whose affairs are directed by consultation among themselves, and who give alms out of what we have bestowed on them. ^^And who, when an injury is done them, avenge themselves : ^^ (and the retaliation of evil ought to be an evil propor- tionate thereto :) but he who forgiveth, and is reconciled unto his enemy, shall receive his reward from God ; for he loveth not the unjust doers. ^^ And whoso shall avenge himself, after he hath been injured ; as to these, it is not lawful to punish them for it: ^^ but it is only lawful to punish those who wrong men, an(J act insolently in the earth, against justice ; these shall suffer a grievous punishment. '^^ And whoso beareth injuries patiently, and forgiveth ; verily this is a necessary work. ^^ Whom God shall cause to err, he shall afterwards have no protector. *^ And thou shalt see the ungodly, who shall say, when they behold the punishment prepared for them, Is there no way to return back into the world ? And thou shalt see them exposed unto hell-fire ; dejected, because of the ignominy they shall undergo ; they shall look at the fire side-ways, and by stealth : and the true believers shall say. Verily the losers are they who have lost their own souls, and their families, on the day of resurrection ; shall not the ungodly continue in eternal torment ? ^^ They shall have no protectors to defend them against God : and whom God shall cause to err, he shall find no way to the truth. ^^ Hearken unto your Lord, before the day come, which God will not keep back: ye shall have no place of refuge on that day ; neither shall ye be able to deny your sins. ^'^ But if those to whom thou preachest turn aside from thy admonitions, verily we have not sent thee to be a guardian over them : thy duty is preaching only. When we cause man to taste mercy from us, he rejoiceth thereat : but if evil 38 And who, when an injury is done complete the character here given ; for tkeniy avenge themselves.^ Using the means valour and courage are not inconsistent vphich God has put into their hands for with clemency ' ; the rule being, their own defence. This is added to Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos. ^ Jl Beiddwi, xLiii.] A L KORAN. 307 befall them, for that which their hands have formerly committed, verily man becometh ungrateful. ^^ Unto God appertaineth the kingdom of heaven and earth : he createth that v^hich he pleaseth; and he giveth females unto whom he pleaseth ; ^^ and he giveth males unto whom he pleaseth, or he giveth them males and females jointly: and he maketh whom he pleaseth to be childless ; for he is wise and powerful. ^^ It is not fit for man, that God should speak unto him otherwise than by private revelation, or from behind a veil, or by his sending of a messenger to reveal, by his permission, that which he pleaseth ; for he is high and wise. ^^ Thus have we revealed unto thee a revelation, by our command. ^^ Thou didst not understand, before this, what the book of the Koran was, nor what the faith was : but we have or- dained the same for a light ; we will thereby direct such of our servants as we please: ^^ and thou shalt surely direct them into the right way, the way of God, unto whom belongeth whatever is in heaven and on earth. Shall not all things return unto God ? 51 Thus have we revealed unto thee a translated, Thus have we sent the spirit revelatio'n.~\ Or, as the words may also be Gabriel unto thee with a revelation. CHAPTER XLIII. INTITLED, the ornaments OF GOLD ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ H. M. ^ By the perspicuous book ; ^ verily we have ordained the same an Arabic Koran, that ye may under- stand : ^ and it is certainly written in the original book, kept with us, being sublime, and full of wisdom. ^ Shall we therefore turn away from you the admonition, and deprive you thereof, because ye are a people who trans- Title — Ornaments.'] The word chosen L H. M.] See the Prelim. Disc, for the title of this chapter, occurs ver. 52. § iii. Title — Mecca.^ Some except the verse 4 In the original hook.l i. e. The pre- beginning with these words, And ask our served Table; which is the original of all apostles whom we have sent before thee, &c. the scriptures in general. X 2 308 A L KORAN. [chap. gress ? ^ And how many prophets have we sent among those of old ? ^ and no prophet came unto them, but they laughed him to scorn : ^ wherefore we destroyed nations who were more mighty than these in strength ; and the example of those who were of old, hath been already set before them. ^ If thou ask them who created the heavens and the earth, they will certainly answer, The mighty, the wise God created them. ^^ Who hath spread the earth as a bed for you, and hath made you paths therein, that ye may be directed. ^^ And who sendeth down rain from heaven by measure, whereby we quicken a dead country; (so shall ye be brought forth from your graves :) ^^ And who hath created all the various species of things, and hath given you ships and cattle, whereon ye are carried ; ^^ that ye may sit firmly on the backs thereof, and may remember the favour of your Lord, when ye sit thereon, and may say. Praise be unto him who hath subjected these unto our service ! for we could not have mastered them by our own power : ^^and unto our Lord shall we surely return. ^^ Yet have they attributed unto him some of his servants as his offspring : verily man is openly ungrateful. ^^ Hath God taken daughters out of those beings which he hath created ; and hath he chosen sons for you ? ^^ But when one of them hath the news brought of the birth of a child of that sex which they attribute unto the Merciful as his similitude, his face becometh black, and he is oppressed with sorrow. ^^ Do they therefore attribute unto God female issue, which are brought up among ornaments, and are contentious without cause ? And do they make the angels who are the servants of the Mer- ciful, females ? Were they present at their creation ? Their testimony shall be written down, and they shall be examined concerning the same on the day of judgment. ^^ And they say. If the Merciful had pleased, we had not worshipped them. They have no knowledge herein : they only utter a vain lie. ^^ Have we given them a book of revelations before this ; and do they keep the 17 W'ith sorrow, &c.] The continued made the Arabs regard the birth of a insults to which fairilies were exposed by female child as a misfortune, the predatory habi* of the nomad tribes xLiii.] A L KORAN. 309 same in their custody ? ^^ But they say, Verily we found our fathers practising a religion ; and we are guided in their footsteps. ^^ Thus we sent no preacher, before thee, unto any city, but the inhabitants thereof, who lived in affluence, said. Verily we found our fathers practising a religion, and we tread in their footsteps. ^^ And the preacher answered. What, although I bring you a more right religion than that which ye found your fathers to practise ? And they replied. Verily we believe not that which ye are sent to preach. ^* Wherefore we took vengeance on them : and behold what hath been the end of those who accused our apostles of imposture. ^^ Remember when Abraham said unto his father, and his people, ^^ Verily I am clear of the gods which ye worship, except him who hath created me ; for he will direct me aright. ^^ And he ordained this to be a con- stant doctrine among his posterity ; that they should be turned from idolatry to the worship of the only true God. ^^ Verily I have permitted these Meccans and their fathers to live in prosperity, until the truth should come unto them, and a manifest apostle. ^^ But now the truth is come unto them, they say. This is a piece of sorcery ; and we believe not therein. ^^ And they say. Had this Koran been sent down unto some great man of either of the two cities, we would have received it. ^^ Do they distribute the mercy of thy Lord ? We distribute their necessary provision among them in this present life, and we raise some of them several degrees above the others, that the one of them may take the other to serve him : and the mercy of thy Lord is more valuable than the riches which they gather together. ^^ If it were not that mankind would have become one sect of infidels, verily we had given unto those who believe not in the Merciful, roofs of silver to their houses, and stairs of silver, by which they might ascend thereto, and doors of silver to their houses, and couches of silver for them to 30 Had this Koran been sent down unto Mogheira,orOrwaEbnMasudtheThakifite^ some great man of either of the two cities.^ 31 The mercy of thy Lord,~\ By this i. e. To one of the principal inhabitants of expression the prophetic office is here par- Mecca, or of Tayef ; such as al Walid Ebn al ticularly intended. ^ Al Beiddwi, 310 AL KORAN. [chap. lean on ; and ornaments of gold ; ^^ for all this is the provision of the present life : but the next life with thy Lord shall be for those who fear him. ^^ Whoever shall withdraw from the admonition of the Merciful, we will chain a devil unto him ; and he shall be his inseparable companion : ^^ (and the devils shall turn them aside from the way of truth ; yet they shall imagine themselves to be rightly directed :) ^^ until, when he shall appear before us at the last day, he shall say unto the devil, Would to God that betw^een me and thee there was the distance of the east from the west ! O how wretched a companion art thou ! ^^ But wishes shall not avail you on this day, since ye have been unjust: for ye shall be partakers of the same punishment. ^^ Canst thou, O prophet, make the deaf to hear, or canst thou direct the blind, and him who is in a manifest error? ^^ Whether we take thee away, we will surely take vengeance on them. ^^ Or whether we cause thee to see the punishment with which we have threatened them executed, we will certainly prevail over them. ^^ Wherefore hold fast the doctrine which hath been revealed unto thee ; for thou art in a right way: ^^and it is a memorial unto thee and thy people, and hereafter shall ye be examined concerning your observance thereof. ^^ And ask our apostles whom we have sent before thee, whether we have appointed gods for them to worship, besides the Merciful. '^^ We formerly sent Moses with our signs unto Pharaoh and his princes, and he said. Verily I am the apostle of the Lord of all creatures. ^^ And when he came unto them with our signs, behold, they laughed him to scorn: ^^ although we shewed them no sign, but it was greater than the other : and we inflicted a punishment on them, that perad venture they might be converted. ^^ And they said unto Moses, O magician, pray unto thy Lord for us, according to the covenant which he hath made 35 Devils.~\ See chap. xix. ver. 81, &c. is, that the miracles were all very great 43 Jsk our apostles whom we have sent and considerable, or, as the French may before theeJ] That is, ask those who pro- express it, by a phrase nearly the same, fess the religions which they taught, and Les uns plus grands que les autres. tl)eir learned men i. — A punishment.'] Viz. The successive 4(i But it was greater than the other.] plagues which they suffered previous to Literally, than its sister. The meaning their final destruction in the Red Sea. * Al BeiddtVf Jallah'ddinj &c. xLiii.] AL KORAN. 311 with thee ; for we will certainly be directed. ^^ But when we took the plague from off them, behold, they brake their promise. ^^ And Pharaoh made procla- mation among his people, saying, O my people, is not the kingdom of Egypt mine, and these rivers which flow beneath me? Do ye not see? ^^Am not I better than this Moses ; ^^ who is a contemptible person, and can scarce express himself intelligibly ? ^^ Have brace- lets of gold, therefore, been put upon him, or do the angels attend him in orderly procession ? ^^ And Pha- raoh persuaded his people to light behaviour ; and they obeyed him: for they were a wicked people. ^^And when they had provoked us to wrath, we took vengeance on them, and we drowned them all : ^^ and we made them a precedent, and an example unto others. ^^ And when the son of Mary was proposed for an example; behold, the people cried out through excess of joy thereat ; ^^ and they said. Are our gods better, or he ? They have pro- posed this instance unto thee no otherwise than for an occasion of dispute ; yea, they are contentious men. ^^ Jesus is no other than a servant, whom we favoured with the gift of prophecy ; and we appointed him for an example unto the children of Israel ^^ (if we pleased, verily we could from yourselves produce angels, to suc- 49 These rivers.'] To wit, the Nile gods should be with Jesus ; for he also is and its branches ^. worshipped as God ^. Some, however, 51 Intelligihly, &c.] According to are of opinion, it might have been revealed the Rabbins, Moses stuttered. in answer to certain idolaters, who said 52 Have bracelets of gold been put upon that the Christians, who received the scrip- Am ?] Such bracelets were some of the tures, worshipped Jesus, supposing him insignia of royalty : for when the Egyp- to be the son of God ; whereas the angels tians raised a person to the dignity of a were more worthy of that honour than prince, they put a collar or chain of gold he ^. about his neck 2, and bracelets of gold on 58 An example^] Or an instance of our his wrists ^. power, by his miraculous birth. 56 When the son of Mary was proposed 59 We could from yourselves produce for an example ^ &c.] This passage is angels ^ &c.] As easily as we produced generally supposed to have been revealed Jesus without a father ^ The intent of on occasion of an objection made by one the word is, to shew how just and reason- Ebn al Zabari to those words in the 21st able it is to think, that the angels should chapter *, by which all in general, who bear the relation of children to men, were worshipped as deities, besides God, rather than to God ; they being his crea- are doomed to hell : whereupon the infi- tures, as well as men, and equally in his dels cried out, We are contented that our power. ^ Al Beiddwiy Jallalo'ddin, &c. 2 ggg Genes, xli. 42. ^ Al Beiddwi, JallaWddin. * Verse 98. ^ Jallalo' ddin^ Al Beiddwi. ^ lidem. ^ lidem. S12 AL KORAN. [chap. ceed you in the earth:) and he shall be a sign of the approach of the last hour ; wherefore doubt not thereof. And follow me : this is the right way. ®^ And let not Satan cause you to turn aside: for he is your open enemy. ^^ And when Jesus came with evident miracles, he said, Now am I come unto you with wisdom, and to explain unto you part of those things concerning which ye disagree : wherefore fear God, and obey me. ^^ Verily God is my Lord, and your Lord; wherefore worship him: this is the right way. ^^And the confederated sects among them fell to Tariance : but woe unto those who have acted unjustly, because of the punishment of a grievous day. ^* Do the unbelievers wait for any other than the hour of judgment ; that it may come upon them suddenly, while they foresee it not? ^^The intimate friends, on that day, shall be enemies unto one another ; except the pious. ^^ O my servants, there shall no fear come on you this day, neither shall ye be grieved ; ^^ who have believed in our signs, and have been Moslems : ^^ enter ye into paradise, ye and your wives, with great joy. ^^ Dishes of gold shall be carried round unto them, and cups without handles : and therein shall they enjoy whatever their souls shall desire, and whatever their eyes shall delight in : and ye shall remain therein for ever. ^^ This is paradise, which ye have inherited as a reward for that which ye have wrought. ^^ Therein shall ye have fruits in abundance, of which ye shall eat. '^^ But the wicked shall remain for ever in the torment of hell : ^Mt 59 He shall he a sign of the approach of down the cross, and destroy the churches the last hour.'] For some time before the of the Christians, of whom he will also resurrection Jesus is to descend on earth, make a general slaughter, excepting only according to the Mohammedans, near such as shall profess Islam, &c.3 Damascus ^ or, as some say, near a rock 61 Now am I come unto you with wis* in the Holy Land, named Afik, with a dom.'] That is, with the book of revela- lance in his hand, wherewith he is to kill tions, and an excellent system of religion. Antichrist, whom he will encounter at 63 The confederated sects fell to vari- Ludd, or Lydda, a small town not far anceS] This may be understood either of from Joppa^. They add, that he will the Jews in the time of Jesus, who op- arrive at Jerusalem at the time of morning posed his doctrine, or of the Christians prayer, that he shall perform his devotions since, who have fallen into various opinions after the Mohammedan institution, and concerning him ; some making him to be officiate instead of the Imam, who shall God, others the son of God, and others give place to him; that he will break one of the persons of the Trinity, &c. ^. * See the Prelim. Disc. § 4. ^ ggg \\y\^^ 3 ^i Beiddwi, * Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, xLiii] AL KORAN. 313 shall not be made lighter unto them ; and they shall despair therein. ^^ We deal not unjustly with them, but they deal unjustly with their own souls. ^^And they shall call aloud, saying, O Malec, intercede for us, that thy Lord would end us by annihilation. He shall answer, Verily ye shall remain here for ever. '^^ We brought you the truth heretofore, but the greater part of you abhorred the truth. ^^ Have the infidels fixed on a method to circum- vent our apostle ? Verily w^e will fix on a method to circumvent them. ^^ Do they imagine that we hear not their secrets, and their private discourse ? ^^ Yea ; and our messengers who attend them write down the same. ^^ Say, If the Merciful had a son, verily I would be the first of those who should worship him. ^* Far be the Lord of heaven and earth, the Lord of the throne, from that which they aflSrm of him ! ^^ Wherefore let them wade in their vanity, and divert themselves until they arrive at their day with which they have been threatened. ^^ He who is God in heaven, is God in earth also ; and he is the wise, the knowing. ^^ And blessed be he unto whom appertaineth the kingdom of heaven and earth, and of whatever is between them : with whom is the knowledge of the last hour ; and before whom ye shall be assembled. ^^ They whom they invoke besides him, have not the privilege to intercede for others; except those who bear witness to the truth and know the same. ^^If thou ask them who hath created them, they will surely answer, God. How therefore are they turned away to the worship of others ? God also heareth the saying of the prophet, O Lord, verily these are people who be- lieve not : ^^ and he answereth, Therefore turn aside from them ; ^^ and say, Peace : hereafter shall they know their folly. 75 0 Malec.~\ This the Mohammedans 85 Except those who hear witness to the suppose to be the name of the principal truth, &c.] That is, to the doctrine of angel who has the charge of hell. God's unity. The exception comprehends — He shall answer^ Some say that Jesus, Ezra, and the angels ; who will this answer will not be given till a thou- be admitted as intercessors though they sand years after. have been worshipped as gods i. 79 Our messengers who attend them. ] 88 PeaceJ] See chap. xxv. verse 63. i. e. The guardian angels. 1 Al Beiddwij Jallalo'ddin, 314 A L KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER XLIV. INTITLED, smoke; REVEALED AT MECCA, In the name of the most merciful God. ^ H. M. ^ By the perspicuous book of the Koran ; ^ verily we have sent down the same on a blessed night, (for we had engaged so to do,) ^ on the night wherein is distinctly sent down the decree of every determined thing, as a command from us. ^ Verily we have ever used to send apostles with revelations, at proper intervals ; ^ as a mercy from thy Lord ; for it is he who heareth and knoweth : ^ the Lord of heaven and earth, and of what- ever is between them ; if ye are men of sure knowledge. ^ There is no God but he : he giveth life, and he causeth to die; he is your Lord, and the Lord of your fore- fathers. ^ Yet do they amuse themselves with doubt. ^^ But observe them on the day whereon the heaven shall produce a visible smoke, which shall cover mankind : Title — smolce,^ This word occurs in this the divine determinations in respect to re- page, ligion and morality, was sent down ^ : Title — MeccaJ] Some except the verse and according to this exposition the pas- beginning, We will take the plague off you sage may be rendered, The night whereon a little, &c. every determined or adjudged matter was 1 H, M,'\ See the Prelim. Disc. § 3. sent down. 3 A blessed night.j Generally supposed 10 When the heaven shall produce a to be that between the 23rd and 24th of visible smoke, &c. The commentators dif- Ramadan. See chap, xcvii. and the notes fer in their expositions of this passage, there. Some think it spoken of a smoke which 4 The night wherein is distinctly sent seemed to fill the air during the famine down the decree of every determined thing, which was inflicted on the Meccans in Mo- &c.] For annually on this night, as the hammed's time ^, and was so thick that Mohammedans are taught, all the events though they could hear, yet they could of the ensuing year, with respect to life not see one another *. But, according to and death, and the other affairs of this a tradition of Ali, the smoke here meant is world, are disposed and settled ^ Some, that which is to be one of the previous signs howe\er, suppose that these words refer of the day of judgment^, and will fill the only to that particular night on which the whole space from east to west, and last for Koran, wherein are completely contained forty days. This smoke, they say, will * Jallald' ddin, Al Beiddtvi. ^ lidem. ^ See chap, xxiii. verse 66. * Al Zamakh. Al Beiddwi, Yahya, Jallalo' ddin> J* See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. 8 xLiv.] AL KORAN. 315 ^^ this will be a tormenting plague. ^^ They shall say, O Lord take this plague from off us : verily we will become true believers. ^^ How should an admonition be of avail to them in this condition ? ^^ when a manifest apostle came unto them, but they retired from him, saying, This man is instructed by others, or is a distracted person. ^^ We will take the plague from off you a little : but ye will certainly return to your infidelity. ^^On the day whereon we shall fiercely assault them with great powe r, verily we will take vengeance on them. ^^ We made trial of the people of Pharaoh before them, and an honour- able messenger came unto them, ^^ saying, Send unto me the servants of God ; verily I am a faithful messenger unto you : ^^ and lift not yourselves up against God : for I come unto you with manifest power. ^^ And I fly for protection unto my Lord, and your Lord, that ye stone me not. ^^ If ye do not believe me, at least depart from me. ^^And when they accused him of imposture, he called upon his Lord, saying, These are a wicked people. ^^ And God said unto him, March forth with my servants by night ; for ye will be pursued : ^* and leave the sea divided, that the Egyptians may enter the same ; for they are a host doomed to be drowned. ^^ How many gardens, and fountains ; ^^ and fields of corn, and fair dwellings, ^^ and advantages which they enjoyed, did they leave behind them ! ^^ Thus we dispossessed them thereof; intoxicate the infidels, and issue at their days, at the prayer of the infidels, and on nose, ears, and posteriors ; but will very their promise of receiving the true faith ; little incommode the true believers ^ which being done, they will immediately 14 By others.'] See chap. xvi. verse 103. return to their wonted obstinacy. 15 We will take the plague from off 16 Ow the day whereon we shall fiercely you a little : hut ye will certainly return assaiilt them with great power.] Some ex- to your infidelity.'] If we follow the for- pound this of the slaughter at Bedr ; and mer exposition, the words are to be un- others of the day of judgment, derstood of the ceasing of the famine, 18 Send unto me the servants of God.] upon the intercession of Mohammed, at i. e. Let the Israelites go with me to wor- the desire of the Koreish, and on their ship their God, promise of believing on him : notwith- 20 That ye stone me not.] Or that ye standing which they fell back to their old injure me not, either by word or deed 2. incredulity; but if we follow the latter 21 Depart from me.] Without opposing exposition, they are to be understood of me, or offering me any injury, which I God's taking away the plague of the have not deserved from you. smoke, after the expiration of the forty 1 Al ZamaJch. Al Beiddwi. ^ Al Beiddwiy S16 AL KORAN. [chaf. and we gavS'tli^ same for an inheritance unto another people. ^^ Neither heaven nor earth wept for them ; neither were they respited any longer. ^^ And we de- livered the children of Israel from a shameful affliction ; ^' from Pharaoh ; for he was haughty, and a transgres- sor : ^^ and we chose them knowingly, above all people ; ^^ and we shewed them several signs, wherein was an evident trial. ^^ Verily these Meccans say. Assuredly our final end will be no other than our first natural death; neither shall we be raised again ; ^^ bring now our fore- fathers back to life, if ye speak truth : ^^ Are they better, or the people of Tobba, and those who were before them? we destroyed them, because they wrought wickedness. ^^We have not created the heavens and the earth, and what- ever is between them, by way of sport : ^^ we have created them no otherwise than in truth ; but the greater part of them do not understand. ^^ Verily the day of separation shall be the appointed term of them all ; ^^ a day whereon the master and the servant shall be of no advantage to one another, neither shall they be helped ; ^^ excepting those on whom God shall have mercy : for he is the mighty, the merciful. ^^ Verily the fruit of the tree of Al Zakkum shall be the food of the impious : ^^ as the dregs of oil shall it boil in the bellies of the damned, ^^ like the boiling of the hottest water. ^"^ And it shall be said to the tormentors, ^^ Take him, and drag him into 28 Another peopled] See chap. xxvi. but his subjects were infidels ^ verse 60. This prince seems to have been Abu 29 Neither heaven nor earth wept for Garb Asaad, who flourished about seven them.'] That is, none pitied their destruction, hundred years before Mohammed, and em- 32 Knowingly.] i. e. Knowing that they braced Judaism, which religion he first were worthy of our choice ; or, notwith- introduced into Yaman, (being the true standing we knew they would in time to religion at that time, inasmuch as Chris- come fall into idolatry, &c. tianity was not then promulgated,) and 33 Several signs.] As the dividing of was for that cause, probably, slain by his the Red Sea ; the cloud which shaded own people *. them; the raining on them manna and 37 Sport, &c.] See chap. xxi. verse 16, quails, &c. ^. and chap, xxxviii. verse 29. 36 The people of Tobba.] Viz. The 39 The day of separation.] i. e. The Hamyarites, whose kings had the title of day of judgment, when the wicked shall Tobba 2. The commentators tell us that be separated from the righteous, &c. the Tobba here meant was very potent, and 42 The impious.] Jallalo'ddin supposes built Samarcand, or as others say, demo- this passage to have been particularly iished it; and that he was a true believer, levelled against Abu Jabl. * Jl Beiddwi. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § i. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin- * Al Jannabi. V. Poc. Spec. p. 60. XLV.] AL KORAN. 317 the midst of hell : ^^and pour on his head the torture of boiling water, ^^ saying, Taste this; for thou art that mighty and honourable person. ^^ Verily this is the punishment of which ye doubted. ^^ But the pious shall be lodged in a place of security, ^^ among gardens and fountains : ^^ they shall be clothed in fine silk, and in satin ; and they shall sit facing one another. ^^ Thus shall it be ; and we will espouse them to fair damsels, having large black eyes. ^^ In that place shall they call for all kinds of fruits, in full security ; ^^ they shall not taste death therein, after the first death: and God shall deliver them from the pains of hell : ^^ through the gracious bounty of thy Lord. This will be great felicity. ^^ Moreover we have rendered the Koran easy for thee, by revealing it in thine own tongue: to the end that they may be admonished. ^^ Where- fore do thou wait the event ; for they wait to see some misfortune befall thee. CHAPTER XLV. INTITLED, THE KNEELING ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ■■>«?"' ^ H. M. ^ The revelation of this book is from the mighty, the wise God. ^ Verily both in heaven and earth are signs of the divine power unto the true believers : ^ and in the creation of yourselves, and of the beasts which are scattered over the face of the earth, are signs unto people of sound judgment ; ^ and also in the vicissitude of night and day, and the rain which God sendeth down from heaven, whereby he quickeneth the earth after it hath been dead : in the change of the winds also are signs unto people of understanding. ^ These are the signs of God : we rehearse them unto thee with truth. In what revela- tion therefore will they believe, after they have rejected God and his signs ? ^ Woe unto every lying and impious Title — kneeling,'] The word from which 1 H, M,] See the Preliminary Dis^ this chapter is denominated, occurs verse 27. course § iii. 318 A L KORAN. [chap. person ; ^ who heareth the signs of God, which are read unto him, and afterwards proudly persisteth in infidelity, as though he heard them not : (denounce unto him a pain- ful punishment :) ^ and who, when he cometh to the knowledge of any of our signs, receiveth the same with scorn. ^^ For these is prepared a shameful punishment : before them lieth hell ; and whatever they shall have gained shall not avail them at all ; neither shall the idols which they have taken for their patrons, besides God : and they shall suffer a grievous punishment. ^^ This is a true direction : and for those who disbelieve the signs of their Lord, is prepared the punishment of a painful torment. ^^ It is God who hath subjected the sea unto you, that the ships may sail therein at his command ; and that ye may seek advantage unto yourselves by commerce, of his bounty ; and that ye may give thanks : ^^ and he obligeth whatever is in heaven and on earth to serve you; the whole being from him. Verily herein are signs unto people who consider. ^^ Speak unto the true believers, that they forgive those who hope not for the days of God, that he may reward people according to what they shall have wrought. ^^ Whoso doth that which is right, doth it to the advantage of his own soul ; and whoso doth evil, doth it against the same : hereafter shall ye return unto your Lord. ^^ We gave unto the children of Israel the book of the law, and wisdom, and prophecy ; and we fed them with good things, and preferred them above all nations : ^^ and we gave them plain ordinances concerning the business of religion ; neither did they fall to variance, except after that knowledge had come unto them, through envy amongst themselves : but thy Lord will decide the controversy between them on the day of resurrection, concerning that wherein they disagree. ^^ Afterwards we appointed thee, O Mohammed, to promulgate a law con- 14 Speak unto the true believers, that they to revenge himself by force. Some are of forgive those who hope not for the days of opinion that this verse is abrogated by that God, &c.] By the days of God, in this of War 2. place, are meant the prosperous successes 18 Follow not the desires of the ignorant,"] of his people in battle against the infidels *. That is, of the principal Koreish, who The passage is said to have been revealed were urgent with Mohammed to return to on account of Omar, who, being reviled by the religion of his forefathers ^, one of the tribe of Ghitfar, was thinking * See chap. xiv. verse 6. ^ ^i Beiddwi. ' Idem. XLV.] A L KORAN. 319 cerning the business of religion ; wherefore follow the same, and follow not the desires of those who are igno- rant. ^^ Verily they shall not avail thee against God at all : the unjust are the patrons of one another ; but God is the patron of the pious. ^^ This Koran delivereth evident precepts unto mankind ; and is a direction, and a mercy, unto people who judge aright. ^^ Do the workers of iniquity imagine that we will deal with them as with those who believe and do good works ; so that their life and their death shall be equal? An ill judgment do they make. ^^ God hath created the heavens and the earth in truth ; that he may recompense every soul according to that which it shall have wrought : and they shall not be treated unjustly. ^^ What thinkest thou ? He who taketh his own lust for his God, and whom God causeth know- ingly to err, and whose ears and w^hose heart he hath sealed up, and over whose eyes he hath cast a veil ; who shall direct him, after God shall have forsaken him ? Will ye not therefore be admonished ? ^^ They say. There is no other life, except our present life : we die, and we live ; and nothing but time destroyeth us. But they have no knowledge in this matter ; they only follow a vain opinion, ^^ And when our evident signs are rehearsed unto them, their argument which they offer against the same, is no other than that they say. Bring to life our fathers who have been dead ; if ye speak truth. ^^ Say, God giveth you life ; and afterwards causeth you to die : hereafter will he assemble you together on the day of resurrection ; there is no doubt thereof; but the greater part of men do not understand. '^^ Unto God appertaineth the kingdom of heaven and earth ; and the day whereon the hour shall be fixed, on that day shall those who charge the Koran with vanity perish. ^^ And thou shalt see every nation kneeling : every nation shall be called unto its book of account; and it shall be said unto them. This day shall ye be rewarded according to that which ye have wrought. ^^ This our book will speak concerning you with truth: therein have we written down whatever ye have 28 Every nation.'] The original word 29 See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. for the Ommat properly signifies a jjeop/g who pro- account of the book in which the misdeedi fess one and the same law or religion, of sinners are recorded. 320 AL KORAN. [chap. done. ^^As to those who shall have believed, and done good works, their Lord shall lead them into his mercy: this shall be manifest felicity. ^^ But as to the infidels, it shall be said unto them, Were not my signs rehearsed unto you ? but ye proudly rejected them, and became a wicked people. ^^ And when it was said unto you. Verily the promise of God is true : and as to the hour of judg- ment, there is no doubt thereof: ye answered. We know not what the hour of judgment is : we hold an uncertain opinion only ; and we are not well assured of this matter. ^^ But on that day the evils of that which they have wrought shall appear unto them ; and that which they mocked at, shall encompass them : ^* and it shall be said unto them. This day will we forget you, as ye did forget the meeting of this your day : and your abode shall be hell-fire ; and ye shall have none to deliver you. ^^ This shall ye suffer, because ye turned the signs of God to ridicule ; and the life of the world deceived you. On this day, therefore, they shall not be taken forth from thence ; neither shall they be asked any more to render themselves well-pleasing unto God. ^^ Wherefore praise be unto God, the Lord of the heavens, and the Lord of the earth ; the Lord of all creatures ; ^'^ and unto him be glory in heaven and earth ; for he is the mighty, the wise Gop ! CHAPTER XLVL INTITLED, AL AHKAF ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. [*XXVI.] ^ H. M. 2 The revelation of this book is from the mighty, the wise God. ^ We have not created the heavens and the earth, and whatever is between them, Title — Al Jhlcdf.] Al Ahkaf is the in the province of Hadramaut, where the plural of Hekf, and signifies sands which Adites dwelt. It is mentioned verse 2L lie in a crooked and winding manner ; I H. M,] See the Prelim. Discourse, whence it became the name of a territory § iii. xLVi.] AL KORAN. 321 otherwise than in truth, and for a determined period : but the unbelievers turn away from the warning which is given them. ^ Say, What think ye ? Shew me what part of the earth the idols which ye invoke, besides God, have created ? Or had they any share in the creation of the heavens ? Bring me a book of scripture revealed before this, or some footstep of ancient knowledge, to counte- nance your idolatrous practices ; if ye are men of veracity. ^ Who is in a wider error than he who invoketh, besides God, that which cannot return him an answer, to the day of resurrection ; and idols w^hich regard not their calling on them ; ^ and which, when men shall be gathered together to judgment, will become their enemies, and will ungratefully deny their worship ? ^ When our evident signs are rehearsed unto them, the unbelievers say of the truth, when it cometh unto them. This is a manifest piece of sorcery. ^ Will they say, Mohammed hath forged it ? Answer, If I have forged it, verily ye shall not obtain for me any favour from God : he well knoweth the injurious language which ye utter concerning it : ho is a sufficient witness between me and you ; and he is gracious and merciful. ^ Say, I am not singular among the apostles ; neither do I know what will be done with me or with you hereafter : I follow no other than what is revealed unto me ; neither am I any more than a public Warner. ^^ Say, What is your opinion ? If this book be from God, and ye believe not therein ; and a witness of the children of Israel bear witness to its consonancy with the law, and believeth therein : and ye proudly reject the same : are ye not unjust doers ? Verily God directeth not unjust people. ^^ But those who believe 3 Truth.'] See chapter xxi. verse what they could not: particularly to shew 16. the signs which every one shall think fit — For a determined period.] Being to to demand ^. last but a certain space of time, and not for ^0 If a witness of the children of Israel ever. bear witness of its consonancy with the law, 7 The truth.] i: e. Any part of the &;c.] This witness is generally supposed revelations of the Koran. to have been the Jew Abd'allah Ebn 9 I am not singular among the apostles.] Salam, who declared that Mohammed was That is, I do not teach a doctrine different the prophet foretold by Moses, Some, from what the former apostles and pro- however, suppose the witness here meant phets have taught : nor am I able to do to have been Moses himself 2. ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 l^lem, Jallalo' ddin, VOL. II. Y 322 AL KORAN. [chap. not, say of the true believers. If the doctrine of the Koran had been good, they had not embraced the same before us. And when they are not guided thereby, they say. This is an antiquated lie. ^^ Whereas the book of Moses was revealed before the Koran, to be a guide and a mercy : and this is a book confirming the same, delivered in the Arabic tongue ; to denounce threats unto those who act unjustly, and to bear good tidings unto the righteous doers. ^^ As to those who say. Our Lord is God ; and who behave uprightly : on them shall no fear come ; neither shall they be grieved. ^^ These shall be the inhabitants of paradise ; they shall remain therein for ever : in recompense for that which they have wrought. ^^ We have commanded man to shew kindness to his parents : his mother beareth him in her womb with pain, and bringeth him forth with pain : and the space of his being carried in her womb, and of his weaning, is thirty months ; until, when he attaineth his age of strength, and attaineth the age of forty years, he saith, O Lord, excite me, by thy inspiration, that I may be grateful for thy favours, wherewith thou hast favoured me and my parents : and that I may work righteousness, which may please thee : and be gracious unto me in my issue ; for I am turned unto thee, and am a Moslem. ^^ These are they from whom we accept the good work which they have wrought, and whose evil works we pass by ; and they shall be among the inhabitants of paradise : this is a true promise, which they are promised in this world. 1 1 If the doctrine of the Koran had been remain but six months for the space of his good^ they had not embraced the same being carried in the womb ; which is the before us J] These w^ords were spoken, as least that can be allowed^, some think, by the Jews, when Abd'allah — He saith, &c.] These words, it is professed Islam ; or, according to others, said, were revealed on account of Abu by the Koreish ; because the first followers Beer, who professed Islam in the fortieth of Mohammed were for the most part poor year of his age, two years after Moham- and mean people ; or else by the tribes of med's mission ; and was the only person, Amer, Ghatfan, and Asad, on the conver- either of the Mohajerin, or the Ansars, sion of those of Joheinah, Mozeinah, As-- whose father and mother were also con- lam, and Ghifar ^. verted : his son Abd'alrahman, and his 15 Thirty months.'] At the least. For grandson Abu Atik, likewise embracing if the full time of suckling an infant be the same faith *. two years ^, or twenty-four months, there 1 Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. ^ See chap. ii. verse 234. * Al Beiddwi. , ^ Idem, Jallalo'ddin , &c. 1 xLvi.] AL KORAN. Sg; ^^ He who saitli unto his parents, Fie on you! Do ye promise me that I shall be taken forth from the grave, and restored to life ; when many generations have passed away before me, and none of them have returned back ? And his parents implore God's assistance, and sa}^ to their son, Alas for thee ! Believe : for the promise of God is true. But he answereth, This is no other than silly fables of the ancients. ^^ These are they whom the sentence passed on the nations which have been before them, of genii and of men, justly fitteth : they shall surely perish. ^^ For every one is prepared a certain degree of happiness or misery according to that which they shall have wrought ; that God may recompense them for their works : and they shall not be treated unjustly. ^^ On a certain day, the unbelievers shall be exposed before the fire of hell ; and it shall be said unto them, Ye received your good things in your lifetime, while ye were in the world ; and ye enjoyed yourselves therein: wherefore this day ye shall be rewarded with the punishment of ignominy ; for that ye behaved inso- lently in the earth, without justice, and for that ye transgressed. ^^ Remember the brother of Ad, when he preached unto his people in al Ahkaf, (and there were preachers before him, and after him,) saying. Worship none but God : verily I fear for you the punishment of a great day. ^^ They answered, Art thou come unto us that thou mayest turn us aside from the worship of our gods ? Bring on us now the punishment with which thou threatenest us, if thou art a man of veracity. ^^ He said. Verily the knowledge of the time when your punishment will be inflicted is with God ; and I only declare unto you that which I am sent to preach ; but I see ye are an ignorant people. ^* And when they saw the preparation made for their punishment, namely, a cloud traversing 17 He who saith to his parents, Fie on 18 They shall surely perish."] Unless yoUf &c.] The words seem to be gene- they redeem their fault by repentance, ral : but it is said they were revealed par- and embracing the true faith ; as did ticularly on occasion of Abd'alrahman, Abd'alrahman. the son of Abu Beer; who used these 21 The brother of J d,] i.e. The pro- expressions to his father and mother before phet Hud. he professed Islam 1. » A I Beiddwi. y 2 324 AL KORAN. [chap. the sky, and tending towards their valleys, they said, This ,tl a traversing cloud, which bringeth us rain. Hud answered, Nay ; it is what ye demanded to be hastened : a wind, wherein is a severe vengeance: ^Mt will destroy evety thing, at the command of its Lord. And in the morning nothing was to be seen, besides their empty dwellings. Thus do we reward wicked people. ^^ We had established them in the like flourishing condition wherein we have established you, O men of Mecca ; and we had given them ears, and eyes, and hearts : yet neither their ears, nor their eyes, nor their hearts, profited them at all, when they rejected the signs of God ; but the vengeance which they mocked at fell upon them. ^^ We heretofore destroved the cities which were round about you; and we variously proposed our signs unto them, that they might repent. ^^ Did those protect them whom they took for gods, besides God, and imagined to be honoured with his familiarity? Nay; they withdrew from them : yet this was their false opinion w^hich seduced them, and the blasphemy which they had devised. ^^ Remember when we caused certain of the genii to turn aside unto thee, that they might hear the Koran : and when they were present at the reading of the same, they said to one another. Give ear: and when it was ended, they returned back unto their people, preaching what they had heard. ^^ They said. Our people, verily we have heard a book read uiito us, which hath been revealed since Moses, confirming the scripture which was delivered before it ; and direct- ing unto the truth, and the right way. ^^ Our people, 25 It will destroy every thing, filcc] according to different opinions, were of Which came to pass accordingly : for this Nisibin, or of Yaman, or of Ninive ; and pestilential and violent wind killed all who in number nine, or seven. They heard believed not in the doctrine of Hud, with- Mohammed reading the Koran by night, out distinction of sex, age, or degree ; and or after the morning prayer, in the valley entirely destroyed their possessions. See of al Nakhlah, during the time of his the Prelim. Disc. § i. and the notes to retreat to al Tayef, and believed on chap. vii. verse 7^. him ^. II" 27 The cities which were round about 30 A book which hath been revealed , you,'] As the settlements of the Thamud- since Moses.] Hence the commentators ites, Midianites, and the cities of Sodom suppose those genii, before their conver- and Gomorrah, &c. sion to Mohammedism, to have been of 29 Certain of the genii.] These genii, the Jewish religion. '■ .tiUhi mir m ''Hii ^r., ' ~~~^nmW "^di 98ocfqii. ,.,iv.^. lmsh%\^i}M.'BeiddwifJallalor4dif^f ,, ri'jiiu? t^V ^ji;~iiii^ xLvii.] AL KORAN. 325 obey God's preacher : and believe in him ; that he may forgive you your sins, and may deliver you from a painful punishment. ^^ And whoever obeyeth not God's preacher, shall by no means frustrate God's vengeance on earth : neither shall he have any protectors besides him. These will be in a manifest error. ^^ Do they not know that God, who hath created the heavens and the earth, and was not fatigued with the creation thereof, is able to raise the dead to life ? Yea verily : for he is almighty. ^^ On a certain day the unbelievers shall be exposed unto hell-fire ; and it shall be said unto them, Is not this really come to pass ? They shall answer. Yea, by our Lord. God shall reply, Taste, therefore, the punishment of hell, for that ye have been unbelievers. ^^ Do thou, O prophet, bear the insults of thy people with patience, as our apostles, who were endued with constancy, bare the injuries of their people : and require not their punishment to be hastened unto them. On the day whereon they shall see the punishment wherewith they have been threatened, it shall seem as though they had tarried in the world but an hour of a day. This is a fair warning. Shall any perish ex- cept the people who transgress ? CHAPTER XLVII. INTITLED, MOHAMMED ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ GOD will render of none effect the works of those who believe not, and who turn away men from the way of God : ^ but as to those who believe, and work righteous- ness, and believe in the revelation which hath been sent down unto Mohammed, (for it is the truth from their Lord,) he will expiate their evil deeds from them, and 'will dispose their heart aright. ^ This will he do, because Title — Mohammed.~\ Some intitle this the enemies of the Mohammedan faith, chapter War; which is therein com- Title — Medi?ia.~\ Some suppose the manded to be vigorously carried on against whole to have been revealed at Mecca. 326 AL KORAN. [chap, those who believe not follow vanity, and because those who believe follow the truth from their Lord. Thus God propoundeth unto men their examples. ^ When ye en- counter the unbelievers, strike off their heads, until ye have made a great slaughter among them ; and bind them in bonds : and either give them a free dismission afterwards, or exact a ransom ; until the war shall have laid down its arms. ^ This shall ye do. Verily if God pleased, he could take vengeance on them without your assistance ; but he commandeth you to fight his battles, that he may prove the one of you by the other. And as to those who fight in defence of God's true religion, God will not suffer their works to perish : ^ he will guide them, and will dispose their heart aright ; ^ and he will lead them into paradise, of which he hath told them. ^ O true believers, if ye assist God, by fighting for his religion, he will assist you against your enemies ; and will set your feet fast : ^ but as for the infidels, let them perish ; and their works shall God render vain. ^^This shall befall them, because they have rejected with abhorrence that which God hath revealed: wherefore their works shall become of no avail. ^^ Do they not travel through the earth, and see what hath been the end of those who were before them ? God utterly destroyed them : and the like catastrophe awaiteth the unbelievers. ^^This shall come to pass, for that God is the patron of the true be- lievers, and for that the infidels have no protector. ^^ Verilv God will introduce those who believe, and do good works, into gardens beneath which rivers flow : but the unbelievers indulge themselves in pleasures, and eat 4 When ye encounter the unbelievers^ unless they embrace the Mohammedan strike off their heads, &c.] This law the faith ; and those who fall into the hands Hanifites judge to be abrogated, or to of the Moslems after the battle, are not to relate particularly to the war of Bedr; be slain, but may either be set at liberty for the severity here commanded, which gratis, or on payment of a certain ransom, was necessary in the beginning of Mo- or may be exchanged for Mohammedan hammedismS they think too rigorous to prisoners, or condemned to slavery, at the he put in practice in its flourishing state, pleasure of the Imam or prince 2. Eut the Persians, and some others, hold 5 Who fight, &c.] Some copies, instead t\\e command to be still in full force : for, of Kdtilu, read KUtilu; according to which according to them, all the men of full age, latter reading it should be rendered, Who who are taken in battle, are to be slain, are slain, ox suffer martyrdom, 8zc. VSee chap. viii. verse 12. ^ 41 Beiddwi. Y. Re land. Dissert, de Jure miliiiui Mohammedanor. p. 32. xLvii.] AL KORAN. 3^7 as beasts eat ; and their abode shall be hell-fire. ^^ How many cities were more mighty in strength than thy city which hath expelled thee ! yet have we destroyed them, and there was none to help them. ^^ Shall he therefore, who followeth the plain declaration of his Lord, be as he whose evil works have been dressed up for him by the devil ; and who follows his own lust ? ^^ The description of paradise which is promised unto the pious : Therein are rivers of incorruptible water ; the rivers of milk, the taste whereof changeth not ; and rivers of wine plea- sant unto those who drink ; and rivers of clarified honey : and therein shall they have plenty of all kinds of fruits ; and pardon from their Lord. ^^ Shall the men for whom these things are prepared, be as they who must dwell for ever in hell-fire ; and will have the boiling water given them to drink, which shall burst their bowels ? Of the unbelievers, there are some who give ear unto thee, until, when they go out from thee, they say, by way of derision, unto those to whom knowledge hath been given. What hath he said now? These are they whose hearts God hath sealed up, and who follow their own lusts : ^^ but as to those who are directed, God will grant them a more ample direction, and he will in- struct them what to avoid. ^^ Do the infidels wait for any other than the last hour, that it may come upon them suddenly ? Some signs thereof are already come : and when it shall actually overtake them, how can they then receive admonition ? ^^ Know, therefore, that there is no god but God : and ask pardon for thy sin, and for the true believers, both men and women. God knoweth your busy employment in the world, and the place of your 17 Those to whom knowledge hath been 20 Ask pardon for thy sin.~\ Though given.'] i. e. The more learned of Mo- Mohammed, here and elsewhere^, acknow- hammed's companions, such as Ebn Masud, ledges himself to be a sinner, yet several and Ebn Abbas ^ Mohammedan doctors pretend he was 18 And he will instruct them what to wholly free from sin, and supposes he is avoid.'] Or, as the words may also be here commanded to ask forgiveness, not translated, And he will reward them for that he wanted it, but that he might set their piety, an example to his followers : wherefore he 19 Some signs thereof are already come.] used to say of himself, if the tradition be As the mission of Mohammed, the splitting true, I ask pardon of God a hundred of the moon, and the smoke ^ mentioned times a day ^. in chap. xliv. ^ JallaWddin, 2 i^iem, Al Beiddwi. ^ See chap, xlviii. ^ Jatlalo'ddin. on^boftjffiiiiioK 328 AL KORAN. [chap. abode hereafter. ^^ The true believers say, Hath not a Sura been revealed, commanding war against the infidels ? But when a Sura without any ambiguity is revealed, and war is mentioned therein, thou mayest see those in whose hearts is an infirmity, look towards thee with the look of one whom death overshadoweth. But obedience would be more eligible for them, and to speak that which' is convenient. And when the command is firmly established, if they give credit unto God, it will be better for them. ^^ Were ye ready therefore, if ye had been put in autho- rity, to commit outrages in the earth, and to violate your ties of blood ? ^^ These are they whom God hath cursed, and hath rendered deaf, and whose eyes he hath blinded. ^ Do they not therefore attentively meditate on the Ko- ran ? Are their locks upon their hearts ? ^^ Verily they who turn their backs, after the true direction is made manifest unto them ; Satan shall prepare their wicked- ness for them, and God shall bear with them for a time. ^^ This shall befall them, because they say privately unto those who detest what God hath revealed. We will obey you in part of the matter. But God knoweth their secrets. ^^ How therefore will it be with them, when the angels shall cause them to die, and shall strike their faces, and their backs ? ^^ This shall they suffer, because they follow that which provoketh God to wrath, and are averse to what is well-pleasing unto him ; and he will render their works vain. ^^Do they in whose hearts is an infirmity, imagine that God will not bring their malice to light ? ^^ If we pleased, we could surely shew them unto thee, and thou shouldest know them by their marks ; but thou shalt certainly know them by their per- verse pronunciation of their words. ^^ God knoweth your actions : and we will try you, until we know those among you who fight valiantly, and who persevere with con- 21 All hifinnity,'] As hypocrisy, cow- ter.'] i. e. In part of what ye desire of ardice, or instability in their religion. us ; by staying at home, and not going 22 If ye had been put in authority.] forth with Mohammed to war, and by pri- Or, as the words may also be translated, vate combination against him ^ If ye had turned back and apostatized from 27 When the angels shall cause them to yourfaith^ die, &c.] These words are supposed to 26 We will obey you in part of the mat- allude to the examination of the sepulchre. * Al Beiddwi, xLVii.] AL KORAN. 329 staiicy ; and we will try the reports of your behaviour. ^^ Verily those who believe not, and turn away men from the way of God, and make opposition against the apostle, after the divine direction hath been mani- fested unto them, shall not hurt God at all ; but he shall make their works to perish. ^^ O true believers, obey God ; and obey the apostle ; and render not your works of no effect. ^^ Verily those who believe not, and who turn away men from the way of God, and then die, being unbelievers, God will by no means forgive. ^^ Faint not therefore, neither invite your enemies to peace, while ye are the superior : for God is with you, and will not defraud you of the merit of your works. ^^ Verily this present life is only a play and a vain amusement : but if ye believe and fear God, he will give you your rewards. ^^ He doth not require of you your whole substance : if he should require the whole of you, and earnestly press you, ye would become niggardly, and it would raise your hatred against his apostle. ^^ Behold, ye are those who are invited to expend part of your substance for the sup- port of God's true religion : and there are some of you who are niggardly. But whoever shall be niggardly, shall be niggardly towards his own soul : for God wanteth nothing ; but ye are needy : and if ye turn back, he will substitute another people in your stead, who shall not be like unto you. 32 Who make opposition against the lukewarm Moslems, are generally sup- apostle.] These were the tribes of Ko ■ posed to be the Persians ; there being a reidha and Nadir ; or those who distri- tradition that Mohammed, being asked buted provision to the army of the Koreish what people they were, at a time when atBedr'. Salman was sitting by him, clapped his 38 He will substitute another people in hand on his thigh, and said. This man and your stead, who shall not be like unto you-l his nation. Others, however, are of opinion, i. e. In backwardness and aversion to the the Ansars, or the angels, are intended iu propagation of the faith. The people here this place 2. designed to be put in the place of these ^ See Bedr in Index. 2 ^i Beiddwi, 330 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER XLVIII, INTITLED, THE VICTORY; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Verily we have granted thee a manifest victory ; ^ that God may forgive thee thy preceding and thy subsequent sin, and may complete his favour on thee, and direct thee in the right way ; ^ and that God may assist thee with a glorious assistance. ^ It is he who sendeth down secure tranquillity into the hearts of the true believers, that they may increase in faith, beyond their former faith? (the hosts of heaven and earth are God's ; and God is know- ing and wise :) ^ that he may lead the true believers of both sexes into gardens beneath which rivers flow, to dwell therein for ever ; and may expiate their evil deeds from them : (this will be great felicity with God ;) ^ and that he may punish the hypocritical men, and the hypo- critical women, and the idolaters, and the idolatresses, who conceive an ill opinion of God. They shall ex- perience a turn of evil fortune ; and God shall be angry 1 We have granted thee a manifest vic- tory.'] This victory, from which the chap- ter takes its title, according to the most received interpretation, was the taking of the city of Mecca. The passage is said to have been revealed on Mohammed's re- turn from the expedition of al Hodeibiya, and contains a promise or prediction of this signal success, which happened not till two years after ; the preterit tense be- ing therein used, according to the pro- phetic style, for the future ^ There are some, notwithstanding, who suppose the advantage here intended, was the pacification of al Hodeibiya, which is here called a victory, because the Meccans sued for peace, and made a truce there with Mohammed, their breaking of which occasioned the taking of Mecca. Others think the conquest of Khaibar, or the vic- tory over the Greeks at Muta, &c. to be meant in this place. 2 That God may forgive thee.] That is to say, that God may give thee an oppor- tunity of deserving forgiveness by eradi- cating of idolatry, and exalting his true religion, and the delivering of the weak from the hands of the ungodly, &c. — Thy preceding and thy subsequent sin.] i. e. Whatever thou hast done wor- thy of reprehension; or, thy sins com- mitted as well in the time of ignorance, as since. Some expound the words more particularly, and say, the preceding or former fault, was his lying with his hand- maid Mary 2, contrary to his oath ; and the latter, his marrying of Zeinab •'*, the wife of Zeid, his adopted son *. ^ Al Zamakhshari, al Beiddtvi, &c. ^ See chap. Ixvi. and the notes thereon. *See chap, xxxiii. and the notes thereon. * Al Zamakh. xLviii.] AL KORAN. 331 with them, and shall curse them, and hath prepared hell for them ; an ill journey shall it be thither ! ^ Unto God belong the hosts of heaven and earth ; and God is mighty and wise. ^ Verily we have sent thee to be a witness, and a bearer of good tidings, and a denouncer of threats ; ^ that ye may believe in God and his apostle ; and may assist him, and revere him, and praise him morn- ing and evening. ^^ Verily they who swear fealty unto thee, swear fealty unto God : the hand of God is over their hands. Whoever shall violate his oath, will violate the same to the hurt onlv of his own soul : but whoever shall perform that which he hath covenanted with God, he will surely give him a great reward, ^^The Arabs of the desert, who were left behind, will say unto thee. Our substance and our families employed us, so that we went not forth with thee to war ; wherefore ask pardon for us. They speak that with their tongues which is not in their hearts. Answer, Who shall be able to obtain for you any thing from God to the contrary, if he is pleased to afflict you, or is pleased to be gracious unto you? Yea verily, God is well acquainted with that which ye do. ^^ Truly ye imagined that the apostle and the true believers would never return to their families ; and this was prepared in your hearts ; but ye imagined an evil imagination ; and ye are a corrupt people. ^^ Whoso belie veth not in God and his apostle, verily we have prepared burning fire for the unbelievers. ^^ Unto God belongeth the kingdom of heaven and earth : he forgiveth whom he pleaseth, and he punisheth whom he pleaseth ; and God is inclined to 10 Swear fealty.] The original word left behind.'] These were the tribes of signifies, publicly to acknowledge or inau- Aslam, Joheinah, Mozeinah, and Ghifar, gurate a prince, by swearing fidelity and who being summoned to attend Moham- obedience to him, med in the expedition of al Hodeibiya, -^ The hand of God is over their hands.] stayed behind, and excused themselves, by That is, he beholdeth from above, and is saying, their families must suffer in their witness to, the solemnity of your giving absence, and would be robbed of the little your faith to his apostle ; and will reward they had ; (for these tribes were of the you for it i. The expression alludes to poorer Arabs ;) whereas, in reality, they the manner of their plighting their faith wanted firmness in the faith, and courage on these occasions. to face the Koreish 2. 11 The Arabs of the desert^ who were JallaWddin, 2 idem, nl Beiddwi. 3S2 AL KORAN. [chap. forgive, and merciful. ^^ Those who were left behind will say, when ye go forth to take the spoil, Suffer us to follow you. They seek to change the word of God. ^^ Say, Ye shall by no means follow us : thus hath God said heretofore. They will reply. Nay; ye envy us a share of the booty. But they are men of small under- standing. Say unto the Arabs of the desert who were left behind. Ye shall be called forth against a mighty and a warlike nation: ye shall fight against them, or they shall profess Islam. If ye obey, God will give you a glorious reward : but if ye turn back, as ye turned back heretofore, he will chastise you with a grievous chastise- ment. ^^ It shall be no crime in the blind, neither shall it be a crime in the lame, neither shall it be a crime in the sick, if they go not forth to war : and whoso shall obey God and his apostle, he shall lead him into gardens beneath which rivers flow ; but whoso shall turn back, he will chastise him with a grievous chastisement. ^^ Now God was well pleased with the true believers, when they sware fidelity unto thee under the tree; and he knew that which was in their hearts : wherefore he sent down 15 When ye go forth to take the spoilJ] taking of Khaibar, on occasion of the ex- Viz. In the expedition of Khaibar. The pedition of Tabuc *. prophet returned from al Hodeibiya in \Q A mighty i warlike nation,^ These Dhu'lh^ja, in the sixth year of the Hejra, were Banu Honeifa, who inhabited al and stayed at Medina the remainder of Yamama, and were the followers of Mo- that month, and the beginning of Mohar- seilama, Mohammed's competitor ; or any ram, and then set forward against the other of those tribes which apostatized Jews of Khaibar, with those only who had from Mohammedism ^ : or, as others ra- attended him to al Hodeibiya ; and having ther suppose, the Persians, or the Greeks ^. made himself master of the place, and all 18 When they sware fidelity unto thee the castles and strong holds in that ter- under the tree.'] Mohammed, when at al ritory *, took spoils to a great value, Hodeibiya, sent Jawwas Ebn Omeyya, the which he divided among them who were Khozaite, to acquaint the Meccans,that he present at that expedition, and none was come with a peaceable intention to else 2. visit the temple ; but they, on some jea- — The word of God. ~\ Which was his lousy conceived, refusing to admit him, promise to those who attended the prophet the prophet sent Othman Ebn AfFan, to al Hodeibiya, that he would make them whom they imprisoned, and a report ran amends for their missing of the plunder that he was slain ; whereupon Mohammed of Mecca at that time, by giving them that called his men about him, and they took of Khaibar in lieu thereof. Some think an oath to be faithful to him, even to the word here intended, to be that passage death : during which ceremony he sat in the ninth chapter ^, Ye shall not go under a tree, supposed by some to have forth with me for the future, &c. which been an Egyptian thorn, and by others, a yet was plainly revealed long after the kind of lote-tree ^. 1 Ahulf. vit. Mob. p. 87, &'c. 2 ji Beiddwi. ^ Verse 83. * Al Beiddwi. ^ Uiey^,_ 6 Jallalo'ddin. ^ Jallalo'ddin, al Bcidawi. V. Abu'/fe. Vit. Mob. p. 86. xLviir.] A L KORAN. 333 on them tranquillity of mind, and rewarded them with a speedy victory, ^^ and many spoils which they took ; for God is mighty and wise. ^^God promised you many spoils which ye should take ; but he gave you these by way of earnest : and he restrained the hands of men from you ; that the same may be a sign unto the true believers, and that he may guide you into the right way. ^^ And he also promiseth you other spoils, which ye have not yet been able to take : but now hath God encompassed them for you ; and God is almighty. ^^ If the unbelieving Mec- CANS had fought against you, verily they had turned their backs ; and they would not have found a patron or pro- tector ; ^^ according to the ordinance of God, which hath been put in execution heretofore against opposers of the prophets ; for thou shalt not find any change in the ordi- nance of God, ^^ It was he who restrained their hands from you, and your hands from them, in the valley of Mecca ; after that he had given you the victory over them: and God saw that which ye did. ^^ These are they who believed not, and hindered you from visiting the holy temple, and also hindered the offering; being detained, that it should not arrive at the place where it ought to be 18 Tranquillity of mind. 1 The original said, by mistake, in another place ^ ; for word is Sakinat, of which notice has been his errand was an actual defiance,) to taken elsewhere ^, treat of peace. — A speedy victory.'] Namely, the Al Beidawi explains the passage by success at Khaibar ; or, as some rather another story : telling us, that Acrema imagine, the taking of Mecca, &c. Ebn Abi Jahl marching from Mecca, at 20 And he restrained the hands of men the head of five hundred men, to al Ho- from you.] i. e. The hands of those of deibiya, Mohammed sent against him Khaibar, or of their successors of the Khaled Ebn al Walid, with a detachment, tribes of x^sad and Ghatfan ; or of the who drove the infidels back to the inner- inhabitants of Mecca, by the pacification most part of Mecca, (as the word here of al Hodeibiya 2. translated valley properly signifies,) and 24 He restrained their hands from you, then left them out of respect to the and your hands from them, &c.] Jalla- place. lo'ddin says, that fourscore of the infidels 25 And hindered the offering; being came privately to Mohammed's camp, at detained, that it should not arrive at the al Hodeibya, with an intent to surprise place where it ought to be sacrificed.] Mo- some of his men, but were taken and hammed's intent, in the expedition of al brought before the prophet ; who par- Hodeibiya, being only to visit the temple doned them, and ordered them to be set of Mecca in a peaceable manner, and to at liberty : and this generous action was offer a sacrifice in the valley of Mina, ac- the occasion of the truce struck up by the cording to the established rites, he carried Koreish with Mohammed ; for thereupon beasts with him for that purpose ; but was they sent Sohail Ebn Amru, and some not permitted by the Koreish either to others, (and not Arwa Ebn Masud, as is enter the temple, or to go to Mina. * In not. ad cap. ii. v. 249. ^ A I Beiddwi, ' See the Prelim,, Disc. §. ii. 334 AL KORAN, [chap, sacrificed. Had it not been that ye might have trampled on divers true believers, both men and women, whom ye knew not, being promiscuously assembled with the infidels, and that a crime might therefore have lighted on you on their account, without your knowledge, he had not re- strained your hands from them : but this was done, that God might lead whom he pleaseth into his mercy. If they had been distinguished from one another, we had surely chastised such of them as believed not, with a severe chastisement. ^^ When the unbelievers had put in their hearts an affected preciseness, the preciseness of ignorance, and God sent down his tranquillity on his apostle, and on the true believers ; and firmly fixed in them the word of piety, and they were the most worthy of the same, and the most deserving thereof : for God knoweth all things. ^^Now hath God in truth verified unto his apostle the vision, wherein he said. Ye shall surely enter the holy temple of Mecca, if God please in 26 When the unbelievers had put in their hearts an affected preciseness, &c.] This passage was occasioned by the stiff- ness of Sohail and his companions, in wording the treaty concluded with Mo- hammed ; for when the prophet ordered Ali to begin with the form, In the name of the most merciful God, they objected to it, and insisted that he should begin with this. In thy name, O God : which Mohammed submitted to, and proceeded to dictate, These are the conditions on which Mohammed the apostle of God has made peace with those of Mecca. To this Sohail again objected, saying. If we had acknowledged thee to be the apostle of God, we had not given thee any oppo- sition : whereupon Mohammed ordered Ali to write as Sohail desired. These are the conditions which Mohammed, the son of Abda'llah, &c. But the Moslems were so disgusted thereat, that they were on the point of breaking off the treaty, and had fallen on the Meccans, had not God appeased and calmed their minds ; as it follows in the text^. The terms of this pacification were, that there should be a truce for ten years ; that any person might enter into league either with Mohammed, or with the Koreish, as he should think fit ; and that Mohammed should have the liberty to visit the temple of Mecca the next year for three days ^. — The word of piety."] i. e. The Mo- hammedan profession of faith ; or the Bismillahf and the words, Mohammed the apostle of God, which were rejected by the infidels. 27 The vision.] Or dream which Mo- hammed had at Medina, before he set out for al Hodeibiya; wherein he dreamed, that he and his companions entered Mecca in security, with their heads shaven, and their hair cut. This dream, being im- parted by the prophet to his followers, occasioned a great deal of joy among them ; and they supposed it would be fulfilled that same year : but when they saw the truce concluded, which frustrated their expectation for that time, they were deeply concerned ; whereupon this pas- sage was revealed for their consolation, confirming the vision, which was not to be fulfilled till the year after, when Mo- hammed performed the visitation distin- guished by the addition of al Kada, or Completion, because he then completed the visitation of the former year, when, the Koreish not permitting him to enter Mecca, he was obliged to kill his victims, and to shave himself, at al Hodeibiya ^. 1 Jl Beiddwi. V. Abu'lf. vit. Moh. p. 87- 3 Al Beidawi, Jallal&ddin. V. Jbiilf. vit. Moh. p. 84. 87. Idem. xLix.] A L KORAN. 335 full security; having your heads shaved, and your hair cut : ye shall not fear : for God knoweth that which ye know not; and he hath appointed you, besides this, a speedy victory. ^^ It is he who hath sent his apostle with the direction, and the religion of truth; that he may exalt the same above every religion : and God is a suffi- cient witness hereof. ^^ Mohammed is the apostle of God : and those who are with him are fierce against the unbelievers, but compassionate towards one another. Thou mayest see them bowing down, prostrate, seeking a recompense from God, and his good will. Their signs are in their faces, being marks of frequent prostration. This is their description in the Pentateuch, and their de- scription in the Gospel : they are as seed which putteth forth its stalk, and strengtheneth it, and swelleth in the ear, and riseth upon its stem ; giving delight unto the sower. Such are the Moslems described to be ; that the infidels may swell with indignation at them. God hath promised unto such of them as believe, and do good works^ pardon and a great reward. 27 Having your heads shaved, and your — A speedy victory J] viz. The taking haircut,] i.e. Some being shaved, and of Khaibar. others having only their hair cut. CHAPTER XLIX. INTITLED, THE INNER APARTMENTS ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ O TRU'E believers, anticipate not any matter in the sight of God and his apostle : and fear God ; for God both heareth and knoweth. ^ O true believers, raise not your ^ Anticipate not any matter, &c.] That Abu Beer and Omar, concerning the ap- is, Do not presume to give your own de- pointing of a governor of a certain place ; cision in any case, before ye have received in which they raised their voices so high, the judgment of God and his apostle. in the presence of the apostle, that it was 2 Raise not your voices above the voice thought proper to forbid such indecencies of the prophet.'] This verse is said to have for the future ^ been occasioned by a dispute between ^ Jallalo' ddin. 336 AL KORAN. [chap, m voices above the voice of the prophet ; neither speak loud unto him in discourse, as ye speak loud unto one another, lest your works become vain, and ye perceive it not. ^ Verily they who lower their voices in the presence of the apostle of God, are those whose hearts God hath disposed unto piety : they shall obtain pardon and a great reward. ^ As to those who call unto thee from without the inner apartments ; the greater part of them do not understand the respect due to thee. ^ If they wait with patience until thou come forth unto them, it will certainly be better for them : but God is inclined to forgive, and merciful. ^ O true believers, if a wicked man come unto you with a tale, inquire strictly into the truth thereof ; lest ye hurt people through ignorance, and afterwards re- pent of what ye have done : ^ and know that the apostle of God is among you : if he should obey you in many things, ye would certainly be guilty of a crime, in leading him into a mistake. But God hath made the faith amiable unto you, and hath prepared the same in your hearts; and hath rendered infidelity, and iniquity, and disobedience, hateful unto you. ^ These are they who walk in the right way ; through mercy from God, and grace : and God is knowing, and wise. ^ If two parties of the believers contend with one another, do ye endea- vour to compose the matter between them : and if the 4 Those who call unto thee from without hammed was thinking to reduce them by the inner apartments^ &c.] These, they force : but on sending Khaled Ebn al say, were Oyeyna Ebn Hosein, and al Walid to them, he found his former mes- Akra Ebn Habes ; who wanting to speak senger had wronged them, and that they with Mohammed, when he was sleeping at continued in their obedience 2. noon in his women's apartment, had the 9 If two parties of the believers contend, rudeness to call out several times, Mo- &c.] This verse is supposed to have been hammed, come forth to us ^. occasioned by a fray, which happened be- Q If a wicked man come unto you with a tween the tribes of al Aws and al Kha- tale, &c.] This passage was occasioned, it zaraj. Some relate, that the prophet one is said, by the following accident. Al day riding on an ass, as he passed near Walid Ebn Okba being sent by Moham- Abdallah Ebn Obba, the ass chanced to med to collect the alms from the tribe of stale, at which Ebn Obba stopped his al Mostalek, when he saw them come out nose ; and Ebn Rawaha said to him. By to meet him in great numbers, grew ap- God, the piss of his ass smells sweeter than prehensive they designed him some mis- thy musk ; whereupon a quarrel ensued chief, because of past enmity between him between their followers, and they came to and them in the time of ignorance ; and blows ; though they struck one another immediately turned back, and told the pro- only with their hands and slippers, or with phet they refused to pay their alms, and palm-branches ^ attempted to kill him ; upon which Mo- ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. ^ lidem. xLixJ AL KORAN. 337 one of them offer an insult unto the other, fight against that patty which offer the insult, until they return unto the judgment of God ; and if they do return, make peace between them with equity : and act with justice ; for God loveth those who act justly. ^^ Verily the true be- lievers are brethren : wherefore reconcile your brethren ; and fear God, that ye may obtain mercy. ^^ O true be- lievers, let not men laugh other men to scorn ; who per- ad venture may be better than themselves : neither let women laugh other women to scorn : who may possibly be better than themselves. Neither defame one another : nor call one another by opprobrious appellations. An ill name it is, to be charged with wickedness, after having embraced the faith: and whoso repenteth not, they will be the unjust doers. ^^ O true believers, carefully avoid entertaining a suspicion of another : for some suspicions are a crime. Inquire not too curiously into other men's failings : neither let the one of you speak ill of another in his absence. Would any of you desire to eat the flesh of his dead brother ? Surely ye would abhor it. And fear God : for God is easy to be reconciled, and merciful. ^^ O men, verily we have created you of a male and a female ; and w^e have distributed you into nations, and tribes, that ye might know one another. Verily the most honourable of you, in the sight of God, is the most pious of you : and God is wise and knowing. ^^ The Arabs of the desert say. We believe. Answer, Ye do by no means believe ; but say. We have embraced Islam : for the faith hath not yet entered into your hearts. If ye obey God and his apostle, he will not defraud you of any part of the merit of your works : for God is inclined to forgive, and 1 1 Neither let women laugh other women came to Medina in a year of scarcity, and to scorn, 8z;c.] It is said, that this verse was having professed Mohammedism, told the revealed on account of Safiya Bint Hoyai, prophet that they had brought all their one of the prophet's wives ; who came to goods and their families, and would not her husband, and complained that the oppose him, as some other tribes had women said to her, O thou Jewess, the done ; and this they said to obtain a part daughter of a Jew and of a Jewess ; to of the alms, and to upbraid him with their which he answered. Canst thou not say, having embraced his religion and party 2. Aaron is my father, and Moses is my — Answer, Ye do by no means believe ; uncle, and Mohammed is my husband ^ ? but say, We have embraced IslamJ] That is, 14 The Arabs of the desert, &c.] These Ye are not sincere believers, but outward were certain of the tribe of Asad, who professors only of the true religion. 1 Jineiddwi. See Prid. Life of Mabom. p. Ill, cS:c. 2 j^jem. VOL. II. Z 338 AL KORAN. [chap. merciful. ^^ Verily the true believers are those only who believe in God and his apostle, and afterwards doubt not; and who employ their substance and their persons in the defence of God's true religion : these are they who speak sincerely. ^^ Say will ye inform God concerning your re- ligion ? But God knoweth whatever is in heaven and on earth : for God is omniscient. ^^ They upbraid thee that they have embraced Islam. Answer, Upbraid me not with your having embraced Islam : rather God upbraideth you, that he hath directed you to the faith ; if ye speak sincerely. ^^ Verily God knoweth the secrets of heaven and earth : and God beholdeth that which ye do. 16 Will ye inform God concerning your being not on God's side, but on yours, religion?^ i.e. Will ye pretend to deceive for tbat he has favoured you so far as to him, by saying ye are true believers? guide you into the true faith, if ye are 17 God upbraideth you, that he hath sincere believers. directed you to the faith.'] The obligation CHAPTER L. INTITLED, K ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God- ^ K. ^By the glorious Koran: ^ verily they wonder that a preacher from among themselves is come unto them ; and the unbelievers say, This is a wonderful thing : ^ after we shall be dead, and become dust, shall we return to life ? This is a return remote from thought. ^ Now we know what the earth consumeth of them ; and with us is a book which keepeth an account thereof. ^But they charge falsehood on the truth, after it hath come unto them : wherefore they are plunged in a confused business. ^ Do they not look up to the heaven above them, and consider Title — K.] Some imagine that this 6 They are plunged in a confused bust- letter is designed to express the mountain ness.] Not knowing what certainly to Kaf, which several eastern writers fancy affirm of the Koran ; calling it sometimes encompasses the whole world ^ Others a piece of poetry, at other times a piece of say it stands for Kada al amr, i.e. The sorcery, and at other times a piece of di- matter is decreed, viz. the chastisement vination, &c. 2 of the infidels. See the Prelim. Disc. § iii. ' F, D'Herhel. Bibl. Orient. Art. Caf. 2 ji Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. L.] AL KORAN. 339 how we have raised it, and adorned it ; and that there are no flaws therein ? We have also spread forth the earth, and thrown thereon mountains firmly rooted : and we cause every beautiful kind of vegetables to spring up therein ; ^ for a subject of meditation, and an admonition unto every man who turneth unto us. ^ And we send down rain as a blessing from heaven, whereby we cause gardens to spring forth, and the grain of harvest, and tall palm-trees, having branches laden with dates hanging one above another, as a provision for mankind ; ^^ and we thereby quicken a dead country : so shall be the coming forth of the dead from their graves. ^^ The people of Noah, and those who dwelt at al Rass, and Thamud ; ^^ and Ad, and Pharaoh, accused the prophets of imposture before the Meccans ; and also the brethren of Lot, ^^ and the inha- bitants of the wood near Midian, and the people of ToBBA : all these accused the apostles of imposture ; wherefore the judgments which I threatened were justly inflicted on them. ^^Is our power exhausted by the first creation ? Yea ; they are in a perplexity, because of a new creation which is foretold them, namely, the raising of the dead, ^^ We created man, and we know what his soul whispereth within him ; and we are nearer unto him than his jugular vein. ^^ When the two angels deputed to take account of a man's behaviour, take an account thereof; one sitting on the right hand, and the other on the left ; ^^ he uttereth not a word, but there is with him a watcher, ready to note it : ^^ and the agony of death shall come in truth. This, O man, is what thou soughtest to avoid. ^^ And the trumpet shall sound : this 7 i/oww^«2W5.] See chap. xxxi. verse 10. vation of him who sees our inmost 11 Al Rass.l See chap. XXV. verse 39. thoughts? — The Mohammedans have a J 3 Tobba.'] See chap. xliv. verse 36. tradition, that the angel who notes a man's 16 When the two angels deputed to take good actions, has the command over him account of a ma7i's behaviour, &c.] The who notes his evil actions : and that when intent of the passage is to exalt the om- a man does a good action, the angel of the niscience of God; who wants not the in- right hand writes it down ten times; and formation of the guardian angels, though when he commits an ill action, the same he has thought fit, in his wisdom, to angel says to the angel of the left hand, give them that employment: for if they Forbear setting it down for seven hours ; are so exact as to write down every peradventure he may pray, or may ask word which falls from a man's mouth, pardon ^ how can we hope to escape the obser- ^ Al Beiddwi. z2 340 AL KORAN. [chap. will be the day which hath been threatened. ^^ And every soul shall come ; and therewith shall be a driver and a wit- ness, ^^ And the former shall say unto the unbeliever, Thou wast negligent heretofore of this day : but we have removed thy veil from off thee ; and thy sight is becoming piercing this day. ^^ And his companion shall say, This is what is ready with me to be attested. ^^ And God shall say. Cast into hell every unbeliever, and perverse person, .^^and every one who forbade good, and every transgres- sor, and doubter of the faith ; ^^ who set up another god with the true God ; and cast him into a grievous torment. His companion shall say, O Lord, I did not seduce him ; but he was in a wide error. ^^ God shall say, Wrangle not in my presence, since I threatened you beforehand with the torments which ye now see prepared for you. ^^ The sentence is not changed with me : neither do I treat my servants unjustly. ^^ On that day we will say unto hell. Art thou full? and it shall answer. Is there yet any addition ? ^^ And paradise shall be brought near unto the pious ; ^^ and it shall be said unto them. This is what ye have been promised ; unto every one who turned him- self unto God, and kept his commandments ; ^^ who feared the Merciful in secret, and came unto him with a converted heart : ^^ enter the same in peace ; this is the day of eternity. ^^ Therein shall they have whatever they shall desire; and there will be a superabundant addition of bliss with us. ^^ How many generations have we destroyed before the Meccans, which were more mighty than they in strength ? Pass, therefore, through the re- 20 A driver and a witness.'] i. e. Two man, to cause him to do evil ; any other- angels ; one acting as a serjeant, to bring wise than by suggesting what is agreeable every person before the tribunal ; and the to his corrupt inclinations, other prepared as a witness, to testify 28 Is there yet any addition ?~\ i.e. Are either for or against him. Some say the there yet any more condemned to this former will be the guardian angel who took place ; or is my space to be enlarged, and down his evil actions, and the other the rendered more capacious to receive them ? angel who took down his good actions i. The commentators suppose hell will be 25 His companion,] viz. The devil, quite filled at the day of judgment; ac- which shall be chained to him. cording to that often repeated expression — / did not seduce Mm, &c.] This in the Koran, Verily I will fill hell with will be the answer of the devil, whom you, &c. the wicked person will accuse as his se- 33 Bliss] See the Prelim. Disc. § 4. ducer, for the devil has no power over a for the description of heaven. ^ Al Beiddwi, L.] AL KORAN. 341 gions of the earth^and see whether there be any refuge from our vengeance. ^^ Verily herein is an admonition unto him who hath a heart to understand, or giveth ear, and is present with an attentive mind. ^^ We created the heavens and the earth, and whatever is between them, in six days ; and no weariness affected us. ^^ Wherefore patiently suffer what they say ; ^^ and celebrate the praise of thv Lord before sun-rise and before sun-set; ^^and praise him in some part of the night : and perform the additional parts of worship. ^^ And hearken unto the day whereon the crier shall call men to judgment from a near place ; ^^ the day whereon they shall hear the voice of the trumpet in truth : this will be the day of men's coming forth from their graves : ^^ we give life, and we cause to die ; and unto us shall be the return of all creatures : ^Hhe day whereon the earth shall suddenly cleave in sunder over them. This will be an assembly easy for us to assemble. ^* We well know what the unbelievers say ; and thou art not sent to compel them forcibly to the faith. ^^ Wherefore, warn, by the Koran, him who feareth my threatening. 36 And no weariness affected usJ] This 40 When the crier shall call men tojudg- was revealed in answer to the Jews, who mentfrom a near placed] That is, from a said that God rested from his work of place whence every creature may equally creation on the seventh day, and reposed hear the call. This place it is supposed, himself on his throne, as one fatigued ^ will be the mountain of the temple of Je- 37 Wherefore patiently suffer what they rusalem, which some fancy to be nigher sayJ] viz. Either what the idolaters say, heaven than any other part of the earth ; in denying the resurrection ; or the Jews, whence Israfil will sound the trumpet, and in speaking indecently of God. Gabriel will make the following procla- 39 The additional parts of worship^] mation : O ye rotten bones, and torn These are the two inclinations used after flesh, and dispersed hairs, God command- the evening prayer : which are not neces- eth you to be gathered together to judg- sary, or of precept, but voluntary, and of ment^. supererogation ; and may therefore be added, or omitted, indifferently. ^ Al Beiddwij Jallalo' ddin, 2 lidem. 342 A L KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER LI. INTITLED, THE DISPERSING ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ By the winds dispersing and scattering the dust; ^and by the clouds bearing a load of rain ; ^ by the ships running swiftly in the sea ; * and by the angels who distribute things necessary for the support of all creatures ; ^ verily that wherewith ye are threatened is certainly true ; ^ and the last judgment will surely come. ^ By the heaven furnished with paths ; ^ ye widely differ in what ye say. ^ He will be turned aside from the faith, who shall be turned aside by the divine decree. ^^ Cursed be the liars ; ^^ who wade in deep waters of ignorance, neglecting their salvation. ^''^They ask, When will the day of judgment come? ^^ On that day shall they be burned in hell-fire ; ^^ and it shall be said unto them. Taste your punishment ; this is what ye demanded to be hastened. ^^ But the pious shall dwell among gardens and fountains ; ^^ receiving that which their Lord shall give them ; because they were righteous doers before this day. ^^ They slept but a small part of the night ; ^^ and early in the morning they asked pardon of God : ^^ and a due portion of their wealth was given unto him who asked, and unto him who was forbidden by shame to ask. ^^ There are signs of the divine power and goodness in the earth, unto men of sound understanding ; ^^ and also in 1 By the winds dispersing the dust,'] Or, 7 By the heaven furnished with paths.'] by the women who bring forth or scatter i. e. The paths or orbs of the stars ; or the children, &c. streaks which appear in the sky like paths, 2 By the clouds bearing a load of rain.] being thin and extended clouds. Or, by the women bearing a burden in the 8 Ye widely differ in what ye say.] womb, or the winds bearing the clouds, &c. Concerning Mohammed, or the Koran, or 3 By the ships running swiftly in the the resurrection and day of judgment ; sea.] Or, by the winds passing swiftly in speaking variously and inconsistently of the air, or the stars moving swiftly in their them. courses, &c. 17 They slept hut a small part of the 4 By the angels who distribute things, night.] Spending the greater part in prayer &c.] Or, by the winds which distribute and religious meditation. the rain, &c. LI.] AL KORAN. 348 jour own selves : will ye not therefore consider ? ^^ Your sustenance is in the heaven ; and also that which ye are promised. ^^ Wherefore by the Lord of heaven and earth I swear that this is certainly the truth ; according to what yourselves speak. ^* Hath not the story of Abraham's honoured guests come to thy knowledge ? ^^ When they went in unto him, and said, Peace : he answered, Peace ; saying within himself. These are unknown people. ^^ And he went privately unto his family, and brought a fatted calf. ^^ And he set it before them ; and when he saw they touched it not, he said. Do ye not eat ? ^^ And he began to entertain a fear of them. They said. Fear not : and they declared unto him the promise of a wise youth. ^^ And his wife drew near with exclamation, and she smote her face : and said, I am an old woman, and barren. ^^The angels answered. Thus saith thy Lord : verily he is the wise, the knowing. [*XXVIL] And ^^ Abraham said unto them. What is your errand, therefore, O mes- sengers of God ? ^^ They answered. Verily we are sent unto a wicked people ; ^^ that we may send down upon them stones of baked clay; ^^ marked from thy Lord, for the destruction of transgressors. ^^ And we brought forth the true believers who were in the city : ^^ but we found not therein more than one family of Moslems- ^^ And we overthrew the same, and left a sign therein unto those who dread the severe chastisement of God. ^^ In Moses also was a sign when we sent him unto Pha- raoh with manifest power. ^^ But we turned back, with his princes, saying. This man is a sorcerer, or a madman. ^^- Wherefore we took him and his forces, and cast them into the sea : and he was one worthy of reprehension. 22 Your sustenance is in the heaven ; 24 Abraham,'] See Abraham in Index. and also that which ye are promised. ~\ i.e. 28 They said. Fear 7iot.'\ Some add, Your food cometh from above, whence that, to remove Abraham's fear, Gabriel, proceedeth the change of seasons and who was one of these strangers, touched rain : and your future reward is also there ; the calf with his wing, and it immediately that is to say, in paradise, which is situate rose up, and walked to its dam; upon above the seven heavens. which Abraham knew them to be the mes- 23 According to what yourselves speak.] sengers of God ^. That is. Without any doubt or reserved 29 And she smote her face.] This some meaning meaning, as ye affirm a truth pretend she did for shame, because she unto one another. felt her courses come upon her. ^ At LeiddwL 344 AL KORAN. [chap. ^^ And in the tribe of Ad also was a sign : "^^ when we sent against them a destroying wind; it touched not aught whereon it came, but it rendered the same as a thing rotten and reduced to dust. ^^ In Thamud likewise was a sign : when it was said unto them, Enjoy yourselves for a time. ^^ But they insolently transgressed the com- mand of their Lord : wherefore a terrible noise from heaven assailed them, while they looked on ; ^^ and they were not able to stand on their feet, neither did they save themselves from destruction. ^^ And the people of Noah did we destroy before these ; for they were a people who enormously transgressed. ^'^ We have built the heaven with might : and we have given it a large extent : ^^ and we have stretched forth the earth beneath; and how evenly have we spread the same ! ^^ And of every thing have we created two kinds ; that peradventure ye may consider. ^^ Fly, therefore, unto God : verily I am a pub- lic Warner unto you from him. ^^ And set not up another god with the true God : verily I am a public warner unto you from him. ^^ In like manner there came no apostle unto their predecessors, but they said. This man is a magician, or a madman. ^^ Have they bequeathed this behaviour successively the one to the other ? Yea ; they are a people who enormously transgress. ^^ Wherefore withdraw from them ; and thou shalt not be blameworthy in so doing. ^^ Yet continue to admonish : for admonition profiteth the true believers. ^^ I have not created genii and men for any other end than that they should serve me. ^^ I require not any sustenance from them ; neither will I that they feed me. ^^ Verily God is he who pro- videth for all creatures ; possessed of mighty power. ^^ Unto those who shall injure our apostle, shall be given a portion like unto the portion of those who behaved like them in times past ; and they shall not wish the same to be hastened. ^^ Woe, therefore, to the unbelievers, be- cause of their day with which they are threatened ! 41 Ad.'] See Ad in Index. 49 Two kinds.] As for example, male 43 For a time.] i.e. For three days, and female; the heaven and the earth; See Thamud in Index. the sun and the moon ; light and darkness; 44 While they looked on.] For this plains and mountains ; winter and sum- calamity happened in the day-time. mer ; sweet and bitter, &c. ^ ^ Jallalo'ddin, Lii.] AL KORAN. 345 CHAPTER LII. INTITLED, THE MOUNTAIN; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ By the mountain of Sinai ; ^ and by the book ^ written in an expanded scroll ; ^ and by the visited house ; ^ and by the elevated roof of heaven ; ^ and by the sw^elling ocean ; ^ verily the punishment of thy Lord will surely de- scend ; ^ there shall be none to withhold it. ^ On that day the heaven shall be shaken, and shall reel ; ^^ and the mountains shall walk and pass away. ^^ And on that day woe be unto those who accused God's apostles of impos- ture ; ^" who amused themselves in wading in vain dis- putes ! ^^ On that day shall they be driven and thrust into the fire of hell; ^^and it shall be said unto them, This is the fire which ye denied as a fiction. ^^ Is this a magic illusion ? Or do ye not see ? ^^ Enter the same to be scorched. Whether ye bear your torments patiently, or impatiently, it will be equal unto you : ye shall surely receive the reward of that which ye have wrought. ^^ But the pious shall dwell amidst gardens and pleasures ; ^^ de- lighting themselves in what their Lord shall have given them : and their Lord shall deliver them from the pains of hell. ^^ And it shall be said unto them, Eat and drink with easy digestion ; because of that which ye have wrought : ^^ leaning on couches disposed in order : and we will espouse them unto virgins having large black eyes* ^^ And unto those who believe, and whose offspring follow them in the faith, we will join their offspring in paradise : and we will not diminish unto them aught of the merit of 2 B7J the book, &c.] The book here 4 The visited house.'] i.e. The Caaba, intended, according to different opinions, so much visited by pilgrims ; or, as some is either the book or register wherein rather think, the original model of that every man's actions are recorded ; or the house in heaven, called al Dordh, which is preserved table, containing God's decrees ; visited and compassed by the angels, as the or the book of the law, which was written other is by men 2. by God, Moses, hearing the creaking of the pen ; or else the Koran ^. 1 Al Zamakh. Al Beiddwi. ^ See the Prelim, Disc. § iv., and Caaba in Index. 346 AL KORAN. [chap. their works. (Every man is given in pledge for that which he shall have wrought.) ^^ And we will give them fruits in abundance, and flesh of the kinds which they shall desire. ^^They shall present unto one another therein a cup of wine, wherein there shall be no vain discourse, nor any incitement unto wickedness. ^^And youths appointed to attend them, shall go round them : beautiful as pearls hidden in their shell. ^^ And they shall approach unto one another, and shall ask mutual questions. ^^ And they shall say, Verily we were hereto- fore amidst our family, in great dread with regard to our state after death : ^^ but God hath been gracious unto us, and hath delivered us from the pain of burning fire : ^^ for we called on him heretofore ; and he is the bene- ficent, the merciful. ^^ Wherefore do thou, O prophet, admonish thy people. Thou art hot, by the grace of thy Lord, a soothsayer, or a madman. ^^ Do they say. He is a poet : we wait, concerning him, some adverse turn of fortune? ^^ Say, Wait ye my ruin: Verily I wait, with you, the time of your destruction. ^^ Do their mature understandings bid them say this ; or are they people who perversely transgress ? ^^ Do they say. He hath forged the Koran ? Verily they believe not. ^* Let them pro- duce a discourse like unto it, if they speak truth. ^^ Were they created by nothing ; or were they the creators of themselves ? ^^ Did they create the heavens and the earth ? Verily they are not firmly persuaded that God hath created them. ^^ Are the stores of thy Lord in their hands ? Are they the supreme dispensers of all things ? ^^ Have they a ladder, whereby they may ascend to heaven, and hear the discourses of the angels ? Let one, therefore, who hath heard them, produce an evident proof thereof. ^^ Hath God daughters, and have ye sons ? ^^ Dost thou ask them a reward for thy preaching ? but they are laden with debts. ^^ Are the secrets of futurity with them ; and do they transcribe the same from the table of God's de- 21 Every man is given in pledge fo?- that God hath created them.'] For though they which he shall have wrought,] i. e. Every confess this with their tongues, yet they man is pledged unto God for his beha- deny it by their averseness to render him viour: and if he does well, he redeems his due worship, his pledge ; but if evil, he forfeits it. 39 Daughters.} See chap. xvi. verse 36 They are not firmly persuaded that 57. 1 Liii.] AL KORAN. 347 crees ? ^^ Do they seek to lay a plot against thee ? But the unbelievers are they who shall be circumvented. ^^ Have they any god, besides God ? Far be God exalted above the idols which they associate with him ? ^^ If they should see a fragment of the heaven falling down upon them, they would say. It is only a thick cloud. ^^ Wherefore leave them, until they arrive at the day wherein they shall swoon for fear ; ^^ a day, in which their subtle contrivances shall not avail them at all, neither shall they be protected. *^ And those who act unjustly shall surely suffer another punishment besides this : but the greater part of them do not understand. ^^ And wait thou patiently the judgment of thy Lord concerning them ; for thou art in our eye ; and celebrate the praise of thy Lord when thou risest up ; ^^ and praise him in the night-season, and when the stars begin to disappear. 42 Circumvented,^ See chap. viii. verse fear.'] i.e. At the first sound of the trum- 29. pet 2. 44 If they should see a fragment of the 47 Another punishment besides thisS] heaven falling down on them, 8z:c.] This That is, besides the punishment to which was one of the judgments which the idola- they shall be doomed at the day of judg- trous Meccans defied Mohammed to bring ment, they shall be previously chastised down upon them ; and yet, says the text, by calamities in this life, as the slaughter if they should see a part of the heaven fall- at Bedr, and the seven years' famine ; and ing on th'em, they would not believe it till also after their death, by the examination they were crushed to death by it ^ of the sepulchre •^. 45 The day wherein they shall swoon for 1 /4l Beiddwi. 2 ggg ^\^q Prelim. Disc. § iv. and Monkir and NeMr in Index. ^ Al Beiddwi, CHAPTER LIII. INTITLED, THE STAR ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ By the star, when it setteth ; ^ your companion Moham- med erreth not, nor is he led astray : ^ neither doth he speak of his own will. ^ It is no other than a revelation, 1 By the siarJ] Some suppose the stars — When it setteth.'] Or, according to in general, and others the Pleiades in par- a contrary signification of the verb here ticular to be meant in this place. used. When it riseth. 348 AL KORAN. [chap. which hath been revealed unto him. ^ One mighty in power, ® endued with understanding, taught it him : ^ and he appeared in the highest part of the horizon. ^ After- wards he approached the prophet, and drew near unto him; ^ until he was at the distance of two bows' length from him, or yet nearer : ^^ and he revealed unto his servant that which he revealed. ^^ The heart of Mohammed did not falsely represent that which he saw ? ^^ Will ye there- fore dispute with him concerning that which he saw ? ^^ He also saw him another time ; ^^by the lote-tree beyond which there is no passing : ^^ near it is the garden of eternal abode. ^^ When the lote-tree covered that which it covered, ^^ his eye-sight turned not aside, neither did it wander : ^^ and he really beheld some of the greatest signs of his Lord. ^^ What think ye of Allat, and Al Uzza, ^^ and Manah, that other third goddess ? ^^ Have ye male children, and God female ? ^^ This, therefore, is an unjust partition. ^^ They are no other than empty names ; which ye and your fathers have named goddesses. ^^ God hath not re- vealed concerning them any thing to authorize their wor- ship. ^^ They follow no other than a vain opinion, and what their souls desire : yet hath the true direction come unto them from their Lord. ^^ Shall man have whatever he wisheth for ? ^^ The life to come, and the present life, 5 One mighty in jjower, &:c.'i Namely, angels themselves must not pass; or, as the angel Gabriel. some rather imagine, beyond which no 7 He appeared.'] In his natural form, Creature's knowledge can extend. in which God created him, and in the 16 When the lote-tree covered that which eastern part of the sky. It is said that it covered.] The words seem to signify, this angel appeared in his proper shape to that what was under this tree exceeded none of the prophets, except Mohammed ; all description and number. Some sup- and to him only twice: once when he re- pose the whole host of angels worshipping ceived the first revelation of the Koran, beneath it *, are intended ; and others, the and a second time when he took his night- birds which sit on its branches ^. journey to heaven ; as it follows in the next. 18 And he beheld some of the greatest 8 Afterwards he approached.] In a signs of his Lord.] Seeing the wonders human shape. both of the sensible and intellectual worlds — Two hows' length.] Or, as the word 19 What think ye of Allat, andAl Uzza, also signifies, two cubits^ length. and Manah ?] Those were three idols of 11 The heart of Mohammed did not^ the ancient Arabs, of which we have spoken falsely represent that which he saw.] But in the Preliminary Discourse *. he saw it in reality. As to the blasphemy which some pre- 14 The lote-tree, beyond which there is tend Mohammed once uttered, through in- no passing.] This tree, say the commen- advertence, as he was reading this passage, tators, stands in the seventh heaven, on see chap. xxii. verse 53. the right hand of the throne of God ; and 21 Male children.] See chap, xvi.ver. 57- is the utmost bounds beyond which the 26 Shall man have whatever he wisheth 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ Jallalo' ddin. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Sect. i. in the account of the ancient superstitions of Arabia. Liii.] A L KORAN. 349 are God's : ^^ and how many angels soever there be in the heavens, their intercession shall be of no avail, until after God shall have granted permission unto whom he shall please and shall accept. ^^ Verily they who believe not in the life to come, give unto the angels a female appel- lation. ^^ But they have no knowledge herein : they fol- low no other than a bare opinion ; and a bare opinion attaineth not any thing of truth. Wherefore withdraw from him who turneth away from our admonition, and seeketh only the present life. This is their highest pitch of knowledge. Verily thy Lord well knoweth him who erreth from his way; and he well knoweth him who is rightly directed. ^^ Unto God belongeth whatever is in heaven and earth : that he may reward those who do evil, accord- ing to that which they shall have wrought ; and may reward those who do well, with the most excellent reward. ^^ As to those who avoid great crimes, and heinous sins, and are guilty only of lighter faults ; verily thy Lord will be extensive in mercy towards them. He well knew you when he produced you out of the earth, and when you were embryos in your mothers' wombs : wherefore justify not yourselves ; he best knoweth the man who feareth him. ^^ What thinkest thou of him who turneth aside from following the truth ? ^^ and who giveth little, and covetously stoppeth his hand ? ^^ Is the knowledge of futurity with him, so that he seeth the same ? ^^ Hath he not been informed of that which is contained in the books of MoSES ; ^^ and of Abraham who faithfully performed his engagements ? ^^ to wit : that a burdened soul shall for ?] i. e. Shall he dictate to God, and what he did was out of apprehension of name whom he pleases for his intercessors, the divine vengeance : whereupon the or for his prophet ; or shall he choose man offered, for a certain sum, to take the a religion according to his own fancy, guilt of his apostacy on himself; and the and prescribe the terms on which he bargain being made, al Walid returned to may claim the reward of this life and the his idolatry, and paid the man part of next^ ? what had been agreed on ; but afterwards, 33 What thinkest thou of him, &c.] on further consideration, he thought it too This passage, it is said, was revealed on much, and kept back the remainder 2. account of al Walid Ebn al Mogheira, 35 Is the knowledge of futurity with who following the prophet one day, was htm?'] That is, is he assured that the reviled by an idolater for leaving the reli- person with whom he made the above- gion of the Koreish, and giving occasion mentioned agreement, will be allowed to of scandal ; to which he answered, that suffer in his stead hereafter^? 1 Al Beidmvi, Jallalo'ddin, 2 ^/ Beiddwi. ^ Idem. g50 A L KORAN. [chap. not beat- the burden of another ; ^^ and that nothing shall be imputed to a man for righteousness, except his own labour ; ^^ and that his labour shall surely be made mani- fest hereafter ; ^^ and that he shall be rewarded for the same with the most abundant reward ; ^^ and that unto thy Lord will be the end of all things ; ^^ and that he oauseth to laugh, and causeth to weep ; ^^ and that he putteth to death, and giveth life ; ^^ and that he createth the two sexes, the male and the female, ^^ of seed when it is emitted ; ^^ and that unto him appertaineth another production, namely, the raising of the dead again to life hereafter ; ^^ and that he enricheth, and causeth to acquire possessions ; ^^ and that he is the Lord of the dog-star ; ^^ and that he destroyed the ancient tribe of Ad ; ^^ and Thamud, and left not any of them alive : ^^ and also the people of Noah, before them ; for they were most unjust and wicked : ^^ and he overthrew the cities which were turned upside down ; ^^ and that which covered them, covered them. ^^ Which, therefore, of thy Lord's bene- fits, O man, wilt thou call in question? ^^This our apostle is a preacher like the preachers who preceded him. ^^ The approaching day of judgment draweth near : ^^ there is none who can reveal the exact time of the same, besides God. ^^ Do ye, therefore, wonder at this new revelation ; ^^ and do ye laugh ? ^^ and do ye not rather weep ? ^^ Do ye spend your time in idle diversions ? But rather worship God, and serve him. 49 He is the Lord of the dog-star.'] down.] Viz. Sodom, and the other cities Sirius, or the greater dog-star, was wor- involved in her ruin. See chap. xi. ver. 81. shipped by some of the old Arabs i. 54 That which covered, &c.] Showers 53 The cities which were turned upside of ignited stones. 1 See the Prelim. Disc. § i. and Hyd. not. in Ulug Beig-Tab. Stell. fix. p. 53. Liv.] AL KORAN. 351 CHAPTER LIV. INTITLED, THE MOON ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ The hour of judgment approacheth ; and the moon hath been spht in sunder : ^ but if the unbeHevers see a sign, they turn aside, saying, This is a powerful charm. ^ And they accuse thee, O Mohammed, of imposture, and follow their own lusts : but every thing will be immutably fixed. *And now hath a message come unto them, wherein is a determent from obstinate infidelity : ^ the same being consummate wisdom : ^ but warners profit them not ; wherefore do thou withdraw from them. ^ The day whereon the summoner shall summon mankind to an ungrateful business, they shall come forth from their graves with downcast looks : ^ numerous as locusts scat- tered far abroad ; hastening with terror unto the sum- moner. The unbelievers shall say. This is a day of distress. ^ The people of Noah accused that prophet of imposture, before thy people rejected thee : they accused our servant of imposture, saying. He is a madman ; and he was re- jected with reproach. ^^ He called, therefore, upon his 1 The moon hath been split in sunder, '\ reckoned by some to be one of the previ- This passage is expounded two different ous signs of the last day 2. ways. Some imagine the words refer to a 2 A powerful charm.'] Or, as the par- famous miracle supposed to have been per- ticiple here used may also signify, A con- formed by Mohammed ; for it is said that, tinued series of magic, or, A transient on the infidels demanding a sign of him, magic illusion. the moon appeared cloven in two*, one 3 Every thing will be immutably fixed.] part vanishing, and the other remaining ; Or, will teach a final period of ruin or and Ebn Masild aflSrmed, that he saw success in this world, and of misery and mount Kara interpose between the two happiness in the next, which will be con- sections. Others think the preter tense is elusive and unchangeable thenceforward here used, in the prophetic style, for the for ever ^. future, and that the passage should be 4 A 7nessage.'\ i. e. The Koran, contain- rendered, The moon shall be split in sun- ing stories offormer nations which have been der : for this, they say, is to happen at the chastised for their incredulity, and threats resurrection. The former opinion is sup- of a more dreadful punishment hereafter, ported by reading, according to some 7 The day whereon the summorier shall copies, Wakad inshakka 'Ikamaro, i. e. stimmon mankind to an ungrateful business.] Since the moon hath already been split in That is, when the angel Israfil shall call sunder; the splitting of the moon being men to judgment. * See a long and fabulous account of this pretended miracle in Gagnier, Vie de Mah. ch. xix. 2 A I Zamakh. Al Belddwi. ^ A I Beiddwi. 353 A L KORAN. [chap. Lord, saying, Verily I am overpowered ; wherefore avenge me. ^^ So w^e opened the gates of heaven, with water pouring down ; ^^ and we caused the earth to break forth into springs ; so that the water of heaven and earth met according to the decree which had been established. ^^And we bare him on a vessel composed of planks and nails ; ^* which moved forward under our eyes : as a recompense unto him who had been ungratefully rejected. ^^ And we left the said vessel for a sign : but is any one warned thereby ? ^^ And how severe was my vengeance, and my threatening ! ^^ Now have we made the Koran easy for admonition : but is any one admonished thereby? ^^ Ad charged their prophet with imposture : but how severe was my vengeance, and my threatening ! ^^ Verily we sent against them a roaring wind, on a day of continued ill-luck : ^^ it carried men away, as though they had been roots of palm-trees forcibly torn up. ^^ And how severe w^as my vengeance, and my threatening ! ^^ Now have we made the Koran easy for admonition : but is any one admonished thereby ? ^^ Thamud charged the admoni- tions of their prophet with falsehood ; ^^ and said, Shall we follow a single man among us ? verily we should then be guilty of error, and preposterous madness : ^^ is the office of admonition committed unto him preferably to the rest of us ? Nay ; he is a liar, and an insolent fellow. ^^ But God said to Saleh, To-morrow shall they know who is the liar, and the insolent person : ^^ for we will surely send the she-camel for a trial of them : and do thou observe them, and bear their insults with patience : ^^ and prophesy unto them, that the water shall be divided between them, and each portion shall be sat down to 10 / am overpowered ; wherefore avenge 20 // carried men away, as they had me.'] This petition was not preferred by been roots of palm-trees, &c.] It is related Noah till after he had suffered repeated that they sought shelter in the clefts of violence from his people : for it is related, rocks, and in pits, holding fast by one that one of them having fallen upon him, another ; but that the wind impetuously and almost strangled him, when he came tore them away, and threw them down to himself he said, O Lord, forgive them, dead ^. for they know not what they do ^ 27 Camel.] See chap. vii. verse 74. 14 Lfnder our eyes.] i. e. Under our 28 The water shall be divided between special regard and keeping. them.] That is, between the Thamudites 19 A roaring.] Or, a cold wind. and the camel. See chap. xxvi. verse — On a day of a continued ill-lucJc.] Viz. 154. on a Wednesday. See chap. xli. verse 10. Jl Beiddivi. ^ Idem. Liv.] AL KORAN. 353 alternately. ^^ And they called their companion : and he took a sword, and slew her. "^ But how severe was my vengeance, and my threatening ! For we sent against them one cry of the angel Gabriel, and they became like the dry sticks used by him who buildeth a fold for cattle. ^^ And now have we made the Koran easy for admonition: but is any one admonished thereby ? ^^ The people of Lot charged his preaching with falsehood : ^^ but we sent against them a wind driving a shower of stones, which destroyed them all, except the family of Lot ; ^^ whom we delivered early in the morning, through favour from us. Thus do we reward those who are thankful. ^^ And Lot had warned them of our severity in chastising : but they doubted of that warning. ^^ And they demanded his guests of him, that they might abuse them : but we put out their eyes, saying, Taste my vengeance, and my threatening. ^^ And early in the morning a lasting punish- ment surprised them. ^^ Taste, therefore my vengeance, and my threatening. ^^ Now have we made the Koran easy for admonition : but is any one admonished thereby ? ^^ The warning of Moses also came unto the people of Pharaoh ; ^^ but they charged every one of our signs with imposture : wherefore we chastised them with a mighty and irresistible chastisement. ^^ Are your unbelievers, O Meccans, better than these ? Is immunity from punish- ment promised unto you in the scriptures ? ^^ Do they say. We are a body of men able to prevail against our enemies? ^^The multitude shall surely be put to flight, 29 Their companion.~\ Namely, Kodar their sockets became filled up even with Ebn Salef; who was not an Arab, but a the other parts of their faces. This, it is stranger dwelling among the Thamudites. said, was done by one stroke of the wing of See chap. vii. p. verse 74, &c. the angel Gabriel. See chap, xi. verse 80. — He took a sword.'] Or, as the word 37 ^ lasting punishment.'] Under which also imports, He became resolute and they shall continue till they receive their daring. full punishment in hell. 30 Like the dry sticks used by him who 44 The multitude shall surely be put to buildeth a fold for cattle.] The words flight.] This prophecy was fulfilled by may signify either the dry boughs with the overthrow of the Koreish at Bedr. It which, in the east, they make folds or en- is related, from a tradition of Omar, that closures, to fence their cattle from wind when this passage was revealed, Moham- and cold ; or the stubble and other stuff med professed himself to be ignorant of its with which they litter them in those folds true meaning ; but on the day of the during the winter season. battle of Bedr, he repeated these words as 36 We put out their eyes.] So that he was putting on his coat of mail ^ ' Al Beiddwi. VOL. II. A a 354 A L KORAN. [chap. and shall turn their back. ^^ But the hour of judgment is their threatened time of punishment : and that hour shall be more grievous and more bitter than their afflic- tions in this life. ^^ Verily the wicked wander in error, and shall be tormented hereafter in burning flames. ^^ On that day they shall be dragged into the fire on their faces ; and it shall be said unto them. Taste ye the touch of hell. *^A11 things have we created bound by a fixed decree. ^^ And our command is no more than a single word, like the twinkling of an eye. ^^ We have formerly destroyed nations like unto you ; but is any of you warned by their example ? ^^ Every thing which they do is recorded in the books kept by the guardian angels: ^^ and every action, both small and great, is written down in the preserved table. ^^ Moreover the pious shall dwell among gardens and rivers ; ^^ in the assembly of truth, ^^ in the presence of a most potent king. 45 The hour of judgment is their threat- 49 Our command is no more than a single ened time of punishment. ~\ i.e. The time word.^ Viz. Kun, i. e. Be. The pas- when they shall receive their full punish- sage may also be rendered, The execution ment ; what they suffer in this world being of our purpose is but ok single acty exerted only the forerunner or earnest of what in a moment. Some suppose it refers to they shall feel in the next* the business of the day of judgment^. ^ Al Beiddwi. CHAPTER LV. INTITLED, THE MERCIFUL; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ' The Merciful ^ hath taught his servant the Koran. ^ He created man : ^ he hath taught him distinct speech. ^ The sun and the moon run their courses according to a certain rule : ^ and the vegetables which creep on the ground, and the trees, submit to his disposition. ^ He also raised the heaven ; and he appointed the balance ; ^ that ye should not transgress in respect to the balance : Title — Mecca.'] Most of the commen- at the one place, and partly at the other, tators doubt whether this chapter was re- 7 The balance.^ Or, justice and equity vealed at Mecca, r at Medina ; or partly in mutual dealings. Lv.] AL KORAN. 355 ^ wherefore observe a just weight ; and diminish not the balance. ^^And the earth hath he prepared for living creatures: ^^ therein are various fruits; ^^ and palm-trees bearing sheaths of flowers ; and grain having chaff and leaves. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ He created man of dried clay like an earthen vessel : ^^ but he created the genii of fire clear from smoke. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? *^ He is the Lord of the east, and the Lord of the west. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ He hath let loose the two seas, that they meet each another: ^^ between them is placed a bar which they cannot pass. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungrate- fully deny ? ^^ From them are taken forth unions and lesser pearls. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ His also are the ships, carrying their sails aloft in the sea, like mountains. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny? ^^ Every creature which liveth on the earth is subject to decay : ^^ but the glorious and honourable countenance of thy Lord shall remain for ever. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ Unto him do all creatures which are in heaven and earth make petition : every day is he employed in some new work. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye un- gratefully deny? ^^ We will surely attend to judge you, O men and genii, at the last day. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ O ye collective body of genii and men, if ye be able to pass 13 Which, therefore, of your Lord^s he- rizon at which the sun rises and sets at nefits will ye ungratefully deny?'] The the summer and winter solstice. See words are directed to the two species of ra- chap, xxxvii. p. 296, note, tional creatures, men and genii ; the verb 1 9 The two seas.] Of salt water and and the pronoun being in the dual number, fresh 2 : or the Persian and Mediterranean This verse is intercalated, or repeated seas ^. by way of burden, throughout the whole 29 Every day is he employed in some chapter, no less than thirty-one times, new work.] In executing those things which was done, as Majtracci guesses, in which he hath decreed from eternity ; by imitation of David ^. giving life and death, raising one and 17 The east and the west.] The origi- abasing another, hearing prayers and grant- nal words are both in the dual number, ing petitions, &c. * and signify the different points of the ho- 33 7/ ye be able to pass out of the ^ See Psalm cxxvi. ^ ggg chap. xxv. verse 5. ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. A a 2 356 AL KORAN. [chap. out of the confines of heaven and earth, pass forth ; ye shall not pass forth by absolute power. ^"^ Which, there- fore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ A flame of fire without smoke, and a smoke without flame, shall be sent down upon you ; and ye shall not be able to - defend yourselves therefrom. ^^ Which, there- fore of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? •^^ And when the heaven shall be rent in sunder, and shall become red as a rose, and shall melt like ointment : 38 (Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ?) ^^ on that day neither man nor genius shall be asked concerning his sin. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ The wicked shall be known by their marks ; and they shall be taken by the forelocks, and the feet, and shall be cast into hell. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ This is hell, which the wicked deny as a falsehood : they shall pass to and fro between the same and hot boiling water. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungrate- fully deny ? ^^But for him who dreadeth the tribunal of his Lord, are prepared two gardens : ^^ (Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ?) ^^ planted with shady trees. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ In each of them shall be two fountains flowing. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny? ^^ In each of them shall there be of every fruit two kinds. ^^ Which, confines of heaven and earth.'} To fly from 41 Marks.'] See the Prelim. Discom-se, the power, and to avoid the decree of God. § iv. for the description of the last judg- 35 A smoke without flame.] Or, as the ment. word also signifies, molten brass, which 43 They shall pass to and fro between shall be poured on the heads of the the same and hot boiling water. "] For the damned. only respite they shall have from the 37 And shall melt like ointment.] Or, flames of hell, will be when they are shall appear like red leather ; according to a suffered to go to drink this scalding liquor, different signification of the original word. See chap, xxxvii. verse (19. 39 Neither man nor genius shall be 45 Two gardens.] i. e. One distmct asked concerning his sin.] For their crimes paradise for men, and another for genii : will be known by their different marks ; or, as some imagine, two gardens for each as it follows in the text. This, says al person ; one as a reward due to his works, Beidawi, is to be understood of the time and the other as a free and superabundant when they shall be raised to life, and gift, &c. shall be led towards the tribunal ; for 51 Two sorts of fruits.] Some being when they come to trial, they will then known, and like the fruits of the earth ; undergo an examination, as is declared in and others of new and unknown species ; several places of the Koran. or, fruits both green and ripe. Lv.] AL KORAN. 357 therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye imgratefully deny ? ^^ They shall repose on couches, the linings whereof shall be of thick silk, interwoven with gold : and the fruit of the two gardens shall be near at hand to gather. ^* Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye un- gratefully deny ? ^^ Therein shall receive them beauteous damsels, refraining their eyes from beholding any besides their spouses ; whom no man shall have deflowered be- fore them, neither any genius: ^^ (Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny?) ^^ having complexions like rubies and pearls. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ Shall the reward of good works be any other than good ? ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye un- gratefully deny ? ^^ And besides these there shall be two other gardens : ^^ (Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ?) ^^ of a dark green. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye un- gratefully deny ? ^^ In each of them shall be two fountains, ^^ pouring forth plenty of water. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ In each of them shall be fruits, and palm-trees, and pomegranates. 6^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye un- gratefully deny ? ^^ Therein shall be agreeable and beau- teous damsels : ^^ (Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ?) ^^ having fine black eyes ; and kept in pavilions from public view : ^^ (Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny?) ^*whom no man shall have deflowered, before their destined spouses, nor any genius. ^^ Which, there- fore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ Therein shall they delight themselves, lying on green cushions and beautiful carpets. ^^ Which, therefore, of your Lord's benefits will ye ungratefully deny ? ^^ Blessed be the name of thy Lord, possessed of glory and honour ! 53 Near at hand to gather. '^ So that these gardens will chiefly produce herbs, a man may reach them as he sits or lies or the inferior sorts of vegetables : whereas down. the former will be planted chiefly with 61 Two other gardens.'] For the in- fruit-trees. The following part of this ferior classes of the inhabitants of paradise. description also falls short of that of the 63 Of a dark gree?i.~\ From hence, other gardens, prepared for the superior says al Beidawi, it may be inferred, that classes. 358 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER LVL INTITLED, THE INEVITABLE; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ When the inevitable day of judgment shall suddenly come, ^ no soul shall charge the prediction of its coming with falsehood : ^ it will abase some, and exalt others. ^ When the earth shall be shaken with a violent shock ; ^ and the mountains shall be dashed in pieces, ^ and shall become as dust scattered abroad ; '^ and ye shall be sepa- rated into three distinct classes : ^ the companions of the right hand ; ^ (how happy shall the companions of the right hand be !) ^^ and the companions of the left hand ; ^^ (how miserable shall the companions of the left hand be!) ^^ and those who have preceded others in the faith, shall precede them to paradise. ^^ These are they who shall approach near unto God : ^^ they shall dwell in gardens of delight : ^^ (There shall be many of the former re- ligions: ^^and few of the last.) ^^ Reposing on couches adorned with gold and precious stones : ^^ sitting opposite to one another thereon^ ^^ Youths which shall continue 1 The inevitable.'] The original word, dism, or the prophets, who were the re- the force whereof cannot well be ex- spective leaders of their people, or any pressed by a single one in English, sig- persons who have been enainent examples nifies a calamitous accident which falls of piety and virtue, may be here intended. surely f and with sudden violence ; and is The original words literally rendered are, therefore made use of here to design the The leaders, the leaders : which repeti- day of judgment. tion, as some suppose, was designed to 8 — 10 The companions of the right hand, express the dignity of these persons, and and of the left.'] That is, the blessed and the certainty of their future glory and the damned; who may be thus distin- happiness^. guished here, because the books wherein 15, 16 There shall be many of the former their actions are registered, will be de- religions, and few of the last.] i.e. There livered into the right hands of the former, shall be more leaders, who have preceded and into the left hands of the latter^; others in faith and good works, among the though the words translated right hand followers of the several prophets, from and left hand do also signify happiness Adam down to Mohammed, than of the and misery. followers of Mohammed himself^. 12 u^nd those who have preceded others 18 Sitting opposite.] Not turning their in t?ie faith, shall precede them to paradise.] backs, which would be a mark of con- Either the first converts to Mohamme- tempt. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jalldlo'ddin, ^ lidem. ^ Jidem. Lvi.] AL KORAN. 359 in their bloom for ever, shall go round about to attend them, ^^ with goblets, and beakers, and a cup of flowing wine: ^' their heads shall not ache by drinking the same, neither shall their reason be disturbed: ^^and with fruits of the sorts 'which they shall choose, ^'^ and the flesh of birds of the kind which they shall desire. ^* And there shall accompany them fair damsels having large black eyes ; ^^ resembling pearls hidden in their shells : ^^ as a reward for that which they shall have wrought. ^^ They shall not hear therein any vain discourse, or any charge of sin ; ^^ but only the salutation. Peace ! Peace ! ^^ And the companions of the right hand ^^ (how happy shall the companions of the right hand be !) ^^ shall have their abode among lote-trees free from thorns, ^^ and trees of mauz loaded regularly with their produce from top to bottom : ^^ under an extended shade, ^^ near a flowing water, ^^ and amidst fruits in abundance, which shall not fail ; nor shall be forbidden to be gathered : ^^ and they shall repose themselves on lofty beds. ^^ Verily we have created the damsels of paradise by a peculiar creation : ^^ and we have made them virgins, beloved by their husbands, of equal age with them : ^^ for the delight of the companions of the right hand. ^^ There shall be many of the former religions ; 32 Trees of mauz.'\ The original word wives or concubines; and if the latter jTa//^ is the name not only of the mauz ^, sense be preferred, the passage may be but also of a very tall and thorny tree, rendered thus, And they shall enjoy which bears abundance of flowers of an damsels raised on lofty couches, whom we agreeable smell 2, and seems to be the have created, &c. Acacia. 37 JVe have created damsels of paradise 34 Near a flowing water.'] Which shall by a peculiar creation.] Having created be conveyed in channels to such places, them purposely of finer materials than the and in such manner, as every one shall females of this world, and subject to none desire^. Al Beidawi observes, that the of those inconveniences which are natural condition of the few who have preceded to the sex *. Some understand this of others in faith and good works, is repre- the beatified women ; who, though they sented by whatever may render a city life die old and ugly, shall yet be restored to agreeable ; and that the condition of their youth and beauty in paradise ^. the companions of the right hand, or the 38 Virgins,] For how often soever generality of the blessed, is represented their husbands shall go in unto them, by those things which make the principal they shall always find them virgins, pleasure of a country life; and that this 40 — 41 There shall be many of the is done to shew the difference of the two former religions ; and many of the latter.] conditions. Father Marracci thinks this to be a mani- 36 Lofty beds.] The word translated fest contradiction to what is said above, beds, signifies also, by way of metaphor. There shall be many of the former and 1 See chap, xxxvii. ^ V. J. Leon. Descript, Africse, lib 9. 3 Al Beidawi. * See the Prelijn. Disc. § iv. 5 Jallalo'ddin. 360 AL KORAN. [chap. ^^ and many of the latter. ^^ And the companions of the left hand ^^ (how miserable shall the companions of the left hand be !) ^^ shall dwell amidst burning winds, and scald- ing water, ^^ under the shade of a black smoke, ^^ neither cool nor agreeable. ^^ For they enjoyed the pleasures of life before this, while on earth ; ^^ and obstinately per- sisted in a heinous wickedness : ^^ and they said, After we shall have died, and become dust and bones, shall we surely be raised to life ? ^^ Shall our forefathers also be raised with us ? ^^ Say, Verily both the first and the last. ^^ They shall surely be gathered together to judgment, at the prefixed time of a known day. ^^ Then ye, O men, who have erred, and denied the resurrection as a false- hood, ^^ shall surely eat of the fruit of the tree of al Zakkum, ^^ and shall fill your bellies therewith : ^^ and ye shall drink thereon boiling water ; ^^ and ye shall drink as a thirsty camel drink eth. ^^ This shall be their entertain- ment on the day of judgment. ^^ We have created you : will ye not therefore believe that we can raise you from the dead ? '' What think ye ? ^' The seed which ye emit, do ye create the same, or are Ave the creators thereof? ^^ We have decreed death unto you all : and we shall not be prevented. ^^ We are able to substitute others like unto you in your stead, and to produce you again in the condition or form which ye know not. ^^ Ye know the original production by creation ; will ye not therefore consider that we are able to reproduce you by resuscita- tion ? ^^ What think ye ? ^^ The grain which ye sow, do ye cause the same to spring foith, or do we cause it to spring forth ? ^^ If we pleased, verily we could render the same dry and fruitless, so that ye would not cease to wonder ; ^^ saying, Verily we have contracted debts for seed and labour ; ^^ but we are not permitted to reap the fruit thereof. ^^ What think ye of the water which ye few of the latter : but al Beidawi obvi- 44 Burning winds.'} Which shall pene- ates such an objection, by observing, that trate into the passages of their bodies. the preceding passage speaks of the leaders 67 To wonder. ~\ Or to repent of your only, and those who have preceded others time and labour bestowed to little pur- in faith and good works ; and the passage pose, &c. before us speaks of the righteous of infe- 68 We have contracted debts ^ Src] Or, rior merit and degree ; so that though V/e are undone. there be many of both sorts, yet there may 69 We are not permitted, &c.] Or, We be few of one sort, comparatively speaking, are unfortunate wretches, who are denied in respect to the other. the nece.ssarles of life. Lvi.] A L KORAN. 361 drink ? ^^ Do ye send down the same from the clouds, or are we the senders thereof? ^^ If we pleased, we could render the same brackish : will ye not therefore give thanks? ^^ What think ye of the fire which ye strike? ^^ Do ye produce the tree whence ye obtain the same, or are we the producers thereof? ^^ We have ordained the same for an admonition, and an advantage unto those who travel through the deserts. ^^ Wherefore praise the name of thy Lord, the great God. ^^ Moreover I swear by the setting of the stars ; ^^ (and it is surely a great oath, if ye knew it;) ^Hhat this is the excellent Koran ; the original whereof is written in the preserved book : ^^ none shall touch the same, except those who are clean. ^^ It is a revelation from the Lord of all creatures. ^^ Will ye, therefore, despise this new revelation ? ^^ And do ye make this return for your food which ye receive from God, that ye deny yourselves to be obliged to him for the same ? ^^ When the soul of a dying person cometh up to his throat, and ye at the same time are looking on, ^^ (and we are nigher unto him than ye, but ye see not his true condition :) ^^ would ye not, if ye are not to be rewarded for your actions hereafter, ^^ cause the same to return into the body, if ye speak truth ? ^^ And whether he be of those who shall approach near unto God, ^^ his 74 The tree,^c.'\ Seech, xxxvi. v. 80. to him for the same.^ By ascribing the 75 An admonition,^ To put men in rains, which fertilize your lands, to the mind of the resurrection ^ ; which the pro- influence of the stars ^. duction of fire in some sort resembles; or, Some copies, instead of RizJcacomy i. e. of the fire of hell '^. your food, read Shocracom, i. e. ycur grati- 77 I swear.l The particle la\s gene- tude ; and then the passage may be ren- rally supposed to be intensive in this place; dered thus, And do ye make this return of but if it be taken for a negative, the words gratitude for God's revealing the Koran, must be translated, I will not or do not that ye reject the same as a fiction ? swear ; because what is here asserted is 84 When the soul of a dyiyig person too manifest to need the confirmation of cometh up to his throat, &c.] The mean- an oath ^. ' ing of this obscure passage, is, If ye shall 80 None shall touch the same, except not be obliged to give an account of your those who are clean,'] Or, Let 7ione touch actions at the last day, as by your denying the same, &c. Purity both of body and the resurrection ye seem to believe, cause mind being requisite in him who would the soul of the dying person to return into use this book with the respect he ought, his body ; for ye may as easily do that, as and hopes to edify by it; for which reason avoid the general judgment ^. these words are usually written on the 88 Of those who shall approach near cover ^. unto God.] That is, of the leaders, or first 83 That ye deny yourselves to he obliged professors of the faith. 1 See chap, xxxvi. verse 80, &c, 2 Al Beiddwi. •"* Idem. * See the Prelim. Disc. § 3. ^ <^qq \}q\^^ ^i 6 Jallalo'ddin, al Beiddwi, S62 A L KORAN. [chap. reward shall be rest, and mercy, and a garden of delights ; ^^ or whether he be of the companions of the right hand, ^^he shall be saluted with the salutation, Peace be unto thee! by the companions of* the right hand his brethren: ^^or whether he be of those who have rejected the true faith, and gone astray, ^^ his entertainment shall consist of boil- ing water ^* and the burning of hell-fire. ^^ Verily, this is certain truth. ^^ Wherefore praise the name of thy Lord, the great God. CHAPTER LVII. INTITLED, iron; REVEALED AT MECCA, OR AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God, ^ Whatever is in heaven and earth singeth praise unto God ; and he is mighty and wise. ^ His is the king- dom of heaven and earth; he giveth life, and he putteth to death ; and he is almighty. ^ He is the first and the last ; the manifest, and the hidden : and he kiioweth all things. ^ It is he who created the heavens and the earth in six days ; and then ascended his throne. He knoweth that which entereth into the earth, and that which issueth out of the same ; and that which descendeth from heaven, and that which ascendeth thereto : and he is with you, wheresoever ye be : for God seeth that which ye do. ^ His is the kingdom of heaven and earth ; and unto God shall all things return. ^He causeththe night to succeed the day, and he causeth the day to succeed the night; and he knoweth the innermost part of men's breasts. ^ Believe in God and his apostle, and lay out in alms a part of the wealth whereof God hath made you inheritors : for unto such of you as believe, and bestow alms, shall be given a great reward. ^ And what aileth you, that ye believe not in God, when the apostle inviteth you to believe in your Lord ; and he hath received your Title — Iron.^ The word occurs toward the two places was the scene of revelation the end of the chapter, verse 25. of this chapter. — Mecca, &:c.'] It is uncertain which of 8 He hath received your covenant.'] Lvii.] AL KORAN. 36 cy covenant concerning this matter, if ye believe any pro- position ? ^ It is he v^ho hath sent down unto his servant evident signs, that he may lead you out of darkness into light ; for God is compassionate and merciful unto you. ^^ And what aileth you, that ye contribute not of your substance for the defence of God's true religion? Since unto God appertaineth the inheritance of heaven and earth. Those among you who shall have contributed and fought in defence of the faith, before the taking of Mecca, shall not be held equal Avith those who shall con- tribute and fight for the same afterwards. These shall be superior in degree unto those who shall contribute and fight for the propagation of the faith after the above-men- tioned success : but unto all hath God promised a most excellent reward ; and God well knoweth that which ye do. ^^ Who is he that will lend unto God an acceptable loan? for he will double the same unto him and he shall receive moreover an honourable reward. ^^ On a certain day, thou shalt see the true believers of both sexes: their light shall run before them, and on their right hands ; and it shall be said unto them. Good tidings unto you this day : gardens through which rivers flow ; ye shall remain therein for ever. This will be great felicity. ^^ On that day the hypocritical men and the hypocritical women shall say unto those who believe. Stay for us, that we may borrow some of your light. It shall be answered. Return back into the world, and seek light. And a high wall shall be set betwixt them, wherein shall be a gate, within which shall be mercy ; and without it, over-against the same, the tor- ment of hell. The hypocrites shall call out unto the true believers, saying. Were we not with you? They shall answer. Yea; but ye seduced your own souls by your hypocrisy ; and ye waited our ruin ; and ye doubted That is, ye are obliged to believe in him great success. by the strongest arguments and motives. 12 Their light shall run before them, 10 Those who shall have contributed and on their right hands.'] One light lead- awe? fought in defence of the faith, before ing them the right way to paradise, and the taking of Mecca, shall not be held the other proceeding from the book equal with those who shall contribute after.] wherein their actions are recorded, which Because afterwards there was not so great they will hold in their right hand, necessity for either, the Mohammedan re- 13 Stay for us.] For the righteous will ligion being firmly established by that hasten to paradise swift as lightning. 1 364 A L KORAN. [chap. concerning the faith ; and your wishes deceived you, until the decree of God came, and ye died : and the de- ceiver deceived you concerning God. ^^ This day, there- fore, a ransom shall not be accepted of you, nor of those who have been unbelievers. Your abode shall be hell- fire : that is what ye have deserved : and an unhappy journey shall it be thither ! ^^ Is not the time yet come unto those who believe, that their hearts should humbly submit to the admonition of God, and to that truth which hath been revealed ; and that they be not as those unto whom the scripture was given heretofore, and to whom the time of forbearance was prolonged, but their hearts were hardened, and many of them were wicked doers ? ^^ Know that God quickeneth the earth, after it hath been dead. Now have we distinctly declared our signs unto you, that ye may understand. ^^ Verily as to the alms-givers, both men and women, and those who lend unto God an acceptable loan, he will double the same unto them ; and they shall moreover receive an honour- able reward. ^^ And they who believe in God and his apostles, these are the men of veracity, and the witnesses in the presence of their Lord : they shall have their reward, and their light. But as to those who believe not, and accuse our signs of falsehood, they shall be the com- panions of hell. ^^ Know that this present life is only a toy and a vain amusement : and worldly pomp, and the affectation of glory among you, and the multiplying of riches and children, are as the plants nourished by the rain, the springing up whereof delighteth the husband- men ; afterwards they wither, so that thou seest the same turned yellow, and at length they become dry stubble. ^^ And in the life to come will be a severe punishment for those who covet worldly grandeur ; and pardon from God, and favour for those who renounce it : for this pre- sent life is no other than a deceitful provision. ^^ Hasten with emulation to obtain pardon from your Lord, and paradise, the extent whereof equalleth the extent of heaven and earth, prepared for those who believe in God and his apostles. This is the bounty of God : he will give the same unto whom he pleaseth ; and God is en- dued with great bounty. ^^No accident happeneth in Lvii.] A L KORAN. 365 the earth, nor in your persons, but the same was entered in the book of our decrees, before we created it : verily this is easy with God. ^^ And this is written lest ye immoderately grieve for the good which escapeth you, or rejoice for that which happeneth unto you ; for God loveth no proud or vain-glorious person, or those who are covetous, and command men covetousness. ^* And whoso turneth aside from giving alms ; verily God is self-suffi- cient, worthy to be praised. ^^ We formerly sent our apostles with evident miracles and arguments ; and we sent down with them the scriptures, and the balance, that men might observe justice : and we sent them down iron, wherein is mighty strength for war, and various advantages unto mankind : that God may know who assisteth him and his apostles in secret ; for God is strong and mighty. ^^ We formerly sent Noah and Abraham, and we established in their posterity the gift of prophecy, and the scripture : and of them some were directed, but many of them were evil-doers. '^'^ Afterwards we caused our apostles to succeed in their footsteps : and we caused Jesus the son of Mary, to succeed them, and we gave him the gospel ; and we put in the hearts of those who followed him, compassion and mercy : but as to the mo- nastic state, they instituted the same (we did not prescribe it to them) only out of a desire to please God : yet they observed not the same as it ought truly to have been observed. And we gave unto such of them as believed, their reward : but many of them were wicked doers. ^^ O ye who believe in the former prophets, fear God, and believe in his apostle Mohammed : he will give you two portions of his mercy ; and he will ordain you a light 25 And the balance.^ i.e. A rule of — Wherein is mighty strength for wai','] justice. Some think that a balance was Warlike instruments and weapons being actually brought down from heaven by generally made of iron, the angel Gabriel to Noah, the use of — In secretJ] That is, sincerely and which he was ordered to introduce among heartily, his people. 28 O ye who believe, &c.] These words — And we sent them down iron.^ That are directed to the Jews and Christians, is. We taught them how to dig the same or rather to the latter only, from mines. Al Zamakhshari adds, that — Two portions of his mercy.'] One as Adam is said to have brought down with a recompense for their believing in Mo- him from paradise five things made of hammed, and the other as a recompense iron, viz. an anvil, a pair of tongs, two for their believing in the prophets who hammers, (a greater and a lesser,) and a preceded him ; for they will not lose the needle. " reward of their former religion, though it 366 AL KORAN. [chap. wherein ye may walk, and he will forgive you ; for God is ready to forgive and merciful. ^^ That those who have received the scriptures, may know that they have not power over any of the favours of God, and that good is in the hand of God ; he bestoweth the same on whom he pleaseth, for God is endued with great beneficence. be now abrogated by the promulgation of Islam 1. 29 That they have not power over any of the favoiirs of God.'] i. e. That they cannot expect to receive any of the fa- vours above-mentioned, because they be- lieve not in his apostle, and those favours are annexed to faith in him : or, That they have not power to dispose of God's favours, particularly of the greatest of them, the gift of prophecy, so as to appro- priate the same to whom they please ^. ^ Al BeiddwL 2 Idem. CHAPTER LVIII. INTITLED, SHE WHO DISPUTED ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. [*XXVIII.] ' Now hath God heard the speech of her w^ho disputed with thee concerning her husband, and made her complaint unto God ; and God hath heard your mutual discourse : for God both heareth and seeth. ^ As to those among you who divorce their wives, by de- claring that they will thereafter regard them as their mothers ; let them know that they are not their mothers. Title — Medina,'] Some are of opinion that the first ten verses of this chapter, ending with these words. And fear God, before whom ye shall be assembled, were revealed at Mecca, and the rest at Medina ^. 1 Her who disputed with thee concern- ing her husband, &c.] This was Khawla Bint Thalaba, the wife of Aws Ebn al Samat, who being divorced by her hus- band by a form in use among the Arabs in the time of ignorance, viz. by saying to her, Thou art to me as the back of my mother 2, came to ask Mohammed's opi- nion whether they were necessarily ob- liged to a separation ; and he told her that it was not lawful for her to cohabit with her husband any more : to which she replying, that her husband had not put her away, the prophet repeated his former decision, adding that such form of speaking was by general consent under- stood to imply a perpetual separation. Upon this the woman being greatly con- cerned, because of the smallness of her children, went home and uttered her complaint to God in prayer : and there- upon this passage was revealed^, allowing a man to take his wife again notwith- standing his having pronounced the above- mentioned form of divorce, on doing cer- tain acts of charity, or mortification, by way of penance. ^ Al Beiddwi, lalo'ddin, &c. 2 See chap, xxxiii. verse 4, ^ Al Beiddwi, Jal- Lviii.] AL KORAN. 367 They only are their mothers who brought them forth ; and they certainly utter an unjustifiable saying, and a falsehood : but God is gracious, and ready to forgive. ^ Those who divorce their wives, by declaring that they will for the future regard them as their mothers, and afterwards would repair what they have said, shall be obliged to free a captive before they touch one another. This is what ye are warned to perform : and God is well apprized of that which ye do. ^ And whoso findeth not a captive to redeem, shall observe a fast of two consecutive months, before they touch one another. And whoso shall not be able to fast that time, shall feed threescore poor men. This is ordained you, that ye may believe in God and his apostle. These are the statutes of God : and for the unbelievers is prepared a grievous torment. ^ Verily they who oppose God and his apostle, shall be brought low, as the unbelievers who preceded them were brought low. And now have we sent down manifest signs : and an ignominious punishment awaiteth the unbelievers. ^ On a certain day God shall raise them all to life, and shall declare unto them that which they have wrought. God hath taken an exact account thereof: but they have forgotten the same : and God is witness over all things. '^ Dost thou not perceive that God knoweth whatever is in heaven and in earth ? There is no private discourse among three persons, but he is the fourth of them ; nor among five, but he is the sixth of them ; neither among a smaller number than this, nor a larger, but he is with them, wheresoever they be : and he will declare unto them that which they have done, on the day of resurrec- tion ; for God knoweth all things. ^ Hast thou not ob- served those who have been forbidden to use clandestine 2 They only are their mothers who and is variously expounded by the Mo- hrought them forthJ] And therefore no hammedan doctors. woman ought to be placed in the same — A captive.^ Which captive, accord- degree of prohibition, except those whom ing to the most received decision, ought God has joined with them, as nurs- to be a true believer ; as is ordered for ing-mothers, and the wives of the pro- the expiation of manslaughter 2. phet ^. 8 Those who have been forbidden to use 3 Would repair, &c.] This seems to clandestine discourse, &c.] That is, the be here the true meaning of the original Jews and hypocritical Moslems, who ca- word, which properly signifies to return, balled privately together against Moham- • Al Beiddwi. See chap, xxxiii. verse 50. ^ See chap. iv. verse 91. 368 A L KORAN. [chap. discourse, but afterwards return to what they have been forbidden, and discourse privately among themselves of wickedness and enmity, and disobedience towards the apostle ? And when they come unto thee, they salute thee with that form of salutation wherewith God doth not salute thee : and they say among themselves, by way of derision. Would not God punish us for what we say, if this man were a prophet ? Hell shall be their sufficient punishment : they shall go down into the same to be burned ; and an unhappy journey shall it be ! ^ O true believers, when ye discourse privily together, discourse not of wickedness, and enmity, and disobedience towards the apostle ; but discourse of justice and piety ; and fear God, before whom ye shall be assembled. ^^ Verily the clandestine discourse of the infidels proceedeth from Satan, that he may grieve the true believers ; but there shall be none to hurt them in the least, unless by the permission of God ; wherefore in God let the faithful trust. ^^ O true believers, when it is said unto you. Make room in the assembly ; make room ; God will grant you ample room in paradise. And when it is said unto you. Rise up ; rise up : God will raise those of you who be- lieve, and those to whom knowledge is given, to superior degrees of honour ; and God is fully apprized of that which ye do. ^^ O true believers, when ye go to speak with the apostle, give alms previously to your discoursing with him : this will be better for you, and more pure. But if ye find not what to give, verily God will be gra- cious and merciful unto you. ^^ Do ye fear to give alms previously to your discoursing with the prophet, lest ye should imjDOverish yourselves ? Therefore if ye do it not, med, and made signs to one another when the prophet, and the more honourable of they saw the true believers : and this they his companions ; and not to press and continued to do, notwithstanding they crowd upon him, as they used to do, out were forbidden. of a desire of being near him, and hearing 8 They salute thee with that form of salu- his discourse. tation wherewith God doth not salute thee.~\ 12 When ye go to speak with the apos- It seems they used, instead of Al saldm tie, give alms, &c.] To show your sin- aleica, i. e. Peace be upon thee, to say, Jl cerity, and to honour the apostle. It is sdm aleica, i. e. Mischief on thee, &c. ^ doubted whether this be a counsel or a 11 When it is said unto you. Make precept; but however it continued a very room in the assembly ; make room,'] In little while in force, being agreed on all this passage the Moslems are commanded hands to be abrogated by the following to give place in the public assemblies to passage, Do ye fear to give alms, &c. ^ * Al Beiddwi, Jallald' ddiu. ^ lidem. Lviii.] AL KORAN. 369 and God is gracious unto you, by dispensing with the said precept for the future, be constant at prayer, and pay the legal alms ; and obey God and his apostle in all other matters : for God well knoweth that which ye do. ^^ Hast thou not observed those who have taken for their friends a people against whom God is incensed ? They are neither of you, nor of them : and they swear to a lie knowingly. ^^ God hath prepared for them a grievous punishment ; for it is evil which they do. ^^ They have taken their oaths for a cloak, and they have turned men aside from the way of God : ^'^ wherefore a shameful punishment awaiteth them ; neither their wealth nor their children shall avail them at all against God. These shall be the inhabitants of hell-fire ; they shall abide therein for ever. ^^On a certain day God shall raise them all : then will they swear unto him, as they swear now unto you, imagining that it will be of service to them. ^^Are they not liars? Satan hath prevailed against them, and hath caused them to forget the remem- brance of God. These are the party of the devil ; and shall not the party of the devil be doomed to perdition ? ^^ Verily they who oppose God and his apostle, shall be placed among the most vile. ^^ God hath written ; Verily I will prevail, and my apostles : for God is strong and mighty. ^^Thou shalt not find people who believe in God and the last day, to love him who opposeth God and his apostle ; although they be their fathers, or their sons, or their brethren, or their nearest- relations. In the hearts of these hath God written faith ; and he hath strengthened them with his spirit : and he will lead them into gardens, beneath which rivers flow, to remain therein for ever. God is well pleased in them ; and they are well pleased in him. These are the party of God : and shall not the party of God prosper ? \4 A people against whom God is in- — They swear to a lie.'] i. e. They censed?'] i.e. The Jews. have solemnly professed Islam, which they — They are neither qfyou^ nor of them.] believe not in their hearts. Being hypocrites, and wavering between the two parties. VOL. II. B b 370 AL KORAN, [chap, CHAPTER LIX. INTITLED, THE EMIGRATION; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Whatever is in heaven and earth celebrateth the praise of God : and he is the mighty, the wise. ^ It was he who caused those who believed not, of the people who receive the scripture, to depart from their habitations at the first emigration. Ye did not think that they would go forth : and they thought that their fortresses would protect them against God. But the chastisement of God came upon them, from whence they did not expect ; and he cast terror into their hearts. They pulled down their houses with their own hands, and the hands of the true believers. Title — Emigration,'] The original word signifies the quitting or removing from one's native country, or settlement, to dwell elsewhere, whether it be by choice or compulsion. 2 It was God who caused the unbe- lievers of those who receive the scripture, to depart from their habitations at the first emigration.'] The people here intended were the Jews of the tribe of al Nadir, who dwelt in Medina, and when Mo- hammed fled thither from Mecca, pro- mised him to stand neuter between him and his opponents, and made a treaty with him to that purpose. When he had gained the battle of Bedr, they confessed that he was the prophet described in the law : but upon his receiving that disgrace at Ohod, they changed their note ; and Caab Ebn al Ashraf, with forty horse, went and made a league with Abu Sofian, which they confirmed by oath. Upon this, Mohammed got Caab despatched, and, in the fourth year of the Hejra, set forward against al Nadir, and besieged them in their fortress, which stood about three miles from Me- dina, for six days, at the end of which they capitulated, and were allowed to de- part, on condition that they should en- tirely quit that place : and accordingly some of them went into Syria, and others to Khaibar and Hira ^ This was the first emigration, men- tioned in the passage before us. The other happened several years after, in the reign of Omar, when that Khalif banished those who had settled at Khaibar, and obliged them to depart out of Arabia 2. Dr. Prideaux, speaking of Mohammed's obliging those of al Nadir to quit their settlements, says, that a party of his men pursued those who fled into Syria, and having overtaken them, put them all to the sword, excepting only one man that escaped. With such cruelty, continues he, did those barbarians first set tip to fight for that imposture they had been deluded into ^. But a learned gentleman has al- ready observed, that this is all grounded on a mistake, which the doctor was led into by an imperfection in the printed edition of Elmacinus ; where, after men- tioning the expulsion of the Nadirites, are inserted some incoherent words relating to another action, which happened the month before, and wherein seventy Mos- lems, instead of putting others to the sword, were surprised and put to the sword themselves, together with their leader, al Mondar Ebn Omar, Caab Ebn Zeid alone escaping *. — They pulled down their houses with their own hands.] Doing what damage they could, that Moslems might make the Al Beiddwiy Jallalo'ddin, &c. V. Abu' If . vit. Moh. cap. 35 2 Idem. In- terp. * Vit. Moh. p. 72. Prideaux* s Life of Mah. p. 82. 1 * V. Gagnier. not. in Abu'lf. Lix.] AL KORAN. 371 Wherefore take example from them, O ye who have eyes. ^And if God had not doomed them to banish- ment, he had surely punished them in this world : and in the world to come they shall suffer the torment of hell- fire. ^ This, because they opposed God and his apostle : and whoso opposeth God, verily God will be severe in punishing him. ^ What palm-trees ye cut down, or left standing on their roots, were so cut down or left by the will of God ; and that he might disgrace the wicked doers. ^ And as to the spoils of these people which God hath granted wholly to his apostle, ye did not push for- ward any horses or camels against the same ; but God giveth unto his apostles dominion over whom he pleaseth : for God is almighty. ^ The spoils of the inhabitants of the towns which God hath granted to his apostle, are due unto God and to the apostle, and him who is of kin to the apostle, and the orphans, and the poor, and the tra- veller ; that they may not be for ever divided in a circle among such of you as are rich. What the apostle shall give you, that accept ; and what he shall forbid you, that abstain from : and fear God; for God is severe in chas- tising. ^ A part also belongeth to the poor Mohajerin, who have been dispossessed of their houses and their sub- stance, seeking favour from God, and his good-will, and assisting God and his apostle. These are the men of veracity. ^ And they who quietly possessed the town of Medina, and professed the faith without molestation, less advantage of what they were obliged or camels against the sameJ] For the set- to leave behind them. tlement of al Nadir being so near Medina, 3 He had surely punished them in this the Moslems went all on foot thither, ex- world.^ By delivering them up to slaugh- cept only the prophet himself 3. ter and captivity, as he did those of Ko- 8 To the poor Mohajerin.'] Wherefore reidha. Mohammed distributed those spoils among 6 As to the spoils which God hath the Mohajerin, or those who had fled granted wholly to his apostle^ &c.] It is from Mecca only : and gave no part there- remarkable, that in this expedition the of to the Ansars, or those of Medina, ex- spoils were not divided according to the cept only to three of them, who were in law given for that purpose in the Koran ', necessitous circumstances*, but were granted to the apostle, and de- 9 They who quietly possessed Medina^ clared to be entirely in his disposition: and professed the faith without molestationy and the reason was, because the place was before them.~\ That is, the Ansars ; who taken without the assistance of horse ; enjoyed their houses, and the free exer- which became a rule for the future 2. cise of their religion, before the Hejra, — Ye did not push forward any horses while the converts of Mecca were per- 1 Chap. viii. verse 41. 2 Aiu'lf. vit. Moh. p. 91. ^ Al Beiddwi, * Idem. V. Ahu'lf ubi sup. p. 72. B b 2 372 AL KORAN. [chap. before them, love him who hath fled unto them, and find in their breasts no want of that which is given the Mo- ^ HAJERiN, but prefer them before themselves, although there be indigence among them. And whoso is pre- served from the covetousness of his own soul, those shall surely prosper. ^^ And they who have come after them, say, O Lord, forgive us and our brethren who have pre- ceded us in the faith, and put not into our hearts ill-will against those who have believed : O Lord, verily thou art compassionate and merciful. ^^ Hast thou not ob- served them who play the hypocrites ? They say unto their brethren who believe not, of those who have re- ceived the scriptures, Verily if ye be expelled your habi- tations, we will surely go forth with you ; and we will not pay obedience, in your respect, unto any one for ever : and if ye be attacked, we will certainly assist you. But God is witness that they are liars. ^^ Verily if they be expelled, they will not go forth with them ; and if they be attacked, they will not assist them ; and if they do assist them, they will surely turn their backs : and they shall not be protected. ^^ Verily ye are stronger than they, by reason of the terror cast into their breasts from God. This, because they are not people of prudence. ^^ They will not fight against you in a body, except in fenced towns, or from behind walls. Their strength in war among themselves is great : thou thinkest them to be united ; but their hearts are divided. This, because they are people who do not understand. ^^ Like those who lately preceded them, they have tasted the evil con- secuted and harassed by the idola- they will not assist them.'] And it hap- ters. pened accordingly ; for Ebn Obba, and 9 And find in their breasts no want of his confederates, wrote to the Nadirites to that which is given the Mohdjerin.] i. e. this purpose, but never performed their And bear them no grudge or envy on that promise ^. account. 14 Their strength in war among them- 10 They who have come after them,] selves is great."] i.e. It is not their weak- The persons here meant seem to be those ness or cowardice which makes them who fled from Mecca after Mohammed decline a field-battle with you, since they began to gain strength, and his religion show strength and valour enough in their had made a considerable progress. wars with one another ; but both fail them 1 1 Their brethren who believe not, of when they enter into the lists with God those who have received the scriptures.] and his apostle. That is, the Jews of the tribe of al Nadir. J 5 Like those who lately preceded them.] 12 If they be expelled^ they will not go Viz. The idolaters who were slain at Bedr ; forth with them ; and if they be attacked, or the Jews of Kainoka, who were plun- 1 Al Beiddwi. Lix.] A L KORAN. 373 sequence of their deed ; and a painful torment is prepared for them hereafter. ^^ Thus have the hypocrites deceived the Jews ; like the devil, when he saith unto a man. Be thou an infidel ; and when he is become an infidel, he saith, Verily I am clear of thee; for I fear God, the Lord of all creatures. ^^ Wherefore the end of them both shall be that they shall dwell in hell-fire, abiding therein for ever : and this shall be the recompense of the unjust. ^^ O true believers, fear God ; and let a soul look what it sendeth before for the morrow : and fear God, for God is well acquainted with that which ye do. ^^And be not as those who have forgotten God, and whom he hath caused to forget their own souls : these are the wicked doers. ^^ The inhabitants of hell-fire, and the inhabitants of paradise, shall not be held equal. The in- habitants of paradise are they who shall enjoy felicity. ^^ If we had sent down this Koran on a mountain, thou wouldest certainly have seen the same humble itself, and cleave in sunder for fear of God. These similitudes do we propose unto men, that they may consider. ^^ He is God, besides whom there is no God ; who knoweth that which is future, and that which is present : he is the most Merciful. ^'^ He is God, besides whom there is no God : the King, the Holy, the Giver of peace, the Faithful, the Guardian, the Powerful, the Strong, the Most High. Far be God exalted above the idols which they associate with him ! 2* He is God, the Creator, the Maker, the Former. He hath most excellent names. Whatever is in heaven and earth praiseth him : and he is the Mighty, the Wise. dered and sent into exile before those of row, as this present life may be called to- Nadir. day. 18 For the morrow.'] That is, for the 24 NamesJ] The ninety-nine names next life, which may be called the mor- of God form the Mohammedan rosary. 374 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER LX. INTITLED, SHE WHO IS TRIED ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ' O TRUE believers, take not my enemy and your enemy for your friends, shewing kindness toward them ; since they believe not in the truth which hath come unto you, having expelled the apostle and yourselves from your native city, because ye believe in God, your Lord. If ye go forth to fight in defence of my religion, and out of a desire to please me, and privately shew friendship unto them ; verily I well know that which ye conceal, and that which ye discover : and whoever of you doth this, hath already erred from the straight path. ^ If they get the better of you, they will be enemies unto you, and they will stretch forth their hands and their tongues against you with evil : and they earnestly desire that ye should become unbelievers. ^ Neither your kindred nor your children will avail you at all on the day of resur- rection, which will separate you from one another : and God seeth that which ye do. ^ Ye have an excellent pattern in Abraham, and those who were with him, when they said unto their people. Verily we are clear of you, and of the idols which ye worship besides God : we Title— She who, &c.] The chapter bears having intercepted the letter, asked Hateb this title, because it directs the women, how he came to be guilty of such an ac- who desert and come over from the infi- tion : to which he replied, that it was not dels to the Moslems, to be examined, and out of infidelity, or a desire to return to tried whether they be sincere in their pro- idolatry, but merely to induce the Koreish fession of the faith. to treat his family, which was still at 1 Take not my enemy and your enemy Mecca, with some kindness ; adding, that for your friends, &c.] This passage was he was well assured his intelligence would revealed on account of Hateb Ebn Abi be of no service at all to the Meccans, be- Baltaa, who understanding that Moham- cause he was satisfied God would take med had a design to surprise Mecca, wrote vengeance on them. Whereupon Mo- a letter to the Koreish, giving them notice hammed received his excuse, and pardoned of the intended expedition, and advised him: but it was thought proper to forbid them to be on their guard : which letter any such practices for the future *. he sent by Sarah, a maid-servant belong- — And privately shew friendship unto ing to the family of Hashem. The mes- them.'] The verb here used has also a senger had not been gone long, before contrary signification, according to which Gabriel discovered the affair to the pro- the words may be rendered. And yet phet, who immediately sent after her, and openly shew friendship unto them. Al Beidawi. V. Ahulf Vit, Moh. p. 103. Lx.] AL KORAN. 375 have renounced you ; and enmity and hatred is begun between us and you for ever, until ye believe in God alone : except Abraham's saying unto his father, Verily I will beg pardon for thee ; but I cannot obtain aught of God in thy behalf. O Lord, in thee do we trust, and unto thee are we turned ; and before thee shall we be assembled hereafter. ^ O Lord, suffer us not to be put to trial by the unbelievers : and forgive us, O Lord ; for thou art mighty and wise. ^ Verily ye have in them an excellent example, unto him who hopeth in God and the last day : and whoso turneth back ; verily God is self- sufficient, and praise-worthy. ^ Peradventure God will establish friendship between yourselves and such of them as ye now hold for enemies : ^ for God is powerful ; and God is inclined to forgive, and merciful. ^ As to those who have not borne arms against you on account of re- ligion, nor turned you out of your dwellings, God for- biddeth you not to deal kindly with them, and to behave justly towards them ; for God loveth those who act justly. But as to those who have borne arms against you on account of religion, and have dispossessed you of your habitations, and have assisted in dispossessing you, God forbiddeth you to enter into friendship with them : and whosoever of you entereth into friendship with them, those are unjust doers. ^^ O true believers, when believ- ing women come unto you as refugees, try them : God well knoweth their faith. And if ye know them to be true believers, send them not back to the infidels : they are not lawful for the unbelievers to have in marriage ; 4 Except AhraharrCs saying unto Ms enemies to the Moslems, embraced the father. Verily I will beg pardon for ihee.^ same faith, and became their friends and For in this Abraham's example is not to brethren. Some suppose the marriage of be followed. See chap. ix. verse ) 16. Mohammed with 0mm Habiba, the daugh 5 Suffer us not to be put to trial by the ter of Abu Sofian, which was celebrated unbelievers.'] i. e. Suffer them not to the year before, to be here intended^, prevail against us, lest they thence con- 9 As to those who have not borne arms elude themselves to be in the right, and against you, &c.] This passage, it is said, endeavour to make us deny our faith by was revealed on account of Koteila Bint the terror of persecution ^ Abd'al Uzza, who having, while she was T Peradventure God will establish friend- an idolatress, brought some presents to ship between you, &c.] And this hap- her daughter, Asmi Bint Abi Beer, the pened accordingly on the taking of Mecca ; latter not only refused to accept them, but when Abu Sofian, and others of the Ko- even denied her admittance ^ reish, who had till then been inveterate 1 Al Beiddivi. ^ V. Gagnier. not. in Abu'lf. Vit. Moh. p. 91. •* Al Beiddwi, 376 AL KORAN. [chap. neither are the unbelievers lawful for them. But give their unbelieving husbands what they shall have ex- pended for their dowers. Nor shall it be any crime in you, if ye marry them, provided ye give them their dowries. And retain not the patronage of the unbeliev- ing women : but demand back that which ye have ex- pended for the dowry of such of your wives as go over to the unbelievers ; and let them demand back that which they have expended for the dowry of those who come over to you. This is the judgment of God, which he establisheth among you: and God is knowing and wise. ^^ If any of your wives escape from you to the unbelievers, and ye have your turn by the coming over of any of the unbelievers' wives to you ; give unto those believers whose wives shall have gone away, out of the dowries of the latter, so much as they shall have ex- pended for the dowers of the former : and fear God, in whom ye believe. ^^ O prophet, when believing women come unto thee, and plight their faith unto thee, that they will not associate any thing with God, nor steal, nor commit fornication, nor kill their children, nor come with 10 But give their unbelieving husbands thing of your wives ; which some inter- what they shall have expended for their pret any part of their dowry. dowers.~\ For, according to the terms of — And ye have your turn, &c.] Or, the pacification of al Hodeibiya ^ each as the original verb may also be trans- side was to return whatever came into lated, And ye take spoils : in which case their power belonging to the other; where- the meaning will be, that those Moslems, fore when the Moslems were, by this pas- whose wives shall have gone over to the sage forbidden to restore the married wo- infidels, shall have a satisfaction for their men who should come over to them, they dower out of the next booty. This law, were at the same time commanded to they say, was given because the idolaters, make some sort of satisfaction by return- after the preceding verse had been re- ing their dowry. vealed, refused to comply therewith, or to It is related, that after the aforesaid make any return of the dower of those pacification, while Mohammed was yet at women who went over to them from the al Hodeibiya, Sobeia Bint al Hareth, of Moslems ^ ; so that the latter were obliged the tribe of Aslam, having embraced Mo- to indemnify themselves as they could, hammedism, her husband, Mosafer, the 12 Plight their faith.~\ See the Life of Makhzumite, came and demanded her Mohammed, Prelim. Disc. § ii. for the wo- back ; upon which this passage was re- man's oath. Some are of opinion, that vealed : and Mohammed, pursuant there- this passage was not revealed till the day to, administered to her the oath thereafter of the taking of Mecca; when, after having directed, and returned her husband her received the solemn submission of the men, dower ; and then Omar married her ^. he proceeded to receive that of the women*. — Provided ye give them their dowries.^ — Children,^ See chap. Ixxxi. For what is returned to their former hus- — Nor come with a calumny, &c.] Jal- bands is not to be considered as their lalo'ddin understands these words of their dower. laying their spurious children to their hus- 11 Any of your wives.'] Literally, any bands, ^ See chap, xlviii. verse 18. ^ ji Beiddwi. ^ Idem. * Idem. Lxi.] AL KORAN. 377 a calumny which they have forged between their hands and their feet, nor be disobedient to thee in that which shall be reasonable ; then do thou plight thy faith unto them, and ask pardon for them of God : for God is in- clined to forgive, and merciful. ^^ O true believers, enter not into friendship with a people against whom God is incensed ; they despair of the life to come, as the infidels despair of the resurrection of those who dwell in the graves. 13 A people against whom God is in^ they well know they cannot expect to be censed.l i. e. The infidels in general ; or made partakers of the happiness of the the Jews in particular i. next life, by reason of their rejecting of — They despair of the life to come.'] the prophet foretold in the law, and whose By reason of their infidelity ; or because mission is confirmed by miracles 2. 1 See chap. i. verse 7. 2 ^i Beiddwi, CHAPTER LXI. INTITLED, BATTLE ARRAY ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Whatever is in heaven and in earth celebrateth the praise of God ; for he is mighty and wise. ^ O true be- lievers, why do ye say that which ye do not. ^ It is most odious in the sight of God, that ye say that which ye do not. ^ Verily God loveth those who fight for his religion in battle-array, as though they were a well-compacted building. ^ Remember when Moses said unto his people, 0 my people, why do ye injure me ; since ye know that 1 am the apostle of God sent unto you ? And when they had deviated from the truth, God made their hearts to deviate from the right way; for God directeth not wicked people. ^ And when Jesus, the son of Mary, said, Title— Mecca.'] Or, as some rather defence of their faith, yet shamefully judge, at Medina ; which opinion is con- turned their backs at the battle of Ohod K firmed by the explication in the next note. They may, however, be applied to hypo- 2 Why do ye say that which ye do not ?] crites of all sorts, whose actions contradict The commentators generally suppose these their words. words to be directed to the Moslems, who, 5 Why do ye injure me ?'] Viz. by your notwithstanding they had solemnly en- disobedience ; or by maliciously aspersing gaged to spend their lives and fortunes in me 2. 1 See chap. iii. verse 121. 2 See chap, xxxiii. verse 66. Q 78 AL KORAN. [chap. O children of Israel, verily I am the apostle of God sent unto you, confirming the law which was delivered before me, and bringeth good tidings of an apostle who shall come after me, and whose name shall be Ahmed. And when he produced unto them evident miracles, they said, This is manifest sorcery. ^ But who is more unjust than he who forgeth a lie against God, when he is invited unto Islam? And God directeth not the unjust people. ^ They seek to extinguish God's light with their mouths : but God will perfect his light, though the infidels be averse thereto. ^ It is he who hath sent his apostle with the direction, and the religion of truth, that he may exalt the same above every religion, although the idolaters be averse thereto. ^® O true believers, shall I shew you a merchandise which will deliver you from a painful tor- ment hereafter? ^^ Believe in God and his apostle; and defend God's true religion with your substance, and in your own persons. This will be better for you, if ye knew it. ^^ He will forgive you your sins, and will introduce you into gardens through which rivers flow, and agreeable habitations in gardens of perpetual abode. This will be great felicity. ^^ And ye shall obtain other things which ye desire, namely, assistance from God, and a speedy vic- tory. And do thou bear good tidings to the true believers. ^* O true believers, be ye the assistants of God ; as Jesus, the son of Mary, said to the apostles, who will be my assistants with respect to God ? The apostles answered. We will be the assistants of God. So a part of the chil- dren of Israel believed, and a part believed not : but we strengthened those who believed, above their enemy ; wherefore they became victorious over them. 6 Whose name shall be Ahmed,~\ For doctors unanimously teaching, that by the Mohammed also bore the name of Ahmed ; Paraclete (or, as they choose to read it, both names being derived from the same the Periclyte, or Illustrious) their prophet root, and nearly of the same signification, is intended, and no other ^, The Persian paraphrast, to support what 14 Apostles.^ See chap. iii. verse 5L is here alleged, quotes the following words — And a part believed not.'] Either of Christ, I go to my father, and the by rejecting him ; or by affirming him to Paraclete shall come*: the Mohammedan be God, and the son of God ^. ' See John xvi. 7> &c. ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ Jallalo'ddin. Lxii.] AL KORAN, 379 CHAPTER LXII. INTITLED, THE ASSEMBLY; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Whatever is in heaven and earth praiseth God ; the King, the Holy, the Mighty, the Wise. ^ It is he who hath raised np amidst the illiterate Arabians an apostle from among themselves, to rehearse his signs unto them, and to purify them, and to teach them the scriptures and wisdom ; whereas before they were certainly in a manifest error : ^ and others of them have not yet attained unto them, by embracing the faith ; though they also shall be converted in God's good time, for he is mighty and wise. ^ This is the free grace of God : he bestoweth the same on whom he pleaseth : and God is endued with great be- neficence. ^ The likeness of those who were charged with the observance of the law, and then observed it not, is as the likeness of an ass laden with books. How wretched is the likeness of the people who charge the signs of God with falsehood ! and God directeth not the unjust people. ^ Say, O ye who follow the Jewish religion, if ye say that ye are the friends of God above other men, wish for death, if ye speak truth. ^ But they will never wish for it, because of that which their hands have sent before them : and God well knoweth the unjust. ^ Say, verily death, from which ye fly, will surely meet you : then shall ye be brought before him who knoweth as well what is concealed as what is discovered ; and he will declare unto you that which ye have done. ^ O true believers, when ye are called to prayer on the day of the assembly, hasten 2 Jmong themselves.'] See Life of Mo- wicked forgeries and perversions of Scrip- hammed in the Prelim. Disc. § ii. ture. 5 As the likeness of an ass laden with 9 The day of assembly.'] That is, Friday, hooks.] Because they understand not the which being more peculiarly set apart by prophecies contained in the law, which Mohammed for the public worship of God, bear witness to Mohammed, no more than is therefore called Yawm al joma, i. e. The the ass does the books he carries. day of the assembly, or congregation ; 6 Wish for death.] i. e. Make it your whereas it was before called al Aruba. request to God, that he would translate The first time this day was particularly you from this troublesome world to a state observed, as some say, was on the prophet's of never-fading bliss. arrival at Medina; into which city he 7 Their hands, &c.J That is, their made his first entry on a Friday: but 380 A L KORAN. [chap. to the commemoration of God, and leave merchandising. This will be better for you, if ye knew it. ^^ And when prayer is ended, then disperse yourselves through the land as ye list, and seek gain of the liberality of God : and remember God frequently, that ye may prosper. " But when they see any merchandising, or sport, they flock thereto, and leave thee standing up in thy pulpit. Say, The reward which is with God is better than any sport or merchandise : and God is the best provider. others tell us, that Caab Ebn Lowa, one bath ; or particularly to abstain from work, of Mohammed's ancestors, gave the day after they have performed their devotions, its present name, because on that day the Some, however, from a tradition of their people used to be assembled before him ^. prophet, are of opinion, that works of One reason given for the observation of charity, and religious exercises, which may Friday, preferably to any other day of the draw down the blessing of God, are re- week, is, because on that day God finished commended in this passage, the creation 2. H When they see miy merchandising or 10 And seek gain of the liberality of sport, &c.] It is related that one Friday, God.'] By returning to your commerce while Mohammed was preaching, a cara- and worldly occupations, if ye think fit : van of merchants happened to arrive with for the Mohammedans do not hold them- their drums beating, according to custom ; selves obliged to observe the day of their which the congregation hearing, they all public assembly with the same strictness ran out of the mosque to see them, except as the Christians and Jews do their Sab- twelve only 3. 1 Al Beiddwi. ^ V. GoL in Alfrag. p. 15. ^ ^n Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, CHAPTER LXIII. INTITLED, THE HYPOCRITES ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God, ^ When the hypocrites come unto thee, they say, We bear witness that thou art indeed the apostle of God. And God knoweth that thou art indeed his apostle : but God beareth vritness that the hypocrites are certainly liars. ^ They have taken their oaths for a protection, and they turn others aside from the way of God : it is surely evil which they do. ^ This is testified of them, because they believed, and afterwards became unbelievers : wherefore a seal is set on their hearts, and they shall not understand. * When thou beholdest them, their persons please thee : 4 When thou beholdest them, their per- hypocrite, was a tall man, of a very grace- sons please thee, &c.] The commentators ful presence, and of a ready and eloquent tell us, that Abdallah Ebn Obba, a chief tongue ; and used to frequent the prophet's Lxiii.] AL KORAN. 381 and if they speak, thou hearest their discourse with de- light. They resemble pieces of timber set up against a wall. They imagine every shout to be against them. They are enemies; wherefore beware of them. God curse them : how are they turned aside from the truth ! ^ And when it is said unto them, Come, that the apostle of God may ask par- don for you ; they turn away their heads, and thou seest them retire big with disdain. ^ It will be equal unto them, whether thou ask pardon for them, or do not ask pardon for them : God will by no means forgive them : for God directeth not the prevaricating people. ^ These are the men who say to the inhabitants of Medina, Do not bestow any thing on the refugees who are with the apostle of God, that they may be obliged to separate from him. Whereas unto God belong the stores of heaven and earth : but the hypocrites do not understand. ^ They say. Verily, if we return to Medina, the worthier shall expel thence the meaner. Whereas superior worth be- longeth unto God, and his apostle, and the true believers : but the hypocrites know it not. ^ O true believers, let not your riches or your children divert you from the re- membrance of God : for whosoever doth this, they will surely be losers. ^^ And give alms out of that which we have bestowed \ on you: before death come unto one of you, and he say, O Lord, wilt thou not grant me respite for a short term ; that I may give alms, and become one of the righteous ? ^^ For God will by no means grant further respite to a soul when its determined time is come : and God is fully apprized of that which ye do. assembly, attended by several like himself: hypocrisy towards God, and their insin- and that these men were greatly admired cerity towards the Moslems, by Mohammed, who was taken with their 8 They say, Verily^ if we return to Me- handsome appearance, and listened to their dinay the worthier shall expel thence the discourse with pleasure ^, meanerr\ These, as well as the preceding, 4 They resemble pieces of timber set up were the words of Ebn Obba to one of against a walL'\ Being tall and big, but Medina, who, in a certain expedition, void of knowledge and consideration 2. quarrelling with an Arab of the desert — They imagine every shout to be against about water, received a blow on the head them,~\ Living under continual apprehen- with a stick, and made his complaint there- sions; because they are conscious of their of to him 3. 1 AlBeiddwi, 2 idem. 3 Idem. 382 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER LXIV. INTITLED, MUTUAL DECEIT ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Whatever is in heaven and earth celebrateth the praises of God : his is the kingdom, and unto him is the praise due ; for he is almighty. ^ It is he who hath created you ; and one of you is predestined to be an unbeliever, and another of you is predestined to be a believer : and God beholdeth that which ye do. ^ He hath created the heavens and the earth with truth ; and he hath fashioned you, and given you beautiful forms : and unto him must ye all go. ^ He knoweth whatever is in heaven and earth : and he knoweth that which ye conceal, and that which ye discover ; ^ for God knoweth the innermost part of men's breasts. ^ Have ye not been acquainted with the story of those who disbelieved heretofore, and tasted the evil con- sequence of their behaviour ? And for them is prepared, in the life to come, a tormenting punishment. ^ This shall they suffer, because their apostles came unto them with evident proofs of their mission, and they said. Shall men direct us ? Wherefore they believed not, and turned their backs. But God standeth in need of no person ; for God is self-sufficient, and worthy to be praised. ^ The unbelievers imagine that they shall not be raised again. Say, Yea, by my Lord, ye shall surely be raised again : then shall ye be told that which ye have wrought ; and this is easy with God. ^ Wherefore believe in God and his apostle, and the light which we have sent down ; for God is well acquainted with that which ye do. ^^ On a certain day he shall assemble you, at the day of the general assembly : that will be the day of mutual deceit. And Title — Mecca.'] The commentators are the blessed will deceive the damned, by not agreed whether this chapter was re- taking the places which they would have vealed at Mecca, or at Medina ; or partly had in paradise, had they been true be- at the one place, and partly at the other. lievers ; and contrariwise ^ 10 The day of mutual deceit.'] When ^ Al Beiddwiy Jallalo' ddin, Yahya, Lxiv.] A L KORAN. 383 whoso shall believe in God, and shall do that which is right, from him will he expiate his evil deeds ; and he will lead him into gardens beneath which rivers flow, to remain therein for ever. This will be great felicity. ^^ But they who shall not believe, and shall accuse our signs of falsehood, those shall be the inhabitants of hell-fire, wherein they shall remain for ever ; and a wretched journey shall it be thither ! ^^ No misfortune happeneth but by the permission of God ; and whoso believeth in God, he will direct his heart : and God knoweth all things. ^^ Where- fore obey God, and obey the apostle : but if ye turn back, verily the duty incumbent on our apostle, is only public preaching. ^^ God ! there is no God but he : wherefore in God let the faithful put their trust. ^^ O true believers, verily of your wives and your children you have an enemy : wherefore beware of them. But if ye pass over their offences, and pardon, and forgive them ; God is likewise inclined to forgive, and merciful. ^^ Your wealth and your children are only a temptation : but with God is a great reward. ^^ Wherefore fear God, as much as ye are able ; and hear, and obey : and give alms, for the good of your souls ; for whoso is preserved from the covetousness of his own soul, they shall prosper. ^^ If he lend unto God an acceptable loan, he will double the same unto you, and will forgive you : for God is grateful and long-suffering, knowing both what is hidden, and what is divulged ; the Mighty, the Wise. 15 0/* your wives and your children ye — ^f V^ P^^^ over their offences ^ &c,] have an enemy. ~\ For these are apt to dis- Considering that the hindrance they may tract a man from his duty, especially in occasion you proceeds from their affection, time of distress ^ : a married man caring and their ill bearing your absence in time for the things that are of this world, while of war, &c. the unmarried careth for the things that belong to the Lord 2. 1 Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin, Yahya, ^ See 1 Corinth, vii. 25, &c. 384 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER LXV. INTITLED, DIVORCE ; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ O Prophet, when ye divorce women, put them away at their appointed term ; and compute the term exactly : and fear God, your Lord. Oblige them not to go out of their apartments, neither let them go out until the term be expired, unless they be guilty of manifest uncleanness. These are the statutes of God : and whoever transgresseth the statutes of God, assuredly injureth his own soul. Thou knowest not whether God will bring something new to pass, which may reconcile them, after this. ^And when they shall have fulfilled their term, either retain them with kindness, or part from them honourably : and take witnesses from among you, men of integrity ; and give your testimony as in the presence of God. ^ This admonition is given unto him who believeth in God and the last day : and whoso feareth God, unto him will he grant a happy issue out of all his afflictions, and he will bestow on him an ample provision from whence he ex- pecteth it not : and whoso trusteth in God, he will be his sufficient support ; for God will surely attain his purpose. Now hath God appointed unto every thing a determined period. ^ As to such of your wives as shall despair having their courses, by reason of their age ; if ye be in doubt thereof, let their term be three months : and let the same be the term of those who have not yet had their courses. But as to those who are pregnant, their term shall be, until they be delivered of their burden. And whoso feareth God, unto him will he make his command easy. ^ This is the command of God, which he hath sent 1 At their appointed term.'] That is, to divorce their wives while they are clean : when they shall have had their courses and says, that the passage was revealed on thrice, after the time of their divorce, if account of Ebn Omar, who divorced his they prove not to be with child, or, if wife when she had her courses upon her, they prove with child, when they shall and was therefore obliged to take her again, have been delivered ^ Al Beidawi sup- 4 Term.] See chapter ii. verse 229, poses husbands are hereby commanded &c. ^ See chap. ii. verse 229, &c. Lxv.] AL KORAN. 3*^^^ clown unto you. And whoso fearetli God, he will expiate his evil deeds from him, and will increase his reward. ^ Suffer the women whom ye divorce to dwell in some part of the houses wherein ye dwell ; according to the room and conveniences of the habitations which ye possess : and make them not uneasy, that ye may reduce them to straits. And if they be with child, expend on them what shall be needful, until they be delivered of their burden. And if they suckle their children for you, give them their hire ; and consult among yourselves, ac- cording to what shall be just and reasonable. And if ye be put to a difficulty herein, and another woman shall suckle the child for him, let him who hath plenty expend proportionably, in the maintenance of the mother and the nurse, out of his plenty: and let him whose income is scanty, expend in proportion out of that which God hath given him. God obligeth no man to more than he hath given him ability to perform: God will cause ease to succeed hardship. ^ How many cities have turned aside from the command of their Lord and his apostles ! Wherefore we brought them to a severe account ; and we chastised them with a grievous chastisement : ^ and they tasted the evil consequence of their business ; ^ and the end of their business was perdition. ^^God hath prepared for them a severe punishment : ^^ wherefore fear God, O ye who are endued with understanding. ^^ True believers, now hath God sent down unto you an admonition, an apostle who may rehearse unto you the perspicuous signs of God ; that he may bring forth those who believe and do good works, from darkness into light. And whoso believeth in God, and doth that which is right, him will he lead into gardens beneath which rivers flow, to remain therein for ever : now hath God made an excellent provision for him. ^^ It is God who hath created seven heavens, and as many different stories of the earth: the divine command de- scendeth between them ; that ye may know that God is omnipotent, and that God comprehendeth all things by his knowledge. 6 Their hire.] Which ought at least to 13 The divine command descendeth he- he sufficient to maintain and clothe them tween them.'] Penetrating and pervading during the time of suckling. See chap. ii. them all with absolute efficacy, verse 230, &c. VOL. II. C C 386 AL KORAN, [chap CHAPTER LXVI. INTITLED, prohibition; REVEALED AT MEDINA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ O Prophet, why boldest thou that to be prohibited which God hath allowed thee, seeking to please thy I Why holdest thou that to he prohibited which God hath allowed thee, &c.] There are some who suppose this passage to have been occasioned by Mohammed's protest- ing never to eat honey any more ; because, having once eaten some in the apartments of Hafsa, or of Zeinab, three others of his wives, namely, Ayesha, Sawda, and Safia, all told him they smelt he had been eat- ing of the juice which distils from certain shrubs in those parts, and resembles honey in taste and consistency, but is of a very strong savour, and which the prophet had a great aversion to ^ But the more re- ceived opinion is, that the chapter was re- vealed on the following occasion. Mo- hammed having lain with a slave of his named Mary, of Coptic extract, (who had been sent him as a present by al Mokaw- kas, governor of Egypt,) on the day which was due to Ayesha, or to Hafsa, and, as some say, on Hafsa's own bed, while she was absent : and this coming to Hafsa's knowledge, she took it extremely ill, and reproached her husband so sharply, that, to pacify her, he promised with an oath, never to touch the maid again ^ ; and to free him from the obligation of this promise, was the design of the chapter. I cannot here avoid observing, as a learned writer ^ has done before me, that Dr. Prideaux has strangely misrepresented this passage. For having given the story of the prophet's amour with his maid Mary, a little embellished, he proceeds to tell us, that in this chapter Mohammed brings in God allowing him, and all his Moslems, to lie with their maids when they will, notwithstanding their wives : (whereas the words relate to the prophet only, who wanted not any new permission for that purpose, because it was a privilege already granted him 4, though to none else ;) and then, to show what ground he had for his assertion, adds, that the first words of the chapter are, O prophet, why dost thou forbid what God hath allowed thee, that thou mayest please thy wives ? God hath granted unto you to lie with your maid-servants^. Which last words are not to be found here, or elsewhere in the Koran, and contain an allowance of what is expressly forbidden therein ^ ; though the doctor has thence taken occa- sion to make some reflections which might as well have been spared. I shall say nothing to aggravate the matter ; but leave the reader to imagine what this reverend divine would have said of a Mohammedan, if he had caught him tripping in the like manner. Having digressed so far, I w^ill venture to add a word or two, in order to account for one circumstance which Dr. Prideaux relates concerning Mohammed's concubine Mary; viz. that after her master's death, no account was had of her, or the son which she had borne him, but both were sent away into Egypt, and n6 mention made of either ever after among them ; and then he supposes (for he is seldom at a loss for a supposition) that Ayesha, out of the hatred which she bore her, pro- cured of her father, who succeeded the impostor in the government, to have her thus disposed of ^. But it being certain by the general consent of all the eastern writers, that Mary continued in Arabia till her death, which happened at Medina, about five years after that of her master, and was buried in the usual burying- place there, called al Baki, and that her son died before his father, it has been asked, whence the doctor had this ^ ? I answer. That I guess he had it partly from Abu'lfaragius, according to the print- 1 Al Zamakh. Al Beidawi. ^ ji Zamakh. Al JBeidawi, Jallalo'ddin, Yahya, 3 Gagnier. not. ad Ahu'lf, vit. Moh, p. 150. * See chap, xxxiii. verse 47- 5 Prid. Life of Mah. p. 113. ^ See chap. xvii. verse 33. and chap. xxiv. verse 2. ^ Prid. Life of Mah. p. 114. ^ Gagnier, ubi sup. LXVI.] AL KORAN, 38' wives; since God is inclined to forgive, and merciful? ^GoD hath allowed you the dissolution of your oaths : and God is your master ; and he is knowing and wise. ^When the prophet intrusted as a secret unto one of his wives a certain accident ; and when she disclosed the same, and God made it known unto him ; he acquainted her with part of what she had done, and forebore to upbraid her with the other part thereof. And when he had acquainted her therewith, she said. Who hath discovered this unto thee? He answered. The knowing, the sagacious God hath discovered it unto me. ^ If ye both be turned unto God (for your hearts have swerved) it is well : but if ye join against him, verily God is his patron ; and Gabriel, and the good man among the faithful, and the angels also are his assistants. ^ If he divorce you, his Lord can easily give him in exchange other wives better than you, women resigned unto God, true believers, devout peni- ed edition of whose work, the Mary we are speaking of, is said to have been sent with her sistir Shirin (not with her son) to Alexandria by al Mokawkas ^ : though I make no doubt but we ought in that passage to read min, from, instead of ina, to ; (notwithstanding the manuscript copies of this author used by Dr. Pocock, the editor, and also a very fair one in my own possession, agree in the latter reading :) and that the sentence ought to run thus Quara (viz. Mariam) una cum sorore Shirina ab Alexandria miserat al Mokaw- kas. 2 God hath allowed you the dissolution of your oaths.~\ By having appointed an ex- piation for that purpose ^ : or, as the words may be translated, God hath allowed you to use an exception in your oaths, that is, to add the words, If it please God; in which case a man is excused from guilt if he perform not his oath 3. The passage, though directed to all the Moslems in ge- neral, seems to be particularly designed for quieting the prophet's conscience in regard to the oath above-mentioned: but al Beidawi approves not this opinion, be- cause such an oath was to be looked upon as an inconsiderate one, and required no expiation. 3 When the prophet intrusted as a secret unto one of his wives a certain accident, &c.] When Mohammed found that Hafsa knew of his having injured her, or Ayesha, by lying with his concubine Mary on the day due to one of them, he desired her to keep the affair secret, promising, at the same time, that he would not meddle with Mary any more ; and foretold her, as a piece of news which might soothe her vanity, that Abu Beer and Omar should succeed him in the government of his people. Hafsa, however, could not conceal this from Ayesha, with whom she lived in strict friendship, but acquainted her with the whole matter; whereupon the prophet perceiving, probably by Ayesha's beha- viour, that this secret had been discovered, upbraided Hafsa with her betraying him ; telling her that God had revealed it to him ; and not only divorced her, but sepa- rated himself from all his other wives for a whole month, which time he spent in the apartment of Mary. In a short time, notwithstanding, he took Hafsa again, by the direction, as he gave out, of the angel Gabriel : who commended her for fre- quent fasting, and other exercises of devo- tion, assuring him likewise, that she should be one of his wives in paradise ^. A If ye both, &c.] This sentence is directed to Hafsa and Ayesha ; the pro- nouns and verbs of the second person being in the dual number. Abu'lf Hist. Dyn. p. 165. ^ Al Beiddwi, ^ See chap. v. Al Zamakh,. &c. c c2 ^ Al Beidawi, 388 • AL KORAN. [chap. tent, obedient, given to fasting, both such as have been known by other men, and virgins. ^ O true believers, save your souls, and those of your families, from the fire whose fuel is men and stones, over which are set angels fierce and terrible ; who disobey not God in what he hath commanded them, but perform what they are commanded. ^ O unbelievers, excuse not yourselves this day ; ye shall surely be rewarded for what ye have done. ^ O true be- lievers, turn unto God with a sincere repentance : perad- venture your Lord will do away from you your evil deeds, and will admit you into gardens, through which rivers flow ; on the day whereon God will not put to shame the prophet, or those who believe with him : their light shall run before them, and on their right hands ; and they shall say. Lord, make our light perfect, and forgive us; for thou art almighty. ^ O prophet, attack the infidels with arms, and the hypocrites with arguments ; and treat them with severity : their abode shall be hell, and an ill journey shall it be thither. ^^ God propoundeth as a similitude unto the unbelievers, the wife of Noah, and the wife of Lot : they were under two of our righteous servants, and they deceived them both ; ^^ wherefore their husbands were of no advantage unto them at all in the sight of God : and it shall be said unto them, at the last day, Enter ye into hell-fire, with those who enter therein. ^^ God also propoundeth as a similitude unto those who believe, the wife of Pharaoh; when she said, Lord, 6 Fire, &c.] See chap. Ixxiv. and the 11 Wherefore their husbands were of no Prelim. Disc. § iv. advantage unto them in the sight of God»~\ 7 0 unbelievers^ &c.] These words will For they both met with a disastrous end in be spoken to the infidels at the last day. this world 2, and will be doomed to eternal 8 Light f &c.] See chap. Ivii. verse 12. misery in the next. In like manner, as 10 The wife of Noah, and the wife of Lot, Mohammed would insinuate, the infidels of &c.] Who were both unbelieving women, his time had no reason to expect any miti- but deceived their respective husbands gation of their punishment, on account of by their hypocrisy. Noah's^ wife, named their relation to himself and the rest of the Waila, endeavoured to persuade the peo- true believers. pie her husband was distracted ; and Lot's 12 The wife of Pharaoh.'] viz. Asia, wife, whose name was Wahela, (though the daughter of Mozahem. The com- some writers give this name to the other, mentators relate, that because she believed and that of Waila to the latter,) was in in Moses, her husband cruelly tormented confederacy with the men of Sodom, and her, fastening her hands and feet to four used to give them notice when any stran- stakes, and laying a large mill-stone on gers came to lodge with him, by a sign of her breast, her face, at the same time, smoke by day, and of fire by night \ being exposed to the scorching beams of Jalialo'ddin, Al Zamakh. ^ See chap. xi. and Lot in index. Lxvii.] AL KORAN. 389 build me an house with thee in paradise ; and deliver me from Pharaoh and his doings, and deliver me from the unjust people ; ^^ and Mary, the daughter of Imran, who preserved her chastity, and into whose womb we breathed of our spirit, and who believed in the words of her Lord* and his scriptures, and was a devout and obe- dient person. the sun. These pains, however, were al- here made of these two extraordinary leviated by the angels shading her with women, the commentators introduce a their wings, and the view of the mansion saying of their prophet, That among men prepared for her in paradise, which was there had been many perfect, but no more exhibited to her on her pronouncing the than four of the other sex had attained prayer in the text. At length God re- perfection, to wit, Asia the wife of Pha- ceived her soul ; or, as some say, she was raoh, Mary the daughter of Imran, Kadi- taken up alive into paradise, where she jah the daughter of Khowailed, (the pro- eats and drinks ^ phet's first wife,) and Fatema the daughter 13 Mary.'\ See chap. xix. verse 22, &c. of Mohammed. On occasion of the honourable mention ^ Jallalo' ddin, Al Zamdkh. CHAPTER LXVII. INTITLED, THE KINGDOM ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. [*XXIX.] ^ Blessed be he in whose hand is the king- dom : for he is almighty ! ^ Who hath created death and life, that he might prove you, which of you is most righ- teous in his actions : and he is mighty, and ready to forgive. ^ Who hath created seven heavens, one above another : thou canst not see in a creature of the most Merciful any unfitness or disproportion. ^ Lift up thine eyes again to heaven, and look whether thou seest any flaw : then take two other views ; and thy sight shall re- turn unto thee dull and fatigued. ^ Moreover we have adorned the lowest heaven with lamps, and have ap- pointed them to be darted at the devils, for whom we have prepared the torment of burning fire : ^ and for those who believe not in the Lord, is also prepared the torment Title — Kingdom,'] It is also intitled by 5 Lamps, &c.] Shooting stars are sup- some, The Saving, or. The Delivering ; posed by the Mohammedans to be fiery because, say they, it will save him who darts hurled by the guardian angels of the reads it, from the torture of the sepul- celestial orbs against the devils who in- chre. trude upon their charge. S90 AL KORAN. [chap. of hell ; an ill journey shall it be thither ! ^ When they shall be thrown thereinto, they shall hear it bray like an ass ; and it shall boil, and almost burst for fury. ^ So often as a company of them shall be thrown therein, the keepers thereof shall ask them, saying, Did not a warner come unto you? ^They shall answer, Yea, a warner came unto us : but we accused him of imposture, and said, God hath not revealed any thing ; ye are in no other than a great error : ^^ and they shall say, If we had hearkened, or had rightly considered, we should not have been among the inhabitants of burning fire : "and they shall confess their sins : but far be the inhabitants of burning fire from obtaining mercy ! ^^ Verily they who fear their Lord in secret, shall receive pardon and a great reward. ^^ Either conceal your discourse, or make it public ; he knoweth the innermost parts of your breasts : ^^ shall not he know all things who hath created them ; since he is the saga- cious, the knowing ? ^^ It is he who hath levelled the earth for you : therefore walk through the regions thereof, and eat of his provision ; unto him shall be the resurrec- tion. ^^ Are ye secure that he who dwelleth in heaven will not cause the earth to swallow you up ? and behold, it shall shake. ^^ Or are ye secure that he who dwelleth in heaven will not send against you an impetuous w^hirl- wind, driving the sands to overwhelm you ? then shall ye know how important my warning was. ^^ Those also who were before you disbelieved ; and how grievous was my displeasure ! ^^ Do they not behold the birds above them, extending and drawing back their wings ? None sus- taineth them, except the Merciful ; for he regardeth all things. ^^ Or who is he that will be as an army unto you, to defend you against the Merciful ? Verily the unbe- lievers are in no other than a mistake. ^^ Or who is he that will give you food, if he withholdeth his provision ? yet they persist in perverseness, and flying from the truth. ^^ Is he, therefore, who goeth grovelling upon his face, better directed than he who walketh upright in a straight way? ^^Say, It is he who hath given you being, and 7 Bray like an ass.'\ See chap. xxxi. face, &c-] This comparison is applied verse 19. by the expositors to the infidel and the 22 h he who gocth grovelling upon his true believer. Lxviii.] AL KORAN. 391 endued you with hearing, and sight, and understanding : yet how little gratitude have ye ! ^^ Say, It is he who hath sown you in the earth, and unto him shall ye be gathered together. ^^ Then say. When shall this menace be put in execution, if ye speak truth I ^^ Answer, The knowledge of this matter is with God alone : for I am only a public warner. ^^ But when they shall see the same nigh at hand, the countenance of the infidels shall grow sad : and it shall be said unto them. This is what ye have been demanding. ^^ Say, What think ye ? Whether God destroy me, and those who are with me, or have mercy on us; who will protect the unbelievers from a painful punishment? ^^Say, He is the Merciful; in him do we believe, and in him do we put our trust. Ye shall hereafter know who is in a manifest error. ^^ Say, What think ye ? If your water be in the morning swal- lowed up by the earth, who will give you clear and running water. CHAPTER LXVIII. INTITLED, THE PEN; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ N. ^ By the pen, and what they write, ^ thou, O Mo- hammed, through the grace of thy Lord, art not dis- tracted. ^ Verily there is prepared for thee an everlast- l N. This letter is sometimes made the species of fish in general is thereby in- title of the chapter, but its meaning is tended, or the fish which swallowed Jonas, confessedly uncertain. They who suppose (who is mentioned in this chapter ;) or it stands for the word Nun, are agreed as else that vast one called Behemoth, fancied to its signification in this place ; for it is to support the earth, in particular. Those not only the name of the letter N in who acquiesce in none of the foregoing Arabic, but signifies also an ink-horn, and explications, have invented others of their a fish. Some are of opinion the former own, and imagine this character stands for signification is the most proper here, as the table of God's decrees, or one. of the consonant to what is immediately men- rivers in paradise, &c. ^ tioned of the pen, and writing ; and, con- 2 By the pen, and what they write.'] sidering that the blood of certain fish is Some understand these words generally, good ink, not inconsistent with the latter and others of the pen with which God's signification; which is, however, preferred decrees are written on the preserved table, by others, saying, that either the whole and of the angels who register the same. 1 Al ZamakJi, Al Beidawi, Yahya. 392 AL KORAN. [chap. irig reward : ^ for thou art of a noble disposition. ^ Thou shalt see, and the infidels shall see, ^ which of you are bereaved of your senses. ^ Verily thy Lord well know- eth him who wandereth from his path; and he well knoweth those who are rightly directed : ^ wherefore obey not those who charge thee with imposture. ^^ They desire that thou shouldest be easy with them, and they will be easy with thee. " But obey not any who is a common swearer, a despicable fellow, ^^a defamer, going about with slander, ^^ who forbiddeth that which is good, ^^ who is also a transgressor, a wicked person, cruel, and besides this, of spurious birth ; ^^ although he be possessed of wealth and many children : ^^ when our signs are re- hearsed unto him, he saith, they are fables of the ancients. ^^ We will stigmatize him on the nose. ^^ Verily we have tried the Meccans, as we formerly tried the owners of the garden, when they swore that they would gather the fruit thereof in the morning ; ^^ and added not the exception, 5 Of a nolle disposition. ~\ In that thou hast borne with so much patience and re- signation the wrongs and insults of thy people, which have been greater than those offered to any apostle before thee ^ 10 They desire that thou shouldest be easy with them, and they will be easy with thee.'] i. e. If thou wilt let them alone in their idolatry, and other wicked practices, they will cease to revile and persecute thee. 11 — 15 Obey not any common swearer^ &c.] The person at whom this passage was particularly levelled, is generally sup- posed to have been Mohammed's invete- rate enemy al Walid Ebn al Mogheira, whom, to complete his character, he calls bastard, because al Mogheira did not own him for his son till he was eighteen years of age 2. Some, however, think it was al Akhnas Ebn Shoraik, who was really of the tribe of Thakif, though reputed to be of that of Zahra 3. 17 We will stigmatize him on the nose."] Which being the most conspicuous part of the face, a mark set thereon is attended with the utmost ignominy. It is said that this prophetical menace was actually made good, al Walid having his nose slit by a sword at the battle of Bedr, the mark of which wound he carried with him to his grave *. 18 We have tried the Meccans.'] By af- flicting them with a grievous famine. See chap, xxiii. verse 78. — The owners of the garden, &c.] This garden was a plantation of palm-trees, about two parasangs from Sanaa, belong- ing to a certain charitable man, who, when he gathered his dates, used to give public notice to the poor, and to leave them such of the fruit as the knife missed, or was blown down by the wind, or fell beside the cloth spread under the tree to receive it. After his death, his sons, who were then become masters of the garden, apprehending they should come to want if they followed their father's example, agreed to gather the fruit early in the morning, when the poor could have no notice of the matter; but when they came to execute their purpose, they found, to their great grief and surprise, that their plantation had been destroyed in the night ^. — That they would gather the fruit thereof] Literally, that they would cut it ; the manner of gathering dates being to cut the clusters off with a knife. Mar- racci supposes they intended to cut down the trees, and destroy the plantation ; which, as he observes, renders the story ridiculous and absurd. ^ Jl Beiddtvi. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. ^ Idem. ^ Idem, Jallalo'ddin. ^lidem. Lxviii.] AL KORAN. 393 If it please God : ^^ wherefore a surrounding destruction from thy Lord encompassed it while they slept ; ^^ and in the morning it became like a garden whose fruits had been gathered. ^^ And they called the one to the other, as they rose in the morning, ^^ saying, Go out early to your plantation, if ye intend to gather the fruit thereof : ^^so they went on, whispering to one another, ^^ No poor man shall enter the garden upon you this day. ^^ And they went forth early, with a determined purpose. ^^ And when they saw the garden blasted and destroyed, they said. We have certainly mistaken our way : ^^ but when they found it to be their own garden, they cried. Verily we are not permitted to reap the fruit thereof. ^^ The worthier of them said. Did I not say unto you. Will ye not give praise unto God ? ^^ They answered. Praise be unto our Lomo ! Verily we have been unjust doers. ^* And they began to blame one another ; ^^ and they said, Woe be unto us ! verily we have been transgressors : ^^ perad venture our Lord will give us in exchange a better garden than this ; and we earnestly beseech our Lord to pardon us. ^^ Thus is the chastisement of this life : but the chastisement of the next shall be more grievous ; if they had known it, they would have taken heed. ^^ Verily for the pious are prepared, with their Lord, gardens of delight. ^^ Shall we deal with the Moslems as with the wicked ? ^^ What aileth you that ye judge thus ? ^^Have ye a book from heaven, ^^ wherein ye read that ye are therein promised that which ye shall choose ? ^^ Or have ye received oaths w^hich shall be binding upon us to the day of resurrection, that ye shall enjoy what ye imagine ? ^^ Ask them, which of them will be the voucher of this. ^^ Or have they companions who will vouch for them ? 21 Like a garden whose fruits had been with the wicked ?^ This passage was re- gatheredJ] Or, as the original may also vealed in answer to the infidels, who said, be rendered, like a dark night ; it being If we shall be raised again, as Moham- burnt up and black. med and his followers imagine, they will 28 Permitted.'] The same expression is not excel us ; but we shall certainly be in used, chap. Ivi. verse 69. abetter condition than they in the next 31 They began to blame one another.] world, as we are in this ^. For one advised this expedition, another 42 Have they companions ?] Or, as approved of it, a third gave consent by some interpret the word, idols, which can his silence, but the fourth was absolutely make their condition, in the next life, against it ^. equal to that of the Moslems ? 36 Shall we deal with the Moslems as * A I Beiddivi. 2 idem. 394 AL KORAN. [chap. Let them produce their companions, therefore, if they speak truth. ^^ On a certain day the leg shall be made bare ; and they shall be called upon to worship, but they shall not be able. ^^ Their looks shall be cast down : ignominy shall attend them : for that they were invited to the worship of God, while they were in safety, but would not hear. ^^ Let me alone, therefore, with him who ac- cuseth this new revelation of imposture. ^^ We will lead them gradually to destruction, by ways which they know not : and I will bear with them for a long time ; for my stratagem is effectual. ^^ Dost thou ask them any reward for thy preaching ? But they are laden with debts. ^^ Are the secrets of futurity with them ; and do they transcribe the same from the table of God's decrees ? ^^ Wherefore patiently wait the judgment of thy Lord : and be not like him who was swallowed by the fish, when he cried unto God, being inwardly vexed. ^^ Had not grace from his Lord reached him, he had surely been cast forth on the naked shore, covered with shame : ^^ but his Lord chose him, and made him one of the righteous. ^^ It wanteth little but that the unbelievers strike thee down with their malicious looks, when they hear the admonition of the Koran ; and they say. He is certainly distracted : but it is no other than an admonition unto all creatures. 43 The leg shall he made bare,~\ This the infidels shall not be able to perform expression is used to signify a grievous the act of adoration, because their backs and terrible calamity. Thus they say, shall become stiff and inflexible. War has made bare the leg, when they 46 By ways which they know not.'\ i. e. would express the fury and rage of battle ^, By granting them long life and prosperity — They shall be called upon to worship, in this world ; which will deceive them to but they shall not be able.'] Because the their ruin. time of acceptance shall be past. Al Bei- 48 The table.] See chap. 52, verse 2. dawi is uncertain whether the words re- 49 Be not like him who was swallowed by spect the day of judgment, or the article the fish.] That is, be not impatient and of death : but Jallalo'ddin supposes them pettish, as Jonas was. See chap. xxi. to relate to the former, and adds, that verse 87, &c. 1 Idem, Jallalo'ddin* Lxix.] AL KORAN. 395 CHAPTER LXIX. INTITLED, THE INFALLIBLE ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ The Infallible ; 'what is the Infallible? 'And what shall cause thee to understand what the Infallible is ? ^The tribes of Thamud and Ad denied as a falsehood the day which shall strike men's hearts with terror. ^ But Tha- mud were destroyed by a terrible noise : ^ and Ad were destroyed by a roaring and furious wind ; '^ which God caused to assail them for seven nights and eight days successively : thou mightest have seen people, during the same, lying prostrate, as though they had been the roots of hollow palm-trees ; ^ and couldest thou have seen any of them remaining ? ^ Pharaoh also, and those who were before him, and the cities which were overthrown, were guilty of sin ; ^^ and they severally were disobedient to the apostle of their Lord ; wherefore he chastised them with an abundant chastisement. ^^ When the water of the deluge arose, w^e carried you in the ark which swam thereon ; ^^ that we might make the same a memorial unto you, and the retaining ear might retain it. ^^ And when one blast shall sound the trumpet, ^^ and the earth shall be moved from its place, and the mountains also, and shall be dashed in pieces at one stroke : ^^ on that day the inevitable hour of judgment shall suddenly come ; ^^ and the heavens shall cleave in sunder, and shall fall in pieces, on that day ; ^^ and the angels shall be on the sides 1 The Infallible,'] The original word, 4 The day which shall strike.] Arab. al Hdkkaty is one of the names or epithets Al Kdriat, or the Striking ; which is of the day of judgment. As the root from another name or epithet of the last which it is derived, signifies not only to he, day. or come to pass of necessity, but also to 7 Palm-trees.] See chap. liv. verse 20. verify, some rather think that day to be 9 The cities which were overthrown.] viz. so called, because it will verify, and shew Sodom and Gomorrah. See their names the truth of what men doubt of in this in Index. life ; viz. the resurrection of the dead, 17 The angels shall he on the sides their being brought to account, and the thereof] These words seem to intimate consequent rewards and punishments ^. the death of the angels at the demolition ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin,^ 396 AL KORAN. [chap. thereof; and eight shall bear the throne of thy Lord above them, on that day. ^^ On that day ye shall be pre- sented before the judgment-seat of God ; and none of your secret actions shall be hidden. ^^ And he who shall have his book delivered into his right hand, shall say, Take ye, read this my book; ^^ verily I thought that I should be brought to this my account : ^^ he shall lead a pleasing life, ^^ in a lofty garden, ^^ the fruits whereof shall be near to gather. ^^ Eat and drink with easy digestion ; because of the good works which ye sent before you, in the days which are past. ^^ But he who shall have his book delivered into his left hand, shall say, O that I had not received this my book : ^^ and that I had not known what this my account was ! ^^ O that death had made an end of me ! ^^ My riches have not profited me ; ^^ and my power is passed from me. ^^ And God shall say to the keepers of hell. Take him, and bind him, ^^ and cast him into hell to be burned ; ^^ then put him into a chain of the length of seventy cubits : ^^ because he believed not in the great God ; ^^ and was not solicitous to feed the poor : ^^ wherefore this day he shall have no friend here ; ^^ nor any food, but the filthy corruption flowing from the bodies of the damned ; ^^ which none shall eat but the sinners. ^^ I swear by that which ye see, ^^ and that which ye see not, *^ that this is the discourse of an honourable apostle, and not the discourse of a poet : how little do ye believe ! ^^ Neither is it the discourse of a soothsayer : ^^ how little are ye admonished ! ^^ It is a revelation from the Lord of all creatures. ^^If Mohammed had forged any part of these discourses concerning us ; ^^ verily we had taken him by the right hand, ^^ and had cut in sunder the vein of his heart ; ^'^ neither would we have withheld any of you from chastising him. ^^ And verily this book is an admoni- tion unto the pious ; ^^ and we well know that there are of their habitation ; beside the ruins for the grandeur of the occasion ^ whereof they shall lie like dead bodies. 32 Put him into a chain, &c.] i. e. 17 Eight shall bear the throne of thy Wrap him round with it, so that he may Lord, on that da2/.~\ The number of not be able to stir. those who bear it at present being gene- 38 / swear.] Or, I will not swear. See rally supposed to be but four ; to whom chap. Ivi. verse 77' four more will be added at the last day, ^ /II Beiddivi, Jallalo' ddln» Lxx.] AL KORAN. 397 some of you who charge the same with imposture : ^^ but it shall surely be an occasion of grievous sighing unto the in- fidels ; ^^ for it is the truth of a certainty. ^^ Wherefore praise the name of thy Lord, the great God. CHAPTER LXX. INTITLED, THE STEPS ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ One demanded and called, ^ for vengeance to fall on the unbelievers : ^ there shall be none to avert the same from being inflicted by God, ^the possessor of the steps ; ^ by which the angels ascend unto him, and the spirit of Gabriel also, in a day, whose space is fifty thousand years; wherefore bear the insults of the Meccans with becom- ing patience ; ^ for they see their punishment afar oif ; ^ but we see it nigh at hand. ^ On a certain day the heaven shall become like molten brass, ^ and the mountains like wool of various colours, scattered abroad by the wind : 1 One called for vengeance to fall on contradictory to what is said elsewhere ^, the unbelievers.'] The person here meant (if it be to be interpreted of the ascent of is generally supposed to have been al the angels) that the length of the day Nodar Ebn al Hareth, who said, O God, whereon they ascend is 1000 years ; be- if what Mohammed preaches be the truth cause that is meant only of their ascent from thee, rain down upon us a shower of from earth to the lower heaven, including stones, or send some dreadful judgment also the time of their descent. to punish us ^. Others, however, think But the commentators generally taking it was x\bu Jahl, who challenged Mo- the day spoken of in both these passages, hammed to cause a fragment of heaven to to be the day of judgment, have recourse fall on them 2. to several expedients to reconcile them, 4 The steps.'] By which prayers and some of which we have mentioned in ano- righteous actions ascend to heaven ; or by ther place ^ : and as both passages seem to which the angels ascend to receive the contradict what the Mohammedan doctors divine commands, or the believers will teach, that God will judge all creatures in ascend to paradise. Some understand the space of half a day ^, they suppose thereby the different orders of angels ; or those large number of years are designed the heathens which rise gradually one above to express the time of the previous attend- another. ance of those who are to be judged^ ; or 5 A day, whose space is fifty thousand else to the space wherein God will judge years.] This is supposed to be the space the unbelieving nations, of which, they which would be required for their ascent say, there will be fifty, the trial of each from the lowest part of the creation to the nation taking up 1000 years, though that throne of God, if it were to be measured ; of the true believers will be over in the or the time which it would take a man up short space above-mentioned '^. to perform that journey ; and this is not ^ Jl Zamakh. Al Beiddwi. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ See chap, xxxii. verse 5. * See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. ^ See ibid. ^ See ibid. ^ ji Zamahh. 398 A L KORAN. [chap. ^^ and a friend shall not ask a friend concerning his condi- tion, although they see one another. ^^ The wicked shall wish to redeem himself from the punishment of that day, ^^ by giving up his children, and his wife, and his brother, ^^ and his kindred who shewed kindness unto him, ^* and all who are in the earth; ^^and that this might deliver him : ^^ by no means ; for hell-fire, ^^ dragging them by their scalps, ^^ shall call him who shall have turned his back, and fled from the faith, ^^ and shall have amassed riches, and covetously hoarded them. ^^ Verily man is created extremely impatient : ^^ when evil toucheth him, he is full of complaint ; ^^ but when good befalleth him, he becometh niggardly : ^^ except those who are devoutly given, and who persevere in their prayers ; ^* and those of whose substance a due and certain portion is ready to be given, ^^ unto him who asketh, and him who is forbidden by shame to ask : ^^ and those who sincerely believe the day of judgment, ^^ and who dread the punishment of their Lord ; ^^ (for there is none secure from the punishment of their Lord ;) ^^ and who abstain from the carnal knowledge of women, ^^ other than their wives, or the slaves which their right hands possess : ^^ (for as to them they shall be blameless ; but whoever coveteth any woman besides these, they are transgressors ;) ^^ and those who faithfully keep what they are intrusted with, and their covenant ; ^^ and who are upright in their testimonies, ^* and who carefully observe the requisite rites in their prayers : ^^ these shall dwell amidst gardens highly honoured. ^^ What aileth the unbelievers, that they run before thee in companies, ^'^ on the right hand and on the left ? ^^ Doth every man of them wish to enter into a garden of delight ? By no means : ^^ verily we have created them of that which they know. ^^ I swear by the Lord of the east and of the west ; ^^ that 20 Impatient.'] See chap. xvii. verse 11. 40 I swear.'] Or, I will not swear, &c. 39 Verily we have created them of that See chap. Ivi. verse 77* which they know.] Viz. Of filthy seed, — Of the east and of the west,] The which bears no relation or resemblance to original words are in the plural number, holy beings : wherefore it is necessary for and signify the different points of the ho- him who would hope to be an inhabitant rizon at which the sun rises and sets in of paradise, to perfect himself in faith and the course of the year. See chap, xxxvii. spiritual virtues, to fit himself for that place^. verse 5. * Al Beiddivi. Lxxi.] AL KORAN. 399 we are able to destroy them, and to substitute better than them in their room ; ^^ neither are we to be prevented, if we shall please so to do. Wherefore suffer them to wade in vain disputes, and to amuse themselves with sport : until they meet their day with which they have been threatened; ^^ the day whereon they shall come forth hastily from their graves, as though they were troops hastening to their standard : ^^ their looks shall be downcast : ignominy shall attend them. This is the day with which they have been threatened. CHAPTER LXXI. INTITLED, NOAH; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God* ^ Verily we sent Noah unto his people, saying, Warn thy people before a grievous punishment overtake them. ^ Noah said, O my people, verily I am a public warner unto you ; ^ wherefore serve God, and fear him, and obey me : ^ he will forgive you part of your sins, and will grant you respite until a determined time : for God's determined time, when it cometh, shall not be deferred : if ye were men of understanding, ye would know this. ^ He said, Lord, verily I have called my people night and day ; ^ but my calling only increaseth their aversion : ^ and whensoever I call them to the true faith, that thou mayest forgive them, they put their fingers in their ears, and cover themselves with their garments, and persist in their infidelity and proudly disdain my counsel. ^ Moreover I invited them openly, ^ and I spake to them again in public ; and I also secretly admonished them in private : ^^ and I said. Beg pardon of your Lord ; for he is inclined to for- give : ^^ and he will cause the heaven to pour down rain plentifully upon you, ^^and will give you increase of 4 Part of your sins.~\ i. e. Your past crease of wealth and of children,'] It is sins ; which are done away by the profes- said, that after Noah had for a long time sion of the true faith. preached to them in vain, God shut up the 11 And he will cause the heaven to rain heaven for forty years, and rendered their plentifully upon you, and will give you in- women barren ^. * Al Beiddwi. 400 AL KORAN. [chap. wealth and of children ; and he will provide you gardens, and furnish you with rivers. ^^ What aileth you, that ye hope not for benevolence in God : ^^ since he hath created you variously ? ^^ Do ye not see how God hath created the seven heavens, one above another ; ^^ and hath placed the moon therein for a light, and hath appointed the sun for a taper ? ^^ God hath also produced and caused you to spring forth from the earth : hereafter he will cause you to return into the same ; ^^ and he will again take you thence by bringing you forth from your graves. ^^ And God hath spread the earth as a carpet for you, ^^ that ye may walk therein through spacious paths. ^^ Noah said. Lord, verily they are disobedient unto me ; and they follow him whose riches and children do no other than increase his perdition. ^^ And they devised a dangerous plot against Noah : ^^ and the chief men said to the others, Ye shall by no means leave your gods ; neither shall ye forsake Wadd, nor Sowa ; nor Yaghuth, and Yauk, and Nesr. ^^ And they seduced many ; (for thou shalt only increase error in the wicked :) ^^ because of their sins they were drowned, and cast into the fire of hell ; ^^ and they found none to protect them against God. ^^ And Noah said. Lord, leave not any families of the unbelievers on the earth : ^^ for if thou leave them, they will seduce thy servants, and will beget none but a wicked and unbelieving offspring. ^^ Lord, forgive me and my parents, and every one who shall enter my house, being a true believer, and the true believers of both sexes ; and add unto the unjust doers nothing but destruction. 13 What aileth you, that ye hope not for afterwards by the ancient Arabs. See the benevolence in God.1 i. e. That God will Prelim. Disc. § i. accept and amply reward those who serve 27 Lord, leave not any families of the him ? For some suppose Noah's people unbelievers, &c.] They say, Noah pre- made him this answer, If what we now ferred not this prayer for the destruction follow be the truth, we ought not to for- of his people, till after he had tried them sake it ; but if it be false, how will God for nine hundred and fifty years, and found accept, or be favourable unto us, who have them incorrigible reprobates, rebelled against him ^. 29 My parents.'] His father Lamech, 14 Hath created you variously.] That and his mother, whose name was Sham- is, as the commentators expound it, by kha, the daughter of Enosh, being true various steps or changes, from the ori- believers. ginal matter, till ye became perfect — My house.] The commentators are men 2. uncertain whether Noah's dwelling-house 23 Wadd, &c.] These were five idols be here meant, or the temple he had built worshipped by the Antediluvians, and for the worship of God, or the ark. ^ Al Beiddwi. ^ See chap. xxii. verse 5. Lxxii.] AL KORAN. 401 CHAPTER LXXII. INTITLED, THE GENII ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Say, It hath been revealed unto me, that a company of genii attentively heard me reading the Koran, and said, Verily we have heard an admirable discourse ; ^ which directeth unto the right institution : wherefore we believe therein, and we will by no means associate any other with our Lord. ^ He (may the majesty of our Lord be ex- alted !) hath taken no wife, nor hath he begotten any issue. ^ Yet the foolish among us hath spoken that which is extremely false of God : ^ But we verily thought that neither man nor genius would by any means have uttered a lie concerning God. ^ And there are certain men who fly for refuge unto certain of the genii ; but they increase their folly and transgression : ^ and they also thought, as ye thought, that God would not raise any one to life. ^ And we formerly attempted to pry into what was trans- acting in heaven ; but we found the same filled with a strong guard of angels, and with flaming darts : ^ and we sat on some of the seats thereof to hear the discourse of its inhabitants ; but whoever listeneth now, findeth a flame laid in ambush for him, to guard the celestial confines. ^^And we know not whether evil be hereby intended against those who are on the earth, or whether their Lord intendeth to direct them aright. ^^ There are some among us who are upright ; and there are some among us ] Genii.'] See chap. xlvi. verse 29. 7 They also thought, as ye thought, &c.] 4 The foolish ainongus.] Viz. Eblis, or It is uncertain which of these pronouns is the rebellious genii. to be referred to mankind, and which to 6 There are certain men who fly for the genii : some expositors taking that of refuge unto certain of the genii.'] For the the third person to relate to the former, Arabs, when they found themselves in a and that of the second person to the desert in the evening, (the genii being sup- latter ; and others being of the contrary posed to haunt such places about that time,) opinion. used to say, I fly for refuge unto the Lord 9 A flame, &c.] See chapter Ixvii. of this valley, that he may defend me from verse 5. the foolish among his people ^. 1 Al Beiddwi. VOL. II. D d 402 AL KORAN. [chap. who are otherwise : we are of different ways. ^^ And we verily thought that we could by no means frustrate God in the earth, neither could we escape him by flight : ^^ wherefore, when we had heard the direction contained in the Koran, we believed therein. And whoever be- lieveth in his Lord, need not fear any diminution of his reward, nor any injustice. ^^ There are some Moslems among us ; and there are others of us who swerve from righteousness. ^^ And whoso embraceth Islam, they ear- nestly seek true direction : but those who swerve from righteousness, shall be fuel for hell. ^^ If they tread in the way of truth, we will surely water them with abundant rain ; ^^ that we may prove them thereby : but whoso turneth aside from the admonition of his Lord, him will he send into a severe torment. ^^ Verily the places of worship are set apart unto God : wherefore invoke not any other therein together with God. ^^ When the ser- vant of God stood up to invoke him, it wanted little bat that the genii had pressed on him in crowds, to hear him rehearse the Koran. ^^' Say, Verily I call upon my Lord only, and I associate no other god with him. ^^ Say, Verily I am not able of myself to procure you either hurt, or a right institution. ^^ Say, Verily none can protect me against God ; neither shall I find any refuge besides him. ^■'^I can do no more than publish what hath been re- vealed unto me from God, and his messages. And who- soever shall be disobedient unto God and his apostle, for him is the fire of hell prepared ; they shall remain therein for ever. ^^ Until they see the vengeance with which they are threatened, they will not cease their opposition : but then shall they know who were the weaker in a protector, and the fewer in number. ^^ Say, I know not whether the punishment with which ye are threatened be nigh, or whether my Lord will appoint for it a distinct term. 2^ He knoweth the secrets of futurity ; ^^ and he doth not communicate his secrets unto any, except an apostle in whom he is well pleased : and he causeth a guard of 14 Moslems,'] See the Prelim. Disc, all good things. Some think by these § iv. for the Mohammedan doctrine re- words rain is promised to the Meccans, specting angels. after their seven years' drought, on their 16 fVe will water them with abundant embracing Islam. rainJ] i. e. We will grant them plenty of 19 The servant of God.] Viz. Mohammed. Lxxiii.] A L KORAN. 403 angels to march before liini, and behind him ; ^^ that he may know that they have executed the commissions of their Lord : he comprehendeth whatever is with them ; and counteth all things by number. 28 That he may know that they have have communicated it to him pure, and free executed the commissions of their Lo7'd.~\ from any diabolical suggestions, or that That is to say, Either that the prophet God may know that the prophet has pub- may know that Gabriel, and the other lished the same to mankind ^. angels, who bring down the revelation, ^ Al Beiddwi* CHAPTER LXXIII. INTITLED, THE WRAPPED UP ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ O THOU wrapped up, arise to prayer, and continue therein during the night, except a small part ; ^ that is to say, during one half thereof: ^ or do thou lessen the same a little, or add thereto. And repeat the Koran with a distinct and sonorous voice : ^ for we will lay on thee a w^eighty word. ^ Verily the rising by night is more Title — Mecca.'\ Some will have the last such, with respect to the whole. Or, as the verse, beginning at these words, Verily thy sentence may be rendered. Pray half the Lord knoweth, &c. to have been revealed night, within a small matter, &c. Some at Medina. See verse 19, note. expound these words as an exception to 1 0 thou wrapped up.~\ When this re- nights in general ; according to whom the velation was brought to Mohammed, he sense will be. Spend one half of every was wrapped up in his garments, being night in prayer, except some few nights affrighted at the appearance of Gabriel ; in the year, &c. ^ or, as some say, he lay sleeping uncon- ^ Or do thou lessen the same, or add there- cernedly ; or, according to others, praying, toJ] i. e. Set apart either less than half wrapped up in one part of a large mantle, the night, as one-third, for example, or or rug, with the other part of which Aye- more, as two-thirds. Or the meaning sha had covered herself to sleep ^ may be, Either take a small matter from This eY>\thQi 0^ wrapped up, and another a lesser part of the night than one half, of the same import, given to Mohammed e. g. from one-third, and so reduce it to a in the next chapter, have been imagined, fourth; or add to such lesser part, and by several learned men 2, pretty plainly to make it a full half ^. intimate his being subject to the falling 4 A weighty word.] Viz. the precepts sickness; a malady generally attributed to contained in the Koran, which are heavy him by the Christians 3, but mentioned by and difficult to those who are obliged to no Mohammedan writer. Though such observe them ; and especially to the pro- an inference may be made, yet I think it phet, whose care it was to see that his scarce probable, much less necessary *. people observed them also ^. — Except a small part.~\ For a half is 5 The rising hy night.^ Or, the person 1 Al Zamalch, Al Beiddwi. ^ Hciiing. Hist. Orient. 1. 10. c. 2. Marrac. in Ale. p. 763. V. Gagnier. not. ad Abu If vit. Mob. p. 9. ^ ggg Prid Life of Mah. p. 16. and the authors there cited. * See Oc/c/c^?/',? Hist, of the Saracens, vol. 1. p. 300, &c. * 41 Beiddivi. ^ Idem. ^ Idem, JaUalo^ddin. D (1 2 404 A L KORAN. [chap. efficacious for stedfast continuance in devotion, and more conducive to decent pronunciation : ^ for in the day-time thou hast long employment. ^ And commemorate the name of thy Lord : and separate thyself unto him, re- nouncing worldly vanities. ^ He is the Lord of the east, and of the west ; there is no God but he. ^ Wherefore take him for thy patron : and patiently suffer the con- tumelies which the infidels utter against thee ; and depart from them with a decent departure. ^^ And let me alone with those who charge the Koran with falsehood, who enjoy the blessings of this life ; and bear with them for a while : ^^ verily with us are heavy fetters, and a burning fire ; ^^ and food ready to choak him who swalloweth it, and painful torment. ^^ On a certain day the earth shall be shaken, and the mountains also, and the mountains shall become a heap of sand poured forth. ^^ Verily we have sent unto you an apostle, to bear witness against you ; as we sent an apostle unto Pharaoh : ^^ but Pha- raoh was disobedient unto the apostle ; wherefore we chastised him with a heavy chastisement. ^^ How, there- fore, will ye escape, if ye believe not, the day which shall make children become grey-headed through terror ? ^^ The heaven shall be rent in sunder thereby : the promise thereof shall surely be performed. ^^ Verily this is an admo- nition ; and whoever is willing to be admonished, will take the way unto his Lord. ^^ Thy Lord knoweth that thou continuest in prayer and meditation sometimes near two- third parts of the night, and sometimes one half thereof, and at other times one-third part thereof: and a part of who riseth by night ; or the hours, or greater exactness be expounded of the fit- particularly the first hours, of the night, ness of the night-season for amorous di- &c. versions and discourse ; and he paraphrases 5 The rising by night is more efficacious it in Latin thus : Certe in principio noctis for stedfast continuance in devotion, and majus robur et vim habet homo, ad foemi- more conducive to decent pronunciation.^ nas premendas et subagitandas, et ad clari- For the night- time is most proper for me* oribus verbis amores suos propalandos ^. ditation and prayer, and also for reading A most effectual way this, to turn a book God's word distinctly and with attention ; into ridicule ! by reason of the absence of every noise 12 Choaking food.'] As thorns and this- and object which may distract the mind. ties, the fruit of the infernal tree al Zak- Marracci having mentioned this natural kum, and the corruption flowing from the explication of the Mohammedan commen- bodies of the damned, tators, because he finds one word in the 19 Thy Lord knoweth.] The remainder verse which may be taken in a sense tend- of this chapter is sometimes marked as a ing that way, says the whole may with single verse. 1 Mar race, in Ale. p. 7^9. LXXIV.] AL KORAN. 405 thy companions who are with thee do the same. ^^ But God measureth the night and the day ; he knoweth that ye cannot exactly compute the same : wherefore he turn- eth favourably unto you. ^^ Read, therefore, so much of the Koran as may be easy unto you. He knoweth that there will be some infirm among you ; and others travel through the earth, that they may obtain a compe- tency of the bounty of God ; and others fight in the defence of God's faith. Read, therefore, so much of the same as may be easy, ^^ And observe the stated times of prayer, and pay the legal alms ; and lend unto God an acceptable loan ; for whatever good ye send before your souls, ye shall find the .same with God. This will be better, and will merit a greater reward. And ask God forgiveness ; for God is ready to forgive and merciful. 20 Wherefore he turneth favourably unto you,^ By making the matter easy to you, and dispensing with your scrupulous count- ing of the hours of the night, which ye are directed to spend in reading and pray- ing: for some of the Moslems, not knowing how the time passed, used to watch the whole night, standing and walking about till their legs and feet swelled in a sad ^ Al Beiddwi. manner. The commentators add, that this precept of dedicating a part of the night to devotion, is abrogated by the institution of the five hours of prayer '. 22 This will merit a greater reward. ~\ i. e. The good which ye shall do in your lifetime, will be much more meritorious in the sight of God, than what ye shall defer till death, and order by will 2. 2 Idem. CHAPTER LXXIV. INTITLED, THE COVERED; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God, ^ O THOU covered, ^ arise and preach, ^ and magnify thy Lord. * And cleanse thy garments : ^ and fly every abo- 1 O thou covered, &c. It is related, from Mohammed's own mouth, that being on mount Kara, and hearing himself called, he looked on each hand, and saw nobody ; but looking upwards, he saw the angel Gabriel on a throne, between heaven and earth ; at which sight being much terrified, he returned to his wife Khadija, and bid her cover him up ; and that then the angel descended, and addressed him in the words of the text. From hence some think this chapter to have been the first which was revealed: but the more received opinion is, that it was the ninety-sixth. Others say, that the prophet, having been reviled by certain of the Koreish, was sit- ting in a melancholy and pensive posture^ wrapped up in his mantle, when Gabriel accosted him : and some say, he was sleep- ing. See the second note to the preceding chapter. 2 Arise and preach.~\ It is generally supposed that Mohammed is here com- manded more especially to warn his near relations, the Koreish ; as he is expressly ordered to do in a subsequent revelation i, 5 Fly every abomination.} By the word abomination the commentators gene- } See chap. xxvi. verse 213, and the PreUm. Disc. § ii. 406 AL KORAN. [chap. miiiation : ^and be not liberal, in hopes to receive more in return : ^ and patiently wait for thy Lord. ^ When the trumpet shall sound, ^ verily that day shall be a day of distress ^^ and uneasiness unto the unbelievers. ^^ Let me alone, with him whom I have created, ^^ on whom I have bestowed abundant riches, ^^ and children dwelling in his presence, ^^ and for whom I have disposed affairs in a smooth and easy manner, ^^ and who desireth that I will yet add other blessings unto him. ^^ By no means : be- cause he is an adversary to our signs. ^^ I will afflict him with grievous calamities : ^^ for he hath devised and pre- pared contumelious expressions to ridicule the Koran. ^^ May he be cursed : how maliciously hath he prepared the same ! ^^ And again, may he be cursed : how mali- ciously hath he prepared the same ! ^^ Then he looked, and frowned, ^^ and put on an austere countenance ; ^^ then he turned back, and was elated with pride ; ^^ and he said, This is no other than a piece of magic, borrowed from others : ^^ these are only the words of a man. ^^ I will cast him to be burned in hell. ^^ And what shall make thee to understand what hell is ? ^^ It leaveth not any thing unconsumed, neither doth it suffer any thing to escape : ^^ it scorcheth men's flesh : ^^ over the same are nineteen angels appointed. ^^ We have appointed none but angels to preside over hell-fire : and we have ex- pressed the number of them only for an occasion of dis- raily agree idolatry to be principally in- nued daily so to do to the time of his tended. death*. 11 Let me alone^ with him whom I have 17 I will afflict him with grievous cala- created, &c.] The person here meant is mitiesJ] Or, as the words may be strictly generally supposed to have been al Walid rendered, / will drive him up the crag of a Ebn al Mogheira ^ a principal man among mountain; which some understand of a the Koreish. mountain of fire, agreeably to a tradition 13 And children dwelling in his pre- of their prophet, importing, that al Walid sence.^ Being well provided for, and not will be condemned to ascend this moun- obliged to go abroad to seek their livings, tain, and then to be cast down from thence as most others of the Meccans were 2. alternately for ever ; and that he will be 14 And for whom I have disposed affairs seventy years in climbing up, and as many in an easy mannerJ] By facilitating his in falling down ^ advancement to power and dignity ; which 31 We have appointed none hut angels were so considerable, that he was surnamed to preside over hell-fire.'] The reason of Rihana Koreish, or, The sweet Odour of which is said to be, that they might be of the Koreish ; and al Wahid, i. e. The only a different nature and species from those one, or The incomparable *. who are to be tormented, lest they should 16 By no means^ &c.] On the revela- have a fellow-feeling for, and compassionate, tion of this passage, it is said that Walid's their sufferings : or else, because of their prosperity began to decay, and conti- great strength, and severity of temper^. ^}^/illZa?nakh. Al Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin. '^ Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. * Idem. ^ Idem. ^ Idem. Lxxiv.] AL KORAN. 407 cord to the unbelievers : that they to whom the scriptures have been given may be certain of the veracity of this book, and the true believers may increase in faith ; and that those to whom the scriptures have been given, and the true believers, may not doubt hereafter: and that those in whose hearts there is an infirmity, and the unbelievers, may say. What mystery doth God in- tend by this number? Thus doth God cause to err whom he pleaseth ; and he directeth whom he pleaseth. None knoweth the armies of thy Lord, besides him : and this is no other than a memento unto mankind. ^^ As- suredly. By the moon, ^^ and the night when it retreateth, ^^ and the morning when it reddeneth, ^^ I swear that this is one of the most terrible calamities, ^^ giving warning unto men, ^^ as well unto him among you who desire th to go forward, as unto him who chooseth to remain behind. ^^ Every soul is given in pledge for that which it shall have wrought ; ^^ except the companions of the right hand ; ^^ who shall dwell in gardens, and shall ask one another questions concerning the wicked, ^^ and shall also ask the wicked themselves, saying, What hath brought you into hell ? ^^ They shall answer, We were not of those who were constant at prayer ; ^^ neither did we feed the poor; ^^and we waded in vain disputes, with the fallacious reasoners ; ^^ and we denied the day of judgment, ^^ until death overtook us : ^^ and the intercession of the interceders shall not avail them. ^^^ What aileth them,'^ therefore, that they turn aside from the admonition of the Koran, ^^ as though they were timorous asses ^^ flying from a lion ? ^^ But every man among them desireth that he may have expanded scrolls delivered to him from GoD^^ — For an occasion of discord to the un- 39 Except the companions of the right believers.'] Or, for a trial of them: be- hand.] i.e. The blessed ^ ; who shall re-^ cause they might say this was a particular deem themselves by their good works, borrowed by Mohammed of the Jews. Some say these are the angels ; and others, — They to whom the scriptures have such as die infants 2. been given.] And especially the Jews ; 46 Death.] Literally, That which is this being conformable to what is contained certain. in their books'. 51 That he may have expanded scrolls — The armies of thy Lord.] i.e. All delivered to him from God.] For the in- his creatures ; or particularly the number fidels told Mohammed, that they would and strength of the guards of hell. never obey him as a prophet, till he brought — This.] The antecedent seems to be each man a writing from heaven, to this hell. effect, viz. From God to such a one : Fol- 38 Pledge.] See chapter lii. verse 12. low Mohammed *. { fnaq^otq 1 Jallalo'ddin. ^ gge chap. Ivi. verses 8—10. ^ ^i Beiddwi. * Idem. 408 AL KORAN, [chap. ^^By no means. They fear not the life to come. ^^By no means : verily this is a sufficient warning. ^^ Whoso is willing to be warned, him shall it warn : but they shall not be warned, unless God shall please. ''^ He is worthy to be feared ; and he is inclined to forgiveness. CHAPTER LXXV. INTITLED, THE RESURRECTION; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ Verily I swear by the day of resurrection ; ^ and I swear by the soul which accuseth itself : ^ doth man think that we will not gather his bones together? ^Yea: we are able to put together the smallest bones of his fingers. ^ But man chooseth to be wicked, for the time which is before him. ^ He asketh, When will the day of resur- rection be ? ^ But when the sight shall be dazzled, ^ and the moon shall be eclipsed, ^ and the sun and the moon shall be in conjunction ; ^^ on that day man shall say, Where is a place of refuge ? ^^ By no means : there shall be no place to fly unto. ^^ With thy Lord shall be the sure mansion of rest on that day : ^^ on that day shall a man be told that which he hath done first ; and ^^ that which he hath done last. ^^ Yea ; a man shall be an evidence against himself : ^^ and though he offer his ex- 1 / swear.] Or, I will not swear. See which conjunction is no contradiction to chap. Ivi. verse 77- what is mentioned just before, of the 2 The soul which accuseth itself, "] Being moon's being eclipsed ; because those conscious of having offended, and of fail- words are not to be understood of a regu- ing of perfection, notwithstanding its en- lar eclipse, but metaphorically, of the deavours to do its duty : or, the pious moon's losing her light, at the last day, in soul which shall blame others, at the last a preternatural manner. Some think the day, for having been remiss in their devo- meaning rather to be, that the sun and the tions, &c. Some understand the words of moon shall be joined in the loss of their the soul of Adam, in particular ; who is light 3. continually blaming himself for having 13 That ivhich he hath done first and lost paradise by his disobedience ^ last.'\ Or, the good which he hath 9 A7id the sun and the moon shall be in done, and that which he hath left undone, conjunction.~\ Rising both in the west ^ : &c. ^ Jl Beiddwi, ^ See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. for signs of the approach of the day of judgment. 3 ^/ Beiddwi Lxxv.] AL KORAN. 409 cuses, they shall not be received. ^^ Move not thy tongue, O Mohammed, in repeating the revelations brought thee by Gabriel, before he shall have finished the same, that thou mayest quickly commit them to memory : for the collecting the Koran in thy mind, and the teaching thee the true reading thereof, are incumbent on us. ^^ But when we shall have read the same unto thee by the tongue of the angel, do thou follow the reading thereof : ^^ and afterwards it shall be our part to explain it unto thee. ^^ By no means shalt thou be thus hasty for the future. ^^ But ye love that which hasteneth away ; and neglect the life to come. ^^ Some countenances, on that day, shall be bright, ^^ looking towards their Lord ; ^^ and some countenances, on that day, shall be dismal ; ^^ they shall think that a crushing calamity shall be brought upon them. ^^ Assuredly. When a man's soul shall come up to his throat, in his last agony ; ^^ and the standers-by shall say, Who bringeth a charm to recover him ? ^^ and shall think it to be his departure out of this world ; ^^ and one leg shall be joined with the other leg : ^^ on that day unto thy Lord shall he be driven. ^^ For he believed not, neither did he pray, ^^but he accused God's apostle of imposture, and turned back from obeying him : ^^ then he departed unto his family, walking with a haughty mien. ^^ Wherefore, wo be unto thee : wo ! ^^ And again. Wo be unto thee : wo ! ^^ Doth man think that he shall be left at full liberty, without control ? ^^ Was he not a drop of seed, which was emitted ? ^^ Afterwards he became a little coagulated blood ; ^^ and God formed him, and fashioned him with just proportion : and made him of two sexes, the male and the female. ^^ Is not he who hath done this able to quicken the dead ? 21 Ye love that which hasteneth away.~\ stretch forth his legs together, as is usual i. e. The fleeting pleasures of this life, with dying persons. The words may also The words intimate the natural hastiness be translated. And when one affliction and impatience of man ^, who takes up shall he joined with another affliction. with a present enjoyment, though short, 31 He believed not.'] Or, he did not and bitter in its consequences, rather than give alms. Or, He was not a man of vera- to wait for real happiness in futurity. city. Some suppose Abu Jabl, and others, 29 And one leg shall be joined with the one Abi Ebn Rabia, to be particularly in- other leg.~\ i. e. And when he shall veighed against in this chapter. ^ See chap. xvii. vert^c 11. 13 410 AL KORAK [chap. CHAPTER LXXVI. INTITLED, MAN ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God, ^ Did there not pass over man a long space of time ; during which he was a thing not worthy of remembrance? ^ Verily we have created man of the mingled seed of both sexes, that we might prove him : and we have made him to hear and to see. ^ We have surely directed him in the way ; whether he be grateful, or ungrateful. ^ Verily we have prepared for the unbelievers chains, and collars, and burning fire. ^ But the just shall drink of a cup of wine, mixed with the water of Cafur ; ^ a fountain whereof the servants of God shall drink ; they shall convey the same by channels whithersoever they please. '^ These fulfil their vow, and dread the day, the evil whereof will Title — Mecca.~\ It is somewhat doubt- ful, whether this chapter was revealed at Mecca, or at Medina. 1 Did there not pass over man a long space of time, &c.] Some take these words to be spoken of Adam, whose body, ac- cording to the Mohammedan tradition, was at first a figure of clay, and was left forty years to dry, before God breathed life into it ^. Others understand them of man in general, and of the time he lies in the womb. 2 We have made him to hear and to see.'] That he might be capable of receiving the rules and directions given by God for his guidance ^ ; and of meriting reward or punishment for his observance or neglect of them. 5 Cdfur.'] Is the name of a fountain in paradise, so called from its resembling camphor (which the word signifies) in odour and whiteness. Some take the word for an appellative, and think the wine of paradise will be mixed with camphor, because of its agreeable coolness and smell ^. 7 These fulfil their vow, &c.] It is re- lated that Hasan and Hosein, Mohammed's grand-children, on a certain time being both sick, the prophet, among others, vi- sited them ; ai^d they wished Ali to make some vow to God for the recovery of his sons : whereupon Ali, and Fatema, and Fidda, their maid-servant, vowed a fast of three days, in case they did well; as it happened they did. This vow was per- formed with so great strictness, that the first days, having no provisions in the house, Ali was obliged to borrow three measures of barley of one Simeon, a Jew of Khaibar; one measure of which Fa- tema ground the same day, and baked five cakes of the meal : and they were set before them to break their fast with, after sun-set; but a poor man coming to them, they gave all their bread to him, and passed the night without tasting any thing, except water. The next day Fatema made another measure into bread, for the same purpose; but an orphan begging some food, they chose to let him have it, and passed that night as the first : and the third day they likewise gave their whole provision to a famished captive. Upon this occasion Gabriel descended with the chapter before us, and told Mohammed that God congratulated him on the virtues of his family *. See Adam, in Index. ^ Al BeiddwL ^ Idem. Idem. lxxvl] a L KORAN. 411 disperse itself far abroad ; ^ and give food unto the poor, and the orphan, and the bondman, for his sake. ^ Saying, We feed you for God's sake only : we desire no recom- pense from you, nor any thanks : ^^ verily we dread, from our Lord, a dismal and calamitous day. ^^ Wherefore God shall deliver them from the evil of that day, and shall cast on them brightness of countenance, and joy ; ^^ and shall reward them, for their patient persevering, with a garden, and silk garments ; ^^ therein shall they re- pose themselves on couches ; they shall see therein neither sun nor moon ; ^* and the shades thereof shall be near spreading above them, and the fruits thereof shall hang low, so as to be easily gathered. ^^ And their attendants shall go round about unto them, with vessels of silve J and goblets : ^^ the bottles shall be bottles of silver shining like glass ; they shall determine the measure thereof by their wish. ^^And therein shall they be given to drink of a cup of wine, mixed with the wine of Zen- jebil; ^^a fountain in paradise name Salsabil: ^^ and youths, which shall continue for ever in their bloom, shall go round to attend them : ^^ when thou seest them thou shalt think them to be scattered pleasures : ^^ and when thou lookest, there shalt thou behold delights, and a great kingdom. ^^ Upon them shall be garments of fine green silk, and of brocades, and they shall be adorned with bracelets of silver : and their Lord shall give them to drink of a most pure liquor; ^^and shall say unto them. Verily this is your reward : and your endeavour is gratefully accepted. ^^ Verily we have sent down unto thee the Koran, by a gradual revelation. Wherefore patiently wait the judgment of thy Lord ; and obey not any wicked person or unbeliever among them. ^^ And, commemorate the name of thy Lord, in the morning, 13 Thei/ shall see therein neither sun nor 17 ZenjeUL'] The word signifies gin- 7noon.~\ Because they shall not need the ger, which the Arabs delight to mix with light of either ^. The word Zamharirj the water they drink ; and therefore the here translated moon, properly signifies water of this fountain is supposed to have extreme cold : for which reason some un- the taste of that spice 2. derstand the meaning of the passage to be, 18 Salsabil.'] Signifies water which flows that in paradise there shall be felt no ex- gently and pleasantly down the throat, cess either of heat or cold. * See Revel, xxi. 23. 2 J I Beiddwi, Jallalo'ddin, 412 A L KORAN. [chap. and in the evening : ^^ and during some part of the night worship him, and praise him a long part of the night. ^^ Verily these men love the transitory life, and leave behind them the heavy day of judgment. ^^ We have created them, and have strengthened their joints ; and when we please, we will substitute others like unto them in their stead. ^^ Verily this is an admonition; and whoso willeth, taketh the way unto his Lord. ^^ But ye shall not will unless God willeth ; for God is knowing and wise. ^^ He leadeth whom he pleaseth into his mercy ; but for the unjust hath he prepared a grievous punishment. CHAPTER LXXVII. INTITLED, THOSE WHICH ARE SENT ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. * By the angels which are sent by God, following one another in a continual series ; ^ and those which move swiftly, with a rapid motion ; ^ and by those which dis- perse his commands, by divulging them through the earth ; ^ and by those which separate truth from false- hood, by distinguishing the same ; ^ and by those which communicate the divine admonitions, ^ to excuse, or to threaten : ^ verily that which ye are promised is inevit- able. ^When the stars, therefore, shall be put out; ^ and when the heaven shall be cloven in sunder ; ^^ and when the mountains shall be winnowed ; ^^ and when the apostles shall have a time assigned them to appear and bear testimony against their respective people ; ^^ to what a day shall that appointment be deferred ; ^^ to the day of separation : ^^ and what shall cause thee to understand - 1 By the angels which are sent, &c.] from falsehood, and communicating ad- Some understand the whole passage of monition, &c. Some interpret the first the verses of the Koran, which continued three verses of the winds, sent in a con- to be sent down, parcel after parcel, dur- tinual succession, blowing with a violent ing the space of several years, and which gust, and dispersing rain over the earth : rescind (for so the verb dsafa may also and others give different explications, be translated) and abolish all former dis- 7 That which ye are promised.'] Viz. pensations, divulging and making known The day of judgment, the ways of salvation, distinguishing truth Lxxvii.] AL KORAN. 413 what the clay of separation is? ^^On that day, wo be unto them who accused the prophets of imposture ! ^^Have we not destroyed the obstinate unbelievers of old ? ^^ We will also cause those of the latter times to follow them. ^^ Thus do we deal with the wicked. ^^ Wo be, on that day, unto them who accused the prophets of imposture ! ^^ Have w^e not created you of a contemp- tible drop of seed; ^^ which we placed in a sure reposi- tory ; ^^ until the fixed term of delivery ? ^^ And we were able to do this : for we are most powerful. ^^ On that day, w^o be unto those who accused the prophets of imposture ! ^^ Have we not made the earth : ^^ to con- tain the living and the dead ? ^^ and have we not placed therein stable and lofty mountains, and given you fresh water to drink ? ^^ Wo be, on that day, unto those who accused the prophets of imposture ! ^^ It shall be said unto them. Go ye to the punishment which ye denied as a falsehood : ^^ go ye into the shadow of the smoke of hell, which shall ascend in three columns ; ^^ and it shall not shade you from the heat, neither shall it be of service against the flame ; ^^but it shall cast forth sparks, ^^ as big as towers, ^^ resembling yellow camels in colour. ^^ Wo be, on that day, unto those who accused the pro- phets of imposture ! ^^ This shall be a day whereon they shall not speak to any purpose ; neither shall they be permitted to excuse themselves. ^^ Wo be, on that day, unto those who accused the prophets of imposture ! ^^ This shall be the day of separation : we will assemble both you and your predecessors. ^^ Wherefore, if ye have any cunning stratagem, employ stratagems against me. ^^ Wo be, on that day, unto those who accused the pro- phets of imposture ! ^^ But the pious shall dwell amidst shades and fountains ; ^^ and fruits of the kinds which they shall desire : ^^ and it shall be said unto them, Eat and drink with easy digestion, in recompense for that which ye have wrought ; ^^ for thus do we reward the righteous doers. ^^ Wo be, on that day, unto those who accused the prophets of imposture ! ^^ Eat, O unbelievers, 34 Resembling yellow camels.'] Being inclines a little to the yellow ; the word of a fiery colour. Others, however, sup- translated yellow signifying sometimes pose these sparks will be of a dusky hue, black. Some copies, by the variation of a like that of black camels, which always vowel, have cables, instead of camels. 414 AL KORAN. [chap. and enjoy the pleasures of this life, for a little while : verily ye are wicked men. ^^ Wo be, on that day, unto those who accused the prophets of imposture ! ^^ And when it is said unto them. Bow down ; they do not bow down. ^^ Wo be, on that day, unto those who accused the prophets of imposture ! ^^ In what new revelation will they believe after this ? CHAPTER LXXVIII. INTITLED, THE NEWS ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. [*XXX.] ^ Concerning what do the unbelievers ask questions of one another ? ^ Concerning the great news of the resurrection, about which they disagree. ^ As- suredly they shall hereafter know the truth thereof. ^ Again, Assuredly they shall hereafter know the truth thereof. ^ Have we not made the earth for a bed ; ^ and the mountains for stakes to fix the same ? ^ And have we not created you of two sexes : ^ and appointed your sleep for rest ; ^ and made the night a garment to cover you ; ^^ and destined the day to the gaining your live- lihood ; ^^ and built over you seven solid heavens ; ^^ and placed therein a burning lamp? ^^ And do we not send down from the clouds pressing forth rain, water pouring down in abundance ; ^^ that we may thereby produce corn, and herbs, ^^ and gardens planted thick with trees ? ^^ Ve- rily the day of separation is a fixed period : ^^ the day whereon the trumpet shall sound, and ye shall come in troops to judgment ; ^^ and the heaven shall be opened, and shall be full of gates for the angels to pass through ; ^^ and the mountains shall pass away, and become as a vapour : ^^ verily hell shall be a place of ambush, ^^ a re- ceptacle for the transgressors, ^^ who shall remain therein for ages : ^^ they shall not taste any refreshment therein, or any drink, ^^ except boiling water, and filthy corrup- 6 MouvtainsJ] See chap. xxxi. ver. 10. Lxxix.] AL KORAN. 415 tion : ^^ a fit recompense for their deeds ! ^^ For they hoped that they should not be brought to an account ; ^^ and they disbelieved our signs, accusing them of false- hood, ^^ But every thing have we computed and written down. ^^ Taste, therefore ; we will not add unto you any other than torment. ^^ But for the pious is prepared a place of bliss : ^^ gardens planted with trees, and vine- yards ; ^^ and damsels with swelling breasts, of equal age with themselves ; ^^ and a full cup. ^^ They shall hear no vain discourse there, nor any falsehood. ^^ This shall be their recompense from thy Lord ; a gift fully sufficient ; ^^ from the Lord of heaven and earth, and of whatever is between them ; the Merciful. ^^ The inhabitants of hea- ven or of earth shall not dare to demand audience of him : the day whereon the spirit Gabriel, and the other angels shall stand in order, they shall not speak in behalf of themselves or others, except he only to M^hom the Merciful shall grant permission, and who shall say that which is right. ^^This is the infallible day. Whoso, therefore, willeth, let him return unto his Lord. ^^ Verily we threaten you with a punishment nigh at hand : ^^ the day whereon a man shall behold the good or evil deeds which his hands have sent before him ; and the unbe- liever shall say. Would to God I were dust ! 29 We will not add unto you any other against the inhabitants of hell ; they being than torment.'] This, say the commenta- hereby assured, that every change in their tors, is the most severe and terrible sen- torments will be for the worse, tence in the whole Koran, pronounced CHAPTER LXXIX. INTTTLED, THOSE WHO TEAR FORTH ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the Dame of the most merciful God. ' By the angels who tear forth the souls of some with violence ; ^ and by those who draw forth the souls of I — 3 By the angels who tear forth the a rough and cruel manner, from the in- souls of some with violence, &c.] These most part of their bodies, as a man drags are the angel of death, and his assistants; up a thing from the bottom of the sea; who will take the souls of the wicked in but will take the souls of the good in a 41G AL KORAN. [chap. others with gentlenesKS ; "^ by those who glide swimmingly through the air with the commands of God ; ^ and those who precede and usher the righteous to paradise ; ^ and those who subordinately govern the affairs of this world : ^ on a certain day, the disturbing blast of the trumpet shall disturb the universe; ^and the subsequent blast shall follow it. ^ On that day men's hearts shall tremble : Hheir looks shall be cast down. ^^The infidels say, Shall we surely be made to return whence we came ? ^^ After we shall have become rotten bones, shall we be again raised to life ? ^^ They say, This then will be a return to loss. ^^ Verily it will be but one sounding of the trumpet, ^* and behold, they shall appear alive on the face of the earth. ^^ Hath not the story of Moses reached thee? ^^ When his Lord called unto him in the holy valley Tow a, ^^ saying, Go unto Pharaoh ; for he is in- solently wicked : ^^ and say, Hast thou a desire to become just and holy ? ^^ and I will direct thee unto thy Lord, that thou mayest fear to transgress. ^^ And he shewed him the very great sign of the rod turned into a serpent : ^^but he charged Moses with imposture, and rebelled against God. ^^ Then he turned back hastily ; ^^ and he assembled the magicians ; ^^ and cried aloud, saying, I am your supreme Lord. ^^ Wherefore God chastised him with the punishment of the life to come, and also of th s present life. ^^ Verily herein is an example unto him who feareth to rebel. ^^ Are ye more difficult to create, or the heaven which God hath built ? ^^ He hath raised the height thereof, and hath perfectly formed the same : ^^and he hath made the night thereof dark, and hath produced the light thereof. ^^ After this he stretched gentle and easy manner, frona their lips ; 13 One sounding of the trumpet.'] Viz. as when a man draws a bucket of water The second or third blast, according to at one pull ^. different opinions. There are several other interpretations 14 They shall appear alive on the face of this whole passage : some expounding of the earth,'] Or, They shall appear at all the five parts of the oath, of the stars ; the place of judgment. The original word others of the souls of men ; others of the al Sdhira, is also one of the names of souls of warriors in particular ; and others hell. of war horses ; a detail of which I appre- 16 Towd.'] See chap. xx. verse 10. hend, would rather tire than please. 30 Jfter this he stretched out the earth.'} 10 Shall we surely he made to return Which had been created before the hea- whence we came ?] i. e. Shall we be re- vens, but without expansion " stored to our former condition ? 2 1 Jl Beiddm. ^ Jallaloddin. Lxxx.] A L KORAN. 417 out the earth ; ^^ and from it he caused to spring forth the water thereof, and tlie pasture thereof; ^^and he established the mountains, for the use of yourselves, and of your cattle. ^^ When the prevailing, the great day shall come, ^^ on that day shall a man call to remem- brance what he hath purposely done : ^^ and hell shall be exposed to the view of the spectator. ^^ And whoso shall have transgressed, ^^ and shall have chosen this present life ; ^^ verily hell shall be his abode : ^^ but whoso shall have dreaded the appearing before his Lord ; ^^ and shall have refrained his soul from lust ; ^^ verily paradise shall be his abode. ^^ They will ask thee concerning the last hour, when will be the fixed time thereof. ^^ By what means canst thou give any information of the same ? '^^ Unto thy Lord belongeth the knowledge of the period thereof; ^^and thou art only a warner, who fearest the same. ^^ The day whereon they shall see the same, it shall seem to them as though they had not tarried in the world longer than an evening, or a morning thereof. CHAPTER LXXX. INTITLED, HE FROWNED ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ The prophet frowned, and turned aside, ^ because the blind man came unto him : ^ and how dost thou know whether he shall peradventure be cleansed from his sins ; ^ or whether he shall be admonished, and the admonition shall profit him ? ^ The man who is wealthy, ^ thou re- 1 — 3 The prophet frowned^ and turned raised his voice, and said, O apostle of aside, because the blind man came unto God, teach me some part of what God him, &c.] This passage was revealed on hath taught thee : but Mohammed, vexed the following occasion. A certain blind at this interruption, frowned, and turned man, named Abdallah Ebn 0mm Mactum, away from him ; for which he is here re- came and interrupted Mohammed while prehended. After this, whenever the pro- he was engaged in earnest discourse with phet saw Ebn 0mm Mactum, he shewed some of the principal Koreish, whose con- him great respect, saying, The man is version he had hopes of; but the prophet welcome on whose account my Lord hath taking no notice of him, the blind man reprimanded me ; and he made him twice not knowing he was otherwise busied, governor of Medina ^ 1 Jallalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi. VOL. II. E e 418 A L KORAN. [chap. ceivest respectfully ; '^ whereas it is not to be charged on thee, that he is not cleansed : ^ but him who cometh unto thee earnestly seeking his salvation ; ^ and who feareth God, dost thou neglect. ^^ By no means shouldest thou act thus. ^^ Verily the Koran is an admonition, ^^ (and he who is willing retaineth the same ;) ^^ written in vo- lumes honourable, exalted, and pure ; ^^ by the hands of scribes honoured, and just. ^^ May man be cursed ! ^^ What hath seduced him to infidelity ? ^'^ Of what thing doth God create him. ^^ Of a drop of seed doth he create him ; ^^ and he formeth him with proportion ; ^^and then facilitateth his passage out of the womb: ^^ afterwards he causeth him to die, ^^ and layeth him in the grave ; ^^ hereafter when it shall please him, he shall raise him to life. ^^ Assuredly. He hath not hitherto fully performed what God hath commanded him. ^^ Let man consider his food ; in what manner it is provided. ^^ We pour down water by showers ; ^^ afterwards we cleave the earth in clefts, ^^ and we cause corn to spring forth therein; ^^and grapes, and clover, and the olive, and the palm, ^^ and gardens planted thick with trees ; ^^ and fruits, and grass ; ^^ for the use of yourselves and of your cattle. ^^ When the stunning sound of the trumpet shall be heard ; ^ ^ on that day shall a man fly from his brother ; ^^ and his mother, and his father, ^^ and his wife, and his children. ^^ Every man of them, on that day, shall have business of his own sufficient to employ his thoughts. ^^ On that day the faces of some shall be bright, ^Haughing, and joyful: ^^and upon the face of others, on that day, shall there be dust ; *^ darkness shall cover them. ^^ These are the unbelievers, the wicked. 13 Written in volumes honourable, ex- and touched only by the angels. Some altedf and pure, &c.] Being transcribed understand hereby the books of the pro- from the preserved table, highly honoured phets, with which the Koran agrees in in the sight of God, kept pure and un- substance '. corrupted from the hands of evil spirits, 1 Al Zamakh, Lxxxi.] A L KORAN. 419 CHAPTER LXXXI. INTITLED, THE FOLDING UP ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ When the sun shall be folded up ; ^ and when the stars shall fall ; ^ and when the mountains shall be made to pass away ; ^ and when the camels ten months gone with young shall be neglected ; ^ and when the wild beasts shall be gathered together ; ^ and when the seas shall boil ; ^ and when the souls shall be joined again to their bodies ; ^ and when the girl who hath been buried alive shall be asked ^ for what crime she was put to death ; ^^ and when the books shall be laid open ; ^^ and when the heaven shall be removed ; ^^ and when hell shall burn fiercely ; ^^ and when paradise shall be brought near : ^^ every soul shall know what it hath wrought. ^^ Verily I swear by the stars which are retrograde, which move swiftly, and which hide themselves ; ^^ and by the night, when it cometh on ; ^^ and by the morning, when it ap- peareth ; ^^ that these are the words of an honourable messenger ; ^^ endued with strength, of established dignity in the sight of the possessor of the throne, ^^ obeyed by the angels under his authority, and faithful : ^^ and your companion Mohammed is not distracted. ^^ He hath I When the sun shall be folded up.^ where, according to the versions of the As a garment that is to be laid by. Septuagint and the Vulgate, God is said 4 — 7 Whe7if &c.] See the Prelim, to have stretched out the heaven like a Disc. § iv. for a description of the day of skin, judgment. 15 I swear."] Or, I will not swear, &c. 8, 9 The girl who hath been buried See chap. Ivi. verse 77* alive. '\ For it was customary among the — - By the stars which are retrograde, ancient Arabs to bury their daughters &c.] Some understand hereby the stars alive, as soon as they were born, for fear in general ; but the more exact commen- they should be impoverished by providing tators, five of the planets, viz. the two for them, or should suffer disgrace on their which accompany the sun, and the three account. superior planets ; which have both a retro- II When the heaven shall be removed.'] gsade and a direct motion, and hide them- Or plucked away from its place, as the selves in the rays of the sun, or when skin is plucked off from a camel which is they set. flaying: for that is the proper signification 18 An honourable messenger.] i. e. Ga- of the verb here used. Maracci fancies briel. the passage alludes to that in the Psalms ^, ^ Psalm civ. 2. e e 2 420 A L KORAN. [chap. already seen him in the clear horizon : ^^ and he suspected not the secrets revealed unto him. ^^ Neither are these the words of an accursed devil. ^^ Whither, therefore, are ye going? ^^This is no other than an admonition unto all creatures ; ^^ unto him among you who shall be willing to walk uprightly : ^^ but ye shall not will, unless God willeth, the Lord of all creatures. . 22 SeeUi &c.] See chap. liii. verse 7- stealth the discourse of the angels. The 23 He suspected not.^ Some copies, by verse is an answer to a calumny of the a change of one letter only, instead of infidels, who said the Koran was only a Dha7iinin Daninin; and then the words piece of divination, or magic: for the should be rendered, He is not tenacious of, Arabs suppose the soothsayer, or magi- or gnidges not to communicate to you the clan, receives his intelligence from those secret revelations which he has received. evil spirits, who are continually listening 24 Neither are these the words of an to learn what they can from the inha- accursed devil.~\ Who has overheard by bitants of heaven. CHAPTER LXXXII. INTITLED, THE CLEAVING IN SUNDER ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ When the heaven shall be cloven in sunder ; ^ and when the stars shall be scattered ; ^ and when the seas shall be suffered to join their waters ; ^ and when the graves shall be turned upside down : ^ every soul shall know what it hath committed, and what it hath omitted. ^ O man, what hath seduced thee against thy gracious Lord, who hath created thee, ^ and who hath put thee together, and rightly disposed thee ? ^ In what form he pleased hath he fashioned thee. ^ Assuredly. But ye deny the last judgment as a falsehood. ^^ Verily there are appointed over you guardian angels, ^Uionourable in the sight of God, writing down your actions ; ^^ who know that which ye do. ^^ The just shall surely be in a place of delight : ^^ but the wicked shall surely be in hell ; ^^ they shall be cast therein to be burned on the day of judgment ; ^^ and they shall not be absent therefrom for ever. ^^What 10 Guardian angels.'] See chap. 1. verse 17, and the Prelim. Disc. § iv. for the account of the last judgment. Lxxxiii.] AL KORAN. 421 shall cause thee to understand what the day of judgment is ? ^^ Again, What shall cause thee to understand what the day of judgment is? ^^It is a day whereon one soul shall not be able to obtain any thing in behalf of another soul ; and the command, on that day, shall be God's. CHAPTER LXXXIII. INTITLED, THOSE WHO GIVE SHORT MEASURE OR WEIGHT ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. * Woe be unto those who give short measure or weight ; ^ who, when they receive by measure from other men, take the full ; ^ but when they measure unto them, or weigh unto them, defraud ! ^ Do not these think they shall be raised again, ^ at the great day ; ^ the day whereon mankind shall stand before the Lord of all creatures ? By no means. ^ Verily the register of the actions of the wicked is surely in Sejjin. ^ And what shall make thee to understand what Sejjin is ? ^ It is a book distinctly written. ^^ Woe be, on that day, unto those who accused the prophets of imposture ; ^^ who denied the day of judg- ment as a falsehood ! ^^ And none denieth the same as a falsehood, except every unjust and flagitious person : ^^who, when our signs are rehearsed unto him, saith, They are fables of the ancients. ^^ By no means : but rather their lusts have cast a veil over their hearts. ^^ By no means. Verily they shall be shut out from their Lord on that day ; ^^ and they shall be sent into hell to be burned: ^Hhen shall it be said unto them, by the 7 Sejjin.'] Is the name of the general residence of Eblis and his host ; where i register, where the actions of all the wicked, is supposed by some, that this book is both men and genii, are distinctly entered, kept, and where the souls of the wicked Sejn signifies a prison ; and this book, as will be detained till the resurrection ^ If some think, derives its name from thence, the latter explication be admitted, the because it will occasion those whose deeds words. And what shall make thee to un- are there recorded, to be imprisoned in derstand what Sejjin is? should be en- hell. Sejjin, or Sajin, is also the name of closed within parentheses, the dungeon beneath the seventh earth, the ^ Jallalo'ddin, Al Belddwi. See the Prelim. Disc. § iv. 422 A L KORAN. [chap. infernal guards. This is what ye denied as a falsehood. Assuredly. ^^But the register of the actions of the righ- teous is in Illiyyun : ^^ and what shall cause thee to understand what Illiyyun is ? ^^ It is a book distinctly written : ^^ those who approach near unto God, are wit- nesses thereto. ^^ Verily the righteous shall dwell among delights : ^^ seated on couches, they shall behold objects of pleasure ; ^^ thou shalt see in their faces the brightness of joy. ^^ They shall be given to drink of pure wine, sealed ; the seal whereof shall be musk : ^^ and to this let those aspire, who aspire to happiness : ^^ and the water mixed therewith shall be of Tasnim, ^^ a fountain whereof those shall drink who approach near unto the Divine Presence. ^^They who act wickedly laugh the true believers to scorn ; ^^ and when they pass by them they wink at one another: ^^ and when they turn aside to their people, they turn aside making scurrilous jests : ^^ and when they see them, they say. Verily these are mistaken men. ^^ But they are not sent to be keepers over them. ^^ Wherefore one day the true believers in their turn, shall laugh the infidels to scorn : ^^ lying on couches, they shall look down upon them in hell. ^^ Shall not the infidels be rewarded for that which they have done ? 18 Illiyyun,'] The word is a plural, in paradise, so called from its being con- and signifies high places. Some say it is veyed to the highest apartments, the general register wherein the actions of 28 Whereof those shall drink who ap- the righteous, whether angels, men, or proach near unto the Divine Presence.] genii, are distinctly recorded. Others will For they shall drink the water of Tasnim have it to be a place in the seventh hea- pure and unmixed, being continually and ven, under the throne of God, where this wholly employed in the contemplation of book is kept, and where the souls of the God ; but the other inhabitants of para- just, as many think, will remain till the dise shall drink it mixed with their wine 2. last day *. If we prefer the latter opinion, 33 They are not sent to he keepers over the words, And what shall make thee to them.] i. e. The infidels are not commis- understand what Illiyyun is ? should like- sioned by God to call the believers to ac- wise be enclosed within parentheses. count, or to judge of their actions. 21 Are witness thereto.] Or, are pre- 34 The believers shall laugh the infidels sent with, and keep the same. to scorn.] When they shall see them 25 The seal whereof shall he musk,] driven ignominiously into hell. It is also i. e. The vessels containing the same shall said, that a door shall be shewn the be sealed with musk, instead of clay, damned, opening into paradise, and they Some understand by the seal of this wine, shall be bidden to go in ? but when they its farewell, or the flavour it will leave in come near the door, it shall be suddenly the mouth after it is drunk. shut; and the believers within shall laugh 27 Tas7iini.] Is the name of a fountain at them ^. ^ JaUalo'ddin. See the Prelim. Disc, ubi sup. 2 ^^i Beiddwi, ^ Idem. Lxxxiv.] AL KORAN. 423 CHAPTER LXXXIV. INTITLED, THE RENDING IN SUNDER ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ When the heaven shall be rent in sunder, ^ and shall obey its Lord, and shall be capable thereof ; ^ and when the earth shall be stretched out, ^ and shall cast forth that which is therein, and shall remain empty, ^ and shall obey its Lord, and shall be capable thereof. ^ O man, verily labouring thou labourest to meet thy Lord, and thou shalt meet him. ^ And he who shall have his book given into his right hand, ^ shall be called to an easy account, ^ and shall turn unto his family with joy : ^^ but he who shall have his book given him behind his back, shall in- voke destruction to fall upon him, ^^ and he shall be sent into hell to be burned ; ^^ because he rejoiced insolently amidst his family on earth. ^^ Verily he thought that he should never return unto God : yea verily ; but his Lord beheld him. ^^ Wherefore I swear by the redness of the sky after sun-set, and ^^ by the night, and the animals which it driveth together, ^^ and by the moDn when she is at the full ; ^^ ye shall surely be transferred successively from state to state. ^^ What aileth them, therefore, that they believe not the resurrection ; ^^ and that, when the Title — Mecca,"] There are some who to his wives and servants, of the damsels take this chapter to have been revealed at and youths of paradise, who wait to re- Medina, ceive him ^. 3 When the earth shall be stretched out.] 10 Behind his back.] Theit is, into his Like a skin ; every mountain and hill left hand ; for the wicked will have that being levelled. hand bound behind their back, and their 4 And shall cast forth that which is right hand to their neck. therein.] As the treasures hidden in its 14 I swear.] Or, I will not swear, &c. bowels, and the dead bodies which lie in See chap. Ivi. verse 77' their graves. 1^ Ye shall surely be transferred from 6 And thou shalt meet him.] Or, And one state to another.] i. e. From the state thou shalt meet thy labour ; whether thy of the living, to that of the dead ; and works be good, or whether they be evil. from the state of the dead, to a new state 9 His family.] i.e. His relations or of life in another world, friends who are true believers ; or rather, * Al Beiddwi. 424 A L KORAN. [chap. Koran is read unto them, they worship not ? ^^ Yea : the unbelievers accuse the same of imposture : ^^ but God well knoweth the malice which they keep hidden in their breasts. ^^ Wherefore denounce unto them a grievous punishment, ^^ except those who believe and do good works : for them is prepared a never-failing reward. ]9 They worship not.'] Or, humble not themselves. CHAPTER LXXXV. INTITLED, THE CELESTIAL SIGNS ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ By the heaven adorned with signs ; ^ by the pro- mised day of judgment ; ^ by the witness, and the witnessed ; "^ cursed were the contrivers of the pit ^ of fire supplied with fuel; ^ when they sat round the same, ^ and were witnesses of what they did against the 1 Signs,'] The original word properly victims, which is the day following ; or signifies towers : which some interpret of else of Friday, the day of the weekly as- real towers *, wherein it is supposed the sembling of the Mohammedans at their angels keep guard 2 ; and others, of the mosques, and of the people who are as- stars of the first magnitude : but the gene- sembled on those days, &c. * rality of expositors understand thereby the 4 The contrivers of the pit,] Literally, twelve signs of the zodiac, wherein the the Lords of the pit. These were the planets make their several stations ^. ministers of the persecution raised by Dhu 3 By the witness, and the witnessed.] Nowas, king of Yaman, who was of the The meaning of these words is very un- Jewish religion, against the inhabitants of certain, and the explications of the com- Najran : for they having embraced Chris- mentators consequently vary. One thinks tianity (at that time the true religion, by the witness to be Mohammed ; and that the confession of Mohammed himself), the which is borne witness of, to be the resur- bigoted tyrant commanded all those, who rection, or the professors of the Moham- would not renounce their faith, to be cast medan faith ; or else that these latter are into a pit or trench, filled with fire, and the witness, and the professors of every there burnt to ashes ^ Others, however, other religion, those who will be wit- tell the story with different circumstances 6. nessed against by them. Another sup- 7 ^nd were witnesses of what they did poses the witness to be the guardian- against the true believers.] Or, as some angel, and his charge the person wit- choose to understand the words, And shall nessed against. Another expounds the be witnesses against themselves, at the day words of the day of Arafat, the 9th of of judgment, of their unjust treatment of Dhu'llhajja, and of the day of slaying the the true believers. * Yahya. ^ See chap. xv. verse 16. ^ JaUalo'ddin, Al Beiddwi, Yahya. ^ lidem. ^ lidem. V. Poc. Spec, p. 62. Ecchellens. Hist. Arab. Part. 1. c. 10. and Prid. Life of Mah. p. 6L ^ V. D'Herbel. BibL Orient. Art. Abou Navas. Lxxxvi.] A L KORAN. 425 true believers ; ^ and they afflicted them for no other reason, but because they believed in the mighty, the glo- rious God, ^unto whom belongeth the kingdom of heaven and earth : and God is witness of all things. ^^ Verily for those who persecute the true believers of either sex, and afterwards repent not, is prepared the torment of hell ; and they shall suffer the pain of burning. ^^ But for those who believe, and do that which is right, are destined gardens beneath which rivers flow : this shall be great felicity. ^^ Verily the vengeance of thy Lord is severe. ^^ He createth, and he restoreth to life : ^^ he is inclined to forgive, and gracious : ^^ the possessor of the glorious throne : ^^ who effecteth that which he pleaseth. *^ Hath not the story of the hosts, ^^ of Pharaoh, and of Thamud, reached thee ? ^^ Yet the unbelievers cease not to accuse the divine revelations of falsehood : ^^ but God encompasseth them behind, that they cannot escape. ^^ Verily that which they reject is a glorious Koran ; the original whereof is written in a table kept in heaven. 10 They shall suffer the pain of burning,'] 18 Pharaoh.] See chap. vii. verse 104. Which pain, it is said, the persecutors of — Thamud.] See ibid, verse 74. the Christian martyrs above-mentioned 21 Kept in heaven.] And preserved felt in this life ; the fire bursting forth from the least change or corruption. See upon them from the pit, and consuming the Prelim. Disc. § iii. and iv., and Table them ^ in Index. ^ Al Beiddwif Yahya, CHAPTER LXXXVI. INTITLED, THE STAR WHICH APPEARED BY NIGHT; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ By the heaven, and that which appeareth by night ; ^ but what shall cause thee to understand what that which appeareth by night is ? ^ It is the star of piercing bright- 3 The star of piercing brightness.] Some or the appearing by night ;) another Sa- take the words to signify any bright star, turn, (that planet being by the Arabs sur- without restriction : but others think some named al Thakeb, or the Piercing, as it particular star or stars to be thereby in- was by the Greeks, Phaenon, or the shin- tended ; which one supposes to be the ing;) and a third, the Pleiades, morning star, (peculiarly called al Tarek, 4m AL KORAN. [chap. ness. ^ every soul hath a guardian set over it. ^ Let a man consider, therefore, of what he is created. ^ He is created of seed poured forth, ^ issuing from the loins, and the breast-bones. ^ Verily God is able to restore him to life, ^ the day whereon all secret thoughts and actions shall be examined into ; ^^ and he shall have no power to defend himself, nor any protector. ^^ By the heaven, which returneth the rain; ^^and by the earth, which openeth to let forth vegetables and springs : ^^ verily this is a discourse distinguishing good from evil ; ^* and it is not composed with lightness. ^^ Verily the infidels are laying a plot to frustrate my designs : ^^ but I will lay a plot for their ruin. ^^ Wherefore, O prophet, bear with the unbelievers ; let them alone awhile. 7 From the loinSf and the breast'bones.l periodic motion, returning to the point i. e. From the loins of the man, and the from whence it began the same. The breast-bones of the woman ^. words seem designed to express the alter- 1 1 Which returneth the rain.l Or, as nate returns of the different seasons of some expound it. Which performeth its the year. "^ Al Beiddwi, Yahya, CHAPTER LXXXVII. INTITLED, THE MOST HIGH ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ ipRAiSE the name of thy Lord, the most High; ^ who hath created and completely formed his creatures ; ^ and who determineth them to various ends, and directeth them to attain the same ; * and who produceth the pasture for cattle, ^ and afterwards rendereth the same dry stubble of a dusky hue. ^We will enable thee to rehearse our revelations ; ^ and thou shalt not forget any part thereof. Title — Most High.'] Some take the — And directeth them, &c.] Guiding first word of this chapter, viz. Praise, for the rational by their reason, and also by its title. revelation, and the irrational by instinct 2, 3 Who determineth them to various ends.] &c. Determining their various species, pro- 6 Revelations.] See chap. Ixxv. verse perties, ways of life, &c. ^ 31. 1 AlBeiddwi. ^ Idem. Lxxxviii.] AL KORAN. 421. except what God shall please ; for he knoweth that which is manifest, and that which is hidden. ^And we will facilitate unto thee the most easy way. ^ Wherefore admonish thy people, if thy admonition shall be profitable unto them. ^^ Whoso feareth God, he will be admonished : ^^ but the most wretched unbeliever will turn away there- from ; ^^ who shall be cast to be broiled in the greater fire of hell, ^^ wherein he shall not die, neither shall he live. ^^ Now hath he attained felicity who is purified by faith, ^^ and who remembereth the name of his Lord, and prayeth. ^^ But ye prefer this present life : ^^ yet the life to come is better, and more durable. ^^ Verily this is written in the ancient books, the books of Abraham and MoSES. 7 Except what God shall please."] i.e. easy way.] To retain the relations com- Exceptsuch revelations as God shall think municated to thee by Gabriel; or, as some fit to abrogate, and blot out of thy me- understand the words, We will dispose mory. See chap. Ixxv. verse 31. thee to the profession and strict observance 8 We will facilitate mito thee the most of the most easy religion, that is, of Islam. CHAPTER LXXXVIII. INTITLED, THE OVERWHELMING; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God, * Hath the news of the overwhelming day of judgment reached thee ? ^ The countenances of some, on that day, shall be cast down ; ^ labouring and toiling : ^ they shall be cast into scorching fire to be broiled : ^ they shall be given to drink of a boiling fountain : ^ they shall have no food, but of dry thorns and thistles ; ^ which shall not fatten, neither shall they satisfy hunger. ^ But the coun- Title — The overwhelming.] This is a hell-fire, as camels labour through mud, name or epithet of the last day ; because &c. Or, employing and fatiguing them- it will suddenly overwhelm all creatures selves in what shall not avail them ^. with fear and astonishment. It is also a 6 Dry thorns and thistles.] Such as name, or epithet, of hell-fire. the camels eat when green and tender. 2 Labouring and toiling.] i. e. Drag- Some take the original word, al Darif for ging their chains, and labouring through the name of a thorny tree. ^— . — _ •■ :i^ ^ Al Beiddwi, 428 AL KORAN, [chap. tenances of others, on that day, shall be joyful ; ^ well pleased with their past endeavour : ^^ they shall be placed in a lofty garden : ^^ wherein thou shalt hear no vain dis- course : ^^ therein shall be a running fountain : ^^ therein shall be raised beds ; ^^ and goblets placed before them, ^^ and cushions laid in order, ^^ and carpets ready spread. ^'^ Do they not consider the camels, how they are created; ^^ and the heaven, how it is raised ; ^^ and the mountains, how they are fixed ; ^^ and the earth, how it is extended ? ^^ Wherefore warn thy people : for thou art a warner only ; ^^ thou art not empowered to act with authority over them. ^^But whoever shall turn back, and disbelieve, ^^God shall punish him with the greater punishment of the life to come. ^^ Verily unto us shall they return : ^^ then shall it be our part to bring them to account. 17 2)o they not consider the camels, &c.] These animals are of such use, or rather necessity, in the east, that the creation of a species so wonderfully adapted to those countries, is a very proper instance, to an Arabian, of the power and wisdom of God. Some, however, think the clouds (which the original word Ibl also signifies) are here intended ; the heaven being men- tioned immediately after. 23 But whoever shall turn hack, &c.J Or, except him who shall turn back, and be an infidel : and God shall also punish him, &c. By which exception some sup- pose that power is here given to Moham- med to chastise obstinate infidels and apos- tates. CHAPTER LXXXIX. INTITLED, THE DAY-BREAK; REVEALED AT MECCA, In the name of the most merciful God. * By the day-break, ^ and ten nights ; ^ by that which is double, and that which is single ; * and by the night when Title — Mecca.'] Some are of opinion this chapter was revealed at Medina. 2 And ten nights.~\ That is, the ten nights of Dhu'lhajja, or the tenth of that month, (whence some understand the day- break mentioned just before, or the morn- ing of that day, or of the preceding ;) or the night of the 10th of Moharram ; or, as others rather think, the 10th, 11th, and 12th of Dhu'lhajja. All which are days peculiarly sacred among the Mohamme- dans. 3 By that which is double, a.nd that ivhich is single.^ These words are variously in- terpreted. Some understand thereby all things in general; some, all created beings, (which are said to have been created by pairs, or of two kinds) ^, and the Creator, who is single ; some, of the primum mo- bile, and the other orbs ; some of the con- stellations, and the planets ; some of the nights before-mentioned, taken either to- gether or singly : and some, of the day of slaying the victims, (the 10th of Dhu'l- hajja,) and of the day of Arafat, which is the dav before, &c. ^ See chap. li. verse 49. 2 Al Zamakh, LXXXIX.] AL KORAN. 429 it Cometh on : ^ is there not in this an oath formed with understanding? ^Hast thou not considered how thy Lord dealt with Ad, ^ the people of Irem, adorned with lofty buildings, ^ the like whereof hath not been erected in the land ? ^ and with Thamud, ^^ who hewed the rocks in the valley into houses ; ^^ and with Pharaoh, the con- triver of the stakes, who had behaved insolently in the earth, ^^ and multiplied corruption therein ? ^^ Where- fore thy Lord poured on them various kinds of chastise- ment : ^^ for thy Lord is surely in a watch-tower, whence he observeth the actions of men. ^^ Moreover man, when his Lord trieth him by prosperity, ^^ and honoureth him. 7 Irem.^ Was the name of the terri- tory or city of the Adites, and of the gar- den mentioned in the next note, which were so called from Irem, or Aram, the grandfather of Ad, their progenitor. Some think Aram himself to be here meant, and his name to be added to signify the ancient Adites, his immediate descendants, and to distinguish them from the latter tribe of that name ' : but the adjective and rela- tive joined to the word, are, in the original, of the feminine gender, which seems to contradict this opinion. — Adorned with lofty buildings.'] Or, pillars. Some imagine these words are used to express the great size and strength of the old Adites ^ ; and then they should be translated, Who were of enormous sta- ture. But the more exact commentators take the passage to relate to the sumptu- ous palace and delightful gardens built and made by Sheddad, the son of Ad. For they say Ad left two sons, Sheddad and Sheddid, who reigned jointly after his decease, and extended their power over the greater part of the world : but Sheddid dying, his brother became sole monarch ; who, having heard of the celestial paradise, made a garden in imitation thereof, in the deserts of Aden, and called it Irem, after the name of his great grandfather. When it was finished, he set out, with a great at- tendance, to take a view of it ; but when they were come within a day's journey of the place, they were all destroyed by a terrible noise from heaven. Al Beidawi adds, that one Abda'Uah Ebn Kelabah (whom, after D'Herbelot, I have elsewhere named Colabah) 3, accidentally hit on this wonderful place as he was seeking a camel. 8 The like whereof hath not been erected in the land.^ If we suppose the preceding words to relate to the vast stature of the Adites, these must be translated. The like of whom have not been created, &c. 10 fVho hewed the rocks in the valley.] The learned Greaves, in his translation of Abu'lfeda's description of Arabia *, has falsely rendered these words, which are there quoted, Quibus petrae vallis respon- sum dederunt, i. e. To whom the rocks of the valley returned answer : which slip being made by so great a man, I do not at all wonder that la Roque, and Petis de la Croix, from whose Latin version, and with whose assistance, la Roque made his French translation of the aforesaid trea- tise, have been led into the same mistake, and rendered those words, A qui les pier- res de la valee rendirent reponse ^. The valley here meant, say the commentators ^, is Wadi'lkora, lying about one day's jour- ney ^, (not five and upwards, as Abu'lfeda will have it) from al Hejr. 11 Stakes, &c.] See chap, xxxviii. verse 13. 13 Various kinds.] The original word signifies a mixture, and also a scourge of platted thongs : whence some suppose the chastisement of this life is here repre- sented by a scourge, and intimated to be as much lighter than that of the next life, as scourging is lighter than death ^. ^ Al Beiddwi, Jallalo' ddin. ^ lidem. See the Prelim. Disc. § i. ^ jbid. p. 12. ^ Page 43. It was published by Dr. Hudson, in the third vol. of the Geographise veteris Scriptor. Gr. minor. ^ Descr. de 1' Arabic, mise a la suite du Voyage de la Palestine, par La Roque, p. 35. ^ Jallalo' ddin, Al Beidawi, '^ Ebn Hawkal, apud Abu'lf. ubi supr. Geogr. Nub. p. 110. ^ Al Beidawi. 430 A L KORAN. [chap. and is bounteous unto him, ^^ saith, my Lord honoureth me : ^^ but when he proveth him by afflictions, and with- holdeth his provisions from him, ^^ he saith, my Lord despiseth me. ^^ By no means : but ye honour not the orphan, ^^ neither do ye excite one another to feed the poor : ^^ and ye devour the inheritance of the weak, with undistinguishing greediness ; ^^ and ye love riches with much affection. ^^ By no means should ye do thus. When the earth shall be minutely ground to dust ; ^^ and thy Lord shall come, and the angels rank by rank ; ^^ and hell on that day shall be brought nigh : on that day shall man call to remembrance his evil deeds ; ^^ but how shall remembrance avail him? ^^He shall say. Would to God that I had heretofore done good works in my life-time ! On that day none shall punish with his punishment ; nor shall any bind with his bonds. ^^ O thou soul which art at rest, return unto thy Lord, well pleased with thy re- ward, and well pleasing unto God : ^^ enter among my servants : and enter my paradise. 20 By no means.~\ For worldly pros- or to bind, as God shall then punish and perity or adversity is not a certain mark bind the wicked ^. either of the favour or disfavour of God. 29 0 thou soul which art at rest.~\ Some 22 Ye devour the inheritance of the weak. ^ expound this of the soul, which having, Not suffering women or young children to by pursuing the concatenation of natural have any share in the inheritance of their causes, raised itself to the knowledge of husbands or parents. See chapter iv. that Being which produced them, and verse 6. exists of necessity, rests fully contented, or 26 Jnd hell shall he brought nigh."] acquiesces in the knowledge of him, and There is a tradition, that at the last day the contemplation of his perfections. By hell will be dragged towards the tribunal this the reader will observe, that the Mo- by 70,000 halters, each halter being hauled hammedans are no strangers to Quietism, by 70,000 angels ; and that it will come Others, however, understand the words of with great roaring and fury ^. the soul, which having attained the know- 28 In my life-time.^ Or, For this my ledge of the truth, rests satisfied, and relies latter life. securely thereon, undisturbed by doubts; — None shall punish with his punish- or of the soul which is secure of its salva- menty &c.] i. e. None shall be able to punish tion, and free from fear or sorrow^. * Al Beidawif Jallalo' ddin, ^ lidem. ^ Al Beidawi. xc] AL KORAN. 431 CHAPTER XC. INTITLED, THE TERRITORY ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ I SWEAR by this territory ^ (and thou, O prophet, residest in this territory,) ^ and by the begetter, and that which he hath begotten ; ^ verily we have created man in misery. ^ Doth he think that none shall prevail over him ? ^ He saith, I have wasted plenty of riches. '^ Doth he think that none seeth him ? ^ Have we not made him two eyes, ^ and a tongue, and two lips ; ^^ and shewn him the two highways of good and evil ? ^^ Yet he attempteth not the cliff. ^^ What shall make thee to understand what the cliff is ? ^^ It is to free the captive ; ^^ or to feed, in the day of famine, ^^ the orphan who is of kin, ^^ or the poor man who lieth on the ground. ^^ Whoso doth this, and is one of those who believe, and recom- mend perseverance unto each other, ^^ and recommend mercy unto each other ; ^^ these shall be the companions of the right hand. ^^ But they who shall disbelieve our signs, shall be the companions of the left hand: above them shall be arched with fire. 1 / swear.'] Or, I will not swear, &c. of the Koreish ^. See chap. Ivi. verse 77^ 5 Doth he think that none shall prevail — This territory.'] Viz. This sacred over him ?] Some expositors take a par- territory of Mecca, ticular person to be here intended, who 2 And thou residest in this territory.] was one of Mohammed's most inveterate Or, Thou shalt be allowed to do what thou adversaries; as al Walid Ebn al Mog- pleasest in this territory; the words in this heira*. Others suppose Abu'I Ashadd sense, importing a promise of that absolute Ebn Calda to be the man ; who was so power which Mohammed attained on the very strong, that a large skin being spread taking of Mecca ^. under his feet, and ten men pulling at it, 3 By the begetter, and that which he they could not make him fall, though they hath begotten.] Some understood these tore the skin to pieces ^ words generally ; others of Adam, or Abra- 6 I have wasted plenty of riches.] In a ham, and of their offspring, and of Moham- vain and ostentatious manner ; or, in op- med in particular 2. posing of Mohammed ^. 4 We have created man in misery.] Or, 19, 20 Right and left hands.] See to trouble. This passage was revealed to chap. Ivi. verses 8 — 10. comfort the prophet under the persecutions ^ Al Beiddwi. 2 jjigi^,, * Idem. ^ Al Zamakh. ^ Al Beidawi. ^ Idem. 433 AL KORAN. [chap. CHAPTER XCI. INTITLED, THE SUN ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ By the sun, and its rising brightness : ^ by the moon, when she followeth him ; ^ by the day, when it sheweth his splendour ; * by the night, when it covereth him with darkness ; ^ by the heaven, and him who built it ; ^ by the earth, and him who spread it forth ; ^ by the soul, and him who completely formed it, ^and inspired into the same its faculty of distinguishing, and power of choosing, wickedness and piety : ^ now is he who hath purified the same happy, *^but he who hath corrupted the same is miserable. ^^ Thamud accused their prophet Saleh of imposture, through the excess of their wicked- ness : '^ when the wretch among them was sent to slay the camel ; ^^ and the apostle of God said unto them, Let alone the camel of God ; and hinder not her drinking. ^* But they charged him with imposture ; and they slew her. ^^ Wherefore their Lord destroyed them for their crime, and made their punishment equal unto them all : and he feareth not the issue thereof. 2 When she followeth Mm.^ i. e. When past the full ^. she rises just after him, as she does at the 12 The wretch.^ Viz. Kedar Ebn Sa- beginning of the month : or when she sets lef. See chap. vii. verse 78, and chap, after him, as happens when she is a little liv. verse 27. ^ Jl Beiddwi. CHAPTER XCII. INTITLED, the night ; revealed at MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ' By the night, when it covereth all things with dark- ness ; ^ by the day, when it shineth forth ; ^ by him who hath created the male and the female : ^ verily your xciii.] A L KORAN. 433 endeavour is different. ^ Now, whoso is obedient, and feareth God, ^ and professeth the truth of that faith which is most excellent ; ^ unto him will we facilitate the way to happiness : ^ but whoso shall be covetous, and shall be wholly taken up with this world, ^ and shall deny the truth of that which is most excellent ; ^^ unto him will we facilitate the way to misery ; " and his riches shall not profit him, when he shall fall headlong into hell. '^ Verily unto us appertaineth the direction of mankind : ^^ and ours is the life to come, and the present life. ^^ Wherefore I threaten you with fire which burneth fiercely ; ^^ which none shall enter to be burned, except the most wretched ; ^^ who shall have disbelieved, and turned back. ^^ But he who strictly bewareth idolatry and rebellion, shall be removed far from the same ; ^^ who giveth his substance in alms ; ^^ and by whom no benefit is bestowed on any, that it may be recompensed ; ^^ but who bestoweth the same for the sake of his Lord, the most High : ^^ and hereafter he shall be well satisfied with his reward. 19 By whom no henefit is bestowed on crier to prayers,) who had been put to the any, that it may be recompensed, &c.] Jal- rack on account of his faith, the infidels lalo'ddin thinks this whole description said he did it only out of a view of in- belongs peculiarly to Abu Beer : for when terest ; upon which this passage was re- he had purchased Belal, the Ethiopian, vealed. (afterwards the prophet's Muedhdhin, or CHAPTER XCIII. INTITLED, THE BRIGHTNESS ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God. ^ By the brightness of the morning ; ^ and by the night, when it groweth dark: Hhy Lord hath not forsaken 1 The brightness of the morning,~\ The been vouchsafed to Mohammed for several original word properly signifies the bright days, in answer to some questions put to part of the day, when the sun shines full him by the Koreish, because he had con- out, three or four hours after it is risen. fidently promised to resolve them the next 3 Thy Lord hath not forsaken thee, &:c.] day, without adding the exception, If it It is related that no revelation having please God ^, or because he had repulsed 1 See chap, xviii. verse 25. VOL. II. F f 434 AL KORAN. [chap. thee, neither doth he hate thee. '^ Verily the life to come shall be better for thee than this present life : ^ and thy Lord shall give thee a reward wherewith thou shalt be well pleased. ^ Did he not find thee an orphan, and hath he not taken care of thee ? ^ And did he not find thee wandering in error, and hath he not guided thee into the truth ? ^ And did he not find thee needy, and hath he not enriched thee ? ^ Wherefore oppress not the orphan ; ^^ neither repulse the beggar : ^^ but declare the goodness of thy Lord. an importunate beggar, or else because a had left him ; whereupon this chapter was dead puppy lay under his seat, or for some sent down for his consolation *. other reason ; his enemies said that God * Al Beiddwif Jallald' ddin. CHAPTER XCIV. INTITLED, HAVE WE NOT OPENED ; REVEALED AT MECCA. In the name of the most merciful God, ^ Have we not opened thy breast ; ^ and eased thee of thy burden, ^ which galled thy back ; ^ and raised thy reputation for thee ? ^ Verily a difficulty shall be at- tended with ease. ® Verily a difficulty shall be at- tended with ease. ^ When thou shalt have ended thy preaching, labour to serve God in return for his favours : ^ and make thy supplication unto thy Lord. 1 Have we not opened thy breast J] By same, and filled it with wisdom and faith ^ : disposing and enlarging it to receive the but some think it relates to the occasion of truth, and wisdom, and prophecy ; or, by the preceding chapter 2. freeing thee from uneasiness and ignor- 2 And eased thee of thy hurdenJ] i. e. ance ? This passage is thought to inti- Of thy sins committed before thy mission ; mate the opening of Mohammed's heart or of thy ignorance, or trouble of mind, in his infancy, or when he took his jour- 7 When thou shalt have ended thy ney to heaven, by the angel Gabriel ; who preaching, labour to serve God, &c.] Or, having wrung out the black drop, or seed when thou shalt have finished thy prayer, of original sin, washed and cleansed the labour in preaching the faith ^. 1 Al Beiddwiy Yahya. V. Abu'lf, vit. Moh. p. 9. and 33. Prid. Life of Mah. p. 105, &c. 2 Al Beiddwi. ^ Idem. xcv.] A L KORAN. 4